@article{rubin_boals_klein_2010, title={Autobiographical Memories for Very Negative Events: The Effects of Thinking About and Rating Memories}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0147-5916"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10608-008-9226-6}, abstractNote={In three related experiments, 250 participants rated properties of their autobiographical memory of a very negative event before and after writing about either their deepest thoughts and emotions of the event or a control topic. Levels of emotional intensity of the event, distress associated with the event, intrusive symptoms, and other phenomenological memory properties decreased over the course of the experiment, but did not differ by writing condition. We argue that the act of answering our extensive questions about a very negative event led to the decrease, thereby masking the effects of expressive writing. To show that the changes could not be explained by the mere passage of time, we replicated our findings in a fourth experiment in which all 208 participants nominated a very negative event, but only half the participants rated properties of their memory in the first session. Implications for reducing the effects of negative autobiographical memories are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH}, author={Rubin, David C. and Boals, Adriel and Klein, Kitty}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={35–48} }
 @article{klein_boals_2010, title={COHERENCE AND NARRATIVE STRUCTURE IN PERSONAL ACCOUNTS OF STRESSFUL EXPERIENCES}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0736-7236"]}, DOI={10.1521/jscp.2010.29.3.256}, abstractNote={Narrative coherence is an important concept in studies of how people come to understand and cope with negative or stressful events in their lives. In three studies we compare two approaches to the measurement of narrative coherence: the percentage of cognitive words and a holistic definition based on criteria indexing the degree to which a story produces an integrated mental representation in its audience. Story-like song lyrics (n = 36) contained fewer cognitive words and more past tense verbs than non-story songs. Personal narratives (n = 35) produced by individuals asked to tell a story had fewer cognitive words compared to narratives written in response to a traditional expressive writing prompt. Compared to narratives about positive experiences, negative accounts contained more cognitive words and these were associated with more words denoting negative emotions (n = 66). We conclude that cognitive words indicate a search for meaning that precedes the development of narrative coherence.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Klein, Kitty and Boals, Adriel}, year={2010}, pages={256–280} }
 @article{smith-jackson_klein_2009, title={Open-plan offices: Task performance and mental workload}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1522-9610"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.09.002}, abstractNote={Open-plan offices are equipped with barriers such as panels and bookshelves to induce the perception of a private workspace. Despite perceived privacy, irrelevant speech contributes to mental workload, poor performance, stress, and fatigue. Certain dispositional variables related to sustained attention might exacerbate the effects of speech-related noise. This study used a 3 × 3 × 2 mixed factor design to determine the effects of two forms of irrelevant speech and individual differences on performance of a real-world verbal task and mental workload. The Expanded Tellegen Absorption Scale (ETAS) based upon Tellegen and Atkinson's scale was used to assess individual differences in focused attention. The NASA Task Load Index was administered to assess mental workload. Main effects of noise were found on performance and mental workload. Irrelevant speech appeared to increase false alarms and completion rates. Workload ratings were higher in the irrelevant speech conditions. Other differences found were among High and Low Task and Imaginative Absorbers, as measured by the ETAS. Recommendations to reduce the impact of irrelevant speech and future research suggestions are provided.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Smith-Jackson, Tonya L. and Klein, Katherine W.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={279–289} }
 @article{klein_bratton_2007, title={The costs of suppressing stressful memories}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1464-0600"]}, DOI={10.1080/02699930601109523}, abstractNote={We investigated the costs of suppressing emotional and nonemotional memories, as evidenced in response times on a concurrent sentence verification task with three levels of syntactic complexity. Participants suppressing memories of personal negative experiences (n=26) had slower response times compared to the control group (n=23) and to participants suppressing nonemotional memories (n=25) particularly on the most complex sentences. Participants suppressing nonpersonal negative experiences (n=26) did not differ from either of the other two suppression groups. Suppression failures did not differ between conditions, but failures during the sentence task were related to the intrusiveness of the memory being suppressed. The findings indicate that different kinds of memories have different suppression costs and that even successful thought suppression can impair performance on concurrent tasks, supporting Wegner's ironic processing model in which suppression attempts must compete with other ongoing tasks for scarce mental resources.}, number={7}, journal={COGNITION & EMOTION}, author={Klein, Kitty and Bratton, Kevin}, year={2007}, pages={1496–1512} }
 @article{boals_klein_2005, title={Cognitive-emotional distinctiveness: Separating emotions from non-emotions in the representation of a stressful memory}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1464-0686"]}, DOI={10.1080/09658210444000287}, abstractNote={Current theories on autobiographical memory and recent neurological evidence suggest that emotional and non-emotional features of a memory may be retrieved by separate systems. To test this notion, 207 participants who had experienced the break-up of a significant romantic relationship in the last 12 months completed a Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) procedure in relation to the previous relationship. The resulting MDS model revealed two dimensions: a valence and an emotional/non-emotional dimension. Further, participants who associated a high level of distress with their relationship break-up perceived less dissimilarity between emotional and non-emotional features than participants who associated a low level of distress with their relationship break-up. Theoretical and methodological implications for stress and memory are discussed.}, number={6}, journal={MEMORY}, author={Boals, A and Klein, K}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={638–648} }
 @article{klein_boals_2001, title={Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity}, volume={130}, ISSN={["0096-3445"]}, DOI={10.1037//0096-3445.130.3.520}, abstractNote={The effect of emotional disclosure through expressive writing on available working memory (WM) capacity was examined in 2 semester-long experiments. In the first study, 35 freshmen assigned to write about their thoughts and feelings about coming to college demonstrated larger working memory gains 7 weeks later compared with 36 writers assigned to a trivial topic. Increased use of cause and insight words was associated with greater WM improvements. In the second study, students (n = 34) who wrote about a negative personal experience enjoyed greater WM improvements and declines in intrusive thinking compared with students who wrote about a positive experience (n = 33) or a trivial topic (n = 34). The results are discussed in terms of a model grounded in cognitive and social psychological theory in which expressive writing reduces intrusive and avoidant thinking about a stressful experience, thus freeing WM resources.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-GENERAL}, author={Klein, K and Boals, A}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={520–533} }
 @article{klein_boals_2001, title={The relationship of life event stress and working memory capacity}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0888-4080"]}, DOI={10.1002/acp.727}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Klein, K and Boals, A}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={565–579} }
 @article{klein_fiss_1999, title={The reliability and stability of the Turner and Engle working memory task}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0743-3808"]}, DOI={10.3758/BF03200722}, abstractNote={The present study explored the psychometric properties of Turner and Engle's (1989) operation span task, a widely used measure of working memory capacity. We administered the task three times to 33 college students, using equivalent test materials. The interval between the first and second administrations was 3 weeks, with 6-7 weeks between the second and third administrations. Alpha coefficients were all .75 or more. Recall accuracy decreased as operation set size increased. Raw test-retest correlations ranged from .67 to .81, the corrected reliability was .88, and stability scores ranged from .76 to .92. Performance improved from the first to the second test. Relative to reported reliabilities of other tasks used to assess individual differences in working memory capacity, the operation span task appears to have several statistical advantages.}, number={3}, journal={BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS INSTRUMENTS & COMPUTERS}, author={Klein, K and Fiss, WH}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={429–432} }
 @article{wogalter_magurno_rashid_klein_1998, title={The influence of time stress and location on behavioral warning compliance}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0925-7535"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0925-7535(98)00015-0}, abstractNote={Stress has been shown to affect perceptual processing and decision making in various domains. Two experiments examined the effect of stress on compliance behavior. The first experiment also examined the effect of warning location. In Experiment 1, participants were assigned randomly to one of four conditions in a 2 (stress)×2 (warning placement) between-subjects design. Participants performed a chemistry task in which they weighed and measured various chemical substances that appeared potentially hazardous, but were actually safe. In the high stress condition, participants were given a time limit to complete the task, and the experimenter stood immediately adjacent to the participant, appearing to be monitoring the participant's performance. In the low stress condition, participants were given as much time as they needed to complete the task and the experimenter stood at a distance, out of the participant's field of view. A warning to wear mask and gloves was present in one of two locations, either as a posted sign or placed within a set of task instructions. Compliance with the warning (wearing of protective equipment) was significantly higher among participants who were under low stress and exposed to the within-instructions warning. In Experiment 2, the stress manipulation was separated into two factors: time pressure (absence vs presence) and social monitoring (absence vs presence). Results showed that time pressure significantly reduced compliance compared with its absence, but social monitoring produced a small but non-significant compliance enhancement. The results point to the need to consider external factors in warning systems.}, number={2}, journal={SAFETY SCIENCE}, author={Wogalter, MS and Magurno, AB and Rashid, R and Klein, KW}, year={1998}, month={Jul}, pages={143–158} }