@article{gaghan_adams_mohammed_crespo_livingston_kulkarni_2022, title={Characterization of vaccine-induced immune responses against coccidiosis in broiler chickens}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1873-2518"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.043}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.043}, abstractNote={Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria protozoan species, is an economically important enteric disease of poultry. Although commercial live vaccines are widely used for disease control, the vaccine-induced protective immune mechanisms are poorly characterized. The present study used a commercial broiler vaccine containing a mixture of E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella. One-day-old chicks were vaccinated by spray followed by a challenge at 21 days of age with a mixture of wild type Eimeria species via oral gavage. Oocyst shedding, immune gene expression and cellular responses in the spleen and cecal tonsils were measured at pre- (days 14 and 21) and post-challenge (days 24, 28 and 35) time points. Results showed that the oocyst counts were significantly reduced in the vaccinated chickens at post-challenge compared to unvaccinated control group. While the vaccinated birds had a significantly increased toll-like receptor (TLR) 21 gene expression at pre-challenge, the transcription of interferon (IFN)γ, Interleukin (IL)-12 and CD40 genes in spleen and cecal tonsils of these birds was significantly higher at post-challenge compared to unvaccinated chickens. Cellular immunophenotyping analysis found that vaccination led to increased frequency of macrophages and activated T cells (CD8+CD44+ and CD4+CD44+) in the spleen and cecal tonsils at post-challenge. Furthermore, in vitro stimulation of chicken macrophages (MQ-NCSU cells) with purified individual species of E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella showed a significantly increased expression of TLR21, TLR2 and IFNγ genes as well as nitric oxide production. Collectively, these findings suggest that TLR21 and TLR2 may be involved in the immune cell recognition of Eimeria parasites and that the vaccine can induce a robust macrophage activation leading to a T helper-1 dominated protective response at both local and systemic lymphoid tissues.}, number={29}, journal={VACCINE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gaghan, Carissa and Adams, Daniel and Mohammed, Javid and Crespo, Rocio and Livingston, Kimberly and Kulkarni, Raveendra R.}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={3893–3902} }
 @article{brannan_helfrich_flentke_smith_livingston_rensburg_2022, title={Influence of incubation, diet, and sex on avian uncoupling protein expression and oxidative stress in market age broilers following exposure to acute heat stress}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2022.101748}, abstractNote={Genetic selection for rapid growth in broilers has inadvertently resulted in increased susceptibility to heat stress, particularly in male birds. Increased oxidative stress associated with hyperthermia may be reduced by avian uncoupling protein (avUCP), which has been proposed to modulate free radical production. However, the relationship between avUCP expression and current heat stress management strategies is unclear. Embryonic acclimation or thermal manipulation (TM) and dietary fat source are 2 heat stress interventions that may alter avUCP expression and oxidative stress, but the literature is inconclusive. The objective of this trial was to investigate the effect of TM and dietary fat source on avUCP gene expression and oxidative damage in the breast meat of market age broilers before and after acute heat challenge. The influence of bird sex was also evaluated as broilers exhibit a high degree of sexual dimorphism in growth and stress susceptibility. Concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was measured as a marker of oxidative damage. Embryonic TM occurred from incubation d 7 to 16 for 12 h daily at 39.5°C. Dietary treatments were applied during the finisher period using either poultry fat, soya oil, or olive oil supplemented at 4.5% in the diet. Acute heat stress (AHS) occurred on d 43 at 32°C for 4 h. Bird performance was decreased by TM, but no significant differences were noted between dietary fat source treatments. Neither avUCP nor TBARS concentrations were significantly influenced by TM or dietary fat source. Downregulation of avUCP was observed following AHS, concurrent with an increase in TBARS concentration. Male birds exhibited higher levels of both avUCP expression and TBARS compared to females and a significant interaction was noted for heat stress by sex, with avUCP expression being greatest in males prior to AHS. The increase in avUCP expression and TBARS concentrations in male birds may be associated with an increased susceptibility to stress arising from the increased growth rate noted for male broilers.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brannan, Kelly E. and Helfrich, Kaylee K. and Flentke, George R. and Smith, Susan M. and Livingston, Kimberly A. and Rensburg, Christine Jansen}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{brannan_livingston_rensburg_2021, title={Embryonic thermal manipulation and dietary fat source during acute heat stress: 1. effect on hatchability and broiler performance}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.japr.2021.100143}, abstractNote={Modern broilers have been selected for rapid growth but demonstrate reduced heat tolerance toward market age. As the poultry industry expands globally, strategies must be developed to support broiler performance in challenging climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) and dietary fat source during the finisher period on broiler performance during acute heat stress (AHS) close to market age. The cyclic exposure to high temperatures during mid-incubation used in TM has been demonstrated to improve broiler tolerance to heat stress. However, high incubation temperatures can be detrimental to embryonic development and impair posthatch broiler performance. Embryos were exposed to 39.5°C for 12 h daily from incubation day 7 to 16 to assess the impact of TM on hatching and broiler performance. Dietary fat is commonly added to poultry diets during heat stress and it was theorized that differences in fat source may further impact bird performance. Finisher diets were supplemented with soya oil, poultry fat, or olive oil at 4.5% each. Broilers were exposed to a period of AHS at 43 d. Embryo mortality was increased, and hatchability was reduced by TM. Broiler performance was also decreased for the TM birds, but mortality during AHS was markedly reduced. Dietary fat source did not influence bird performance but was shown to interact with incubation treatment. Overall, the present data suggest optimal performance in modern broiler strains may be at odds with improved heat tolerance.