@misc{rhodes_barrett_ejem_sloan_bullock_bethea_durant_anderson_hasan_travitz_et al._2022, title={A Review of Race and Ethnicity in Hospice and Palliative Medicine Research: Representation Matters}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1873-6513"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.07.009}, abstractNote={Despite documented racial and ethnic disparities in care, there is significant variability in representation, reporting, and analysis of race and ethnic groups in the hospice and palliative medicine (HPM) literature.To evaluate the race and ethnic diversity of study participants and the reporting of race and ethnicity data in HPM research.Adult patient and/or caregiver-centered research conducted in the U.S. and published as JPSM Original Articles from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2019, were identified. Descriptive analyses were used to summarize the frequency of variables related to reporting of race and ethnicity.Of 1253 studies screened, 218 were eligible and reviewed. There were 78 unique race and ethnic group labels. Over 85% of studies included ≥ one non-standard label based on Office of Management and Budget designations. One-quarter of studies lacked an explanation of how race and ethnicity data were collected, and 83% lacked a rationale. Over half did not include race and/or ethnicity in the analysis, and only 14 studies focused on race and/or ethnic health or health disparities. White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander persons were included in 95%, 71%, 43% 37%,10%, and 4% of studies. In 92% of studies the proportion of White individuals exceeded 57.8%, which is their proportion in the U.S.Our findings suggest there are important opportunities to standardize reporting of race and ethnicity, strive for diversity, equity, and inclusion among research participants, and prioritize the study of racial and ethnic disparities in HPM research.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PAIN AND SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT}, author={Rhodes, Ramona L. and Barrett, Nadine J. and Ejem, Deborah B. and Sloan, Danetta H. and Bullock, Karen and Bethea, Kenisha and Durant, Raegan W. and Anderson, Gloria T. and Hasan, Marisette and Travitz, Gracyn and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Nov}, pages={E289–E299} }
 @article{bullock_makaroun_2022, title={Drivers of racial/ethnic differences in perceived end-of-life care quality: More questions than answers}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1532-5415"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17663}, DOI={10.1111/jgs.17663}, abstractNote={This Editorial comments on the article by Kutney‐Lee et al. in this issue.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bullock, Karen and Makaroun, Lena K.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{bullock_gray_tucker_quest_2022, title={Race Roundtable Series: Structural Racism in Palliative Care}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1873-6513"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.01.015}, abstractNote={This series will focus on addressing the intersection of race and racism in palliative care through a series of roundtable discussions with interdisciplinary clinicians, researchers, educators, and leaders in palliative care. These short discussions are intended to stimulate readers to examine issues of race and racism within the field of hospice and palliative care - in the various forms that it appears - as well as serve as a continual call to action to facilitate and promote equity.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PAIN AND SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT}, author={Bullock, Karen and Gray, Tamryn F. and Tucker, Rodney and Quest, Tammie E.}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={E455–E459} }
 @article{barrett_bullock_johnson_2022, title={Unmet Needs in Health Disparities Research-It's Not Just About Patients}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2168-6114"]}, DOI={10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2877}, abstractNote={Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Internal Medicine HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal}, journal={JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Barrett, Nadine J. and Bullock, Karen and Johnson, Kimberly S.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{nedjat-haiem_cadet_parada_mishra_bullock_2021, title={A National Survey of Social Workers Focusing on Attitudes, Knowledge, and Practice Behaviors for Educating Patients About Advance Directives: Implication During COVID19}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1938-2715"]}, DOI={10.1177/10499091211038503}, abstractNote={ Social workers have a critical role on medical teams for facilitating effective conversations about advance care planning (ACP) in palliative and end-of-life care. Engaging patients in such conversations may be influenced by clinicians’ attitudes. During the COVID19 pandemic, the need to examine barriers to serious illness care across healthcare settings and areas of specialty practice became abundantly clear. This study examines: (1) social workers’ attitudes about ACP and (2) factors that influence the