@article{carr_gold_harris_anarde_hino_sauers_da silva_gamewell_nelson_2024, title={Fecal Bacteria Contamination of Floodwaters and a Coastal Waterway From Tidally-Driven Stormwater Network Inundation}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2471-1403"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GH001020}, DOI={10.1029/2024GH001020}, abstractNote={Inundation of coastal stormwater networks by tides is widespread due to sea-level rise (SLR). The water quality risks posed by tidal water rising up through stormwater infrastructure (pipes and catch basins), out onto roadways, and back out to receiving water bodies is poorly understood but may be substantial given that stormwater networks are a known source of fecal contamination. In this study, we (a) documented temporal variation in concentrations of}, number={4}, journal={GEOHEALTH}, author={Carr, M. M. and Gold, A. C. and Harris, A. and Anarde, K. and Hino, M. and Sauers, N. and Da Silva, G. and Gamewell, C. and Nelson, N. G.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{wiechen_rutten_vries_tissier_mieras_anarde_baker_reniers_mol_2024, title={Measurements of dune erosion processes during the RealDune/REFLEX experiments}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2052-4463"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41597-024-03156-9}, abstractNote={Nearshore hydro- and morphodynamic data were collected during a field experiment under calm conditions, moderate conditions, and storm conditions with dune erosion in the collision regime. The experiment was conducted on the Sand Engine near Kijkduin, the Netherlands, from October 18, 2021, to January 7, 2022. Two artificial unvegetated dunes were constructed just above the high water line to measure storm erosion and dune impacts from higher water levels and waves. During the experiment, three storms occurred that resulted in significant erosion of both dunes. The collected hydrodynamic data include pressure sensor and velocimeter data along two cross-shore transects. The collected morphodynamic data include bathymetry and topography surveys, optical backscatter sensor data in the inner surf zone, and a continuous cross-shore line-scanning lidar data set of the dune face. This comprehensive data set can be used to (1) study relevant nearshore hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes that occur during calm conditions, moderate conditions, and storm conditions with dune erosion in the collision regime, and (2) validate existing dune erosion models.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC DATA}, author={Wiechen, Paul and Rutten, Jantien and Vries, Sierd and Tissier, Marion and Mieras, Ryan and Anarde, Katherine and Baker, Christine and Reniers, Ad and Mol, Jan-Willem}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{anarde_moore_murray_reeves_2024, title={The Future of Developed Barrier Systems: 1. Pathways Toward Uninhabitability, Drowning, and Rebound}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2328-4277"]}, DOI={10.1029/2023EF003672}, abstractNote={Abstract Many barrier islands and spits (collectively, “barriers”) throughout the world are highly developed. As low‐lying, sandy coastal landforms, barrier systems are naturally reshaped by processes associated with storms and sea‐level rise (SLR). The resulting landscape changes threaten development, and in response, humans employ defensive measures that physically modify barrier geometry to reduce relatively short‐term risk. These measures include the construction of large dunes, emplacement of beach nourishment, and removal of washover. Simulations conducted using a new coupled modeling framework show that, over decades to centuries, measures to protect roadways and communities alter the physical characteristics of barrier systems in ways that ultimately limit their habitability. We find that the pathway toward uninhabitability (via roadway drowning or community narrowing) and future system states (drowning or rebound) depends largely on dune management—because building dunes blocks overwash delivery to the barrier interior—and on initial conditions (barrier elevation and width). In the model, barriers can become lower and narrower with SLR to the point of drowning. The timing and occurrence of barrier drowning depends on randomness in the timing and intensity of storms and dune recovery processes. We find that under a constant rate of SLR, negative feedbacks involving storms can allow barriers that do not drown to rebound toward steady‐state geometries within decades after management practices cease.}, number={4}, journal={EARTHS FUTURE}, author={Anarde, K. A. and Moore, L. J. and Murray, A. B. and Reeves, I. R. B.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{anarde_moore_murray_reeves_2024, title={The Future of Developed Barrier Systems: 2. Alongshore Complexities and Emergent Climate Change Dynamics}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2328-4277"]}, DOI={10.1029/2023EF004200}, abstractNote={Abstract Developed barrier systems (barrier islands and spits) are lowering and narrowing with sea‐level rise (SLR) such that habitation will eventually become infeasible or prohibitively expensive for most communities in its current form. Before reaching this state, choices will be made to modify the natural and built environment to reduce relatively short‐term risk. These choices will likely vary substantially even along the same developed barrier system as these landscapes are rarely uniformly managed alongshore. Building on the results from a companion paper, here we use a new modeling framework to investigate the complexities in barrier system dynamics that emerge as a function of alongshore variability in management strategies, accelerations in SLR, and changes in storm intensity and frequency. Model results suggest that when connected through alongshore sediment transport, barriers with alongshore variable management strategies—here, the construction of dunes and wide beaches to protect either roadways or communities—evolve differently than they would in the absence of alongshore connections. Shoreline stabilization by communities in one location influences neighboring areas managed solely for roadways, inducing long‐term system‐wide lags in shoreline retreat. Conversely, when barrier segments managed for roadways are allowed to overwash, this induces shoreline curvature system‐wide, thus enhancing erosion on nearby stabilized segments. Feedbacks between dunes, storms, overwash flux, and alongshore sediment transport also affect outcomes of climate adaptation measures. In the case of partial, early abandonment of roadway management, we find that system‐wide transitions to less vulnerable landscape states are possible, even under accelerated SLR and increased storminess.