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Brannan, K. E. and Livingston, K. A. and Rensburg, C. Jansen}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{brannan_livingston_wall_livingston_rensburg_2021, title={Embryonic thermal manipulation and dietary fat source during acute heat stress: 2. Effect on broiler carcass characteristics and breast muscle myopathies}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.japr.2021.100174}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of embryonic thermal manipulation and dietary fat source during the finisher period on carcass characteristics and breast muscle myopathies following acute heat stress. Thermal manipulation (TM) of incubation temperatures has been shown to improve bird resistance to heat stress and enhance breast muscle growth. Fat supplementation is frequently used during heat stress and fat source may alter carcass composition, as fat sources rich in unsaturated fatty acids have been shown to reduce fat pad weight. Ross 708 eggs were incubated at 37.5°C except during TM when temperature was increased to 39.5°C for 12 h daily from embryo day 7 to 16. A total of 1,080 chicks were reared under standard conditions until acute heat stress at 43 d. Dietary treatments were applied during the finisher period beginning at 28 d, with diets including 4.5% of soya oil, poultry fat, or olive oil. At 49 d, 240 male birds were processed to assess carcass and portion weights, as well as breast quality. Carcass and portion weights were decreased by TM, however percent yield was similar to the controls. A decrease in breast muscle myopathies was noted but may have been due to the lower BW of the TM birds. Interactions between the treatments suggest that TM may alter lipid metabolism. Differences in dietary fat source did not affect carcass characteristics. The reduction in breast muscle myopathies may be negated by the negative impact of TM on carcass weights.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Brannan, K. E. and Livingston, M. L. and Wall, B. and Livingston, K. A. and Rensburg, C. Jansen}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{warren_livingston_2021, title={Implications of Vitamin D Research in Chickens can Advance Human Nutrition and Perspectives for the Future}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2475-2991"]}, DOI={10.1093/cdn/nzab018}, abstractNote={Abstract The risk of vitamin D insufficiency in humans is a global problem that requires improving ways to increase vitamin D intake. Supplements are a primary means for increasing vitamin D intake, but without a clear consensus on what constitutes vitamin D sufficiency, there is toxicity risk with taking supplements. Chickens have been used in many vitamin-D-related research studies, especially studies involving vitamin D supplementation. Our state-of-the-art review evaluates vitamin D metabolism and how the different hydroxylated forms are synthesized. We provide an overview of how vitamin D is absorbed, transported, excreted, and what tissues in the body store vitamin D metabolites. We also discuss a number of studies involving vitamin D supplementation with broilers and laying hens. Vitamin D deficiency and toxicity are also described and how they can be caused. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is important for vitamin D metabolism; however, there is much more to understand about VDR in chickens. Potential research aims involving vitamin D and chickens should explore VDR mechanisms that could lead to newer insights into VDR. Utilizing chickens in future research to help elucidate vitamin D mechanisms has great potential to advance human nutrition. Finding ways to increase vitamin D intake will be necessary because the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is leading to increased risk of vitamin D deficiency in many populations. Chickens can provide a dual purpose with addressing pandemic-caused vitamin D deficiency: 1) vitamin D supplementation gives chickens added-value with the possibility of leading to vitamin-D-enriched meat and egg products; and 2) using chickens in research provides data for translational research. We believe expanding vitamin-D-related research in chickens to include more nutritional aims in vitamin D status has great implications for developing better strategies to improve human health.}, number={5}, journal={CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NUTRITION}, author={Warren, Matthew F. and Livingston, Kimberly A.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{joardar_livingston_edens_nusairat_qudsieh_livingston_brake_2020, title={Effect of Limestone Particle Size and Potassium Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Physiology, and Breast Muscle Myopathy of Male Broiler Chickens}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.603284}, abstractNote={The experiment investigated the effects of limestone particle size and dietary potassium (K) on live performance, blood physiology, and muscle myopathies in broilers raised to 35 days of age. A total of 384 Ross male broilers were placed in 24 floor pens and fed four diets during the starter (0–16 days of age) and grower (17–33 days of age) periods containing two limestone particle sizes (fine: 0.2 mm and coarse: 0.9 mm), and amended with either 0% basal K (K–) or 0.2% added dietary K (K+) as potassium carbonate to complete the 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Live performance was measured from 1–33 days of age. Blood physiology, woody breast (WB), and white striping (WS) scores were measured at 35 days of age. The K+ dietary treatment reduced (P< 0.05) feed intake and BWG when compared to K– during the starter and grower period. The K+ dietary treatment decreased blood Na (mmol/L), blood glucose (mg/dl), ionized blood Ca (mg/dl), TCO2(mmol/L), blood HCO3(mmol/L), and base excess in extracellular fluid (mmol/L) when compared to K– birds of similar body weight at 35 days of age (P≤ 0.05). Fine limestone diets tended to reduce WB scores (3.0 vs. 2.59) when compared to coarse limestone diets at 35 days of age (P= 0.08). This study demonstrated that using 0.2% of K as potassium carbonate did not negatively affect FCR even though FI and BWG were reduced. Furthermore, fine limestone has the potential to reduce WB in breast muscle tissues; however, further research is needed to confirm these outcomes.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Joardar, Dinabandhu and Livingston, Kimberly A. and Edens, Frank W. and Nusairat, Basheer and Qudsieh, Rasha and Livingston, Matthew L. and Brake, John}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{livingston_cowieson_crespo_hoang_nogal_browning_livingston_2020, title={Effect of broiler genetics, age, and gender on performance and blood chemistry}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2405-8440"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85087691199&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04400}, abstractNote={A total of 640 broilers were used to determine the effects of strain, sex, and age on hematology and blood chemistry using rapid detection devices. Day old chicks from two genetic lines of common fast-growing and high-yield broiler strains were sexed and allocated to 40 pens (16 birds per pen) containing either male or female and Ross or Cobb strains (n = 10). Venous blood was analyzed weekly using 2 broilers from each pen (n = 20) using the i-STAT® Alinity Handheld Clinical Analyzer, Zoetis Vetscan VS2, and iCheck™ Carotene devices at 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 d, as well as growth performance. Post-mortem health tracking metrics were also recorded on 42 d. Broilers were deemed healthy based on posting data results and performed in accordance with industry standards with males presenting greater BW and reduced FCR than female broilers. Ross broilers displayed greater BW to 14 d with similar FCR compared with Cobb birds. Day of age had a highly significant impact on blood calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, carotene, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, bile acids, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulin, total carbon dioxide, hematocrit, and malondialdehyde. Male broilers had reduced blood sodium, chloride, carotene, uric acid, albumin, and increased total protein, glucose, and total carbon dioxide. Ross broilers had greater blood potassium, and sodium, as well as reduced uric acid, total protein, globulin, and malondialdehyde, compared with Cobb birds. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of point-of-care devices in measuring blood chemistry and hematology in modern broilers. These data can be utilized to determine normal healthy blood ranges in these types of broilers when accounting for strain, sex, and age.