@misc{hobbs_bayless_sheats_2024, title={A Comparative Review of Cytokines and Cytokine Targeting in Sepsis: From Humans to Horses}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2073-4409"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13171489}, DOI={10.3390/cells13171489}, abstractNote={With the emergence of COVID-19, there is an increased focus in human literature on cytokine production, the implications of cytokine overproduction, and the development of novel cytokine-targeting therapies for use during sepsis. In addition to viral infections such as COVID-19, bacterial infections resulting in exposure to endotoxins and exotoxins in humans can also lead to sepsis, resulting in organ failure and death. Like humans, horses are exquisitely sensitive to endotoxin and are among the veterinary species that develop clinical sepsis similar to humans. These similarities suggest that horses may serve as a naturally occurring model of human sepsis. Indeed, evidence shows that both species experience cytokine dysregulation, severe neutropenia, the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, and decreased perfusion parameters during sepsis. Sepsis treatments that target cytokines in both species include hemoperfusion therapy, steroids, antioxidants, and immunomodulation therapy. This review will present the shared cytokine physiology across humans and horses as well as historical and updated perspectives on cytokine-targeting therapy. Finally, this review will discuss the potential benefits of increased knowledge of equine cytokine mechanisms and their potential positive impact on human medicine.}, number={17}, journal={CELLS}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Bayless, Rosemary and Sheats, M. Katie}, year={2024}, month={Sep} }
 @article{hobbs_sueur_burke_cooper_sheats_ueda_2024, title={Feasibility of hemoperfusion using extracorporeal therapy in the horse}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1414426}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2024.1414426}, abstractNote={Objective Develop, implement, and monitor for adverse effects of, a novel hemoperfusion therapy in adult horses. Methods A prospective, observational feasibility study using three healthy adult horses from the North Carolina State University teaching herd. Health status was determined by physical exam, complete blood count, coagulation panel, and serum biochemistry. Each horse was instrumented with a 14 Fr × 25 cm double-lumen temporary hemodialysis catheter and underwent a 240 min polymer-based hemoperfusion session. Horses were administered unfractionated heparin to maintain anti-coagulation during the session. Given the novelty of this therapy in horses, each horse was treated as a learning opportunity that informed an iterative process of protocol development and modification. Measurements and main results Our long-term goal is to investigate potential clinical applications of hemoperfusion in horses, including cytokine reduction in horses with severe SIRS/sepsis. Horses were monitored for changes in clinical exam, biochemistry and hematology parameters. Additionally, cytokines were quantified to determine whether extracorporeal hemadsorption therapy alone caused an inflammatory response. Our results show that hemoperfusion therapy was associated with decreased platelet counts and serum albumin concentration. There was no significant change in plasma cytokine concentrations with hemoperfusion therapy. In one horse, the cytokine concentrations decreased, as previously reported with hemoperfusion therapy in humans. Hypothesis We hypothesized that hemoperfusion therapy could be performed in healthy adult horses without significant adverse effects. Conclusion Polymer-based hemoperfusion is a feasible extracorporeal therapy (ECT) modality for adult horses. Additional studies are needed to further establish clinical protocols, as well as establish efficacy of polymer-based hemoperfusion for treatment of various conditions in horses, including intoxications, immune-mediated conditions, and sepsis.}, journal={Frontiers in Veterinary Science}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Sueur, Andre N. V. Le and Burke, Megan J. and Cooper, Bethanie L. and Sheats, M. Katie and Ueda, Yu}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{hobbs_davis_cooper_ueda_burke_sheats_2024, title={Hemadsorption extracorporeal therapy removes cytokines ex vivo in horses}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.24.01.0022}, abstractNote={Plasma cytokine adsorption has shown benefit as an adjunctive therapy in human sepsis but has yet to be investigated in horses. We hypothesized that ex vivo filtration of equine plasma with a novel cytokine adsorption device would significantly reduce concentrations of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokines. We also hypothesized that the device would adsorb medications commonly used to treat sepsis.}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Cooper, Bethanie L. and Ueda, Yu and Burke, Megan J. and Sheats, Katie}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hobbs_cooper_dembek_sheats_2024, title={Investigation of Extracted Plasma Cell-Free DNA as a Biomarker in Foals with Sepsis}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2306-7381"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080346}, DOI={10.3390/vetsci11080346}, abstractNote={Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is fragmented extracellular DNA that is released from cells into various body fluids. Previously published data from adult horses supports cfDNA as a potential disease biomarker, but also shows that direct measurement in plasma is inaccurate due to matrix effect. It is currently unknown whether a similar matrix effect exists in foal plasma. Given this, the objectives of the current study were to investigate foal plasma for potential matrix effect during fluorescence measurement of cfDNA using a Qubit fluorometer, and to determine whether neat and/or extracted plasma cfDNA concentrations are significantly different in healthy, sick non-septic (SNS) or septic foals. We hypothesized that matrix effect would interfere with accurate fluorescent measurement of cfDNA in foal plasma. Further, we hypothesized that mean extracted cfDNA concentrations, and/or extracted cfDNA:neutrophil ratio, would be elevated in plasma of septic foals compared to healthy or SNS foals. Cell-free DNA was measured in neat plasma, and following DNA extraction with a commercial kit, from 60 foals. Foal plasma exhibited both autofluorescence and non-specific dye binding, confirming matrix effect. However, even with extraction, no significant difference was found in cfDNA concentrations, or cfDNA:neutrophil ratios, between healthy (sepsis score ≤ 5), SNS (sepsis score 6–11 and negative blood culture), or septic (sepsis score ≥ 12 ± positive blood culture) foals. Our data show that matrix effect interferes with accurate Qubit measurement of cfDNA in foal plasma and supports previous findings that plasma cfDNA concentrations are not associated with sepsis diagnosis in foals. Further research is needed to better understand neutrophil function and dysfunction in foal sepsis.}, number={8}, journal={VETERINARY SCIENCES}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Cooper, Bethanie L. and Dembek, Katarzyna and Sheats, M. Katie}, year={2024}, month={Aug} }
 @article{elane_bauck_hobbs_king_fields_ziegler_blikslager_2024, title={Review of venipuncture and intravenous catheterization techniques in pigs}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.24.03.0169}, DOI={10.2460/javma.24.03.0169}, abstractNote={Abstract The number of companion pigs in the US is increasing, as is the frequency with which they present to primary companion care practices. However, pigs are often an understudied species in veterinary curricula, and many students graduate from veterinary school with minimal porcine handling experience. Coupled with the poor peripheral vascular access associated with pigs, this presents a challenge for many new graduates and other primary care veterinarians seeking to improve their knowledge of porcine handling, anatomy, and medical care. Furthermore, much of the available veterinary literature regarding porcine venous access is dated, limited to technical notes, or inaccessible to many primary care veterinarians. This review aims to supplement this lack of knowledge by discussing techniques in restraint, sedation, venipuncture, and catheterization of companion pigs as a reference for veterinarians and researchers alike.}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Elane, George and Bauck, Anje G. and Hobbs, Kallie J. and King, Ailbhe and Fields, Claire and Ziegler, Amanda and Blikslager, Anthony}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hobbs_le sueur_hallowell_martin_sheats_ueda_2024, title={Use of extracorporeal hemoperfusion therapy in an adult horse with <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> colitis and severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17154}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.17154}, abstractNote={An 8-year-old American Quarter Horse gelding was treated with extracorporeal hemoperfusion (HP) therapy for treatment of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) colitis-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The gelding developed C. difficile associated peracute colitis and severe SIRS as evidenced by a positive fecal C. difficile PCR and tachypnea, tachycardia, fever, neutropenia, altered mucous membrane color, and hyperlactatemia. Concurrent acute kidney injury in the horse limited the use of routine anti-inflammatory and anti-lipopolysaccharide treatments, including flunixin meglumine and polymyxin B, because of potential for nephrosis. Extracorporeal HP therapy was performed twice within 48 hours of the onset of severe SIRS during which the horse's physical examination variables stabilized. The horse was euthanized after 4 days because of laminitis. These findings support further investigation of extracorporeal HP therapy as an adjunctive treatment for severe SIRS/sepsis in horses.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Le Sueur, Andre N. V. and Hallowell, Kimberly and Martin, Emily and Sheats, Mary Katherine and Ueda, Yu}, year={2024}, month={Aug} }
 @article{ludwig_hobbs_mckinney-aguirre_gonzalez_2023, title={Biomarkers of Intestinal Injury in Colic}, volume={13}, ISSN={2076-2615}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13020227}, DOI={10.3390/ani13020227}, abstractNote={Biomarkers are typically proteins, enzymes, or other molecular changes that are elevated or decreased in body fluids during the course of inflammation or disease. Biomarkers pose an extremely attractive tool for establishing diagnoses and prognoses of equine gastrointestinal colic, one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in horses. This topic has received increasing attention because early diagnosis of some forms of severe colic, such as intestinal ischemia, would create opportunities for rapid interventions that would likely improve case outcomes. This review explores biomarkers currently used in equine medicine for colic, including acute phase proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, markers of endotoxemia, and tissue injury metabolites. To date, no single biomarker has been identified that is perfectly sensitive and specific for intestinal ischemia; however, L-lactate has been proven to be a very functional and highly utilized diagnostic tool. However, further exploration of other biomarkers discussed in this review may provide the key to accelerated identification, intervention, and better outcomes for horses suffering from severe colic.}, number={2}, journal={Animals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Ludwig, Elsa K. and Hobbs, Kallie J. and McKinney-Aguirre, Caroline A. and Gonzalez, Liara M.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={227} }
 @article{hobbs_young_nannarone_luethy_hopster-iversen_mckenzie_ludwig_2023, title={Intravenous loss of over-the-wire catheter guidewires in 13 horses}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16960}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16960}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundOver‐the‐wire (OTW) catheter placement is performed frequently in horses. Intravascular loss of a guidewire has been anecdotally reported, but there is limited information regarding the treatment and outcome of horses that have experienced this complication of OTW catheter placement.ObjectivesDescribe the clinical and diagnostic features, treatment, and outcome of horses experiencing IV guidewire loss at the time of OTW catheter placement.AnimalsThirteen horses.MethodsMulticenter retrospective study to identify horses with IV guidewire loss. Horses of all ages were considered for inclusion. Horses were excluded from the study if complete medical records of signalment, indication, and outcome were not available. Intravenous guidewire loss was defined as the guidewire being lost IV at the time of OTW catheter placement.ResultsNo horses in this study experienced adverse clinical signs associated with the loss of a guidewire. Eight horses had the guidewire removed and the guidewire was left in situ in 5 horses. None of the horses with the guidewire in situ had experienced long‐term effects.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIntravenous guidewire loss seems to have a good long‐term prognosis even in horses in which removal of the guidewire was not possible. Thus, in horses where guidewire removal is not feasible, guidewires that remain in situ may have limited to no adverse effects.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Young, Kimberly A. S. and Nannarone, Sara and Luethy, Daniela and Hopster-Iversen, Charlotte and Mckenzie, Harold C. and Ludwig, Elsa K.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{elane_portela_hobbs_bauck_biedrzycki_2023, title={Sedated cesarean sections are associated with increased kid survival compared to general anesthesia in goats: retrospective cohort of 45 cases (2011–2021)}, volume={1}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.10.0466}, DOI={10.2460/javma.22.10.0466}, abstractNote={Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether anesthesia type (sedation or general anesthesia) affects kid survival to discharge in caprine cesarean sections (C-sections).


ANIMALS
Retrospective cohort of 99 caprine C-sections (2011–2021).


PROCEDURES
All surgeries were performed via left flank laparotomy in right lateral recumbency. The number of kids alive at presentation, surgery, and discharge was recorded. Kids that were dead on presentation or euthanized intraoperatively were excluded. Goats were classified as “healthy” (American Society of Anesthesiologists status ≤ 2) or “sick” (≥ 3).


RESULTS
Kid survival was significantly higher for C-sections performed under sedation (47/52 [90%]) than for C-sections performed under general anesthesia (16/24 [66%]; P = .004). Relative risk was 1.4 and odds ratio was 4.7.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Performing C-sections in sedated goats may improve kid survival rates over those under general anesthesia.
}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Elane, George L. and Portela, Diego A. and Hobbs, Kallie J. and Bauck, Anje G. and Biedrzycki, Adam H.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{hobbs_luethy_davis_mallicote_torcivia_kulp_stefanovski_futterman_cooper_eps_2023, title={The effects of orally administered trazodone on ambulation and recumbency in healthy horses}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16821}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16821}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundTrazodone, a serotonin receptor antagonist and reuptake inhibitor, might be a useful adjunctive treatment in the initial management of horses with acute laminitis if it minimizes ambulation or encourages recumbency.Objectives(1) Evaluate the effects of PO trazodone on ambulatory activity and recumbency in healthy horses; and (2) assess the pharmacokinetics of multiple PO doses of trazodone.Animals/MethodsIn a randomized cross‐over design, 8 healthy horses received placebo or trazodone at 2 doses (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg) PO q12h for 48 hours with a 14‐day washout period between treatments. Forelimb step frequency was measured using a hoof‐mounted accelerometer and continuous video monitoring was used to detect recumbency. Groups were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Trazodone and m‐chlorophenylpiperazine (m‐CPP) plasma concentrations were determined by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetics were analyzed using noncompartmental methods.ResultsStep frequency was lower in horses receiving 7.5 mg/kg trazodone than in the control group (mean step reduction: 44% ± 11%). Steps‐area under the curve were significantly lower in the 7.5 mg/kg group (mean ± SD: 3375 ± 525 steps × hour) as compared to the 2.5 mg/kg group (mean ± SD: 5901 ± 2232; P = .02) and compared to control (mean ± SD: 6590 ± 1241; P = .001). No difference was found in the number of recumbent episodes (P = .92) or total duration of recumbency (P = .9). Trazodone and m‐CPP achieved steady‐state concentrations, with an accumulation ratio of 1.45 ± 0.2.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough it did not affect recumbency, trazodone at 7.5 mg/kg q12h decreased step frequency by approximately 44%.}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Hobbs, Kallie and Luethy, Daniela and Davis, Jennifer and Mallicote, Martha and Torcivia, Catherine and Kulp, Jeaneen and Stefanovski, Darko and Futterman, Catherine and Cooper, Freya and Eps, Andrew}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{nakamae_hobbs_ziegler_rivero_kennedy_stockler_gomez_2022, title={Gastrointestinal foreign bodies in pet pigs: 17 cases}, volume={36}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16429}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16429}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundPigs have an indiscriminate eating behavior placing them at high risk of developing foreign body (FB) obstructions.ObjectivesDescribe the clinical and diagnostic features, treatments, and outcome of pet pigs diagnosed with gastrointestinal (GI) FBs. Medical and surgical treatments, pig outcomes, and post‐mortem findings were also investigated.AnimalsSeventeen pet pigs.MethodsA multicenter retrospective study was conducted. Gastrointestinal FBs were defined as swallowed objects that became lodged within the gastrointestinal tract distal to the cardia identified during exploratory laparotomy.ResultsCommon clinical signs were anorexia/hyporexia, tachypnea, vomiting, dehydration, tachycardia, and ileus. Diagnostic imaging identified the presence of a FB in 4 cases. Upon celiotomy, the FBs were in the stomach and small intestine in 17 cases and large colon in 2 cases. Types of FB included fruit pit, diaper, and metallic objects. Of the 17 pigs, 15 (88%) were discharged from the hospital and 2 (12%) were euthanized.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceClinical signs of GI FB were similar to those reported in obstipated pigs. Diagnostic imaging has limitations for detection of FB. Surgical removal of FBs in pigs carried a good prognosis.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Nakamae, Yoko and Hobbs, Kallie J. and Ziegler, Jessie and Rivero, Luis A. and Kennedy, Shari and Stockler, Jenna and Gomez, Diego E.}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={1185–1189} }
 @article{hobbs_porter_wait_dark_mackay_2022, title={Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal equine pituitary gland}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.13072}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13072}, abstractNote={AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging is increasingly available for evaluation of horses with suspected pituitary adenomas; however, published studies describing the MRI features of normal equine pituitary glands are currently lacking. This retrospective, descriptive, anatomic study describes the MRI appearance and size of presumed normal equine pituitary glands and assesses potential correlations between pituitary size, brain size, and patient weight. These findings serve as a reference for MRI evaluation of the equine pituitary gland. Inclusion criteria consisted of adult horses (2–15 years old), over 300 kg with no evidence of Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and no pituitary abnormalities identified with MRI, yielding 27 horses. Histology was available on seven pituitary glands; all were considered normal by a board‐certified anatomic pathologist. Imaging features of the glands were evaluated on T2‐weighted and pre‐ and postcontrast T1‐weighted images. Pituitary length, width, and height and brain height and width were measured by two authors on transverse and mid‐sagittal plane postcontrast T1 weighted images. The mean ± SD pituitary gland width was 21.0 ± 2.4 mm, height: 10.4 ± 1.9 mm, and length: 24.5 ± 2.7 mm. There were no significant correlations using a Pearson's correlation coefficient between pituitary and brain measurements, pituitary measurement, and body weight, or between brain measurements and body weight. A statistical difference was not identified using an unpaired t‐test (p > 0.05) in pituitary and brain measurements between necropsied and non‐necropsied horses. Relative to the cerebral white matter, all pituitary glands were isointense to slightly hyperintense on T1‐weighted images and isointense on T2‐weighted images, with the exception of a focal T1‐weighted hyperintensity that was present in the caudal aspect of the pituitary gland in 88% of horses. All pituitary glands were homogenously contrast enhancing. Pituitary dimensions did not correlate with either brain size or body weight in horses.}, journal={Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Porter, Erin and Wait, Courtney and Dark, Michael and MacKay, Robert J.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{hobbs_johnson_wiedmeyer_schultz_foote_2023, title={Plasma syndecan‐1 concentration as a biomarker for endothelial glycocalyx degradation in septic adult horses}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13862}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13862}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundLimited information is available regarding endothelial glycocalyx degradation during sepsis in horses. Plasma syndecan‐1 concentrations are increased in consequence of sepsis in other species and have been useful for prognostication.ObjectivesTo determine whether plasma syndecan‐1 levels are increased in adult horses affected with sepsis.Study designRetrospective cohort study.MethodsAdult horses were assigned to one of three groups based on results of physical and laboratory examinations, clinical diagnosis, and results of previously described SIRS classification: Group 1 horses included healthy, nonseptic horses; Group 2 included horses in which clinical illness was identified but that were not considered to be septic; Group 3 included horses with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis. Plasma syndecan‐1 concentration was determined in blood obtained at admission into the hospital for each horse, using an equine specific ELISA. Data were analysed using ANOVA and linear regression (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsOne hundred and ninety‐one horses were included and divided into three groups. Scores for SIRS were highest for Group 3 horses and lowest in Groups 1 and 2. Plasma syndecan‐1 concentrations in Group 3 horses (50.73 ± 84.24 μg/ml; n = 42) were greater than those for Group 1 (15.69 ± 11.28 μg/ml; n = 66) and Group 2 (16.88 ± 15.30 μg/ml; n = 83). There was no difference regarding syndecan concentrations between Groups 1 and 2.Main limitationsRetrospective study design, solitary time point of measurement for each patient, and lack of a widely accepted consensus regarding definitive diagnosis of sepsis in adult horses.ConclusionsCirculating plasma levels of syndecan‐1, a biochemical marker of endothelial glycocalyx damage, are increased in septic adult horses.}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Johnson, Philip J. and Wiedmeyer, Charles E. and Schultz, Loren and Foote, Christopher A.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{hobbs_wait_porter_luethy_2022, title={What Is Your Diagnosis?}, volume={6}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.03.0117}, DOI={10.2460/javma.22.03.0117}, abstractNote={A 60-year-old uncircumcised male presented with asymptomatic growth on the glans penis of 7 years duration. There were no complaints or past history suggestive of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). There was no history of trauma to penis, localized dermatoses, systemic diseases or any prolonged medications. There was no history of any significant illness in the partner. The condition was initially diagnosed clinically as a case of penile psoriasis and treated with potent topical corticosteroids. There was partial response to the treatment with some reduction in scaling, but the patch gradually increased in size and became elevated over the course of time. Over the past 1 year, the lesion started increasing in the size, developed verrucosity and thick mica-like scaling. On examination, there was hyperkeratotic, hypertrophic, verrucous plaque with thick scaling on the glans and rim of erythema. His S. VDRL and S. HIV tests were normal. Hematological, biochemical and radiological examination did not reveal any abnormality. Histopathological examination with hematoxylin and eosin staining showed irregular exo-endophytic hyperplasia of the epidermis with elongated downgrowths. There was prominent mitotic activity of the basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis with mild atypia and pleomorphism of nuclei. The surface showed a marked thick, parakeratotic stratum corneum. A focally lichenoid lymphoplasmacytic}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Wait, Courtney and Porter, Erin and Luethy, Daniela}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={1–3} }
 @article{obstipation in pet pigs: 24 cases._2021, url={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8281943}, journal={The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{presumptive fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy in a pot-bellied pig._2021, url={https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7808203}, journal={The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hobbs_johnson_scharf_cross_wallace_2021, title={Use of a jugular vein model for the instruction of equine intravenous catheter placement by third‐and fourth‐year veterinary students}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13260}, DOI={10.1111/eve.13260}, abstractNote={SummarySuccessful placement of an i.v. catheter in horses is a core competency required by the AVMA COE accreditation policy (section 7.11, #2,#3,#5). Therefore, we determined whether the use of a novel intravenous (i.v.) catheter placement training tool would improve confidence, time to successful placement and accuracy with which third‐ and fourth‐year veterinary students acquire competence regarding this skill in adult horses. Students lacking earlier experience with i.v. catheter placement in horses were randomly assigned to either Group 1 (n = 15) or 2 (n = 10). Students with prior experience with the technique were assigned to Group 3 (n = 14). Group 1 students were instructed on i.v. catheter placement using the model and then assessed using a live horse. Group 2 students were instructed on i.v. catheter placement using a live horse and then assessed using a live horse. Group 3 students were assessed using a live horse. Assessments included number of placement attempts, number of redirects and time needed to achieve correct intraluminal placement. Student perceptions regarding the use of this model for the purpose of learning i.v. catheter placement in horses were evaluated using a questionnaire. Results of this study demonstrated that students receiving initial instruction with the model achieved better scores in terms of both time to accomplish the task and accuracy for catheter placement in a live horse when compared with students that received their first instruction on a live horse. The use of this i.v. catheter placement training tool therefore served to lessen the cost of training and to minimise animal discomfort during this component of veterinary student training.}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Hobbs, K. J. and Johnson, P. J. and Scharf, M. E. and Cross, D. T. and Wallace, L. L.}, year={2021}, month={May} }