@article{hepworth-warren_young_armwood_roessner_veerasammy_2024, title={Concurrent Streptococcus equi subsp. equi infection, purpura haemorrhagica and immune-mediated myositis in a Quarter Horse filly}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/eve.13954}, abstractNote={SummaryThis report describes a 2‐year‐old Quarter Horse filly that was diagnosed with concurrent Streptococcus equi subsp. equi infection, purpura haemorrhagica, and immune‐mediated myositis. The filly was presented for evaluation of fever of unknown origin, rapid weight loss and inappetence after exposure to strangles that was initially unknown. Over the course of hospitalisation the filly developed mandibular lymphadenopathy, guttural pouch empyema, and mucosal petechiation and ecchymoses. The presence of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi was confirmed via PCR and culture of a lymph node aspirate and biopsies of the skin confirmed leukocytoclastic vasculitis, consistent with purpura haemorrhagica. Genetic testing confirmed that the filly had one copy of the MYH1 mutation (N/My). Following therapy with systemic corticosteroids, plasma transfusion and antimicrobial therapy the filly improved and was discharged. Communication with the owner 11 months later confirmed that filly appeared healthy but remained poorly muscled. This report is the first to the authors' knowledge describing concurrent Streptococcus equi subsp. equi infection, purpura haemorrhagica, and immune‐mediated myositis.}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. and Young, Kimberly A. S. and Armwood, Abigail and Roessner, Holly and Veerasammy, Brittany}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hepworth-warren_nelson_dembek_young_2023, title={General anesthesia does not induce ultrasonographic changes in the pleura of healthy adult horses anesthetized for elective magnetic resonance imaging}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.22.12.0550suggested.}, number={4}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. and Nelson, Nathan C. and Dembek, Katarzyna A. and Young, Kimberly A. S.}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={500–504} }
 @article{hobbs_young_nannarone_luethy_hopster-iversen_mckenzie_ludwig_2023, title={Intravenous loss of over-the-wire catheter guidewires in 13 horses}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16960}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16960}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundOver‐the‐wire (OTW) catheter placement is performed frequently in horses. Intravascular loss of a guidewire has been anecdotally reported, but there is limited information regarding the treatment and outcome of horses that have experienced this complication of OTW catheter placement.ObjectivesDescribe the clinical and diagnostic features, treatment, and outcome of horses experiencing IV guidewire loss at the time of OTW catheter placement.AnimalsThirteen horses.MethodsMulticenter retrospective study to identify horses with IV guidewire loss. Horses of all ages were considered for inclusion. Horses were excluded from the study if complete medical records of signalment, indication, and outcome were not available. Intravenous guidewire loss was defined as the guidewire being lost IV at the time of OTW catheter placement.ResultsNo horses in this study experienced adverse clinical signs associated with the loss of a guidewire. Eight horses had the guidewire removed and the guidewire was left in situ in 5 horses. None of the horses with the guidewire in situ had experienced long‐term effects.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIntravenous guidewire loss seems to have a good long‐term prognosis even in horses in which removal of the guidewire was not possible. Thus, in horses where guidewire removal is not feasible, guidewires that remain in situ may have limited to no adverse effects.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Young, Kimberly A. S. and Nannarone, Sara and Luethy, Daniela and Hopster-Iversen, Charlotte and Mckenzie, Harold C. and Ludwig, Elsa K.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{hepworth-warren_erwin_moore_talbot_young_neault_haugland_robertson_blikslager_2023, title={Risk factors associated with an outbreak of equine coronavirus at a large farm in North Carolina}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2023.1060759}, abstractNote={BackgroundEquine coronavirus (ECoV) leads to outbreaks with variable morbidity and mortality. Few previous reports of risk factors for infection are available in the literature.ObjectivesTo describe unique clinical findings and risk factors for infection and development of clinical disease.Animals135 horses on a farm affected by ECoV outbreak.MethodsRetrospective cohort study. Data obtained included age, breed, gender, activity level, housing, and feed at the onset of the outbreak. Factors were evaluated for assessment of risk of infection using simple logistic regression or Fisher's exact test. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.Results and findingsForty-three of 54 (79.6%) horses tested on the farm were positive on fecal PCR for ECoV, and 17 horses (12.6%) developed clinical signs consistent with ECoV. Out of 17 horses in which the presence or absence of signs of colic was noted, 6 of 17 (35.3%) showed signs of colic. Three of these horses had small colon impactions, 2 of which required surgical intervention. Significant risk factors for having positive PCR results included being primarily stalled (OR 167.1, 95% CI 26.4–1719), housing next to a positive horse (OR 7.5, 95% CI 3.1–19.0), being in work (OR 26.9, 95% CI 4.6–281.9), being fed rationed hay vs. ad libitum (OR 1,558, 95% CI 130.8–15,593), and being fed alfalfa hay (OR 1,558, 95% CI 130.8–15,593).Conclusions and clinical importanceThis report describes risk factors for ECoV infection many of which were associated with intensive management of show horses. Clinicians should be aware that clinical signs vary and can include severe colic.