completion of advance directives (ADs). Using a cross-sectional study design, we surveyed 142 social workers on their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to ADs. Using exploratory factor analyses, we identified 2 provider practice attitudes factors, 3 perceived barriers factors, and 2 perceived importance of AD factors. We then used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each of the factors in association with the frequency social workers reported educating patients about ADs. While various positive and negative attitudes and barriers toward educating patients are important factors to consider, social workers’ perceptions of the importance of engaging patients in ACP education was the most important factor that influenced their behaviors. The odds of always/often (vs. sometimes/rarely/never) educating patients about ADs in their practice were greater for those social workers who reported they see the importance of AD decision-making (OR = 3.21, 95%CI = 1.83-5.62) and confirming goals-of-care (OR = 1.76, 95%CI = 1.03-3.01). Social worker’s ACP knowledge and skills for educating patients are important in initiating conversations prior to a health crisis, especially important for developing a comprehensive care plan. }, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HOSPICE & PALLIATIVE MEDICINE}, author={Nedjat-Haiem, Frances R. and Cadet, Tamara J. and Parada, Humberto, Jr. and Mishra, Shiraz I and Bullock, Karen}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{bullock_2021, title={Aging Behind Prison Walls: Studies in Trauma and Resilience}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0163-4372"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2021.1900480}, DOI={10.1080/01634372.2021.1900480}, abstractNote={In Aging Behind Prison Walls, Tina Maschi and Keith Morgen offer evidence-based knowledge and compassionate analysis of the lives of incarcerated older people. These research scholars take a streng...}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Bullock, Karen}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={565–568} }
 @article{starr_bullock_washington_aryal_oliver_demiris_2021, title={Anxiety, Depression, Quality of Life, Caregiver Burden, and Perceptions of Caregiver-Centered Communication among Black and White Hospice Family Caregivers}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1557-7740"]}, DOI={10.1089/jpm.2021.0302}, abstractNote={Background: Anxiety, depression, and reduced quality of life (QOL) are common problems for hospice family caregivers, but it is unknown if disparities in these experiences exist among Black and White caregivers. Objectives: To compare anxiety, depression, QOL, caregiver burden, and perceptions of caregiver-centered hospice team communication between Black and White hospice family caregivers. Design: Secondary analysis of baseline data from two randomized clinical trials. Setting/Subjects: Seven hundred twenty-two Black and White hospice family caregivers ages 18+ from Midwestern and Northeastern United States. Measurements: Measures included the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Caregiver Quality-of-Life Index-Revised (CQLI-R), Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-7), and Caregiver-Centered Communication Questionnaire (CCCQ). Results: Black and White caregivers differed across demographic and socioeconomic variables. Nearly one-third of hospice family caregivers reported moderate-to-severe anxiety (32.1%) and moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (32.0%). White caregivers reported lower QOL than Black caregivers (p = 0.04), specifically in emotional (p = 0.02) and social (p = 0.0005) domains. In multiple regression analyses controlling for caregiver and patient factors, we found no racial differences in depression, anxiety, QOL, caregiver burden, or perceptions of caregiver-centered hospice communication. Conclusions: Despite demographic and socioeconomic differences, Black and White hospice family caregivers experience similarly high levels of anxiety, depression, burden, and perceptions of hospice communication. Interventions to support hospice family caregivers across racial groups and research that identifies factors that mediate social determinants of health in this population are needed. The development and validation of culture-concordant mental health screening tools in racially diverse populations is recommended. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02929108 and ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01444027.