@article{dibbern_goncalves_alves_barreiro_anderson_santos_2023, title={Real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection and enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococccus agalactiae using different milk samplings}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1806-9290"]}, DOI={10.37496/rbz5220210086}, abstractNote={- The objective of the present study was to evaluate the qPCR for detection and enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae using different milk samplings in comparison to the conventional microbiology. Four dairy herds with a history of subclinical mastitis caused by S . aureus and S . agalactiae were selected. Sampling approach included milk samples from bulk tank (BT), cow level (composite samples, CO), and mammary quarter level (MQ) from 785 lactating cows. Three consecutive monthly milk samplings were carried out, totaling 3347 MQ milk samples, 912 CO, and 12 from BT. All collected milk samples were subjected to conventional microbiology and qPCR for detection and enumeration of S . aureus and S . agalactiae. The qPCR showed 71.5% of diagnostic sensitivity for S . aureus isolated from MQ milk samples, 71.8% for CO, and 50% for BT milk samples compared with conventional microbiology methodology. Taken together, the diagnostic sensitivity for S . agalactiae isolated from MQ milk samples was 90.2, 87.7 for CO, and 90.9% for BT milk samples. In general, the qPCR methodology enabled the detection of S . aureus and S . agalactiae , regardless of the type of milk sampling. The direct use of milk samples to estimate the counting of S . aureus by qPCR demonstrated lower sensitivity than the counting of S . agalactiae , which can be explained by the}, journal={REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Dibbern, Aline Gerato and Goncalves, Juliano Leonel and Alves, Bruna Gomes and Barreiro, Juliana Regina and Anderson, Kevin and Santos, Marcos Veiga}, year={2023} }
 @article{martins_barcelos_cue_anderson_santos_goncalves_2020, title={Chronic subclinical mastitis reduces milk and components yield at the cow level}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1469-7629"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0022029920000321}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY RESEARCH}, author={Martins, Larissa and Barcelos, Melina Melo and Cue, Roger I. and Anderson, Kevin L. and Santos, Marcos Veiga dos and Goncalves, Juliano Leonel}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={298–305} }
 @article{goncalves_kamphuis_vernooij_araujo_grenfell_juliano_anderson_hogeveen_santos_2020, title={Pathogen effects on milk yield and composition in chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cows}, volume={262}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105473}, abstractNote={This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic subclinical mastitis (CSM) on milk production and component yields in dairy cows. A total of six herds located in the Midwest area of São Paulo State, Brazil were selected. Herds were visited once every 2 weeks to measure milk yield and to collect milk samples from lactating Holstein cows. Milk samples were collected at two stages (1 and 2), and each stage comprised three milk samplings. In stage 1, a total of 117 of 647 cows were diagnosed with CSM based on at least two of three repeated somatic cell counts (SCC) > 2000,000 cells/mL and positive bacterial milk culture results (BC). Cows with CSM were selected for the second stage. In stage 2, selected cows had quarter sampling aseptically collected for BC analyses prior to milking, and quarter milk yield was measured. Milk components (total protein, fat, lactose, and total solids) were measured using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Mammary quarters were considered healthy if all three repeated SCC results were ≤ 200,000 cells/mL and no bacterial growth was detected on BC. All quarters with positive bacterial growth were classified as having (non-chronic) subclinical mastitis when only one of three SCC results were > 200,000 cells/mL, and CSM when at least two of three SCC results were > 200,000 cells/mL. The effects of CSM by type of pathogen on milk and components yield were assessed using a linear mixed model. Mammary quarters with CSM caused by major pathogens had milk loss of 1.1 kg/quarter milking in comparison to healthy quarters. Milk losses were 0.8 and 1.3 kg/quarter milking when CSM was caused by Staphylococcus aureus or environmental streptococci, respectively. In addition, healthy quarters produced more milk components than quarters with CSM caused by major pathogens. Minor pathogens causing CSM (non-aureus staphylococci and Corynebacterium spp.) had no effect on milk yield. Quarters with CSM had lower milk and component yields when compared with healthy quarters. Milk losses varied according to the type of pathogen and were higher when associated with major pathogens such as S. aureus and environmental streptococci compared with healthy quarters.}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Goncalves, J. L. and Kamphuis, C. and Vernooij, H. and Araujo, J. P., Jr. and Grenfell, R. C. and Juliano, L. and Anderson, K. L. and Hogeveen, H. and Santos, M.}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{barcelos_martins_grenfell_juliano_anderson_santos_goncalves_2019, title={Comparison of standard and on-plate extraction protocols for identification of mastitis-causing bacteria by MALDI-TOF MS}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1678-4405"]}, DOI={10.1007/s42770-019-00110-5}, abstractNote={The objective was to compare standard versus on-plate sample preparation protocols for identification of mastitis bacteria by MALDI-TOF MS. A total of 186 bacterial isolates from cows with subclinical mastitis were identified by MALDI-TOF MS after preparation using two extraction protocols. On-plate protocol was performed by applying the bacterial colony directly from the culture plate onto the plate spot. For the standard protocol, lysis of bacterial colonies using reagents was performed in a cryotube, and the resulting extract was applied onto the plate spot for analysis. The on-plate protocol showed a similar bacteria identification rate (91.4%, n = 170/186) in comparison to the standard (94.6%, n = 176/186). Identification was higher for both protocols when scores used for species-level identification (≥ 2.0) was reduced to genus-level (≥ 1.7); genus-level identification score rate increased from 94.6 to 100% when using the standard protocol, and from 91.4 to 94.6% when using the on-plate protocol. However, when compared standard (as gold standard) versus on-plate protocol, genus-level identification score rate ranged from 87.1 to 89.8%. Therefore, when the on-plate protocol fails to identify any specie, the standard extraction may be more suitable as a reference protocol for use. Strategy for increasing identification with the on-plate protocol may include upgrading the reference database library. Choice of protocol for preparation may be influenced by the bacterial type to be identified. Standard and on-plate extraction protocols of bacterial ribosomal proteins associated with MALDI-TOF MS might be alternatives to conventional microbiology methods for identification of subclinical mastitis pathogens.}, number={3}, journal={BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Barcelos, M. M. and Martins, L. and Grenfell, R. C. and Juliano, L. and Anderson, K. L. and Santos, M. V. and Goncalves, J. L.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={849–857} }