}, number={7}, journal={HELIYON}, author={Livingston, M. L. and Cowieson, A. J. and Crespo, R. and Hoang, V and Nogal, B. and Browning, M. and Livingston, K. A.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{cowieson_livingston_nogal_hoang_wang_crespo_livingston_2020, title={Effect of coccidial challenge and vaccination on the performance, veterinary postmortem scores, and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85087699065&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.018}, abstractNote={A total of 960 male Cobb 500 broilers were used in a growth performance study to explore the effect of coccidial vaccination and/or coccidial challenge on blood biochemistry and veterinary postmortem metrics. Day-old chicks were randomly divided into one of the 4 experimental treatments. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with the factors being without or with vaccination (administered on day 1) or coccidial challenge (oral gavage on day 7). Growth performance was monitored on a weekly basis. Blood sample collection, as well as full veterinary necropsies, were carried out on days 6, 8, 13, 20, 27, and 34. Birds that did not receive the vaccination but were challenged with coccidiosis had higher feed conversion ratio, lower body weights, and higher mortality than the other experimental groups, and this effect was particularly evident from day 13 to day 20. Birds challenged with coccidiosis had lower plasma sodium and total carotenoid concentrations and higher potassium and globulin concentrations than nonchallenged birds. Significant interactions between age and experimental treatment for these blood parameters were observed, particularly on day 13. The necropsy results confirmed the effectiveness of the challenge and vaccination treatments, wherein birds that were challenged had higher coccidiosis scores on day 13 and day 27 than birds that were not challenged. These results demonstrate the potential for plasma sodium, potassium, total protein, total carbon dioxide, globulin, and carotenoid analysis for early diagnosis of coccidiosis in growing broiler chickens. Further work is necessary to establish whether the changes in blood biochemistry observed in the present study are transferable to alternative flocks of chicken and whether early diagnosis and intervention may mitigate performance losses associated with this disease.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Cowieson, A. J. and Livingston, M. L. and Nogal, B. and Hoang, V and Wang, Y-T and Crespo, R. and Livingston, K. A.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={3831–3840} }
 @article{warren_vu_toomer_fernandez_livingston_2020, title={Efficacy of 1-alpha-Hydroxycholecalciferol Supplementation in Young Broiler Feed Suggests Reducing Calcium Levels at Grower Phase}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.00245}, abstractNote={Increasing biopotency of cholecalciferol (D3) from vitamin sources is essential in the poultry industry to meet nutritional demands and counter stressors. D3 exhibits hormonal traits and is responsible for calcium (Ca) absorption. 1-α-Hydroxycholecalciferol (1α) is a synthetic form of D3 that has equal efficacy and is cheaper to synthesize than 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (active form of D3), on broilers. However, 1α bypasses a critical regulatory point, the kidney, and may consequently lead to toxicity levels of Ca via Ca absorption. This study examined 1α supplementation in broiler diets with different Ca inclusion levels to determine if 1α at higher Ca levels caused Ca toxicity at starter and grower phases with Ross 708 male broiler chicks. In Experiment 1 (1–15 days of age), chicks were assigned to one of 10 treatment starter diets with five levels of Ca inclusion (0.80, 0.95, 1.10, 1.25, and 1.40%) with or without 1α supplementation (5 μg 1α/kg in feed) and eight replicate cages per treatment. In Experiment 2, chicks were fed common starter diet until 16 days of age, and then they were assigned to one of eight treatment diets with four levels of Ca inclusion (0.54, 0.76, 0.98, or 1.20%) with or without 1α supplementation (5 μg 1α/kg in feed). At the end of both experiments, blood was collected from broilers to determine blood chemistry, including concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. Intestinal tissues were also collected to examine gene expression. In Experiment 1, broilers not fed 1α exhibited a quadratic effect in ionized blood Ca (iCa) as dietary Ca inclusion levels increased; 1α-fed broilers displayed an increase in iCa as Ca inclusion levels increased (p = 0.0002). For Experiment 2, 1α-fed broilers displayed a decrease in 25-hydroxycholecalciferol plasma concentration as dietary Ca inclusion levels increased (p = 0.035); also, increasing Ca inclusion in diets increased expression of duodenal sodium phosphate cotransporter type II b (NPTIIb, p = 0.03). Our findings imply that inclusion of 1α was beneficial because 1α enhanced Ca absorption during the starter phase; however, to avoid potential Ca toxicity or antagonism while using 1α during the grower phase, there should be consideration with reducing dietary Ca levels.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Warren, Matthew F. and Vu, Thien C. and Toomer, Ondulla T. and Fernandez, Juan David and Livingston, Kimberly A.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{phillips_reading_livingston_livingston_ashwell_2020, title={Evaluation via Supervised Machine Learning of the Broiler Pectoralis Major and Liver Transcriptome in Association With the Muscle Myopathy Wooden Breast}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1664-042X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fphys.2020.00101}, abstractNote={The muscle myopathy wooden breast (WB) has recently appeared in broiler production and has a negative impact on meat quality. WB is described as hard/firm consistency found within the pectoralis major (PM). In the present study, we use machine learning from our PM and liver transcriptome dataset to capture the complex relationships that are not typically revealed by traditional statistical methods. Gene expression data was evaluated between the PM and liver of birds with WB and those that were normal. Two separate machine learning algorithms were performed to analyze the data set including the sequential minimal optimization (SMO) of support vector machines (SVMs) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Machine learning algorithms were compared to identify genes within a gene expression data set of approximately 16,000 genes for both liver and PM, which can be correctly classified from birds with or without WB. The performance of both machine learning algorithms SMO and MLP was determined using percent correct classification during the cross-validations. By evaluating the WB transcriptome datasets by 5× cross-validation using ANNs, the expression of nine genes ranked based on Shannon Entropy (Information Gain) from PM were able to correctly classify if the individual bird was normal or exhibited WB 100% of the time. These top nine genes were all protein coding and potential biomarkers. When PM gene expression data were evaluated between normal birds and those with WB using SVMs they were correctly classified 95% of the time using 450 of the top genes sorted ranked based on Shannon Entropy (Information Gain) as a preprocessing step. When evaluating the 450 attributes that were 95% correctly classified using SVMs through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) there was an overlap in top genes identified through MLP. This analysis allowed the identification of critical transcriptional responses for the first time in both liver and muscle during the onset of WB. The information provided has revealed many molecules and pathways making up a complex molecular mechanism involved with the progression of wooden breast and suggests that the etiology of the myopathy is not limited to activity in the muscle alone, but is an altered systemic pathology.