}, journal={JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE MEDICINE}, author={Starr, Lauren T. and Bullock, Karen and Washington, Karla and Aryal, Subhash and Oliver, Debra Parker and Demiris, George}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{cadet_burke_naseh_grudzien_kozak_romeo_bullock_davis_2021, title={Examining the Family Support Role of Older Hispanics, African Americans, and Non-Hispanic Whites and Their Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1937-190X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2020.1852993}, DOI={10.1080/19371918.2020.1852993}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Disparities in breast cancer mortality rates among older Black and Hispanic women are due in part to low participation in cancer screening. Participation in cancer screening could be affected by an array of factors, including social support. Understanding the complex interplay between social support and breast cancer screening among older female adults, specifically among groups with higher mortality rates, is extremely important for timely and appropriate interventions to increase survival rates. Thus, utilizing the social network theory as the conceptual framework, this study aims to examine effects of social support on receiving a mammogram among a representative sample of older adults, specifically African American and Hispanic populations in the United States. Logistic regression models were conducted using the 2008 and 2012 Health and Retirement Study data. Findings from this study indicate that specific aspects of social support influence breast cancer screening participation among older Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women. However, this was not the case for the older Black women after adjusting for the sociodemographic factors. Given the role that family members play in the care of older adults, it is critical that social workers consider both the possible positive and negative interactions older women may have and how these interactions may affect their cancer screening behaviors. Findings can provide formative data to develop public health and social work interventions to increase positive social support and reduce negative social support by spouses and children to enhance breast cancer screening among older adults.}, number={1}, journal={SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Cadet, Tamara and Burke, Shanna L. and Naseh, Mitra and Grudzien, Adrienne and Kozak, Rebecca Shoaf and Romeo, Jessica and Bullock, Karen and Davis, Cindy}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={38–53} }
 @article{stansbury_marshall_hall_simpson_bullock_2018, title={Community engagement with African American clergy: faith-based model for culturally competent practice}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1364-6915"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/10967749/}, DOI={10.1080/13607863.2017.1364343}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Objective: The intent of this exploratory qualitative study was to examine African American Baptist clergy's pastoral care to older congregants with mental disorders. Critical Race Theory was the guiding framework in this study. Method: A purposive sample of 18 African American clergy participated in one-on-one interviews. Results: Collectively, all participants were active in the provision of mental health to older congregants with mental disorders. The primary emergent theme ‘shepherding the flock’ the central phenomenon uncovered in the data, was used to organize a model of pastoral care, which is presented in this paper. Findings from this study supported results from previous studies on the integral role of the Church and clergy in the African American community. Conclusion: Moreover, this study highlights the importance of internal ministries in the Church and the need for further study and potential partnership opportunity.}, number={11}, journal={AGING & MENTAL HEALTH}, author={Stansbury, Kim L. and Marshall, Gillian L. and Hall, Jodi and Simpson, Gaynell M. and Bullock, Karen}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={1510–1515} }
 @inbook{bullock_hall_fitzpatrick_2018, place={New York, NY}, title={Health Care}, url={https://connect.springerpub.com/content/book/978-0-8261-2067-0}, booktitle={Psychological and legal issues with diverse populations and settings}, publisher={Springer Publishing}, author={Bullock, K. and Hall, J.K. and Fitzpatrick, D.C.}, editor={Maschi, T. and Leibowitz, G.Editors}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={97–109} }
 @article{rikard_hall_bullock_2015, title={Health literacy and cultural competence: A model for addressing diversity and unequal access to trauma-related health care.}, volume={21}, ISSN={1085-9373}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/TRM0000044}, DOI={10.1037/TRM0000044}, number={3}, journal={Traumatology}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Rikard, R. V. and Hall, Jodi K. and Bullock, Karen}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={227–236} }
 @inbook{ball_bullock_2014, title={Retirement Satisfaction}, ISBN={9781461459989}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4614-5999-6_239}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention and Health Promotion}, publisher={Boston, MA: Springer US}, author={Ball, S.C. and BULLOCK, KAREN}, editor={Thomas P. Gullotta and Bloom, MartinEditors}, year={2014} }
 @inbook{bullock_volkel_2013, title={Culturally competent care in an increasingly diverse society}, booktitle={Our changing journey to the end: Reshaping death, dying, and grief in America}, publisher={ Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger}, author={Bullock, K. and Volkel, J.}, editor={Staudt, C. and Ellens, J. H.Editors}, year={2013}, pages={145–158} }
 @article{carrion_bullock_2012, title={A case study of Hispanics and hospice care}, volume={2}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Humanities and Social Science}, author={Carrion, I. V. and Bullock, K.}, year={2012}, pages={9–16} }
