@inproceedings{salam_venditti_pawlak_el-tahlawy_ayoub_2012, title={Extraction and utilization of hemicelluloses for new biomaterial applications}, booktitle={Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Pulping, Papermaking and Biotechnology (ICPPB '12), vols. I and II}, author={Salam, A. and Venditti, R. A. and Pawlak, J. J. and El-tahlawy, K. and Ayoub, A.}, year={2012}, pages={885–890} }
 @article{salam_pawlak_venditti_el-tahlawy_2011, title={Incorporation of carboxyl groups into xylan for improved absorbency}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-011-9542-y}, number={4}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Salam, Abdus and Pawlak, Joel J. and Venditti, Richard A. and El-tahlawy, Khaled}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={1033–1041} }
 @article{salam_pawlak_venditti_el-tahlawy_2010, title={Synthesis and Characterization of Starch Citrate−Chitosan Foam with Superior Water and Saline Absorbance Properties}, volume={11}, ISSN={1525-7797 1526-4602}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm1000235}, DOI={10.1021/bm1000235}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to synthesize and characterize high-value foam gel materials with unique absorptive and mechanical properties from starch citrate-chitosan. The effects of starch citrate concentration, pH, solid to liquid ratio, reaction time, and temperature on absorbency, weight loss in water, and strength were determined. The cross-linked starch citrate-chitosan foam is flexible and elastic and has significantly increased absorbance and strength and decreased weight loss in water compared to starch-chitosan foam. A unique characteristic of the starch citrate-chitosan foam is that it absorbs more saline solution than pure water, which is the opposite of current commercial super absorbents. An increased strength, increased degradation temperature, increased storage modulus, and decreased weight loss in water for starch citrate-chitosan relative to starch-chitosan are in agreement with amide bonds formed between the carboxyl group of starch citrate and the amino group of chitosan.}, number={6}, journal={Biomacromolecules}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Salam, Abdus and Pawlak, Joel J. and Venditti, Richard A. and El-tahlawy, Khaled}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={1453–1459} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_2008, title={Chitosan phosphate: A new way for production of eco-friendly flame-retardant cotton textiles}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000701584311}, abstractNote={Abstract An increase in the health and environment legislation awareness pushed the textile manufacturers to develop their strategies to produce eco-friendly flame-retardant textiles with competitive cost. Chitosan is added during the phosphorylation process as a nitrogen source that has synergistic effect with phosphorus. Increasing the chitosan concentration from 0% to 2% enhances the flame retardancy of the treated cotton fabric against successive washing. Further increase in amount of chitosan, above 2%, has a limited effect on the thermal degradation of the treated cotton. Increasing diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP) concentration from 0% to 10% is responsible for making the flame-retardant finish durable against successive washing. Thermal degradation analysis of treated fabrics at different DAHP concentrations shows a decrease in the maximum degradation rate point and thermal degradation onset point. The amount of residue at 500°C increases till reaches 32% with the increase in the DAHP concentration. The effect of curing temperature and time has been discussed in detail. The performance properties of the treated cotton fabrics show better physical and chemical properties than that in the absence of chitosan.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={El-Tahlawy, Khaled}, year={2008}, pages={185–191} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_eid_sherif_hudson_2008, title={Chitosan: A new route for increasing the efficiency of stannate/phosphate flame retardants on cotton}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000701570773}, abstractNote={Abstract Sodium stannate/phosphate is an ideal eco-friendly flame retardant agent for cotton fabric. Development of this technique is an essential way to overcome some of its disadvantages such as the harsh feeling as a result of using high concentration of sodium stannate. Chitosan is added in the phosphorylation bath as a nitrogen source and to facilitate the phosphorylation process. Incorporation of 1% chitosan could decrease the sodium stannate concentration to the one-third of the amount that is used in the conventional method. Increasing the stannate concentration in the finishing bath from 10 to 30% could enhance the flame retardancy of the cotton fabric. Thermogravimetric analysis of the treated cotton fabric shows an increase in the residual percent of the fabric and decrease in both thermal degradation onset point (TDOP) and maximum degradation rate point as a function of stannate concentration. Increasing diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP) from 2 to 10% in the finishing bath shows an increase in the residue at 500°C to 39.24%. Phosphorus and nitrogen percentages show an increase in their values till reaches to 1.39 and 1.72, respectively. The effect of curing temperature and time, chitosan concentration, and the sequence of treatment are studied in detail.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={El-Tahlawy, Khaled and Eid, Roshdi and Sherif, Fawzy and Hudson, Samuel}, year={2008}, pages={157–164} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_venditti_pawlak_2008, title={Effect of alkyl ketene dimer reacted starch on the properties of starch microcellular foam using a solvent exchange technique}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0144-8617"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.11.013}, abstractNote={The production of a hydrophobic starch microcellular foam (SMCF) through the addition of an alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) would be a bio-based material with valuable properties for many applications in which high specific surface area, low density and water resistance is important. Pigments for paper and coatings are a potential application. An emulsion of AKD and cooked corn starch was made by mixing AKD with cooked starch at 50 °C under a high rate of shear. The effects of reaction temperature, starch concentration and pH on the reaction of AKD with starch and the resulting microcellular foam structure were studied. The starch/AKD foam particles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis to determine extent of reaction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), brightness, particle size and water swellability. The apparent viscosity of the starch solution was shown to have a linear relationship with the particle size and the brightness of the particles. The particles under all conditions had a very high brightness. The AKD was able to impart a significant hydrophobicity to the particles relative to starch alone but the water resistance was not great enough to preserve the porous structure when wetted.}, number={1}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={El-Tahlawy, Khaled and Venditti, Richard and Pawlak, Joel}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={133–142} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_abdel-halim_hudson_hebeish_2007, title={Acylation of iminochitosan: Its effect on blending with cellulose acetate}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.24136}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={El-Tahlawy, Khaled and Abdel-Halim, Essam and Hudson, Samuel M. and Hebeish, Ali}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={727–734} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_venditti_pawlak_2007, title={Aspects of the preparation of starch microcellular foam particles crosslinked with glutaraldehyde using a solvent exchange technique}, volume={67}, ISSN={0144-8617}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.05.029}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.05.029}, abstractNote={Starch microcellular foam (SMCF) has been produced using a solvent exchange technique with a native corn starch crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. To produce a high specific surface area for the starch particles the cooked starch solution was reacted with glutaraldehyde and then precipitated under shear with ethanol. The relationship between the crosslinking density on the void structure of the SMCF has been studied. Characterization by NMR confirmed the crosslinking reaction. An increase in the glutaraldehyde concentration from 0 to 15 g glutaraldehyde/100 g starch was accompanied by a decrease in particle size and moisture content and an increase in brightness and specific surface area. Scanning electron microscope images of the SMCF particles show that the smallest average void diameter obtained was 0.182 μm at a 7.5 g glutaraldehyde/100 g starch. Four starch materials having different viscosity were prepared by hydrolysis of the native corn starch with a 1 N HCl/methanol system for different reaction durations to investigate the relationship between starch molecular weight and void structure of the SMCF. The starches were crosslinked with 15 g glutaraldehyde/100 g starch and precipitated with ethanol to form SMCF. Decreasing the starch viscosity decreased the brightness and specific surface area, and increased the particle size, void diameter and moisture content. Increases in stirring speed during the precipitation enhanced the properties of the SMCF particles. The effect of pressing the starch particles to form a pellet caused a collapse of the foam structure at pressures above about 6000 psi. The results indicate that the structure/chemistry of the starch material and the processing conditions can be controlled in order to produce particles with morphology and properties useful for light scattering applications. In particular, higher molecular weight and intermolecular crosslinking and high shear during precipitation have been found to enhance the foam formation.}, number={3}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={El-Tahlawy, Khaled and Venditti, Richard A. and Pawlak, Joel J.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={319–331} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_el-nagar_elhendawy_2007, title={Cyclodextrin-4 Hydroxy benzophenone inclusion complex for UV protective cotton fabric}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000701556327}, abstractNote={Abstract An inclusion complex was formed by the reaction of β -cyclodextrin (β -CD) with 4-hydroxy benzophenone (4-HBP), since β -CD acts as a hosting molecule for 4-HBP. The inclusion complex was added to a finishing bath containing citric acid (CA) and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as a catalyst to provide the cotton fabric anti-crease and ultraviolet (UV) protection properties. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) is the scientific term used to indicate the amount of UV protection provided to skin by fabric. The factors affecting the performance properties and UPF were studied in detail. It was noted that at 0.25 g β -CD and 4-HBP represent the optimum concentration for both of the UPF and anti-crease properties. Increasing the CA and SHP concentrations lead to an increase in the UPF and the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), while the tensile strength of the finished fabric decreases. Also increasing the curing temperature and/or prolonging the duration enhanced the UPF and WRA. While the tensile strength decreased significantly, the durability of the UV protective cotton fabric against successive washings was evaluated at different numbers of washing cycles (0, 15, and 30 washing cycle). The finished fabrics show an excellent durability against 30 successive washing cycles.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={El-Tahlawy, K. and El-Nagar, K. and Elhendawy, A. G.}, year={2007}, pages={453–462} }
 @article{bolivar_venditti_pawlak_el-tahlawy_2007, title={Development and characterization of novel starch and alkyl ketene dimer microcellular foam particles}, volume={69}, ISSN={0144-8617}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.10.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.10.004}, abstractNote={There is interest in replacing inorganic fillers in paper, coatings and plastics with renewable organic fillers to improve the economics, performance and environmental aspects of such products. Starch microcellular foam (SMCF) particles are promising materials in this regard. This research was undertaken to produce SMCF particles and characterize their morphology, optical properties and interaction with water. SMCF particles were produced using corn starch; which was solubilized in water. The foam structure was created by precipitating the starch using ethanol in a solvent exchange technique. The starch was also reacted with alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) wax at different levels in order to understand if the AKD could impart water resistance to the particles. Two methods were used to incorporate AKD: (1) the AKD was coated onto foam particles after foam formation, and (2) the AKD was blended with the starch before foam particle formation. Hexane extraction was used to purify a portion of each of the samples to determine if unreacted AKD existed with the starch matrix. Particles with porous structure and high brightness were developed for all combinations of starch and AKD. The brightness of the particles was significantly higher than that of the uncooked starch, presumably due to the development of a porous structure. For the AKD coated particles a minimum amount of AKD charged was needed to develop a high contact angle, low solubility, and low water retention value, higher levels of AKD in AKD coated particles did not further alter these properties. This indicates that the changes in properties with AKD level with coated particles is a surface phenomena. Starch AKD blends did not show any increased resistance to water relative to the particles with no AKD blended. This is due to the ethanol used in the precipitation process extracting the AKD, which was confirmed by elemental analysis. The particles, even with the 10% AKD coated or blended, lost their porous structure upon rewetting. Further work needs to be performed to more effectively hydrophobize the starch foams with AKD.}, number={2}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bolivar, Ana I. and Venditti, Richard A. and Pawlak, Joel J. and El-Tahlawy, Khaled}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={262–271} }
 @inproceedings{el-tahlawy_r._2007, title={Novel cellulosic fibers with microcellular porous structures}, booktitle={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={El-Tahlawy, K. and R., Shamey}, year={2007} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_hudson_hebeish_2007, title={Spinnability of chitosan butyrate/cellulose acetate for obtaining a blend fiber}, volume={105}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.26278}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={El-Tahlawy, Khaled and Hudson, Samuel M. and Hebeish, A. A.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={2801–2805} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_gaffar_el-rafie_2006, title={Novel method for preparation of beta-cyclodextrin/grafted chitosan and it's application}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0144-8617"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.08.057}, abstractNote={A novel technique for preparation of β-cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan was carried out by reacting β-cyclodextrin citrate (β-CD citrate) with chitosan. β-Cyclodextrin citrate was synthesis by esterifying β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with citric acid (CA) in presence or absence of sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst in a semidry process. Different factors affecting preparation of β-CD citrates were studied to obtain β-CD citrate with high carboxyl content, such factors include reaction temperature, citric acid concentration, material to liquor ratio and duration. β-Cyclodextrin/grafted chitosan was prepared by coupling β-CD citrate with chitosan dissolved in different formic acid solutions having different concentrations. The reacting ingredients were subjected to various reaction conditions to attain the optimum condition. β-Cyclodextrin/grafted chitosan were evaluated by measuring the nitrogen content of both chitosan and grafted chitosan. Chitosan and β-cyclodextrin/grafted chitosan, having different molecular weights, were evaluated as antimicrobial agents for different microorganisms such as, Bacillus Megaterium, Pseudomonas Fragi, Bacillus Cereus Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Ecoli and Aeromonas hydra.}, number={3}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={El-Tahlawy, K and Gaffar, MA and El-Rafie, S}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={385–392} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_el-rafie_aly_2006, title={Preparation and application of chitosan/poly(methacrylic acid) graft copolymer}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.03.001}, abstractNote={2,2-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AMPN) was investigated as initiator for the graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto chitosan. A number of variables in the grafting reaction were investigated, including AMPN and monomer concentration, material to liquor ratio, duration, and temperature of polymerization reaction. The graft copolymers were evaluated in terms of graft yield, homopolymer, monomer conversion percent, and grafting efficiency. The apparent viscosity of the resultant polymerization product was measured at different rates of shear. The optimum conditions for grafting of MAA onto chitosan are: AMPN; 0.125%, material-to-liquor ratio 1:30, and reaction temperature; 80 °C. The resultant product was used for preparation of crosslinked chitosan/poly(MAA) graft copolymer (CCPMAAGC) by its reaction with epichlorohydrin in alkaline medium. The result obtained reflects the feasibility for using CCPMAAGC as adsorbent for both Cu2+ ions and hepatit A virus.}, number={2}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={El-Tahlawy, Khaled F. and El-Rafie, Safaa M. and Aly, Aly Sayed}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={176–183} }
 @article{jenkins_el-tahlawy_el-shafei_freeman_hudson_2006, title={Use of gamma-cyclodextrin/epichlorohydrin polymer in merging fabric formation and coloration processes}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1472-3581"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33751023859&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1478-4408.2006.00051.x}, abstractNote={A candidate polymeric size was synthesised by the polymerisation of γ‐cyclodextrin with epichlorohydrin under alkaline conditions. The motivation for the synthesis was to produce a polymer that could not only function as a warp size for fabric formation, but also serve as a host for dye molecules that could subsequently be released after the weaving process, ultimately promoting the merging of fabric formation and coloration processes. The γ‐cyclodextrin/epichlorohydrin polymer has been found to promote the dissolution of textile dyes, such as CI Disperse Blue 3, CI Disperse Yellow 82 and CI Disperse Red 91 to yield pad baths capable of evenly coating polyester fabric. Upon padding and subsequent drying, the dye–γ‐cyclodextrin/epichlorohydrin polymer pad baths have been used for dyeing the fabric upon thermofixation. Furthermore, cross‐sections of fibre dyed in the same manner indicate dye penetration into the fibre.}, number={6}, journal={COLORATION TECHNOLOGY}, author={Jenkins, David W. and El-Tahlawy, Khaled and El-Shafei, Ahmed and Freeman, Harold S. and Hudson, Samuel M.}, year={2006}, pages={345–349} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_el-bendary_elhendawy_hudson_2005, title={The antimicrobial activity of cotton fabrics treated with different crosslinking agents and chitosan}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.02.019}, abstractNote={Cotton fabrics were treated with two different crosslinking agents [butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and Arcofix NEC (low formaldehyde content)] in the presence of chitosan to provide the cotton fabrics a durable press finishing and antimicrobial properties by chemical linking of chitosan to the cellulose structure. Both type and concentration of finishing agent in the presence of chitosan as well as the treatment conditions significantly affected the performance properties and antimicrobial activity of treated cotton fabrics. The treated cotton fabrics showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi tested. Treatment of cotton fabrics with BTCA in the presence of chitosan strengthened the antimicrobial activity more than the fabrics treated with Arcofix NEC. The maximum antimicrobial activity was obtained when the cotton fabrics were treated with 0.5–0.75% chitosan of molecular weight 1.5–5 kDa, and cured at 160 °C for 2–3 min. Application of different metal ions to cotton fabrics treated with finishing agent and chitosan showed a negligible effect on the antimicrobial activity. Partial replacement of Arcofix NEC with BTCA enhanced antimicrobial activity of the treated fabrics in comparison with that of Arcofix NEC alone. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the exposure of bacteria and yeast to chitosan treated fabrics resulted in deformation and shrinkage of cell membranes. The site of chitosan action is probably the microbial membrane and subsequent death of the cell.}, number={4}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={El-Tahlawy, KF and El-Bendary, MA and Elhendawy, AG and Hudson, SM}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={421–430} }
 @article{gaffar_el-rafie_el-tahlawy_2004, title={Preparation and utilization of ionic exchange resin via graft copolymerization of beta-CD itaconate with chitosan}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.01.007}, abstractNote={Ionic exchange resin was prepared via grafting of β-cyclodextrin itaconate (CDI) onto chitosan. CDI was prepared by esterification of β-cyclodextrin with itaconic acid using a semidry process. The esterification reaction of β-CD was carried out using [IA]; 2 mol/mol of CD, M/L ratio; 1:0.6, temperature 100 °C, [catalyst]; 0.5 mol/2 mol IA and in the absence of catalyst. The double bonds of CDI were utilized in grafting copolymeriziation onto chitosan using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a redox initiation system. The optimum conditions of the polymerization reaction were held as follows: [chitosan], 1 g; Ce(IV), 0.02 mol/l; temperature, 50 °C; and H2O, 90 ml. At the end of the grafting reaction, the resultant product was subjected to crosslinking using different concentrations of glutraldehyde. Crosslinked chitosan/poly (CDI) graft copolymer (CCPCDI) was successively used for the removal of some hazardous pollutants currently found in textile waste water such as Maxilon Blue 4 GL (basic dye), Iragalon Rubine RL (acid dye) and Brilliant Red M5B R-2 (hydrolyzed reactive dyes).}, number={4}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Gaffar, MA and El-Rafie, SM and El-Tahlawy, KF}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={387–396} }
 @article{el tahlawy_hudson_2003, title={Synthesis of a well-defined chitosan graft poly(methoxy polyethyleneglycol methacrylate) by atom transfer radical polymerization}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1097-4628"]}, DOI={10.1002/app.12001}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={El Tahlawy, K and Hudson, SM}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={901–912} }
 @article{el-tahlawy_1999, title={Utilization of citric acid-chitosan-sodium hypophosphite system for effecting concurrent dyeing and finishing}, volume={46}, journal={Colourage Annual}, author={El-Tahlawy, K.}, year={1999}, pages={21–34} }
 @article{bayazeed_el-rafie_el-tahlawy_hebeish_zahran_1996, title={Polyacrylic acid hydrolyzed starch as recoverable sizing agent}, volume={77}, number={5}, journal={Melliand Textilberichte}, author={Bayazeed, A. and El-Rafie, M. and El-Tahlawy, K. and Hebeish, A. and Zahran, M.}, year={1996}, pages={294–296} }
 @article{hebeish_zahran_el-rafie_el-tahlawy_1996, title={Preparation and characterization of poly (acrylic acid) / starch polyblend}, volume={4}, number={2}, journal={Polymers and Polymer Composites}, author={Hebeish, A. and Zahran, M. and El-Rafie, M. and El-Tahlawy, K.}, year={1996}, pages={29–142} }
 @article{elrafie_zahran_eltahlawy_hebeish_1995, title={A COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLIC-ACID WITH NATIVE AND HYDROLYZED MAIZE STARCHES USING A POTASSIUM BROMATE THIOUREA DIOXIDE REDOX INITIATION SYSTEM}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0141-3910"]}, DOI={10.1016/0141-3910(94)00093-N}, abstractNote={Polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) with native and hydrolyzed maize starches was carried out via a potassium bromate-thiourea dioxide redox initiation system. The factors affecting the efficiency of the redox system and, in turn, the polymerization process were studied. These factors included the concentrations of AA, KBrO3, thiourea dioxide (TUD) (and equimolar ratio of the latter two), polymerization temperature and the extent of starch hydrolysis. The behaviour of the apparent viscosity of the cooked poly(AA)-starch composite paste, obtained under different polymerization conditions, was also studied. The polymerization reaction was monitored via the determination of the total percentage conversion (% TC) of AA. The poly(AA)-starch composite was evaluated by calculating the polymer yield, namely the graft yield (% GY), the grafting efficiency (% GE), the percentage homopolymer (% HP) and the total conversion. Results obtained indicated that the optimum conditions, expressed as percent of total conversion are: (a) with native starch (NS): (KBrO3), 6 mmol/100 g NS; (TUD), 7.4 mmol/100 g NS; (AA), 30% of weight of starch; polymerization temperature, 50 dgC; and polymerization time 30 min. (b) With hydrolyzed starch (HS): (KBrO3), 4 mmol/100 g HS; (TUD), 4 mmol/100 g HS; (AA), 30%; polymerization temperature, 40 dgC; and polymerization time, 30 min. The results also indicated that, for a given rate of shear, while the apparent paste viscosity of the poly(AA)-NS decreases with increasing concentration of KBrO3, TUD, and AA (within the studied range), it increases with increasing polymerization temperature from 30 to 50 dgC. Regardless of the polymerization conditions used, the apparent viscosity of NS is higher than that of the poly(AA)-NS composite. On the other hand, the apparent viscosity of the poly(AA)-HS (hydrolyzed starch) composite depends upon the extent of hydrolysis of the starch used as well as the polymerization conditions.}, number={1}, journal={POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY}, author={ELRAFIE, MH and ZAHRAN, MK and ELTAHLAWY, KF and HEBEISH, A}, year={1995}, pages={73–85} }