 @article{anderson_kearns_lyman_correa_2019, title={Staphylococci in dairy goats and human milkers, and the relationship with herd management practices}, volume={171}, ISSN={["1879-0941"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.11.021}, abstractNote={Staphylococci are the most common bacteria isolated from goat milk. This includes Staphylococcus aureus, an important animal and human pathogen, and various coagulase negative staphylococci or CNS. In this study, we identified S. aureus isolates from goat milk samples and nares and from the hands and noses of people milking the goats, as well as CNS from goat milk. A total of 497 milk samples, 502 goat nasal swabs and 97 human swabs were collected on 30 North Carolina goat dairies. A survey was used to elicit information on herd management practices for each dairy and to aid in the assessment of the association between those practices and the presence of staphylococci. We found a very low prevalence of 1.4% (6/497) of S. aureus in milk, but a considerably higher prevalence of 46.2% (232/502) S. aureus in goat nasal swabs. Nearly one-third (32.6%; 162/497) of goat milk samples were CNS-culture-positive, with S. simulans, S. caprae, S. xylosus and S. chromogenes commonly isolated. Milkers’ hands and nasal swab samples were more frequently positive (25.8%; 25/97) for S. aureus than were goat milk samples (1.4%; 6/497). A wide range of milking routines was found, and gloves were not commonly worn by milkers (only 10% of farms milkers always wore gloves). The most common use of milk was home consumption and 28 of the 30 goat dairies reported the consumption of unpasteurized milk.}, journal={SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH}, author={Anderson, Kevin L. and Kearns, Rachael and Lyman, Roberta and Correa, Maria T.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={13–22} }
 @article{mason_mullen_washburn_anderson_baynes_2018, title={Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of plant-based treatments in milk and plasma of USDA organic dairy cattle with and without mastitis}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1944-0057"]}, DOI={10.1080/19440049.2018.1502475}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Organic dairy products are the second largest sector of the organic food market. Organic dairy products come from United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) certified organic dairy cattle that meet USDA organic standards. Organic dairy cattle in the US cannot be treated with antibiotics for mastitis, one of the costliest diseases of dairy cattle, and thus effective alternatives are needed. When any compound (medication or other non-food product) is used in a food producing animal, a withhold time for that compound that meets US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards for food safety must be applied to the animal and its products (like milk). However, there are no US FDA products approved for mastitis that maintain USDA certified organic dairy cattle’s organic status. Thus, we studied the pharmacokinetics of 3 compounds (garlic, thymol and carvacrol) used on organic both healthy and mastitic organic dairy cattle. We also used this information to estimate a milk withhold time using methods consistent with US FDA requirements. For thymol intra-mammary and carvacrol intra-mammary or topical administration, all compounds were partially absorbed into the body from the milk or skin. Thymol and carvacrol are measurable in plasma (at 0.0183 and 0.0202 µg/mL, respectively) after intramammary administration with similar elimination half lives of 1.7 h. Milk concentrations of thymol and carvacrol are much higher at 2.958 and 4.487 µg/mL in healthy cattle, respectively. Concentrations are not significantly different in cows with mastitis as compared to those in healthy cows. Despite these compounds being natural products, they should have a withhold time for milk of at least 24 h after administration. For garlic, levels remained below the limit of detection in milk and plasma and thus no withdrawal time appears to be needed for milk.}, number={9}, journal={FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT}, author={Mason, Sharon E. and Mullen, Keena A. E. and Washburn, Steven P. and Anderson, Kevin L. and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2018}, pages={1716–1727} }
 @article{mullen_lyman_washburn_baynes_anderson_2018, title={Effect of 3 phytoceutical products on elimination of bacteria in experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis clinical mastitis}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2017-14279}, abstractNote={Our objective was to assess the ability of 3 herbal products to eliminate experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis mastitis. These herbal products, also known as phytoceuticals, are used in organically managed dairy cattle to maintain or promote udder health. The products tested were an intramammary product, a topical product, and a product applied to the vulvar area. These products are not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of mastitis but they are sold to enhance milk quality or for maintenance or improvement of udder health. Each of the products contains at least one component shown to have antibacterial activity. In this study, we successfully challenge-inoculated 25 lactating dairy cows maintained under organic conditions with an isolate of S. uberis. All challenged cows were positive for S. uberis by milk culture after challenge. When cows met predefined criteria indicating the presence of clinical mastitis, treatment with 1 of the 3 products was initiated based upon a predetermined random allocation. Culture of aseptically collected quarter milk samples was performed before, during, and following challenge with S. uberis. Eight, 8, and 9 cows received the intravulvar, intramammary, and topical treatments, respectively. Milk from all cows that were treated with phytoceuticals were culture-positive for S. uberis at every time point following treatment through 168 h following the last phytoceutical treatment. Based upon the presence of clinical signs and for humane reasons, 2 intravulvar-treated cows, 1 topical-treated, and 4 intramammary-treated cows received intramammary antibiotic therapy. We concluded that the phytoceuticals tested, as dosed and used in this trial, did not produce bacterial cures in S. uberis-induced mastitis.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Mullen, K. A. E. and Lyman, R. L. and Washburn, S. P. and Baynes, R. E. and Anderson, K. L.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={10409–10413} }
 @article{mason_mullen_anderson_washburn_yeatts_baynes_2017, title={Pharmacokinetic analysis of thymol, carvacrol and diallyl disulfide after intramammary and topical applications in healthy organic dairy cattle}, volume={34}, ISSN={1944-0049 1944-0057}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2017.1285056}, DOI={10.1080/19440049.2017.1285056}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Mastitis is among the most costly concerns for dairy producers whether cattle are managed conventionally or organically. Unfortunately, there are no USFDA-approved mastitis treatments that allow dairy cows in the United States to maintain organic dairy status. We investigated the plasma pharmacokinetics of three organic mastitis products currently used by organic producers and organic dairy veterinarians. Those products include intramammary, topical and intravaginal preparations, each dosed at two levels. Additionally, tissue data were collected for kidney, liver and fat in order to estimate a withholding time for each of the products. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) and lower limit of detection (LOD) were 0.001 and 0.0005 µg ml–1, respectively, in plasma and all tissues except fat for both thymol and carvacrol. Fat had an LOQ of 0.01 µg ml–1 and an LOD of 0.005 µg ml–1 for thymol and carvacrol. Diallyl disulfide had an LOQ of 0.005 µg ml–1 and LOD of 0.001 µg ml–1 in all tissues. For diallyl disulfide (garlic), no levels above 0.001 µg ml–1 were measurable in plasma or tissues. For topical and intramammary products, levels were measurable in the plasma, liver, kidney and fat up to 72 h after the last dose. The plasma half-lives were short for thymol (approximately 1.6 h) and carvacrol (approximately 1.5 h), whereas the estimated half-lives for these substances in tissues ranged from 13.9 to 31.5 h for thymol and from 16.9 to 25 h for carvacrol. The predicted amount of time that the molecules would be found in the body based on the slowest depletion time of liver tissue was 13 days for thymol and 10 days for carvacrol. The apparent half-life of topically applied carvacrol was approximately 4.5 h in plasma, with an estimated withhold time of 10 days. These times were calculated using the USFDA’s tolerance limit method for meat withdrawal times.}, number={5}, journal={Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Mason, Sharon E. and Mullen, Keena A. E. and Anderson, Kevin L. and Washburn, Steven P. and Yeatts, James L. and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{mullen_beasley_rizzo_washburn_baynes_mason_anderson_2017, title={Potential of phytoceuticals to affect antibiotic residue detection tests in cow milk in a randomised trial}, volume={4}, ISSN={2052-6113}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2016-000214}, DOI={10.1136/vetreco-2016-000214}, abstractNote={Mastitis is a costly disease for dairy farmers. Some dairy farmers use herbal products, or phytoceuticals, to treat mastitis. Phytoceuticals have not been approved for this use by the United States Food and Drug Administration, and have not been tested to determine how they impact antibiotic residue detection testing. The current study tested the potential for phytoceuticals to cause positive results on two milk antibiotic residue screening tests, the Delvotest P and Charm SL Beta‐lactam test, or to interfere with the detection of antibiotics by these tests.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Record Open}, publisher={BMJ}, author={Mullen, Keena AE and Beasley, Erin and Rizzo, Julio Q and Washburn, Steven P and Baynes, Ronald E and Mason, Sharon E and Anderson, Kevin L}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={e000214} }
 @article{gonçalves_lyman_hockett_rodriguez_dos santos_anderson_2017, title={Using milk leukocyte differentials for diagnosis of subclinical bovine mastitis}, volume={84}, ISSN={0022-0299 1469-7629}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022029917000267}, DOI={10.1017/s0022029917000267}, abstractNote={This research study aimed to evaluate the use of the milk leukocyte differential (MLD) to: (a) identify quarter milks that are culture-positive; and (b) characterize the milk leukocyte responses to specific groups of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis. The MLD measures the absolute number and relative percentage of inflammatory cells in milk samples. Using the MLD in two dairy herds (170 and 172 lactating cows, respectively), we studied all lactating cows with a most recent monthly Dairy Herd Improvement Association somatic cell count (SCC) >200 × 103 cells/ml. Quarter milk samples from 78 cows meeting study criteria were analysed by MLD and aseptically collected milk samples were subjected to microbiological culture (MC). Based upon automated instrument evaluation of the number and percentage of inflammatory cells in milk, samples were designated as either MLD-positive or – negative for subclinicial mastitis. Positive MC were obtained from 102/156 (65·4%) of MLD-positive milk samples, and 28/135 (20·7%) of MLD-negative milk samples were MC-positive. When MC was considered the gold standard for mastitis diagnosis, the calculated diagnostic Se of the MLD was 65·4% (IC95% = 57·4 to 72·8%) and the Sp was 79·3% (IC95% = 71·4 to 85·7%). Quarter milks positive on MC had higher absolute numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages, with higher neutrophils% and lymphocytes% but lower macrophages%. The Log10 (N/L) ratios were the most useful ratio to differentiate specific subclinical mastitis quarters from healthy quarters. Use of the MLD on cows with monthly composite SCC > 200 × 103 cells/ml for screening at quarter level identified quarters more likely to be culture-positive.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Dairy Research}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Gonçalves, Juliano Leonel and Lyman, Roberta L. and Hockett, Mitchell and Rodriguez, Rudy and dos Santos, Marcos Veiga and Anderson, Kevin L.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={309–317} }
 @article{gonçalves_lyman_hockett_rodriguez_dos santos_anderson_2017, title={Using milk leukocyte differentials for diagnosis of subclinical bovine mastitis – CORRIGENDUM}, volume={84}, ISSN={0022-0299 1469-7629}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022029917000577}, DOI={10.1017/S0022029917000577}, abstractNote={‘When MC was considered the gold standard for mastitis diagnosis, the calculated diagnostic Se of the MLD was 65·4% (IC95% = 57·4 to 72·8%) and the Sp was 79·3% (IC95% = 71·4% to 85·7%). Using MC results as the ‘gold standard,’ Se and Sp of the categorical instrument readout results (healthy or infected) based upon cut-offs ranging from 1–12 are shown in Fig. 2. Sensitivity progressively increased from a minimum of 50·4% at a user setting of 1 to a maximum of 71·3% at a setting of 12 (Fig. 2). Specificity progressively decreased from a maximum of 86·7% at user setting 1 to 66·7% at setting 12 (Fig. 2).’}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Dairy Research}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Gonçalves, Juliano Leonel and Lyman, Roberta L. and Hockett, Mitchell and Rodriguez, Rudy and dos Santos, Marcos Veiga and Anderson, Kevin L.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={496–497} }
 @article{armorini_yeatts_mullen_mason_mehmeti_anderson_washburn_baynes_2016, title={Development of a HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS Method for the Quantitation of Thymol and Carvacrol in Bovine Matrices and To Determine Residue Depletion in Milk and. Tissues}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02899}, abstractNote={Thymol and carvacrol may be present in several phytoceutical products but there are no well-defined methods to measure these compounds in meat and milk from treated animals. U.S. regulatory authorities deem their presence as an adulteration of food. A rapid and sensitive HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS method was developed for the detection of thymol and carvacrol in bovine milk, plasma, liver, kidney, and fat. Inter- and intraday precision values were all less than 15.7 and 20.2% for thymol and carvacrol, respectively. The accuracy was in ranges of 69.9-111.8% for thymol and 74.0-119.2% for carvacrol. With the exception of fat tissue, stability studies showed that both compounds are stable over a 2 month period. A pilot pharmacokinetic study was conducted to evaluate the developed analytical method and to provide initial estimates of thymol and carvacrol depletion in plasma, milk, and several tissues. Treatment of lactating dairy cattle with phytoceutical products containing these substances resulted in low but measurable residue levels at 96 h for liver and 36 h for milk with very short apparent plasma and milk half-lives (<3.0 h).}, number={41}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Armorini, Sara and Yeatts, James E. and Mullen, Keena A. E. and Mason, Sharon E. and Mehmeti, Elmira and Anderson, Kevin L. and Washburn, Steve P. and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={7856–7865} }
 @article{schweizer_foster_knox_sylvester_anderson_2016, title={Single vs. double dose of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) for treatment of anthelmintic resistant Haemonchus contortus in weanling lambs}, volume={229}, ISSN={["1873-2550"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.011}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.011}, abstractNote={Haemonchus contortus parasitism is a major disease of sheep, with these parasites frequently demonstrating multi-drug class anthelmintic resistance. Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) have shown potential as adjuncts or alternatives to anthelmintics in resistant flocks. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two different COWP treatment regimens or placebo in the control of H. contortus in weaned lambs within a flock historically shown to have multi-drug resistant H. contortus using the DrenchRite® assay. Data from 43 lambs within 3 treatment groups in a double blind study were included in the experiment. Treatments were administered as a total of 2 boluses, each given on separate occasions (day 0 and day 42), so that each lamb received either 2 placebos, a single dose of 2g COWP followed by placebo, or two doses of 1g COWP. Strongyle-type fecal egg counts (FEC) were performed at initial treatment (day 0), on day 10, at second treatment (day 42), on day 52, and at study end (day 84). At the start of the trial, mean±standard deviation FEC were 1634.4±825.2, 2241.7±1496.8, and 2013.3±1194.2epg for the 2g, 1g×2, and control groups, respectively. At the end of the trial, FEC were 757.1±825.3, 483.4±557.2, and 1660.0±1345.3epg for the 2g, 1g×2, and control groups, respectively. Lambs given a 2g single dose of COWP or a 1g dose of COWP twice had reductions in strongyle-type FEC (p≤0.01) from trial start to trial end, whereas lambs given placebo did not. Average daily gains did not differ significantly among groups. Although copper is potentially toxic to sheep, no signs of toxicity were observed during this trial, which was consistent with similar studies at this treatment dose. The study indicated that administering COWP to lambs at weaning reduced FEC.}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Schweizer, Nikki M. and Foster, Derek M. and Knox, William B. and Sylvester, Hannah J. and Anderson, Kevin L.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={68–72} }
 @article{meichner_qurollo_anderson_grindem_savage_breitschwerdt_2015, title={Naturally OccurringEhrlichia ewingiiandMycoplasmasp. Co-Infection in a Goat}, volume={29}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.13644}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.13644}, abstractNote={A 9-year-old nonpregnant, nonlactating doe Boer goat was examined because of a 2-day history of not being able to stand. Other than diarrhea associated with coccidiosis in the first year of life, the goat did not have a history of illness. The owner had obtained the goat at approximately 2 months of age. The goat lived with 3 other goats in the same pen on the same premise located on the coastal plains of North Carolina. The goats spent the majority of time in a barn, with access to a wooded 1-acre lot where they browsed. Routine deworming prophylaxis was verified by fecal egg counts. The goat was vaccinated for clostridial diseases, was fed 1 cup of 13.5% protein commercial goat pellets twice a day, and had free access to good quality coastal Bermuda hay. At presentation for recumbency, the goat was nonweight bearing on the right forelimb and could stand only with assistance, but was unable to walk. Otherwise, the goat was bright, alert, responsive, and had a good appetite. Body condition score (5/5), body weight (65.5 kg), rectal temperature (39.2°C [102.5°F]), heart rate (80 beats per minute), respiratory rate (24 breaths per minute), mucous membrane color, and capillary refill time were normal. An abscess was present on the ventral aspect of the mammary gland. To further assess the lameness, lateral, craniocaudal, and oblique radiographs of the right humerus were obtained, and a mildly comminuted, moderately proximo-caudally and medially displaced short oblique fracture of the proximal humeral diaphysis was identified (Fig 1). Marked soft tissue swelling was associated with the fracture. Mild rounding and blunting of the fracture margins without evidence of callus formation were observed and, consequently, some degree of chronicity (>7–10 days) was considered likely. A CBC identified mild macrocytic normochromic anemia (PCV, 20%; reference range, 22–38%; mean cell volume [MCV], 26.4 fL; reference range, 16–24 fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration [MCHC],}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Meichner, K. and Qurollo, B.A. and Anderson, K.L. and Grindem, C.B. and Savage, M. and Breitschwerdt, E.B.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={1735–1738} }
 @article{mullen_anderson_washburn_2014, title={Effect of 2 herbal intramammary products on milk quantity and quality compared with conventional and no dry cow therapy}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2013-7460}, abstractNote={Dry cow therapy, administered at the end of lactation, is aimed at eliminating current and preventing future intramammary (IMM) bacterial infections and typically involves intramammary administration of antibiotics. Certified organic dairies in the United States are restricted from using antibiotics and must consider an alternative therapy or no dry cow therapy. The current study compared 2 herbal products to conventional dry cow therapy and no treatment for a total of 5 treatments over 2 trials. Trial 1 was conducted over 3 yr on 1 research farm and trial 2 included 4 commercial farms plus the research herd over 2 yr. Treatments included (1) a conventional IMM antibiotic and internal teat sealant (penicillin-dihydrostreptomycin and bismuth subnitrate; CON); (2) an herbal IMM product purported to act as a teat sealant (Cinnatube, New AgriTech Enterprises, Locke, NY; CIN); (3) an herbal IMM product (Phyto-Mast, Bovinity Health LLC, Narvon, PA; P-M); (4) Phyto-Mast and Cinnatube (PC); or (5) no dry cow therapy (NT). Each treatment group was balanced by breed, lactation number, due date, herd, and year. However, the CON treatment was used only in the research herd because of the intent to avoid antibiotic usage on the other 4 farms. Comparisons among treatments included the difference between pre- and posttreatment 305-d mature equivalent milk production (trial 1), somatic cell score change from dry-off to freshening at the cow and quarter levels (trials 1 and 2), and milk microbiology change over the dry period (trial 2). We detected no significant differences among treatments for milk yield differences between the lactation following treatment and the lactation preceding treatment. Changes in somatic cell score from one lactation to the next also did not differ significantly among treatments in either trial. Cure rates were not significantly different among treatments; only 19.6% of all quarters were infected at dry off. The proportion of quarters with new infections at 3 to 5d postcalving did not significantly differ among treatments, except between CIN and NT. Percentages (least squares means ± standard error) of quarters with new infections were 24 ± 21% for CON, 15 ± 7% for CIN, 30 ± 10% for P-M, 32 ± 11% for PC, and 35 ± 11% for NT. The efficacy of the herbal products was similar to that of conventional therapy, and the herbal products had no apparent adverse effects.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Mullen, K. A. E. and Anderson, K. L. and Washburn, S. P.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={3509–3522} }
 @article{mullen_lee_lyman_mason_washburn_anderson_2014, title={Short communication: An in vitro assessment of the antibacterial activity of plant-derived oils}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2013-7806}, abstractNote={Nonantibiotic treatments for mastitis are needed in organic dairy herds. Plant-derived oils may be useful but efficacy and potential mechanisms of action of such oils in mastitis therapy have not been well documented. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the plant-derived oil components of Phyto-Mast (Bovinity Health LLC, Narvon, PA), an herbal intramammary product, against 3 mastitis-causing pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Streptococcus uberis. Plant-derived oils evaluated were Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice), Angelica sinensis, and Angelica dahurica. Broth dilution testing according to standard protocol was performed using ultrapasteurized whole milk instead of broth. Controls included milk only (negative control), milk + bacteria (positive control), and milk + bacteria + penicillin-streptomycin (antibiotic control, at 1 and 5% concentrations). Essential oil of thyme was tested by itself and not in combination with other oils because of its known antibacterial activity. The other plant-derived oils were tested alone and in combination for a total of 15 treatments, each replicated 3 times and tested at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% to simulate concentrations potentially achievable in the milk within the pre-dry-off udder quarter. Thyme oil at concentrations ≥2% completely inhibited bacterial growth in all replications. Other plant-derived oils tested alone or in various combinations were not consistently antibacterial and did not show typical dose-response effects. Only thyme essential oil had consistent antibacterial activity against the 3 mastitis-causing organisms tested in vitro. Further evaluation of physiological effects of thyme oil in various preparations on mammary tissue is recommended to determine potential suitability for mastitis therapy.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Mullen, K. A. E. and Lee, A. R. and Lyman, R. L. and Mason, S. E. and Washburn, S. P. and Anderson, K. L.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={5587–5591} }
 @article{azizoglu_lyman_anderson_2013, title={Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: Dose response to iodine and chlorhexidine and effect of iodine challenge on antibiotic susceptibility}, volume={96}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2012-5857}, abstractNote={Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive organism that is frequently associated with clinical or subclinical mastitis. The use of germicidal teat dips is one of the measures taken by the dairy industry to control mastitis. Iodine and chlorhexidine compounds are commonly used disinfectants in teat dips. We determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of iodine for 37 isolates of Staph. aureus and observed variations in MIC. Seven of these Staph. aureus isolates were selected as genotype group representatives based on their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Dose responses against iodine and chlorhexidine were determined for the 7 genotype group representatives. The response of these isolates to iodine varied significantly, whereas all isolates were susceptible to chlorhexidine, even at concentrations as low as 0.0002%. We also evaluated whether exposure of Staph. aureus to sublethal levels of iodine influenced subsequent antibiotic susceptibility. No differences in antibiotic susceptibility of Staph. aureus were observed among cultures grown in brain heart infusion broth with and without supplemental iodine. The observed variation in iodine dose responses of Staph. aureus may have implications for the occurrence of Staph. aureus mastitis on dairy farms.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Azizoglu, Reha Onur and Lyman, Roberta and Anderson, Kevin L.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={993–999} }
 @article{mullen_sparks_lyman_washburn_anderson_2013, title={Comparisons of milk quality on North Carolina organic and conventional dairies}, volume={96}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6519}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2012-6519}, abstractNote={The organic dairy industry is growing rapidly across the United States and has recently expanded into the southeastern states. To date, no published comparisons of milk quality exist between organic and conventional dairies in the Southeastern United States. Maintaining high milk quality is challenging in this region due to the longer periods of high heat and humidity. The objective of this observational study was to compare milk quality on organic and conventional dairies in North Carolina during the warm summer months of the year. Data were compared from 7 organically and 7 conventionally managed herds in North Carolina. To assess milk quality, milk samples were aseptically collected from each functional quarter of each cow in the milking herds at the time of sampling and linear somatic cell scores (SCS) were obtained for individual cows. A total of 4,793 quarter milk samples (2,526 conventional and 2,267 organic) were collected from 1,247 cows (652 conventional and 595 organic). Milk samples were cultured and bacterial growth was identified using protocols consistent with those of the National Mastitis Council (Verona, WI). Subclinical mastitis was defined as the presence of SCS ≥ 4 and also a microbiological infection in at least 1 quarter. The proportion of cows with subclinical mastitis did not differ between conventional (20.8%) and organic (23.3%) herds. No significant difference was observed between herd management types in the proportion of cows without microbiological growth in milk samples. Also, no significant differences were observed between organic and conventional herds for cow-level prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., or Corynebacterium spp. Two of the organic herds had a notably higher prevalence of Corynebacterium spp. and higher SCS. Coliforms were found in 5 of 7 conventional herds and in only 1 of 7 organic herds. Mean SCS did not differ between conventional (3.3±0.2) and organic (3.5±0.2) herds. Despite differences in herd management, milk quality was remarkably similar between the organic and conventional dairies compared for this study.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Mullen, K.A.E. and Sparks, L.G. and Lyman, R.L. and Washburn, S.P. and Anderson, K.L.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={6753–6762} }
 @article{rivas_jankowski_piccinini_leitner_schwarz_anderson_fair_hoogesteijn_wolter_chaffer_et al._2013, title={Feedback-Based, System-Level Properties of Vertebrate-Microbial Interactions}, volume={8}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053984}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0053984}, abstractNote={Background Improved characterization of infectious disease dynamics is required. To that end, three-dimensional (3D) data analysis of feedback-like processes may be considered. Methods To detect infectious disease data patterns, a systems biology (SB) and evolutionary biology (EB) approach was evaluated, which utilizes leukocyte data structures designed to diminish data variability and enhance discrimination. Using data collected from one avian and two mammalian (human and bovine) species infected with viral, parasite, or bacterial agents (both sensitive and resistant to antimicrobials), four data structures were explored: (i) counts or percentages of a single leukocyte type, such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, or macrophages (the classic approach), and three levels of the SB/EB approach, which assessed (ii) 2D, (iii) 3D, and (iv) multi-dimensional (rotating 3D) host-microbial interactions. Results In all studies, no classic data structure discriminated disease-positive (D+, or observations in which a microbe was isolated) from disease-negative (D–, or microbial-negative) groups: D+ and D– data distributions overlapped. In contrast, multi-dimensional analysis of indicators designed to possess desirable features, such as a single line of observations, displayed a continuous, circular data structure, whose abrupt inflections facilitated partitioning into subsets statistically significantly different from one another. In all studies, the 3D, SB/EB approach distinguished three (steady, positive, and negative) feedback phases, in which D– data characterized the steady state phase, and D+ data were found in the positive and negative phases. In humans, spatial patterns revealed false-negative observations and three malaria-positive data classes. In both humans and bovines, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections were discriminated from non-MRSA infections. Conclusions More information can be extracted, from the same data, provided that data are structured, their 3D relationships are considered, and well-conserved (feedback-like) functions are estimated. Patterns emerging from such structures may distinguish well-conserved from recently developed host-microbial interactions. Applications include diagnosis, error detection, and modeling.}, number={2}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Rivas, Ariel L. and Jankowski, Mark D. and Piccinini, Renata and Leitner, Gabriel and Schwarz, Daniel and Anderson, Kevin L. and Fair, Jeanne M. and Hoogesteijn, Almira L. and Wolter, Wilfried and Chaffer, Marcelo and et al.}, editor={Carvalho, Luzia HelenaEditor}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={e53984} }
 @article{stowe_anderson_guy_linder_grindem_2012, title={A Case of Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma in a Ewe}, volume={2012}, ISSN={2090-7001 2090-701X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/347193}, DOI={10.1155/2012/347193}, abstractNote={An approximately 2-year-old open Suffolk ewe presented to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Health Complex for evaluation of a left nasal mass. An ultrasound-guided aspirate and core biopsies were performed. An epithelial neoplasia with mild mixed inflammation (neutrophils and plasma cells) was diagnosed on cytology and confirmed on histopathology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and transmission electron microscopy were also performed. IHC and RT-PCR identified the presence of enzootic nasal tumor virus and confirmed the final diagnosis of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma.}, journal={Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Stowe, Devorah Marks and Anderson, Kevin L. and Guy, James S. and Linder, Keith E. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2012}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{pinto ferreira_correa_lyman_anderson_2012, title={A review of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in dairy cattle}, volume={46}, number={1}, journal={The Bovine Practitioner}, author={Pinto Ferreira, J.P. and Correa, M.T. and Lyman, R. and Anderson, K.L.}, year={2012}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{anderson_lyman_moury_ray_watson_correa_2012, title={Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy heifers}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2011-4913}, abstractNote={The specific purpose was to investigate the possible interrelationships of genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus found in mammary glands, horn flies, and extramammary sites on 3 southeastern US dairies. A total of 1,228 samples were obtained from various sources on the 3 dairy herds, each of which had a history of Staph. aureus mastitis. Dairy herds studied had access to pasture, and samples were collected during the summer when horn flies (Haematobia irritans) were active. Samples collected included milk samples from all lactating herd cows, colostrum samples from heifers calving during the study period, heifer body sites (mouth, nostrils, and teats), the heifer environment (water, feed, and soil/vegetation/pasture), horn flies, and humans (hands and nostrils). Isolation of Staph. aureus was attempted from all samples, with isolates subjected to genotypic analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A total of 244/1228 (or 19.9%) of all samples were positive for Staph. aureus. For milk samples, 52/383 (or 13.6%) of samples were Staph. aureus positive, and 70/411 (or 17.0%) of heifer quarter colostrum samples were positive. Horn fly samples were frequently positive, with over one-half (29/52, or 55.8%) of samples positive for Staph. aureus. Staphylococcus aureus obtained during the study comprised isolates from 12 different genotype groups as defined in this study. Identical genotypes were obtained from horn flies, heifer colostrum samples, and cow milk samples. Group B genotypes were shared among flies, heifer colostrum samples, body sites, and cow milk samples, whereas group A genotypes were common to the same sample locations and body sites but rarely (once) found in horn flies. We conclude, based upon the finding of identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes in flies, heifer body sites, and heifer colostrum samples, that flies and heifer body sites could be important sources of Staph. aureus for heifer intramammary infections.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Lyman, R. and Moury, K. and Ray, D. and Watson, D. W. and Correa, M. T.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={4921–4930} }
 @article{mcphee_anderson_yeatts_mason_barlow_baynes_2011, title={Hot topic: Milk and plasma disposition of thymol following intramammary administration of a phytoceutical mastitis treatment}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2010-3988}, abstractNote={Despite the recent growth of the organic dairy industry, organic producers and veterinarians have limited information when choosing mastitis treatments for animals in organic dairy production. Organic producers commonly administer homeopathic or other plant-based products without having research evaluating the efficacy of these products and using estimated or no withholding times to treat mastitis and other health problems in their herds. In this pilot study, we attempted to identify several active ingredients of Phyto-Mast (Penn Dutch Cow Care, Narvon, PA), a plant-based mastitis treatment used on organic dairy farms, and to quantify the product residue in milk and plasma after intramammary administration. We developed an assay to quantify thymol (one of the active ingredients in Phyto-Mast) in milk and plasma using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thymol is a volatile aromatic compound with antiinflammatory properties. As a model for dairy cows, 5 healthy, lactating alpine dairy goats were given 5 mL of Phyto-Mast per udder half. For 10 d following treatment, we analyzed blood and milk samples for thymol residues using GC-MS. The GC-MS assay was very sensitive for thymol detection, to a concentration of 0.01 μg/mL in plasma. Using thymol as a marker, Phyto-Mast was detectable and quantifiable in plasma beginning with the 15-min posttreatment sample, but was no longer detectable in the 4-h posttreatment sample. Thymol residues were only detected in the 12-h posttreatment milk sample. An inflammatory response was not evident in the udder following phytoceutical administration. Although this study provides information about the elimination of thymol, the product contains several other active chemicals, which may have different pharmacokinetic behaviors. Further analysis and additional study animals will help to determine a milk withholding time for Phyto-Mast. Given the recent growth of the organic dairy industry, understanding the pharmacokinetics of therapeutics used in organic production and developing accurate withholding recommendations will help to ensure milk safety.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={McPhee, C. S. and Anderson, K. L. and Yeatts, J. L. and Mason, S. E. and Barlow, B. M. and Baynes, R. E.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={1738–1743} }
 @article{ferreira_anderson_correa_lyman_ruffin_reller_fowler_2011, title={Transmission of MRSA between Companion Animals and Infected Human Patients Presenting to Outpatient Medical Care Facilities}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0026978}, abstractNote={Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant pathogen in both human and veterinary medicine. The importance of companion animals as reservoirs of human infections is currently unknown. The companion animals of 49 MRSA-infected outpatients (cases) were screened for MRSA carriage, and their bacterial isolates were compared with those of the infected patients using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Rates of MRSA among the companion animals of MRSA-infected patients were compared to rates of MRSA among companion animals of pet guardians attending a “veterinary wellness clinic” (controls). MRSA was isolated from at least one companion animal in 4/49 (8.2%) households of MRSA-infected outpatients vs. none of the pets of the 50 uninfected human controls. Using PFGE, patient-pets MRSA isolates were identical for three pairs and discordant for one pair (suggested MRSA inter-specie transmission p-value = 0.1175). These results suggest that companion animals of MRSA-infected patients can be culture-positive for MRSA, representing a potential source of infection or re-infection for humans. Further studies are required to better understand the epidemiology of MRSA human-animal inter-specie transmission.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Ferreira, Jorge Pinto and Anderson, Kevin L. and Correa, Maria T. and Lyman, Roberta and Ruffin, Felicia and Reller, L. Barth and Fowler, Vance G., Jr.}, year={2011}, month={Nov} }
 @article{ferreira_fowler_correa_lyman_ruffin_anderson_2011, title={Transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus between Human and Hamster}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1098-660X"]}, DOI={10.1128/jcm.02469-10}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Ferreira, Jorge Pinto and Fowler, Vance G., Jr. and Correa, Maria T. and Lyman, Roberta and Ruffin, Felicia and Anderson, Kevin L.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={1679–1680} }
 @article{luginbuhl_pietrosemoli_howell_anderson_2010, title={Alternatives to traditional anthelmintics to control gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing meat goats}, volume={18}, number={3-4}, journal={Archivos latinoamericanos de producción animal}, author={Luginbuhl, J.M. and Pietrosemoli, S. and Howell, J.M. and Anderson, K.L.}, year={2010}, pages={113–122} }
 @article{anderson_correa_allen_rodriguez_2010, title={Fresh cow mastitis monitoring on day 3 postpartum and its relationship to subsequent milk production}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2009-2885}, abstractNote={The purpose was to determine the association of milk California Mastitis Test (CMT), somatic cell concentration (SCC), and milk differential cell count results on day 3 postcalving with subsequent lactation production and health events. On d 3 postcalving, the CMT was performed and quarter milk samples were collected from 130 dairy cows. Quarter SCC and milk differential cell counts were determined. Microbiology on duplicate quarter milk samples was used to determine the presence of intramammary infection by major or minor pathogens. Production measures obtained using Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing were 150-d standardized and summit milks. Milk culture results on a cow basis included 82 (63.1%) samples with no growth, 31 (23.9%) with major pathogens, and 17 (13.1%) with minor pathogens. Milk culture results comparing cows with no growth to those with any growth (major or minor pathogens) were not associated with statistically significant differences in milk production. Milk culture results comparing cows with major pathogens to those with no growth and minor pathogens combined were associated with statistically significant differences in 150 d milk. Milk production did not differ for cows with CMT results above and below a cut-off of trace, and for SCC results above and below cut-offs of 200,000, 300,000, and 400,000/mL, respectively. Statistically significant differences in milk production were found for cows above and below cut-offs for percentage neutrophils in milk and for absolute neutrophil counts. Associations were found for milk production and number of quarters (0, 1, 2, or 3 and 4 combined) above respective cut-offs for SCC, percentage neutrophils in milk, and absolute numbers of neutrophils in milk, but not for CMT. Milk production differed for cows experiencing any health event versus those with no health event. The most commonly recorded health event was clinical mastitis. Statistically significant associations were detected between health events and milk culture results, SCC, neutrophil percentage, and neutrophil absolute counts. Results of the present investigation indicate that milk monitoring on d 3 of lactation using milk neutrophil percentage or neutrophil absolute counts may be useful as an indication of subsequent milk production.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Correa, M. T. and Allen, A. and Rodriguez, R. R.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={5673–5683} }
 @article{freeman_poore_young_anderson_2010, title={Influence of calcium (0.6 or 1.2%) and phosphorus (0.3 or 0.6%) content and ratio on the formation of urolithogenic compounds in the urine of Boer-cross goats fed high-concentrate diets}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0921-4488"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.05.007}, abstractNote={The population of meat goats in the U.S. increased dramatically between 2002 and 2007. With this increase has come an increase in the number of cases of obstructive urolithiasis being seen by veterinarians. Since this condition is often associated with imbalances in dietary Ca and P, the goal of this project was to investigate the influence of concentration and ratio of Ca and P in diets for meat goats on the formation of urolithogenic precursors. Using 8 Boer-cross, wether goats in replicated Latin squares, 4 diets containing either 0.3 or 0.6% P, 0.6 or 1.2% Ca, 0 or 2% added salt, and Ca:P ratios of 1:1 or 2:1 were offered (0.3% P, 2:1; 0.6% P, 1:1; 0.6% P, 2:1; and 0.6% P, 2:1 + salt). Serum, urine, and feces were collected in conjunction with water and feed intake measurements. All treatment groups had similar dry matter intakes (DMI; 838–887 g/d, P = 0.19) and N retention rates (6.2–7.0 g/d, P = 0.54). Water consumption per unit DMI was similar for goats eating both Ca:P = 2:1 diets without 2% added salt (2.06 g/g DMI and 1.89 g/g DMI for 0.6% P and 0.3% P, respectively). Water consumption was also similar for goats receiving the