 @article{bullock_2012, title={Client-Centered Evaluation: New Models for Helping Professionals}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1049-7315"]}, DOI={10.1177/1049731511428080}, abstractNote={of novel unsupported therapies (Pignotti & Thyer, 2009, 2011). A number of these interventions have proponents that make claims that are based only on anecdotes and testimonials and not supported by empirical evidence. While some of these therapies may not, in and of themselves be harmful, at best, they waste the client’s time and financial resources and may prevent the delivery of empirically supported interventions that might have helped. At worst, some of these therapies can be extremely harmful, resulting in irreparable damage to the clients, even though the therapists, at the time, believed that they were helping. Good intentions and a strong therapeutic alliance are not enough. In the case of Sybil, Wilbur was highly successful at developing a strong therapeutic alliance and appeared to be genuinely concerned for Sybil. However, she then abused that alliance by then encouraging her to continue in a therapy that addicted her to drugs and fostered a lifelong emotional dependency on her therapist and alienation from her family and any friends who did not support what she was doing. While most social work practitioners who are practicing novel unsupported therapies do not go to these extremes, the potential for damages that can and have resulted from such practices is very real and undeniable. The antidote is for social workers to understand the drawbacks of relying on authoritarian organizations and ‘‘experts’’ who wish to remain unchallenged and uncritically accepted. Cornelia Wilbur had many decades of experience and was regarded in her day as an ‘‘expert’’ on multiple personalities and seasoned clinician. However, what social workers and other mental health practitioners need to recognize is that such experience is no substitute for evidence. Years and years of experience may also mean years and years of confirmation bias. The antidote to a case of Sybil ever happening again is for social work practitioners to learn, in their education and training, how to evaluate and critically examine actual evidence that exists for the interventions they practice and in turn, accurately provide informed consent to the client. References}, number={3}, journal={RESEARCH ON SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE}, author={Bullock, Karen}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={347–348} }
 @inbook{bullock_hall_2012, title={End-of-Life care: A personal narrative of a direct practice case}, ISBN={9780871014412}, booktitle={Social work matters: The power of linking policy and practice}, publisher={Washington, D.C.:  National Association of Social Workers}, author={Bullock, K. and Hall, J.K.}, editor={Hoffler, E. and Clark, E. J.Editors}, year={2012}, pages={40–62} }
 @article{sanders_bullock_broussard_2012, title={Exploring Professional Boundaries in End-of-Life Care: Considerations for Hospice Social Workers and Other Members of the Team}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1552-4264"]}, DOI={10.1080/15524256.2012.650671}, abstractNote={Hospice social workers and members of the interdisciplinary team develop close therapeutic relationships with patients and families as they journey toward death. During this process, situations can develop that challenge professional boundaries and blur the line between a professional and personal relationship. This article will examine professional boundaries within the context of hospice care through case studies identifying challenges that hospice social workers and members of the interdisciplinary team may encounter with recommendations for how to manage boundary concerns.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK IN END-OF-LIFE & PALLIATIVE CARE}, author={Sanders, Sara and Bullock, Karen and Broussard, Crystal}, year={2012}, pages={10–28} }
 @inbook{bullock_2012, title={Hospice care}, ISBN={9780871014405}, booktitle={Social work speaks: National Association of Social Workers policy statements, 2012-2014}, publisher={Washington, D.C:: NASW Press,}, author={Bullock, K.}, editor={Anastas, Jeanne W. and Clark, Elizabeth J.Editors}, year={2012}, pages={79–81} }
 @inbook{bullock_2011, title={Advance directives: Culture and family dynamics}, ISBN={9780199739110}, DOI={10.1093/med/9780199739110.003.0069}, abstractNote={Abstract}, booktitle={Oxford textbook of palliative social work}, publisher={Oxford:  Oxford University Press}, author={BULLOCK, KAREN}, editor={Altilio, T. and Otis-Green, S.Editors}, year={2011}, pages={625–635} }
 @article{bullock_2011, title={The Influence of Culture on End-of-Life Decision Making}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1552-4264"]}, DOI={10.1080/15524256.2011.548048}, abstractNote={In their research, scholars have documented racial and ethnic differences in end-of-life care preferences, which have translated into cultural barriers. However, few studies have explained the racial differences. In the present study, focus groups with semi-structured follow-up interviews were utilized to elicit explanations for variance in decision making in a sample of Black and White community-dwelling residents. Participants identified specific cultural beliefs, values, and communication patterns that can be used to promote cultural competency among practitioners who provide care at end of life.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK IN END-OF-LIFE & PALLIATIVE CARE}, author={Bullock, Karen}, year={2011}, pages={83–98} }