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Phillips, Chelsea A. and Reading, Benjamin J. and Livingston, Matthew and Livingston, Kimberly and Ashwell, Chris M.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{toomer_sanders_vu_livingston_wall_malheiros_carvalho_livingston_ferket_anderson_2020, title={Potential Transfer of Peanut and/or Soy Proteins from Poultry Feed to the Meat and/or Eggs Produced}, volume={5}, ISSN={2470-1343 2470-1343}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03218}, DOI={10.1021/acsomega.9b03218}, abstractNote={Previous studies have demonstrated that allergenic feed proteins from peanuts in the diets of layer hens are not detected in the eggs produced. Hence, in this study, we aimed to determine if soy and/or peanut proteins in poultry feed rations of broiler chickens or layer hens would be transferred or detectable in the meat or eggs produced. To meet this objective, 99 layer hens and 300 broiler chickens were equally divided into treatment groups and fed one of three experimental diets: control soybean meal and corn diet, whole unblanched high-oleic peanut and corn diet (HO PN), or a control diet spiked supplemented with oleic acid (OA) oil. At termination, broiler chickens were processed, and chicken breast samples of the left pectoralis muscle were collected, and eggs were collected from layers. Total protein extracts from pooled egg samples and chicken breast samples were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and immunoblotting analysis with rabbit antipeanut agglutinin antibodies and rabbit antisoy antibodies for the detection of peanut and soy proteins. Peanut and soy proteins were undetected in all pooled egg samples and individual chicken breast meat samples using immunoblotting techniques with rabbit antipeanut agglutinin and rabbit antisoy antibodies. Moreover, quantitative ELISA allergen detection methods determined all pooled egg samples and individual meat samples as “not containing” peanut or soy allergens. Therefore, this study helps to evaluate the risk associated with the potential transfer of allergenic proteins from animal feed to the products produced for human consumption.}, number={2}, journal={ACS Omega}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Toomer, Ondulla T. and Sanders, Elliot and Vu, Thien C. and Livingston, Matthew L. and Wall, Brittany and Malheiros, Ramon D. and Carvalho, Luiz Victor and Livingston, Kim A. and Ferket, Peter R. and Anderson, Kenneth E.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={1080–1085} }
 @article{toomer_sanders_vu_malheiros_redhead_livingston_livingston_carvalho_ferket_2020, title={The effects of high-oleic peanuts as an alternative feed ingredient on broiler performance, ileal digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy, and histology of the intestine}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txaa137}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Toomer, Ondulla T. and Sanders, Elliot and Vu, Thien C. and Malheiros, Ramon D. and Redhead, Adam K. and Livingston, Matthew L. and Livingston, Kim A. and Carvalho, Luiz Victor and Ferket, Peter R.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{livingston_landon_barnes_brake_livingston_2019, title={Dietary potassium and available phosphorous on broiler growth performance, carcass characteristics, and wooden breast}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez015}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pez015}, abstractNote={Broiler dietary potassium (K) and available phosphorous (AvP) have decreased in recent years but both ions are intimately involved in the elimination of hydrogen ions that are produced during rapid growth. It was hypothesized that the decrease of these dietary electrolytes was related to the development of myopathies, and thus increased dietary K and/or AvP would reduce the occurrence of breast myopathies. A total of 320 Ross male broiler chicks were placed into 16 pens and fed 2 diet series containing either decreasing AvP levels of 0.45, 0.40, and 0.35% in the starter, grower, and finisher diets, respectively (Decline), or a fixed AvP of 0.45% in all dietary phases (Fixed). To complete a 2 × 2 design either normal basal dietary K (K-) (0.86, 0.77, 0.68%) or added dietary K (K+) (1.01, 0.93, 0.88%) were also applied to starter, grower, and finisher diets, respectively. Blood physiology was measured at 29 and 42 d. Carcass data, wooden breast and white striping scores were measured at 35 and 43 d. The K+ diets improved feed conversion ratio at 35 d (1.52 vs 1.57 g: g), reduced body weight at 42 d (3524 vs 3584 g), reduced hemoglobin (6.83 vs 7.58 g/dL), and packed cell volume (20.1 vs 22.3%) at 29 d, reduced ionized blood calcium (1.42 vs 1.47 mmol/L) at 42 d, and reduced partial pressure of blood CO2 (49.1 vs 54.7 mm/Hg) at 42 d relative to broilers fed basal K- diets (P < 0.05). Fixed AvP diets improved feed conversion ratio at 28 and 42 d, increased percentage breast meat (28.85 vs 27.58%) and carcass water pickup (2.72 vs 1.42%) at 35 d, and reduced wooden breast (2.88 vs 3.69) at 43 d (P < 0.05).}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Livingston, M L and Landon, C D and Barnes, H J and Brake, J and Livingston, K A}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{wen_livingston_persia_2019, title={Effect of high concentrations of dietary vitamin D3 on pullet and laying hen performance, skeleton health, eggshell quality, and yolk vitamin D3 content when fed to W36 laying hens from day of hatch until 68 wk of age}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez386}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pez386}, abstractNote={The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of various dietary concentrations of vitamin D3 (D3) on pullet and laying hen performance, eggshell quality, bone health, and yolk D3 content from day of hatch until 68 wk of age. Initially, 440 Hy-line W36-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments: 1,681 (control); 8,348; 18,348; 35,014; 68,348 IU D3/kg. At 17 wk of age, pullets were assigned to experimental diets with 12 replicate groups of 6 birds. At 17 wk of age, pullets fed diets containing 8,348 and 35,014 IU D3/kg had an increased bone mineral density in comparison to the control fed birds (P ≤ 0.01). Body weights of pullets fed the diet with 68,348 IU D3/kg were lower than other treatments (P ≤ 0.01). Hen-housed egg production (HHEP) of hens fed the 35,014 IU D3/kg diet was increased in comparison to control-fed hens (P ≤ 0.01), whereas HHEP of those fed 68,348 IU D3/kg diet was reduced in comparison to all other treatments (P ≤ 0.01). Shell breaking strength of eggs from hens fed 8,348, 35,014 and 68,348 IU D3/kg was increased in comparison to eggs from control-fed birds (P ≤ 0.01). Fat-free tibia ash content of hens fed any of the diets supplemented with D3 (8,348 to 68,348 IU D3/kg) was increased in comparison to control-fed hens (P ≤ 0.05). Yolk D3 content increased linearly with dietary D3 and the D3 transfer efficiency for the control, 8,348 IU, 18,348 IU, 35,014 IU, and 68,348 IU D3 treatments were 8.24, 10.29, 11.27, 12.42, and 12.06%, respectively. These data suggest that supplementation of dietary D3 up to 35,014 IU D3/kg feed maintained if not increased laying hen performance and enhanced pullet and laying hen skeletal quality as well as yolk D3 content and eggshell quality. Feeding pullets at a higher level 68,348 IU of D3 resulted in reduced growth and ultimately decreased performance of laying hens.}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Wen, J and Livingston, K A and Persia, M E}, year={2019}, month={Jul} }