}, number={4}, journal={EARTHS FUTURE}, author={Anarde, K. A. and Moore, L. J. and Murray, A. B. and Reeves, I. R. B.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{thelen_anarde_dietrich_hino_2024, title={Wind and rain compound with tides to cause frequent and unexpected coastal floods}, volume={266}, ISSN={["1879-2448"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122339}, DOI={10.1016/j.watres.2024.122339}, abstractNote={With sea-level rise, flooding in coastal communities is now common during the highest high tides. Floods also occur at normal tidal levels when rainfall overcomes stormwater infrastructure that is partially submerged by tides. Data describing this type of compound flooding is scarce and, therefore, it is unclear how often these floods occur and the extent to which non-tidal factors contribute to flooding. We combine measurements of flooding on roads and within storm drains with a numerical model to examine processes that contribute to flooding in Carolina Beach, NC, USA - a community that chronically floods outside of extreme storms despite flood mitigation infrastructure to combat tidal flooding. Of the 43 non-storm floods we measured during a year-long study period, one-third were unexpected based on the tidal threshold used by the community for flood monitoring. We introduce a novel model coupling between an ocean-scale hydrodynamic model (ADCIRC) and a community-scale surface water and pipe flow model (3Di) to quantify contributions from multiple flood drivers. Accounting for the compounding effects of tides, wind, and rain increases flood water levels by up to 0.4 m compared to simulations that include only tides. Setup from sustained (non-storm) regional winds causes deeper, longer, more extensive flooding during the highest high tides and can cause floods on days when flooding would not have occurred due to tides alone. Rainfall also contributes to unexpected floods; because tides submerge stormwater outfalls on a daily basis, even minor rainstorms lead to flooding as runoff has nowhere to drain. As a particularly low-lying coastal community, Carolina Beach provides a glimpse into future challenges that coastal communities worldwide will face in predicting, preparing for, and adapting to increasingly frequent flooding from compounding tidal and non-tidal drivers atop sea-level rise.}, journal={WATER RESEARCH}, author={Thelen, Thomas and Anarde, Katherine and Dietrich, Joel Casey and Hino, Miyuki}, year={2024}, month={Nov} }
 @article{gold_anarde_grimley_neve_srebnik_thelen_whipple_hino_2023, title={Data From the Drain: A Sensor Framework That Captures Multiple Drivers of Chronic Coastal Floods}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1944-7973"]}, DOI={10.1029/2022WR032392}, abstractNote={Abstract Tide gauge water levels are commonly used as a proxy for flood incidence on land. These proxies are useful for projecting how sea‐level rise (SLR) will increase the frequency of coastal flooding. However, tide gauges do not account for land‐based sources of coastal flooding and therefore flood thresholds and the proxies derived from them likely underestimate the current and future frequency of coastal flooding. Here we present a new sensor framework for measuring the incidence of coastal floods that captures both subterranean and land‐based contributions to flooding. The low‐cost, open‐source sensor framework consists of a storm drain water level sensor, roadway camera, and wireless gateway that transmit data in real‐time. During 5 months of deployment in the Town of Beaufort, North Carolina, 24 flood events were recorded. Twenty‐five percent of those events were driven by land‐based sources—rainfall, combined with moderate high tides and reduced capacity in storm drains. Consequently, we find that flood frequency is higher than that suggested by proxies that rely exclusively on tide gauge water levels for determining flood incidence. This finding likely extends to other locations where stormwater networks are at a reduced drainage capacity due to SLR. Our results highlight the benefits of instrumenting stormwater networks directly to capture multiple drivers of coastal flooding. More accurate estimates of the frequency and drivers of floods in low‐lying coastal communities can enable the development of more effective long‐term adaptation strategies.}, number={4}, journal={WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH}, author={Gold, Adam and Anarde, Katherine and Grimley, Lauren and Neve, Ryan and Srebnik, Emma Rudy and Thelen, Thomas and Whipple, Anthony and Hino, Miyuki}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{goldstein_buscombe_lazarus_mohanty_rafique_anarde_ashton_beuzen_castagno_cohn_et al._2021, title={Labeling Poststorm Coastal Imagery for Machine Learning: Measurement of Interrater Agreement}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2333-5084"]}, DOI={10.1029/2021EA001896}, abstractNote={Abstract Classifying images using supervised machine learning (ML) relies on labeled training data—classes or text descriptions, for example, associated with each image. Data‐driven models are only as good as the data used for training, and this points to the importance of high‐quality labeled data for developing a ML model that has predictive skill. Labeling data is typically a time‐consuming, manual process. Here, we investigate the process of labeling data, with a specific focus on coastal aerial imagery captured in the wake of hurricanes that affected the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. The imagery data set is a rich observational record of storm impacts and coastal change, but the imagery requires labeling to render that information accessible. We created an online interface that served labelers a stream of images and a fixed set of questions. A total of 1,600 images were labeled by at least two or as many as seven coastal scientists. We used the resulting data set to investigate interrater agreement: the extent to which labelers labeled each image similarly. Interrater agreement scores, assessed with percent agreement and Krippendorff's alpha, are higher when the questions posed to labelers are relatively simple, when the labelers are provided with a user manual, and when images are smaller. Experiments in interrater agreement point toward the benefit of multiple labelers for understanding the uncertainty in labeling data for machine learning research.}, number={9}, journal={EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE}, author={Goldstein, Evan B. and Buscombe, Daniel and Lazarus, Eli D. and Mohanty, Somya D. and Rafique, Shah Nafis and Anarde, Katherine A. and Ashton, Andrew D. and Beuzen, Tomas and Castagno, Katherine A. and Cohn, Nicholas and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }