@article{crouch_grimes_christensen_krueger_2002, title={Effect of physical feed restriction during rearing on Large White turkey breeder hens: 3. Body and carcass composition}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.12.1792}, abstractNote={Large White turkey breeder hens were used to evaluate the effect of three different levels of physical feed restriction on subsequent body and carcass composition. The four feed treatments were 1) ad libitum fed throughout the study (CC), 2) feed restricted from 16 to 24 wk (CR), 3) feed restricted from 3 to 16 wk (RC), and 4) feed restricted from 3 to 24 wk (RR). Feed restriction was implemented so that RC and RR hens achieved a 45% reduction in BW compared to CC hens at 16 wk. From 16 to 24 wk, feed was allotted to RR and CR hens to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of each restriction period, hens were gradually returned to ad libitum feeding. At 30 wk, hens were photostimulated for a 20-wk summer season egg production cycle. Restricted fed hens had increased moisture levels at 16 and 30 wk and decreased fat levels at 16, 30, 39, and 54 wk (P < or = 0.05). Absolute and relative weights of the pectoralis major muscle were greater in hens fed ad libitum through 43 wk (P < or = 0.05). There were no differences in the number of maturing yellow follicles due to treatment. However, restricted fed hens had higher peak egg production during early lay but decreased subsequent and cumulative egg production. Changes in egg production were associated with changes in breast muscle weight. Prolactin levels were greater in hens in-production compared to hens out-of-production; however, there were no differences due to feed treatment. In conclusion, further research on quantitative feed-restriction programs, which result in body weight reductions as described in this study, should address specific physiological and nutritional requirements and not be implemented as general programs.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Krueger, KK}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1792–1797} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_krueger_2002, title={Effect of physical feed restriction during rearing on large white turkey breeder hens: 1. Growth performance}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.1.9}, abstractNote={Large White turkey breeder hens were fed ad libitum (CC), feed-restricted from 16 to 24 wk (CR), feed-restricted from 3 to 16 wk (RC), or feed-restricted from 3 to 24 wk (RR). Feed restriction was implemented so that RC and RR hens achieved a 45% reduction in BW compared to CC hens at 16 wk. From 16 to 24 wk, feed was allotted to RR and CR hens to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of each restriction period, hens were gradually released back to ad libitum feeding. At 30 wk of age, hens were photostimulated for a 20-wk summer season egg production cycle. Mean BW for all treatments were different (P < or = 0.05) at 16 and 30 wk. At the end of lay, hens on treatment CR were not different in BW from treatment CC hens, and treatment RR hens were not different in BW from treatment RC hens. Hens on treatment RR had the greatest BW gain and feed consumption leading into the production cycle. All treatment hens lost BW from the time of first egg until 47 wk of age. Hens on treatment CC lost significantly (P < or = 0.05) more relative BW (%) than those in any other treatment. Coefficient of variation for flock uniformity was similar for all treatments at time of photostimulation. At the end of the study, cumulative feed consumption was significantly less for restricted treatments: 86.5, 83.1, 75.8, and 70.7 kg/hen for treatments CC, CR, RC, and RR, respectively.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Krueger, KK}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={9–15} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_krueger_2002, title={Effect of physical feed restriction during rearing on large white turkey breeder hens: 2. Reproductive performance}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.1.16}, abstractNote={Large White turkey breeder hens were used to evaluate the effect of three different levels of physical feed restriction on subsequent reproductive performance. The feed treatments were: 1) fed ad libitum throughout the study (CC), 2) feed-restricted from 16 to 24 wk (CR), 3) feed-restricted from 3 to 16 wk (RC), and 4) feed-restricted from 3 to 24 wk (RR). Feed restriction was implemented so that restricted-fed hens (RC and RR) achieved a 45% reduction in BW as compared to CC hens at 16 wk. From 16 to 24 wk, feed was allotted to RR and CR hens to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of the respective restriction periods, hens were gradually returned to ad libitum feeding. At 30 wk of age, hens were photostimulated for a 20-wk summer season egg production cycle. Hens receiving RC and RR treatments laid significantly more eggs than did CC and CR hens for the first 5 wk of lay. However, once the house temperature increased to 26.7 to 29.4 C during 6 to 10 wk of lay, egg production of all hens decreased, resulting in a significant decrease in cumulative egg production for RR and RC hens compared to CC and CR hens. Egg and poult weights were less for RC and RR hens compared to those from CC and CR hens. In conclusion, age of breeder, season of implementation, and length of physical feed restriction have significant effects on the reproductive performance of turkey breeder hens.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Krueger, KK}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={16–22} }
 @article{carver_fetrow_gerig_krueger_barnes_2002, title={Hatchery and transportation factors associated with early poult mortality in commercial turkey flocks}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.12.1818}, abstractNote={A prospective ecologic study, using routinely collected data from commercial turkey companies, was done of 312 turkey flocks placed over a 1-yr period. The objective was to identify hatchery- and transportation-associated risk factors for poult mortality in the first 14 d after placement using statistical models. Logistic regression was used to determine the effects of hatchery-and transportation-related factors on odds of mortality for hen and tom flocks separately. Hatchery and transportation-related risk factors for hen flock mortality included truck, truck temperature, and number of poults dead on arrival at the farm. Hatchery and transportation-related risk factors for tom flock mortality included desnooding, truck, truck temperature, shipping time, and weather conditions at placement.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Carver, DK and Fetrow, J and Gerig, T and Krueger, KK and Barnes, HJ}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1818–1825} }
 @article{carver_fetrow_gerig_correa_krueger_barnes_2000, title={Use of statistical modeling to assess risk for early poult mortality in commercial turkey flocks}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1093/japr/9.3.303}, abstractNote={Abstract Statistical models were used to identify and quantify risk factors associated with early poult mortality. Mortality patterns were not different for hen and tom flocks, although toms experienced greater mortality. Season of placement, breeder flock age, strain, hatchery, and company had significant effects on risk of poult mortality in the first 14 days after placement. Hen flocks hatched in Virginia or placed in summer had higher risks of mortality. Tom flocks from young breeder hens, hatched in Virginia, or placed in winter had higher risks of mortality. There were strain effects on risk for poult mortality, and effect of breeder flock age on poult mortality was strain specific for hen poults. Median mortality differences among companies ranged from 0.98 to 2.11% at Day 14 for hens, and from 1.27 to 5.76% at Day 14 for toms. There were wide-ranging company effects on risks of mortality.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Carver, D. K. and Fetrow, J. and Gerig, T. and Correa, M. T. and Krueger, K. K. and Barnes, H. J.}, year={2000}, pages={303–318} }