 @article{toomer_livingston_wall_sanders_vu_malheiros_livingston_carvalho_ferket_2019, title={Meat quality and sensory attributes of meat produced from broiler chickens fed a high oleic peanut diet}, volume={98}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez258}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pez258}, abstractNote={Previous studies have identified peanut meal prepared from normal-oleic peanuts as a suitable and economical ingredient for broiler feed. However, to date, no studies have examined the use of new, high-oleic peanut (HO-PN) cultivars as a feed ingredient for poultry. This project aimed to determine the effect of HO-PNs as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens on the quality and sensory attributes of the meat produced. To test 3 experimental diets, male broiler chicks were randomly placed, at hatch, in raised-wire cages, in 10 replicate pens per treatment with 10 chicks per cage. For 6 wk, chicks were fed, ad libitum, one of the three isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets: (1) a conventional soybean meal plus corn control diet, (2) 10 to 12% HO-PN + corn diet, or (3) a control corn diet spiked with ≈6.0% oleic fatty acid oil (OA). At 42 D, 3 broilers per pen (30 per treatment) were processed to determine meat quality and for consumer evaluation. Carcass weights and breast yields were reduced in broilers fed HO-PN, while leg carcass yields were greater in broilers fed HO-PN in comparison to the other groups. Chicken breast from broilers fed HO-PN had reduced meat-pH, reduced L* color values, and increased cooked loss compared to other treatments. Nevertheless, a group of 100-consumer panelists scored all 3-treatment groups similar in terms of sensory attributes for cooked chicken. While additional studies must be performed, this study suggest that HO-PN may be a suitable broiler feed ingredient.}, number={10}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Toomer, Ondulla T and Livingston, Matthew L and Wall, Brittany and Sanders, Elliot and Vu, Thien C and Malheiros, Ramon D and Livingston, Kim A and Carvalho, Luiz Victor and Ferket, Peter R}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={5188–5197} }
 @article{eberle_martin_shah_malheiros_livingston_anderson_2018, title={A novel non-invasive method for evaluating electroencephalograms on laying hens}, volume={97}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex391}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pex391}, abstractNote={Abstract The use of electroencephalograms (EEG) to study the avian brain relative to behavior was conducted as early as the 1960's. EEG readings, combined with visual cues, provide the ability to elucidate and correlate behaviors to neurological and physiological changes in a chicken. The use of EEG recordings in animal models require access to the brain to implant electrodes. Having the ability to observe EEG activity on sensible birds without surgical implantation could broaden the research in this area and give further insight related to the hen's state of awareness. The development, construction, and implementation of a minimally invasive EEG electrode placement method is described. After implementation, test animals were exposed to extreme environmental stressors as part of a concurrent depopulation methods study and EEG placement withstood the condition changes and corresponding animal physical activity. Sixteen white commercial laying hens had three monopolar 32‐gauge needle electrodes inserted subcutaneously and secured to their head and body. Electrodes were attached to a pre‐amplifier which transferred EEG signals to a laptop based recording system. Once the electrodes were in place, the hens were placed in individual treatment/observation chamber then various environmental stressors were applied. Verification that the observed brainwave activity was neural and not muscular was done using a photic stimulation validation test. Behavior observations were recorded to correlate sensible and insensible brainwave activity. The validation test and behavior observations demonstrated the method was successful in measuring EEG in sensible laying hens. The use of a non‐surgical method for recording EEG will broaden research capabilities and enhance the understanding of a hen's response its environment, eliminate the need for invasive surgical procedures, and minimizes the confounding components of anesthesia, brain surgery, and recovery. With further refinements, the method could open new avenues in avian behavioral and physiological research.}, number={3}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Eberle, Krista N and Martin, Michael P and Shah, Sanjay and Malheiros, Ramon D and Livingston, Kimberly A and Anderson, Kenneth E}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={860–864} }
 @article{whitaker_brierton_osborne_anderson_livingston_2018, title={Assessment of the A.S.P.I.R.E. (ACT Supplemental Preparation in Rural Education) program as an effective extension tool to decrease deficits in ACT College entrance examination scores in rural high school students}, volume={62}, journal={NACTA}, author={Whitaker, B. and Brierton, S. and Osborne, J. and Anderson, K. and Livingston, K.A.}, year={2018}, pages={339–345} }
 @article{wall_livingston_koutsos_parsons_2018, title={Black soldier fly larvae meal and oil can replace soybean meal and oil without adversely affecting chick growth performance during the starter phase}, volume={97}, number={E-Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Wall, B. and Livingston, K. and Koutsos, E. and Parsons, C.}, year={2018}, pages={6} }
 @article{livingston_ferket_brake_livingston_2018, title={Blood physiology of broilers presented with breast myopathies and supplemented with dietary glutamine and arginine}, volume={97}, number={E-Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Livingston, M. and Ferket, P. and Brake, J. and Livingston, K.}, year={2018}, pages={267} }
 @article{livingston_ferket_brake_livingston_2018, title={Dietary amino acids under hypoxic conditions exacerbates muscle myopathies including wooden breast and white stripping}, volume={98}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey463}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pey463}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The occurrence of wooden breast (WB) and white striping (WS) of broiler breast myopathies may be associated with least‐cost feed formulations and the inclusion of greater amounts of synthetic amino acids. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental glutamine (Gln‐/+, 0 and 1%) and arginine (Arg‐/+, 0 and 0.25%) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Experiment 1 consisted of 8 replicates using 32 pens and focused on live performance to 44 d of age, carcass yield, and meat quality evaluations at 45 d of age. Live performance parameters including feed intake, BW gain, mortality, and feed conversion were evaluated. Post‐harvest carcass yield, breast muscle quality (including WB and WS), proximate analysis, and mineral analysis of breast muscle and tibia bone were also evaluated. Experiment 2 comprised 4 replicates using 8 pens with weekly measurements of blood physiology and muscle myopathy development from 21 to 45 d of age. Broilers fed supplemental Gln and Arg (Gln+/Arg+) produced broilers with greater BW and improved FCR. The WB and WS severity increased with Gln+ diets, while only WB increased using Arg+ diets. Weekly observations revealed the greatest increase in WB myopathies occurred between 28 to 35 d, while WS significantly increased one week later (35 to 42 d). When comparing broilers of similar BW at 45 d, Gln+ diets resulted in greater WS scores and percentage breast muscle fat. Further analysis of WB and WS scores (independent of treatment affect) revealed that increased myopathy scores were associated with increased blood CO2, H2CO3, and reduced O2 with increased meat pH, moisture content, and Ca concentration. These results indicated that increased muscle Ca is associated with increased WB, while increased dietary glutamine and lack of oxygen may have resulted in a reverse flux of the citric acid cycle and reduced electron transport chain activity resulting in increased WS.}, number={3}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Livingston, M L and Ferket, P R and Brake, J and Livingston, K A}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={1517–1527} }
 @article{wu_hodgson_livingston_livingston_2018, title={Effects of diets containing salt versus bicarbonate and level of physical activity on white striping and woody breast}, volume={97}, number={E-Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Wu, C. and Hodgson, D. and Livingston, M. and Livingston, K.}, year={2018}, pages={34} }
 @article{eberle-krish_martin_malheiros_shah_livingston_anderson_2018, title={Evaluation of Ventilation Shutdown in a Multi-level Caged System}, volume={27}, ISSN={1056-6171 1537-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfy036}, DOI={10.3382/japr/pfy036}, abstractNote={SUMMARY In 2015, the United States experienced an extensive outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza resulting in the depopulation of 42.1 million commercial egg‐laying hens. Existing mass depopulation methods in multilevel caged systems utilized throughout the egg industry provide a challenge for producers and emergency personnel. An alternative depopulation method with potential for use in the egg industry is ventilation shutdown (VSD), which uses a combination of increasing heat and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels to promote death by hyperthermia and hypoxia. This proof‐of concept study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of VSD, VSD with supplemental heat (VSDH), and VSD with CO2 (VSDCO2) as alternative mass depopulation methods in a multilevel caged system. Assessment parameters included ambient and core body temperatures, time to death, and survivability. Time to death for VSD, VSDH, and VSDCO2 were 3.75, 2, and 1.5 h, respectively. Survivability in VSD did not meet the flock depopulation standard of 100% lethality. Based on 100% lethality and time to death, VSDH and VSDCO2 are equivalent in their ability to effectively depopulate hens in a multi‐level caged system. Air mixing should be used to prevent stratification of heat or CO2 concentrations between the top and bottom levels of a caged system. While the data emulate a commercial layer environment, application of the techniques in this study still need to be evaluated in a commercial setting.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Eberle-Krish, Krista N and Martin, Michael P and Malheiros, Ramon D and Shah, Sanjay B and Livingston, Kimberly A and Anderson, Kenneth E}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={555–563} }
 @article{anderson_livingston_shah_martin_malheiros_eberle-krish_2018, title={Evaluation of environmental and physiological parameters during Ventilation Shutdown in turkey hens}, volume={97}, number={E-Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Anderson, K. and Livingston, K. and Shah, S. and Martin, M. and Malheiros, R. and Eberle-Krish, K.}, year={2018}, pages={89} }
 @article{chuang_grimes_anderson_oviedo-rondón_livingston_2018, title={The effect of stocking density on the stress response in broilers}, volume={97}, number={E-Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Chuang, X. and Grimes, J. and Anderson, K. and Oviedo-Rondón, E. and Livingston, K.}, year={2018}, pages={337} }
 @article{hackney_oviedo-rondón_anderson_grimes_livingston_2018, title={The effect of stocking density on the stress response in turkeys}, volume={97}, number={E-Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Hackney, K. and Oviedo-Rondón, E. and Anderson, K. and Grimes, J. and Livingston, K.}, year={2018}, pages={336} }
 @article{hodgson_anderson_eberle-krish_martin_shah_malheiros_livingston_2018, title={Ventilation shutdown in conjunction with CO2 results in a quicker depopulation method with reduced stress}, volume={97}, number={E-Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Hodgson, D. and Anderson, K. and Eberle-Krish, K. and Martin, M. and Shah, S. and Malheiros, R. and Livingston, K.}, year={2018}, pages={72} }
 @article{adams_hodgson_persia_livingston_2018, title={Vitamin D3 cholecalciferol concentration effects on MQNCSU macrophage cell proliferation and macrophage activation}, volume={97}, number={E-Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Adams, D. and Hodgson, D. and Persia, M. and Livingston, K.}, year={2018}, pages={158} }
 @article{livingston_livingston_ashwell_2018, title={Wooden breast myopathies start with changes in calcium signaling and ends with cancer}, volume={97}, number={E-Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Livingston, K. and Livingston, M. and Ashwell, C.}, year={2018} }
 @article{herrin_livingston_malheiros_livingston_2017, title={Effect of dietary glutamine and arginine on woody breast muscle myopathy and muscular calcium, potassium, and phosphorus in broiler chickens}, volume={96}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Herrin, C. and Livingston, M. and Malheiros, R. and Livingston, K.}, year={2017}, pages={152} }
 @article{alvarez_oviedo-rondón_sarsour_cordova-noboa_ferzola_anderson_grimes_livingston_2017, title={Effect of stocking density on carcass and cut up yields, and meat quality of broilers up to 49 d}, volume={96}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Alvarez, S. and Oviedo-Rondón, E. and Sarsour, A. and Cordova-Noboa, H. and Ferzola, P. and Anderson, K. and Grimes, J. and Livingston, K.}, year={2017}, pages={14} }
 @article{martín_oviedo-rondón_sarsour_cordova-noboa_ferzola_anderson_grimes_livingston_2017, title={Effect of stocking density on live performance and leg health on broilers up to 49 d}, volume={96}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Martín, V.San and Oviedo-Rondón, E. and Sarsour, A. and Cordova-Noboa, H. and Ferzola, P. and Anderson, K. and Grimes, J. and Livingston, K.}, year={2017}, pages={14} }
 @article{anderson_petitte_livingston_shah_martin_eberle_malheiros_2017, title={Effect of ventilation shut down (VSD) on changes in heat shock protein 70 and blood chemistry throughout depopulation}, volume={96}, number={E-Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Anderson, K. and Petitte, J. and Livingston, K. and Shah, S. and Martin, M. and Eberle, K. and Malheiros, R.}, year={2017}, pages={99} }
 @article{wu_walker_livingston_warren_cabanas_livingston_2017, title={Effects of supplemental dietary glutamine and arginine on broiler live performance, blood chemistry, and incidence of white striping and wooden breast}, volume={96}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Wu, C. and Walker, G. and Livingston, M. and Warren, M. and Cabanas, J. and Livingston, K.}, year={2017}, pages={206} }
 @article{whitaker_osborne_anderson_livingston_2016, title={Assessment of the A.S.P.I.R.E. (ACT Supplemental Preparation in Rural Education) program as an effective extension tool to decrease deficits in ACT college entrance examination scores in rural high school students}, volume={95}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Whitaker, B. and Osborne, J. and Anderson, K. and Livingston, K.A.}, year={2016}, pages={112} }
 @article{viguie_livingston_malheiros_ferket_2016, title={Effect of corn distillers solubles oil on broiler chicken skin pigmentation and plasma carotenoid content}, volume={95}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Viguie, M. and Livingston, K.A. and Malheiros, R. and Ferket, P.}, year={2016}, pages={13} }
 @article{anderson._livingston._shah_martin_eberle_malheiros_osborne_berry_2016, title={Evaluating laying hen EEGs in response to environmental stressors during ventilation shutdown (VSD) for the development of humane methodologies used for mass depopulation amid a disease outbreak}, volume={95}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Anderson., K. and Livingston., K.A. and Shah, S. and Martin, M.P. and Eberle, K.N. and Malheiros, R. and Osborne, J. and Berry, W.}, year={2016}, pages={30} }
 @article{whitaker_worley-davis_brierton_livingston_2016, title={Evaluating the Poultry Science Summer Institute as a recruitment tool for high school students to enter the Poultry Science department}, volume={95}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Whitaker, B. and Worley-Davis, L. and Brierton, S. and Livingston, K.A.}, year={2016}, pages={222} }
 @article{livingston_brierton_2016, title={Specification grading in a distance-education nutrition course reduces students’ stress and improves grade distributions}, volume={95}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Livingston, K.A. and Brierton, S.}, year={2016} }
 @article{susmilch_johal_lohrmann_walls_livingston_2014, title={Evaluation of Calsporin and IMW50 on production performance in laying hens from 16 to 32 weeks of age}, volume={93}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Susmilch, K. and Johal, S. and Lohrmann, T. and Walls, J. and Livingston, K.A.}, year={2014}, pages={20} }
 @article{johal_livingston_lohrman_hamaoka_lee_2014, title={Evaluation of Calsporin and IMW50 on pullets raised in a cage-free system}, volume={93}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Johal, S. and Livingston, K.A. and Lohrman, T. and Hamaoka, T. and Lee, B.}, year={2014}, pages={198} }
 @article{viguie_livingston_2014, title={Pretreating primary macrophages (MΦ) with Bacillus subtillus but not mannan oligosaccharide increases nitric oxide production after Salmonella enteritidis challenge}, volume={93}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Viguie, M. and Livingston, K.A.}, year={2014}, pages={195} }
 @article{livingston_jiang_stephensen_2013, title={CD4 T-helper cell cytokine phenotypes and antibody response following tetanus toxoid booster immunization}, volume={390}, ISSN={0022-1759}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2013.01.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jim.2013.01.001}, abstractNote={Routine methods for enumerating antigen-specific T-helper cells may not identify low-frequency phenotypes such as Th2 cells. We compared methods of evaluating such responses to identify tetanus toxoid- (TT) specific Th1, Th2, Th17 and IL10+ cells. Eight healthy subjects were given a TT booster vaccination. Blood was drawn before, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after vaccination and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured for 7 days with TT, negative control (diluent), and a positive control (Staphylococcus enterotoxin B [SEB]). Activation markers (CD25 and CD69) were measured after 44 h (n = 8), cytokines in supernatant after 3 and 7 days, and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) of proliferated cells (identified by dye dilution) after 7 days (n = 6). Vaccination increased TT-specific expression of CD25 and CD69 on CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes, and TT-specific proliferation at 7, 14 and 28 days post vaccination. Vaccination induced TT-specific Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) Th2 (IL-13, IL-5, and IL-4), Th17 (IL-17A) and IL-10+ cells as measured by ICS. TT-specific Th1 cells were the most abundant (12–15% of all TT-specific CD4+ T-cells) while IL10+ (1.8%) Th17 (1.1%) and Th2 cells (0.2–0.6%) were less abundant. TT-specific cytokine concentrations in PBMC supernatants followed the same pattern where a TT-specific IL-9 response was also seen. In conclusion, TT booster vaccination induced a broad T-helper cell response. This method of evaluating cytokine phenotypes may be useful in examining the impact of nutrition and environmental conditions on the plasticity of T-helper cell memory responses.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Immunological Methods}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Livingston, Kimberly A. and Jiang, Xiaowen and Stephensen, Charles B.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={18–29} }
 @inbook{livingston_stephensen_2012, place={Geneva}, title={Vitamin A deficiency and the neonatal immune system: possible effects of vitamin A supplementation at birth}, booktitle={Report: WHO technical consultation on vitamin A in newborn health: mechanistic studies}, publisher={World Health Organization}, author={Livingston, K.A. and Stephensen, C.B.}, year={2012} }
 @article{livingston_jiang_stephensen_2011, title={CD4 T-helper cell cytokine phenotypes following tetanus toxoid immunization}, volume={186}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Immunology}, author={Livingston, K.A. and Jiang, X. and Stephensen, C.B.}, year={2011}, pages={52.3} }
 @article{livingston_klasing_2011, title={Retinyl palmitate does not have an adjuvant effect on the antibody response of chicks to keyhole limpet hemocyanin regardless of vitamin A status}, volume={90}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01085}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2010-01085}, abstractNote={To determine whether supplementing retinyl palmitate (RP) to vitamin A-deficient or -adequate chicks during vaccination increased the antibody response, an experiment was conducted that used a 2-generational model. White Leghorn chicks were hatched from eggs that contained 1.06 ± 0.13, 1.41 ± 0.14, or 1.90 ± 0.13 μg of retinol/g of egg yolk. Upon hatch, chicks were allotted to a diet that contained 70, 100, or 130% of the vitamin A requirement (1,500 IU/kg). At 14 d of age, chicks were challenged with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), KLH and FIA, KLH and RP administered in the same injection, or KLH and RP administered at different injection sites. The RP dosage was 7,000 IU/kg of BW, and dosage of the KLH was 1 mg/kg of BW. Chicks were bled and rechallenged at 19 d of age, and a final blood draw was taken at 29 d of age. The IgM and IgG antibody responses to KLH were determined by ELISA, and agglutination was used to determine natural antibody titers. When compared with chicks fed diets that contained 70 and 100% of the vitamin A requirement, the chicks fed 130% of the vitamin A requirement had a lower primary IgM and IgG antibody response (P < 0.02) and the secondary IgG response was significantly lower (P = 0.004). However, administering RP together or separate from KLH did not significantly change the secondary IgM or IgG responses compared with chicks challenged with KLH and FIA (P < 0.01). Moreover, natural antibody titers were not different among dietary treatments (P = 0.91). In conclusion, administration of RP with KLH did not improve antibody response in chicks.}, number={5}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Livingston, K. A. and Klasing, K. C.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={965–970} }
 @article{stephensen_livingston_2009, title={Vitamin supplements and vaccines: maximize benefits, evaluate potential risks}, volume={90}, ISSN={0002-9165 1938-3207}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28343}, DOI={10.3945/ajcn.2009.28343}, number={3}, journal={The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Stephensen, Charles B and Livingston, Kimberly A}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={457–458} }
 @article{livingston_perano_klasing_2008, title={Challenging Hy-Line W36 chicks with KLH in conjunction with retinyl palmitate does not increase antibody response regardless of vitamin A status}, volume={87}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Livingston, K.A. and Perano, T.W. and Klasing, K.C.}, year={2008}, pages={83} }
 @article{livingston_klasing_2008, title={Inadequate vitamin A during development increases bursacyte apoptosis in chicks}, volume={87}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Livingston, K.A. and Klasing, K.C.}, year={2008}, pages={52} }
 @article{livingston_klasing_2006, title={The Vitamin A requirement for optimum growth, egg production, and hatchability in japanese quail}, volume={85}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Livingston, K.A. and Klasing, K.C.}, year={2006}, pages={28} }
 @article{rafacz-livingston_martinez-amezcua_parsons_baker_snow_2005, title={Citric acid improves phytate phosphorus utilization in crossbred and commercial broiler chicks}, volume={84}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.9.1370}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.9.1370}, abstractNote={Previous research in our laboratory has shown that citric acid (CA) improves phytate P utilization in New Hampshire x Columbian (NHC) crossbred chicks fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. The current study was conducted to determine if CA is also effective in commercial broiler chicks (Ross x Ross). In 3 experiments, 4 replicate groups of 5 male NHC chicks and male commercial chicks were fed corn-soybean meal diets varying in CA and nonphytate P (NPP) from 8 to 22 d of age. In experiment 1, a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was used to evaluate the effect of 2 levels of CA (0 and 3%) and NPP (0.13 and 0.28%) in NHC chicks and commercial chicks. The commercial chicks, but not the NHC chicks, fed the 0.13% NPP diet had to be removed from the experiment after 3 to 5 d due to very poor growth and severe leg problems. Chick weight gain and tibia ash were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by CA in both types of chicks. In experiment 2, the same 2 x 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was again used except that the NPP levels were 0.18 and 0.28%. Tibia ash was increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the addition of CA in both breeds of chicks; response was greater at 0.18% NPP than at 0.28% NPP. In experiment 3, graded levels of CA (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) were evaluated in commercial chicks fed diets containing 0.18% NPP. Tibia ash increased linearly (P < 0.05) as CA increased from 0 to 4%. The average increase in bone ash resulting from 3% CA supplementation in experiments 2 and 3 was 41%. These results indicate that CA markedly improved phytate P utilization in NHC and Ross x Ross commercial broiler chicks.}, number={9}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Rafacz-Livingston, K. A. and Martinez-Amezcua, C. and Parsons, C. M. and Baker, D. H. and Snow, J.}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={1370–1375} }
 @article{snow_rafacz_utterback_utterback_leeper_parsons_2005, title={Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98 laying hens respond similarly to dietary phosphorus levels}, volume={84}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.5.757}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.5.757}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to determine if 2 laying hen strains, Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98, would respond similarly to being fed corn-soybean meal diets (17% CP and 3.8% Ca) deficient in nonphytate P (NPP). In experiment 1, 3 diets with varying NPP levels (0.10, 0.14, and 0.45%) were fed to 6 replicate groups of 12 hens of each Hy-Line strain from 20 to 50 wk of age. Body weight, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and NPP intake were higher for W-98 hens compared with W-36 hens throughout the 30-wk period. The 0.10% NPP dietary treatment was terminated for both strains at 35 wk of age due to similar low egg production. Within each strain, there was no significant difference in egg production performance for hens fed 0.14% NPP compared with hens fed 0.45% NPP. In experiment 2,3 diets with varying levels of NPP (0.10, 0.13, and 0.45%) were fed to 5 replicate groups of 12 hens of each Hy-Line strain from 95 to 112 wk of age. The 0.10% NPP treatment rapidly and severely depressed egg production and was terminated at 99 wk of age for both strains. In addition, egg production and egg mass were depressed similarly in both strains fed 0.13% NPP. In conclusion, this research indicates that Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98 hens responded similarly to dietary NPP deficiency, suggesting that both strains have similar NPP requirements.}, number={5}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Snow, J. L. and Rafacz, K. A. and Utterback, P. L. and Utterback, C. W. and Leeper, R. W. and Parsons, C. M.}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={757–763} }
 @article{rafacz-livingston_parsons_jungk_2005, title={The effects of various organic acids on phytate phosphorus utilization in chicks}, volume={84}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.9.1356}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.9.1356}, abstractNote={Previous research from our laboratory has shown that citric acid improves phytate P utilization in chicks fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. The current study was conducted to determine if other organic acids also are effective, with an emphasis on gluconic acid. Four experiments were conducted in which 4 replicate groups of 5 crossbred chicks (New Hampshire x Columbian) were fed a P-deficient diet (0.16% nonphyate P) from 8 to 22 d of age. In Experiment 1, chick weight gain and tibia ash were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 1.5 and 3% sodium gluconate (NaGlu), 1.5% calcium gluconate (CaGlu), 1.5 and 3% glucono-delta-lactone, and 1% 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoic acid (Alimet). In experiment 2, tibia ash was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 2% NaGlu, CaGlu, and citric acid in chicks fed the P-deficient diet but not in chicks fed a 0.45% nonphytate P diet, indicating that the organic acid responses were due to increased P utilization. In experiments 3 and 4, tibia ash was significantly increased by 3% NaGlu and 3% citric acid, but not by 3% fumaric acid or 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1% EDTA. The results of this study showed that NaGlu, CaGlu, glucono-delta-lactone, Alimet, and citric acid, but not fumaric acid or EDTA, improved phytate P utilization in chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet.}, number={9}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Rafacz-Livingston, K. A. and Parsons, C. M. and Jungk, R. A.}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={1356–1362} }
 @article{utterback_biggs_rafacz_amezcua_koelkebeck_parsons_2004, title={Evaluation of low-energy diets for non-feed withdrawl laying hen molt program}, volume={83}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Utterback, P.L. and Biggs, P.E. and Rafacz, K.A. and Amezcua, C.M. and Koelkebeck, K.W. and Parsons, C.M.}, year={2004}, pages={399} }
 @article{rafacz_parsons_jungk_2004, title={Organic acids improve phyate phosphorus utilization in chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet}, volume={83}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Rafacz, K.A. and Parsons, C.M. and Jungk, R.A.}, year={2004}, pages={149} }
 @article{rafacz_martinez_snow_baker_parsons_2003, title={Citric acid improves phytate phosphorus utilization in two breeds of chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet}, volume={82}, number={Suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Rafacz, K.A. and Martinez, C. and Snow, J.L. and Baker, D.H. and Parsons, C.M.}, year={2003}, pages={142} }
 @article{whitaker_worley-davis_brierton_osborne_anderson_livingston, title={Evaluating the Poultry Science Summer Institute (PSSI) as a recruitment tool for high school students to enter the Prestage Department of Poultry Science}, volume={61}, journal={NACTA}, author={Whitaker, B. and Worley-Davis, L. and Brierton, S. and Osborne, J. and Anderson, K. and Livingston, K.A.}, pages={279–283} }