@article{perrin_fogleman_davis_wimer_vogel_palmquist_2018, title={A pilot study on nutrients, antimicrobial proteins, and bacteria in commerce-free models for exchanging expressed human milk in the USA}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1740-8709"]}, DOI={10.1111/mcn.12566}, abstractNote={AbstractExpressed human milk can be donated or sold through a variety of channels, including human milk banks, corporations or individuals, or peer‐to‐peer milk sharing. There is a paucity of research regarding the nutrient and bioactive profiles of expressed human milk exchanged through commerce‐free scenarios, including peer‐to‐peer milk sharing. The study objective was to evaluate the macronutrient, antimicrobial protein, and bacteria composition in expressed human milk acquired via commerce‐free arrangements. Expressed human milk samples were collected from the following commerce‐free scenarios: milk expressed for a mother's or parent's own infant (MOM; N = 30); unpasteurized milk donated to a non‐profit milk bank (BANKED; N = 30); milk expressed for peer‐to‐peer milk sharing (SHARED; N = 31); and health professional‐facilitated milk sharing where donors are serologically screened and milk is dispensed raw (SCREENED; N = 30). Analyses were conducted for total protein, lactose, percent fat and water, lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin A (IgA) activity, total aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Staphylococcus aureus. No bacterial growth was observed in 52/121 samples, and 15/121 had growth greater than 5.0 log colony‐forming units/mL. There was no evidence of differences by groups (p > .05) in lactose, fat, water, lysozyme activity, sIgA activity, aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and S. aureus. Mean protein values (95% confidence interval) were 1.5 g/dL (1.4, 1.6) for BANKED, 1.4 g/dL (1.3, 1.5) for MOM, 1.6 g/dL (1.5, 1.7) for SCREENED, and 1.5 g/dL (1.4, 1.6) for SHARED, which was not significantly different (p = .081). This research contributes to growing literature on the risks and benefits of uncompensated, peer‐to‐peer milk sharing.}, journal={MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION}, author={Perrin, Maryanne T. and Fogleman, April D. and Davis, Destiny D. and Wimer, Courtney H. and Vogel, Kenneth G. and Palmquist, Aunchalee E. L.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @article{lima_vogel_wagner-gillespie_wimer_dean_fogleman_2018, title={Nutritional Comparison of Raw, Holder Pasteurized, and Shelf-stable Human Milk Products}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1536-4801"]}, DOI={10.1097/MPG.0000000000002094}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTObjective:We aim to assess the nutritional composition of shelf‐stable (SS) human milk and compare the nutritional profile to Holder pasteurized (HP) and raw human milk from the same pool.Methods:Milk samples from 60 mothers were pooled. From this pool, 36 samples were taken; 12 samples were kept raw, 12 samples were HP, and 12 samples were retort processed to create an SS product. Samples were analyzed for percent fat, percent solids, total protein, lactose, amino acids, and thiamine.Results:Percent fat, percent solids, and lactose were similar between raw, HP, and SS samples. Total protein was statistically increased in SS samples when compared to raw (P = 0.005) and HP (P < 0.001) samples, but protein differences were not clinically relevant (raw = 15.1 mg/mL, HP = 14.8 mg/mL, and SS = 15.8 mg/mL). Lysine was the only amino acid impacted by processing, and its destruction increased as heat increased (raw = 0.85 mg/100 mL, HP = 0.77 mg/100 mL, SS = 0.68 mg/100 mL). Total thiamine was significantly decreased in SS samples (0.14 mg/L; P < 0.01) when compared with raw samples (0.24 mg/L) and HP samples (0.26 mg/L).Conclusions:Macronutrient content is relatively unaffected by processing; Holder pasteurization and retort processing maintain similar fat, lactose, and total protein levels. Lysine and thiamine were significantly decreased by retort processing, but not by Holder pasteurization. Thiamine losses are clinically significant, and fortification may be necessary if SS donor milk is a long‐term feeding choice.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION}, author={Lima, Hope and Vogel, Kenneth and Wagner-Gillespie, Montana and Wimer, Courtney and Dean, Lisa and Fogleman, April}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={649–653} }