 @article{stein_sherman_bullock_2009, title={EDUCATING GERONTOLOGISTS FOR CULTURAL PROFICIENCY IN END-OF-LIFE CARE PRACTICE}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1521-0472"]}, DOI={10.1080/03601270902917802}, abstractNote={An educational program was developed to train practitioners to provide care for patients and families that are responsive to cultural concerns. The aim was to increase knowledge and improve attitudes toward providing culturally proficient and culturally sensitive care for patients and families facing life-threatening illnesses. The program consisted of six half-day sessions on key areas in end-of-life care practice. The modules integrated and infused content related to ethnically and culturally diverse populations in a comprehensive training format. Evaluation results suggested that the program was successful in increasing participant knowledge and attitudes towards cross-cultural interdisciplinary practice of end-of-life care.}, number={11}, journal={EDUCATIONAL GERONTOLOGY}, author={Stein, Gary L. and Sherman, Patricia A. and Bullock, Karen}, year={2009}, pages={1008–1025} }
 @article{bullock_2009, title={Expanding the intergenerational relationship: Grandfathers raising grandchildren}, volume={2}, number={56}, journal={International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development Bulletin}, author={Bullock, K.}, year={2009}, pages={9–12} }
 @article{fried_bullock_iannone_john r. o'leary_2009, title={Understanding Advance Care Planning as a Process of Health Behavior Change}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0002-8614"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02396.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES:  To explore whether models of health behavior change can help to inform interventions for advance care planning (ACP).}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY}, author={Fried, Terri R. and Bullock, Karen and Iannone, Lynne and John R. O'Leary}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={1547–1555} }
 @article{bullock_2007, title={Grandfathers raising grandchildren: An exploration of African American kinship networks}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1300/j045v22n03_12}, abstractNote={Summary Objectives. The purpose of this study was to more fully understand the factors that motivate and influence kinship care provided by African American grandfathers who raise their grandchildren. Methods. Data were gathered from a community sample of older men, age 65+, who were responsible for the care of at least one grandchild in a rural community in southeastern North Carolina. Fifty-four percent of the grandfathers were African American men who are the focus of the present analysis. Responses were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis mode and descriptive statistics. Results. Five factors (obligation, lack of availability of other caregivers, family tradition, role modeling, care and concern) that influence their decision to assume the parenting role emerged and three areas (lack of resources, feelings of powerlessness, religious beliefs and spirituality) that impact their ability to continue providing care were identified. Discussion. Findings indicate that practitioners seeking to understand kinship care and assist grandparents who are raising grandchildren must take into account the hardships these families face due to a lack of concrete services and the implications for mental health. Results affirm the need for special attention to grandfathers who provide kinship care.}, number={3/4}, journal={Journal of Health & Social Policy}, author={Bullock, K.}, year={2007}, pages={181–197} }
 @inbook{bullock_2007, title={Grandfathers raising grandchildren: An exploration of African American kinship networks}, ISBN={9780789035516}, booktitle={Tradition and policy perspectives in kinship care}, publisher={Binghamton [N.Y.] : Haworth Press}, author={Bullock, K.}, editor={Wilson, R.G. and Crewe, S.E.Editors}, year={2007}, pages={181–197} }
 @inbook{bullock_smith_hernandez_muir_taylor_2007, title={Narrative analysis of a strength-based approach to graduate and post-graduate education}, ISBN={9781579221867}, booktitle={Letters from the future: Linking students and teaching with the diversity of everyday life}, publisher={Sterling, Va.: Stylus Pub.}, author={Bullock, K. and Smith, C. and Hernandez, J. and Muir, D. and Taylor, A. S.}, editor={D.A. Brunson, B. Jarmon and Lampl, L.L.Editors}, year={2007}, pages={153–179} }
 @inbook{bullock_2007, title={Resource enrichment center: An internet resource for working with terminally ill patients and families}, ISBN={9781933478104}, booktitle={Teaching resources for end-of-life and palliative care courses}, author={Bullock, K.}, editor={Csikai, E.L. and Jones, B.Editors}, year={2007}, pages={84} }
 @article{bullock_thomas_2007, title={The Vulnerability for Elder Abuse Among a Sample of Custodial Grandfathers: An Exploratory Study}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1540-4129"]}, DOI={10.1300/j084v19n03_08}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Older adults have been known to make sacrifices in their caregiving roles. Gerontology literature on custodial grandparents has primarily focused on grandmothers and the challenges they face when they assume primary care for grandchildren. Little is known about the risks that older men face when they become custodial grandparents. This article highlights types and warning signs of abuse, exploitation and neglect. Exploratory study was undertaken with a racially diverse group of custodial grandfathers to fill a gap in the literature about the vulnerability for elder abuse, exploitation and neglect as expressed by older Black, Latino and White custodial grandfathers. To provide a more inclusive understanding of elder abuse, areas of vulnerability were identified for consideration by practitioners, educators and researchers. The implications of this research point to the need to rethink elder abuse assessment, prevention and intervention strategies with older men.}, number={3-4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ELDER ABUSE & NEGLECT}, author={Bullock, Karen and Thomas, Rebecca}, year={2007}, pages={133–150} }
 @article{davidson_bullock_2007, title={Zelda Foster and Her Contributions to Social Work in End-of-Life Care}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1552-4264"]}, DOI={10.1300/j457v03n01_11}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This article is both a memoir of one social worker's professional collaboration with Zelda Foster and a tribute to Zelda's legacy in the form of an educational resource on end-of-life care. It reviews achievements of Zelda Foster in social work practice and teaching related to death and dying. Resources presented in this article were supported by the Soros Foundation's Project on Death in America, a funded grant project to which Zelda contributed. The end-of-life care education, training and informational tools discussed in this article are examples of ongoing efforts in the social work profession to improve the lives of the dying and bereaved.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK IN END-OF-LIFE & PALLIATIVE CARE}, author={Davidson, Kay and Bullock, Karen}, year={2007}, pages={69–82} }
 @misc{bullock_2006, title={A Review of: “TALKING ABOUT DEATH By Virginia Morris”}, volume={32}, ISSN={0360-1277 1521-0472}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601270600564146}, DOI={10.1080/03601270600564146}, number={5}, journal={Educational Gerontology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Bullock, Karen}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={389–390} }
 @article{bullock_mcgraw_2006, title={A community capacity-enhancement approach to breast and cervical cancer screening among older women of color}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1545-6854"]}, DOI={10.1093/hsw/31.1.16}, abstractNote={In the Screening Older Minority Women project, the authors applied a community capacity-enhancement approach to promoting breast and cervical cancer screening among older women of color. Members of informal support networks were recruited for this health promotion intervention to empower Latina and African American women to engage in positive health behaviors. The authors describe the phases of the intervention and the experiences from the community. Guidelines are identified to help researchers and practitioners in planning and implementing community health promotion intervention with women of color.}, number={1}, journal={HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK}, author={Bullock, K and McGraw, SA}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={16–25} }
 @inbook{bullock_2006, title={Get thee behind me: African American grandparents raising grandchildren exposed to domestic violence}, ISBN={9780387295978}, DOI={10.1007/978-0-387-29598-5_7}, abstractNote={Domestic violence is a national health epidemic that occurs in every community and puts children at risk of being direct victims. African-American families are disproportionately represented among grandparent-headed households, many as a result of domestic violence. This chapter 1) examines the impact of domestic violence on grandparents raising grandchildren; 2) offers guidelines for assessing the impact of domestic violence; and 3) discusses recommendations for treatment and prevention.}, booktitle={Interpersonal violence in the African American community: evidence-based prevention and treatment practices}, publisher={New York:  Springer}, author={BULLOCK, KAREN}, editor={Hampton, Robert L. and Gullotta, Thomas P.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={149–163} }
 @article{bullock_2006, title={Promoting advance directives among African Americans: A faith-based model}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1557-7740"]}, DOI={10.1089/jpm.2006.9.183}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Studies show that African Americans are less likely than other ethnic groups to complete advance directives. However, what influences African Americans' decisions to complete or not complete advance directives is unclear.