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. and Erwin, Sara J. and Moore, Caroline B. and Talbot, James R. and Young, Kimberly A. S. and Neault, Michael J. and Haugland, Jennifer C. and Robertson, James B. and Blikslager, Anthony T.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{young_hepworth-warren_dembek_2022, title={Comparison of Fluid Analysis and Cytologic Findings of Cerebrospinal Fluid Between Three Collection Sites in Adult Equids With Neurological Disease}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.821815}, abstractNote={Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is routinely collected from three sites in the horse, the atlanto-occipital (AO), atlantoaxial (AA), and lumbosacral (LS) space. A comparison between fluid analysis parameters [total protein, total nucleated cell count (TNCC), red blood cell (RBC) count, and morphologic analysis] from samples obtained at each of the three sites has not previously been performed. A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate the differences in fluid analysis of CSF between the AO, AA, and LS sites in equids presented to a referral service for evaluation of suspected neurological disease. A total of 113 equids aged ≥1 year that underwent CSF collection between 2008 and 2020 were included. Total nucleated cell count, RBC concentration, total protein (TP), and morphologic evaluation between CSF samples obtained from the three sites were compared. When comparing all samples, LS centesis was associated with higher RBC compared to other sites (p < 0.05); TP was lower in the AA group than in the LS group (p < 0.05). Within a subset of cytologically unremarkable samples, RBC concentration was highest in LS samples (p < 0.01); TP was higher in LS samples compared to AA samples (p < 0.05) and TNCC was higher (p < 0.01) in AA and LS groups compared to the AO. In cytologically abnormal samples, there were no significant differences between sites in any parameter. Abnormal cytology was correlated with non-survival (p = 0.0002). Non-survival was associated with higher TNCC (p < 0.01). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for TNCC had an area under the curve of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.55–0.79) and indicated that a cutoff value of 24 cells/μL maximized specificity (72%) and sensitivity (54%) to predict non-survival in all horses. Positive predictive value was 45%; negative predictive value was 78%. The concentration of RBC was higher in samples from the LS site. This has clinical implications due to the importance of comparative diagnostics and its potential impact on cytologic evaluation. There were minimal differences in multiple other parameters between sites, which are likely clinically insignificant.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Young, Kimberly A. S. and Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. and Dembek, Katarzyna A.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{hepworth-warren_nelson_dembek_young_2022, title={Comparison of thoracic ultrasonography and thoracic radiography between healthy adult horses and horses with bacterial pneumonia using a novel, objective ultrasonographic scoring system}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.991634}, abstractNote={BackgroundThoracic ultrasonography (TUS) is widely used in equine practice but comparison to radiography is limited in horses.ObjectivesTo validate a novel, objective scoring system for TUS in adult horses and to compare ultrasonographic and radiographic findings.Animals13 healthy horses and 9 with confirmed bacterial pneumoniaMethodsProspective study in which TUS and radiography were performed on healthy horses and those with bacterial pneumonia confirmed by clinical signs and results of transtracheal wash analysis. Ultrasonography was scored utilizing a novel scoring system evaluating number of comet tail lesions, the presence or absence of pleural effusion and/or pulmonary consolidation in each intercostal space. Eighteen horses had thoracic radiographs taken that were scored by a board-certified radiologist utilizing a previously described system. Total scores were recorded and compared between control and diseased patients.Results/FindingsUltrasonographic scores were significantly higher in the diseased group (median= 126) than in the control group (median = 20, p = 0.01). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis identified a sensitivity of 66.7% (95% CI 0.417–1) and specificity of 92.3% (95% CI 0.462–1) for the ability of ultrasonography to identify bacterial pneumonia utilizing a TUS score cutoff of 37.Conclusions and clinical importanceTUS had moderate sensitivity and high specificity for identification of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. TUS appears to be an acceptable stand-alone imaging modality for diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in horses when radiography is not practical.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. L. and Nelson, Nathan and Dembek, Katarzyna A. A. and Young, Kimberly A. S.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }