@article{tucker_archibald_cohen_sommer_keene_minter_delk_2021, title={What Is Your Diagnosis?}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/21-00060}, abstractNote={A captive 38-year-old female Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) presented with an approximately 4-day history of being listless and moving slowly behind the flock. The flamingo had been housed at the North Carolina Zoo (Asheboro, NC, USA) for the previous 28 years. This bird’s medical history included mild intermittent lameness associated with pododermatitis and a cloacal papilloma diagnosed via biopsy 9 years earlier. The flamingo habitat at the North Carolina Zoo covers approximately 12.23 15.2 m with a 3.2 3 5.6-m indoor holding area. The mixed sex (9:8 ratio) flock of 17 flamingoes are fed a diet consisting of Mazuri Flamingo Complete pellets (Mazuri Exotic Animal Nutrition, St Louis, MO, USA). On presentation, the flamingo weighed 1.85 kg (historical weight 2–2.4 kg), with a body condition score (BCS) of 1.5/5. Tachycardia was auscultated and later confirmed by electrocardiogram (ECG) to be a ventricular tachycardia of approximately 400 beats per minute (Fig 1). Complete blood count revealed a monocytosis (31%; reference range, 0.0%–7.8%) with a total white blood cell count of 22 610 cells/lL (reference range, 2900– 20 000 cells/lL). An echocardiogram (SonoSite M-Turbo, Bothell, WA, USA) performed with a C11X (8–5-MHz transducer) semilinear probe revealed severe dilation of the left ventricle and decreased cardiac systolic function (fractional shortening 18.3% compared with 81.5% in an ageand sex-matched clinically normal flamingo) (Fig 2A through D). Comparison ECG and echocardiographic findings were obtained on a sex-matched 32-year-old female Chilean flamingo from the same flock. This apparently healthy younger bird had a heart rate of 200 beats per minute with sinus rhythm, more robust systolic left ventricular function, and no cardiac chamber dilation. Further diagnostic imaging and medical management of the cardiac abnormalities were discussed.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Tucker, Samuel and Archibald, Kate and Cohen, Eli B. and Sommer, Samantha and Keene, Bruce W. and Minter, Larry J. and Delk, Katie W.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={486–493} }
 @article{heyward_reynolds_foster_archibald_stoskopf_mowat_2021, title={Retinal cone photoreceptor distribution in the American black bear (Ursus americanus)}, volume={304}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24472}, abstractNote={AbstractThe distribution of cone photoreceptor subtypes (important for color vision and vision quality) varies widely in different carnivore species, but there have been limited studies on bear (ursid) cone distribution. A previous behavioral study suggests that American black bears (Ursus americanus) are dichromatic, indicating that they possess two cone subtypes, although the retinal distribution of cones is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the subtype and topography of cones in American black bear retinas to further predict the nature of their color vision and image resolution. We studied 10 eyes from seven individual legally hunted black bears in northeastern North Carolina. Cryosections and retinal wholemounts were labeled using antibodies targeting two cone opsin subtypes: long/medium (L/M) wavelength sensitive and short (S) wavelength sensitive. Cones in fluorescent microscopy images were counted and density maps were created for retinal wholemounts. The black bear retina contains both cone subtypes and L/M cones outnumber S cones by at least 3:1, a finding confirmed in retinal frozen sections. There are higher concentrations of S cones present than typically seen in other carnivores with some evidence for co‐expression of L/M and S cones. A cone‐dense area centralis is present dorsotemporal to the optic nerve, similar to other carnivores. These results confirm that American black bears are predicted to have a dichromatic vision with high acuity indicated by the presence of a dorsotemporally located area centralis.}, number={3}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Heyward, Jennifer L. and Reynolds, Benjamin D. and Foster, Melanie L. and Archibald, Kate E. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Mowat, Freya M.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={662–672} }
 @article{archibald_scott_bailey_harms_2019, title={2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE) and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) immersion anesthesia of American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus)}, volume={50}, ISBN={1937-2825}, ISSN={1042-7260}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2018-0085}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0085}, abstractNote={Abstract: Despite extensive literature examining American horseshoe crab physiology, there are comparatively few publications addressing their medical care. Establishing anesthesia protocols for horseshoe crabs is integral to limiting the potential stress and pain associated with invasive procedures and for advancing euthanasia techniques. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two immersion anesthetics, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) at 1 g/L (buffered with sodium carbonate) and 2-phenoxyethanol (2-PE) at 2 mL/L, on horseshoe crabs. Twenty horseshoe crabs were assigned to one of two anesthetic treatment groups and individually anesthetized in natural seawater. Water quality, cardiac contractility, and hemolymph gas analytes were measured prior to anesthesia and at 30 min Animals were monitored via heart rate, gilling rate, and sedation score every 5 min until recovered. Transcarapacial ultrasonography was used to obtain heart rate, gilling rate, and percent fractional shortening. Light or surgical anesthesia was produced in 10/10 animals in the 2-PE group and 8/10 animals in the MS-222 group. There was no significant difference in sedation scores, induction time (median 15 min), or recovery time (median 20.5 min). Gilling rate and cardiac contractility decreased during anesthesia, whereas heart rate did not. Hemolymph pH and pO2 were not different among treatment groups or time points. Baseline pCO2 was higher than pCO2 at 30 min for both groups but significantly elevated only in the MS-222 group. This is attributed to increased activity during the handling of awake animals. Invasive blood pressure obtained via cardiac catheterization in two animals was markedly decreased during surgical anesthesia. In conclusion, 2-PE and MS-222 provided effective anesthesia with clinically useful induction and recovery times. 2-PE provided a subjectively more reliable and smoother anesthesia compared to MS-222.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Archibald, K.E. and Scott, G.N. and Bailey, K.M. and Harms, C.A.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={96–106} }
 @article{westmoreland_archibald_christiansen_broadhurst_stoskopf_2019, title={THE MESOPTERYGIAL VEIN: A RELIABLE VENIPUNCTURE SITE FOR INTRAVASCULAR ACCESS IN BATOIDS}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0137}, abstractNote={Intravascular access in batoid species is commonly achieved using the ventral coccygeal or radial wing vessels. However, these approaches can be difficult because of the presence of cartilage, lack of specific landmarks, species variation, and small vessel size in many species. This study used postmortem contrast radiography and gross dissection to develop landmarks for a new, dependable vascular access in three Myliobatiform species commonly maintained in captivity: Atlantic stingray (Hypanus sabinus), cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus), and smooth butterfly ray (Gymnura micrura). The mesopterygial vein provides quick vascular access and is suitable for administration of large fluid volumes and intravascular drugs. It is located immediately ventrolateral to the metapterygium cartilage, which sits adjacent to the coelomic cavity and supports the caudal half of the pectoral fin. Using the pectoral girdle and cranial third of the metapterygium cartilage as landmarks, vascular access can be achieved by directing a needle medially at approximately a 30° (adult cownose rays) or 45° angle (Atlantic stingrays, juvenile cownose rays, smooth butterfly rays) toward the metapterygium cartilage. Differences in the degree of needle direction are due to species and age-specific shapes of the metapterygium cartilage. The mesopterygial vein is an alternate site of quick and reliable venous access in batoid species.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Westmoreland, Lori S. H. and Archibald, Kate E. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Broadhurst, Heather J. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={369–374} }
 @article{archibald_baltutis_stoskopf_bailey_2019, title={Testicular activity and epididymal sperm collection from American black bears in November}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1938-5439"]}, DOI={10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00015.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: Prolonged reproductive behavior of American black bears (Ursus americanus) has been reported in the southeastern United States compared with other regions, but functional spermatogenesis or potential fertility has not previously been described for these bears. Additionally, methods for gamete collection are only in early stages of development for ursids. Testicles were collected from 29 post-pubertal legally hunter-killed black bears in eastern North Carolina, USA, in November 2016. Active spermatogenesis was identified in 48.3% (14/29) of bears via histology. Epididymal sperm collection was attempted via mincing (n = 29), vas deferens flush (n = 24), and percutaneous aspiration (n = 5). Epididymal mincing identified sperm in 78.6%, and vas flush in 53.8%, of bears with spermatogenesis on histology. Percutaneous aspiration was unsuccessful. These findings provide evidence that male bears may maintain reproductive capabilities into the late autumn in this region, and that under the conditions of this study, sperm can be collected via epididymal mincing or vas deferens flush, but not percutaneous aspiration.}, number={2}, journal={URSUS}, author={Archibald, Kate E. and Baltutis, Kristina and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Bailey, C. Scott}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={101–110} }
 @article{archibald_minter_dombrowski_jodi l. o'brien_lewbart_2015, title={CYSTIC UROLITHIASIS IN CAPTIVE WAXY MONKEY FROGS (PHYLLOMEDUSA SAUVAGII)}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2014-0086r1.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  The waxy monkey frog (Phyllomedusa sauvagii) is an arboreal amphibian native to arid regions of South America, and it has developed behavioral and physiologic adaptations to permit survival in dry environments. These adaptations include a uricotelic nitrogen metabolism and unique cutaneous lipid excretions to prevent evaporative water loss. Uroliths are a rare finding in amphibians. Six adult, presumed wild-caught waxy monkey frogs housed in a museum animal collection were diagnosed with cystic urolithiasis over a 7-yr period, and a single animal was diagnosed with four recurrent cases. Six cases were identified incidentally at routine physical or postmortem examination and four cases were identified during veterinary evaluation for coelomic distension, lethargy, anorexia, and increased soaking behavior. Calculi were surgically removed from three frogs via cystotomy, and a single frog underwent three cystotomies and two cloacotomies for recurrent urolithiasis. Two frogs died within the 24-hr postoperative period. Two representative calculi from a single frog were submitted for component analysis and found to consist of 100% ammonium urate. In the present report, cystic calculi are proposed to be the result of a high-protein diet based on a single invertebrate source, coupled with uricotelism, dehydration, increased cutaneous water loss, body temperature fluctuations facilitating supersaturation of urine, and subsequent accumulation and precipitation of urogenous wastes within the urinary bladder. Surgical cystotomy represents a short-term treatment strategy for this condition. Preventative measures, such as supplying a diversified and balanced diet in addition to environmental manipulation aimed at promoting adequate hydration, are anticipated to be more-rewarding management tools for cystic urolithiasis in the waxy monkey frog.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Archibald, Kate E. and Minter, Larry J. and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Jodi L. O'Brien and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={105–112} }
 @article{archibald_minter_lewbart_bailey_2014, title={Collection and characterization of semen from Chilean rose tarantulas (Grammostola rosea)}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.75.10.929}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To establish a nonterminal semen collection method for use in captive Chilean rose tarantulas (Grammostola rosea) and to evaluate tools for investigating morphology and viability of spermatozoa.
Animals—7 mature male Chilean rose tarantulas.
Procedures—Each tarantula was anesthetized in a 500-mL induction chamber containing a cotton ball infused with 2 mL of isoflurane. Semen collection was performed by applying direct pressure to the palpal bulbs (sperm storage organs) located on the distal segment of the palpal limbs. Morphology of spermatozoa was examined by light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Propidium iodide and a fluorescent membrane-permeant nucleic acid dye were used to evaluate cell viability.
Results—Semen was collected successfully from all 7 tarantulas. Microscopic examination of semen samples revealed coenospermia (spherical capsules [mean ± SD diameter, 10.3 ± 1.6 μm] containing many nonmotile sperm cells [mean number of sperm cells/capsule, 18.5 ± 3.8]). Individual spermatozoa were characterized by a spiral-shaped cell body (mean length, 16.7 ± 1.4 μm; mean anterior diameter, 1.5 ± 0.14 μm). Each spermatozoon had no apparent flagellar structure. The fluorescent stains identified some viable sperm cells in the semen samples.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The described technique allowed simple and repeatable collection of semen from Chilean rose tarantulas. Semen from this species was characterized by numerous spherical capsules containing many nonmotile spermatozoa in an apparently quiescent state. Fluorescent staining to distinguish live from dead spermatozoa appeared to be a useful tool for semen evaluation in this species.}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Archibald, Kate E. and Minter, Larry J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Bailey, C. Scott}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={929–936} }
 @article{minter_harms_archibald_broadhurst_bailey_christiansen_lewbart_posner_2013, title={EFFICACY OF ALFAXALONE FOR INTRAVASCULAR ANESTHESIA AND EUTHANASIA IN BLUE CRABS (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS)}, volume={44}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2012-0285r1.1}, DOI={10.1638/2012-0285r1.1}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to characterize the behavioral effects and changes in heart rate of four doses of alfaxalone delivered by intravascular injection to blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Thirty (male, n = 27; female, n = 3) blue crabs were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups of alfaxalone: eight animals were assigned to each of the 5-, 10-, and 15-mg/kg treatment groups, and the remaining six animals were assigned to the 100-mg/kg group. Times for anesthetic induction and recovery periods were recorded. Righting reflex, defensive posturing, and heart rate were evaluated before, during, and after the anesthetic trial. Anesthesia was induced in all 14 animals consolidated into the high-dosage group (15 mg/kg [n = 8] and 100 mg/kg [n = 6]), which was significantly greater than 8 of 16 animals in the low-dosage group (5 mg/kg [n = 2] and 10 mg/kg [n = 6]). Median anesthesia induction time for all crabs was 0.4 min, with no significant difference in induction time between groups observed. Median recovery time was 9.4 min (n = 2), 6.1 min (n = 5), 11.3 min (n = 8), and 66.1 min (n = 5) for the 5-, 10-, 15-, and 100-mg/kg groups, respectively. Recovery times were significantly longer for crabs exposed to an induction dose of 100 mg/kg compared with the 10- and 15-mg/kg induction doses. A significant decrease in the median heart rate was observed between the baseline value and that observed at both induction and 5 min postinjection in the 100-mg/kg dose trial. Two mortalities were observed during the anesthesia trials (n = 1, 10 mg/kg; n = 1, 100 mg/kg), both associated with the autotomization of limbs. In summary, the intravascular administration of alfaxalone at 15 mg/kg provided rapid and reliable sedation, whereas alfaxalone administered at 100 mg/kg produced rapid and long lasting anesthesia.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Minter, Larry J. and Harms, Craig A. and Archibald, Kate E and Broadhurst, Heather and Bailey, Kate M. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={694–699} }
 @article{bailey_heitzman_buchanan_bare_sper_borst_macpherson_archibald_whitacre_2012, title={B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in pony mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis}, volume={44}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00658.x}, abstractNote={SummaryReasons for performing studyEarly, accurate diagnosis of ascending placentitis in mares remains a key challenge for successful treatment of the disease. Doppler ultrasonography has shown promise as a tool to diagnose pregnancy abnormalities and is becoming more available to equine clinicians. However, to date, no studies have prospectively compared this technique to standard B‐mode measurement of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP).ObjectivesThe objective of the current study was to compare Doppler and B‐mode ultrasonography for the detection of experimentally‐induced ascending placentitis in mares.MethodsEleven healthy pony mares in late gestation were used in this study. Placentitis was induced in 6 mares between Days 280 and 295, while 5 mares served as negative controls. All mares were intensively monitored until delivery. Fetal heart rate, CTUP, uterine artery blood flow (resistance index, pulsatility index, arterial diameter and total arterial blood flow) and physical examination findings were recorded at each examination. Mares with an increased CTUP above published values were treated in accordance with published recommendations. Foals and fetal membranes were examined at birth. Ultrasonographic parameters were compared between groups using ANOVA. Foal viability and histological presence of placentitis were compared using a Fisher's exact test.ResultsThe CTUP was increased above normal in 5 of 6 inoculated mares within 3 days after inoculation (P = 0.05). The sixth inoculated mare was excluded from subsequent data analysis. Uterine artery blood flow, physical examination findings and fetal heart rate were not different between groups. Gradual increases in CTUP, arterial diameter and total arterial blood flow were detected with increasing gestational age in the control mares (P = 0.02, P = 0.00001 and P = 0.00001, respectively).ConclusionThe CTUP, but not uterine blood flow, was different between groups (P = 0.00001). Recorded CTUP values for control pony mares were similar to previously published values for light breed horses.}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Bailey, C. S. and Heitzman, J. M. and Buchanan, C. N. and Bare, C. A. and Sper, R. B. and Borst, L. B. and Macpherson, M. and Archibald, K. and Whitacre, M.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={88–94} }