METHODS
Using a faith-based promotion model, 102 African Americans aged 55 years or older were recruited from local churches and community-based agencies to participate in a pilot study to promote advance care planning. Focus groups were used to collect data on participants' preferences for care, desire to make personal choices, values and attitudes, beliefs about death and dying, and advance directives. A standardized interview was used in the focus groups, and the data were organized and analyzed using NUDIST 4 software (QRS Software, Victoria, Australia).


RESULTS
Three fourths of the participants refused to complete advance directives. The following factors influenced the participants' decisions about end-of-life care and completion of an advance directive: spirituality; view of suffering, death, and dying; social support networks; barriers to utilization; and mistrust of the health care system.


CONCLUSION
The dissemination of information apprises individuals of their right to self-determine about their care, but educational efforts may not produce a significant change in behavior toward completion of advance care planning. Thus, ongoing efforts are needed to improve the trust that African Americans have in medical and health care providers.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE MEDICINE}, author={Bullock, Karen}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={183–195} }
 @article{bullock_2005, title={"Ahora le voy a cuidar mis nietos": Rural Latino grandparents raising grandchildren of substance abusing parents}, volume={23}, number={2/3}, journal={Alcoholism Quarterly }, author={Bullock, K.}, year={2005}, pages={107–130} }
 @inbook{bullock_2005, title={"Ahora levou a cuidar mis nietos": Rural Latino grandparents raising grandchildren of substance abusing parents}, ISBN={9780789029256}, DOI={10.4324/9780203051368-7}, booktitle={Latinos and alcohol use/abuse revisited: Advances and challenges for prevention and treatment programs}, publisher={New York: Haworth Press}, author={Bullock, K.}, year={2005}, pages={107–130} }
 @misc{bullock_2005, title={Book Review: Prevention from the Inside-Out. Jack Pransky. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse, 2003, $26.95 (paperback), pp. 362 ISBN 1-41070-375-4}, volume={26}, ISSN={0278-095X 1573-6547}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10935-004-0992-Y}, DOI={10.1007/S10935-004-0992-Y}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Primary Prevention}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Bullock, Karen}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={63–65} }
 @article{bullock_2005, title={Grandfathers and the impact of raising grandchildren}, volume={32}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare}, author={Bullock, K.}, year={2005}, pages={43–59} }
 @article{bullock_mcgraw_blank_bradley_2005, title={What matters to older African Americans facing end-of-life decisions? A focus group study}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1300/j457v01n03_02}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
To better understand what matters to African American elders who are faced with issues of death, dying, and end-of-life care, a qualitative study was conducted to elicit their perspective.


METHODS
Focus groups were convened across the state of Connecticut. A total of 196 individuals participated in the 90-minute interview sessions. Using an interview guide, a trained moderator conducted the racially homogeneous discussion groups. Transcriptions of the group narratives with 22 older African Americans were coded to identify themes. Data were organized and analyzed using NUD-IST 4 and constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis.


RESULTS
Five major themes emerged from the focus group data on older African Americans: (1) spirituality, (2) burden on family, (3) trust, (4) health insurance coverage, and (5) cultural concerns.


CONCLUSION
Recommendations are made for outreach education, involvement of informal helpers, and a level of acceptability in practice for diverse care needs.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care}, author={BULLOCK, KAREN and McGraw, S. A. and Blank, K. and Bradley, E.H.}, year={2005}, pages={3–19} }
 @inbook{bullock_2004, title={Family Social Support}, ISBN={9780721601151}, booktitle={Promoting health in families: applying family research and theory to nursing practice}, publisher={Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders}, author={Bullock, K.}, year={2004}, pages={142–161} }
 @article{bullock_2004, title={The changing role of grandparents in rural families: The results of an exploratory study in southeastern North Carolina}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1044-3894"]}, DOI={10.1606/1044-3894.258}, abstractNote={ Increasingly, the subject of grandparents raising their grandchildren is the focus in social service literature. In this article, the author explores the changing role of grandparents and provides a basis for assessment and intervention in rural communities. Grandmothers who were primary caregivers for at least 1 grandchild in southeastern North Carolina completed qualitative interviews regarding their experiences in transitioning from the role of grandparent to parent. The results suggest that raising grandchildren may cause financial stress, cramped living quarters, role restriction, and social isolation in this population. However, advantages to this role for grandparents can include greater life satisfaction and a positive influence on future generations within the family. Several key assumptions to guide practitioners in both assessing rural families and planning intervention are emphasized. }, number={1}, journal={FAMILIES IN SOCIETY-THE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY HUMAN SERVICES}, author={Bullock, K}, year={2004}, pages={45–54} }
 @article{bullock_crawford_tennstedt_2003, title={Employment and caregiving: Exploration of African American caregivers}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0037-8046"]}, DOI={10.1093/sw/48.2.150}, abstractNote={To more completely understand the challenges African American families face when combining employment commitments and informal caregiving responsibilities, the authors used data from a community sample of 119 African American elder-caregiver dyads. This article examines the nature of caregiving relationships and extent to which caregivers' employment statuses affect the hours of care provided. The authors concluded that employed caregivers do not provide significantly less care than do unemployed caregivers, elderly people with employed caregivers are no more likely than those with unemployed caregivers to use formal services, and unemployed caregivers may remain unemployed partly because of caregiving responsibilities.}, number={2}, journal={SOCIAL WORK}, author={Bullock, K and Crawford, SL and Tennstedt, SL}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={150–162} }
 @article{bullock_2001, title={Healthy family systems: The changing role of grandparents in rural America}, volume={16}, number={2}, journal={Education and Ageing }, author={Bullock, K.}, year={2001}, pages={163–178} }
 @article{sellers_crawford_bullock_mckinlay_1997, title={Understanding the variability in the effectiveness of community heart health programs: A meta-analysis}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1873-5347"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00263-8}, abstractNote={Over the past 25 years, community interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been conducted around the world with very mixed results. This study uses meta-analysis to assess whether the variation in the observed effectiveness of community heart health programs (CHHP) is related to characteristics of the intervention program, the population under study, or the evaluation methods. A CHHP is defined as any primary prevention program that attempted to reduce the population burden of CVD by shifting the distribution of risk factors in a general population. To be included in the meta-analysis, a study must have utilized a reference group in the evaluation, employed a repeated independent cross-sectional measurement design, and reported sufficient outcome information for at least one of four major risk factors: smoking, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight. Results of these studies are summarized with the effect size measure ((Ȳi1 − Ȳi2) − (Ȳr1 − Ȳr2))sr1 where Y = outcome measure, S = standard deviation of the outcome measure, 1 = baseline, 2 = follow-up, i = intervention, and r = reference community. This measure, which reports the net change in the intervention group in terms of the variability in the reference population before the start of the intervention, permits comparison across different outcome measures and facilitates the aggregation of effects across studies. Generalized least squares regression, which permits the incorporation of multiple, dependent effect sizes from a single study, was used to assess the impact of characteristics of the intervention (prevention strategy, type of mass communication, community organization, and environmental change), the population (setting, gender, year of follow-up measurement), and the evaluation design and implementation (the number of communities, matching of communities, the follow-up time, the response rate, and covariate adjustment in the analysis) on the effect sizes. The results of this analysis suggest that the characteristics of the evaluation method account for much of the heterogeneity in the outcome of CHHPs, though some intervention characteristics also play a role.}, number={9}, journal={SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE}, author={Sellers, DE and Crawford, SL and Bullock, K and McKinlay, JB}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={1325–1339} }