Ca:P = 1:1 (2.50 g water/g DMI) and 2% added salt diet (2.79 g water/g DMI); and, these levels were higher than those for the lower salt, 2:1 diets (P = 0.0002). Serum Ca, PO4, Mg, K, Na, Cl, HCO3, and anion gap all fell within normal ranges throughout the trial, as did serum urea N and glucose. Fecal DM was 10% lower in goats consuming 0.6% P, 1:1 than when other diets were offered (32% vs. 42%, P < 0.0001), possibly the result of changes in Na and water absorption in the gastrointestinal tract caused by high P and Ca:P imbalance. Goats consuming the 0.3% P, 2:1 diet had similar urinary crystal density scores (2.47 out of 3) to goats receiving the 0.6% P, 1:1 diet with Ca:P = 0.81 (2.31 out of 3). The 0.6% P, 2:1 diets without and with 2% added salt also had similar, but lower crystal density scores (1.50 for 0.6% P, 2:1 and 1.06 for 0.6% P, 2:1 + salt; P = .002). Goats with high crystal density scores had higher urinary P, Mg, or both. Our results suggested that the formation of urolithogenic compounds is highly complex and is the result of an interrelationship between multiple minerals in the diet, not only Ca and P. Mineral concentrations may interact with mineral imbalance to impact overall mineral and water absorption from the intestines. We also demonstrated that urolithogenic precursor crystals may easily be observed using light microscopy and suggested that the crystal precursors may provide a useful predictor of which goats may be prone to developing clinical urolithiasis.}, number={2-3}, journal={SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH}, author={Freeman, S. R. and Poore, M. H. and Young, G. A. and Anderson, K. L.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={94–102} }
 @article{rivas_chowell_schwager_fasina_hoogesteijn_smith_bisschop_anderson_hyman_2010, title={Lessons from Nigeria: the role of roads in the geo-temporal progression of avian influenza (H5N1) virus}, volume={138}, ISSN={["0950-2688"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0950268809990495}, abstractNote={SUMMARY}, number={2}, journal={EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION}, author={Rivas, A. L. and Chowell, G. and Schwager, S. J. and Fasina, F. O. and Hoogesteijn, A. L. and Smith, S. D. and Bisschop, S. P. R. and Anderson, K. L. and Hyman, J. M.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={192–198} }
 @article{rivas_anderson_lyman_smith_schwager_2008, title={Proof of concept of a method that assesses the spread of microbial infections with spatially explicit and non-spatially explicit data}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1476-072X"]}, DOI={10.1186/1476-072x-7-58}, abstractNote={A method that assesses bacterial spatial dissemination was explored. It measures microbial genotypes (defined by electrophoretic patterns or EP), host, location (farm), interfarm Euclidean distance, and time. Its proof of concept (construct and internal validity) was evaluated using a dataset that included 113 Staphylococcus aureus EPs from 1126 bovine milk isolates collected on 23 farms between 1988 and 2005.Construct validity was assessed by comparing results based on the interfarm Euclidean distance (a spatially explicit measure) and those produced by the (non-spatial) interfarm number of isolates reporting the same EP. The distance associated with EP spread correlated with the interfarm number of isolates/EP (r = .59, P < 0.02). Internal validity was estimated by comparing results obtained with different versions of the same indices. Concordance was observed between: (a) EP distance (estimated microbial dispersal over space) and EP speed (distance/year, r = .72, P < 0.01), and (b) the interfarm number of isolates/EP (when measured on the basis of non-repeated cow testing) and the same measure as expressed by repeated testing of the same animals (r = .87, P < 0.01). Three EPs (2.6% of all EPs) appeared to be super-spreaders: they were found in 26.75% of all isolates. Various indices differentiated local from spatially disseminated infections and, within the local type, infections suspected to be farm-related were distinguished from cow-related ones.Findings supported both construct and internal validity. Because 3 EPs explained 12 times more isolates than expected and at least twice as many isolates as other EPs did, false negative results associated with the remaining EPs (those erroneously identified as lacking spatial dispersal when, in fact, they disseminated spatially), if they occurred, seemed to have negligible effects. Spatial analysis of laboratory data may support disease surveillance systems by generating hypotheses on microbial dispersal ability.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH GEOGRAPHICS}, author={Rivas, Ariel L. and Anderson, Kevin L. and Lyman, Roberta and Smith, Stephen D. and Schwager, Steven J.}, year={2008}, month={Nov} }
 @article{rivas_schwager_gonzalez_quimby_anderson_2007, title={Multifactorial relationships between intramammary invasion by Staphylococcus aureus and bovine leukocyte markers}, volume={71}, number={2}, journal={Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Rivas, A. L. and Schwager, S. J. and Gonzalez, R. N. and Quimby, F. W. and Anderson, K. L.}, year={2007}, pages={135–144} }
 @article{poulsen_gerard_spaulding_geissler_anderson_2006, title={Bilateral renal agenesis in an alpaca cria}, volume={47}, number={2}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={Poulsen, K. P. and Gerard, M. P. and Spaulding, K. A. and Geissler, K. A. and Anderson, K. L.}, year={2006}, pages={159–161} }
 @article{smith_lyman_anderson_2006, title={Efficacy of vaccination and antimicrobial treatment to eliminate chronic intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infections in dairy cattle}, volume={228}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.3.422}, DOI={10.2460/javma.228.3.422}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Smith, Geof W. and Lyman, Roberta L. and Anderson, Kevin L.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={422–425} }
 @article{anderson_lyman_bodeis-jones_white_2006, title={Genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk samples}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.7.1185}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Anderson, Kevin L. and Lyman, Roberta L. and Bodeis-Jones, Sonya M. and White, David G.}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={1185–1191} }
 @article{anderson_lyman_2006, title={Long-term persistence of specific genetic types of mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus on three dairies}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72504-8}, abstractNote={Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after SmaI digestion was used to investigate the persistence of specific genotypes of bovine mammary gland isolates of Staphylococcus aureus on 3 dairy herds. A total of 341 isolates of Staph. aureus were available from cows in 3 herds, collected over a period of 15 yr. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis band patterns of Staph. aureus isolates were analyzed visually and with gel analysis and comparison software. Based on this analysis, isolates were classified by PFGE type. Persistence was determined as the time period from the first to the last isolation of a particular PFGE type of Staph. aureus within a herd. Specific types of mastitis-causing Staph. aureus persisted long-term on these dairies. For example, PFGE type 3 isolates persisted on farms A, B, and C for 15, 15, and 13 yr, respectively. Type 6 was found to persist for 13 yr on farm C. Despite the application of standard mastitis control practices, mastitis-causing Staph. aureus types appeared to persist long-term, as detected by PFGE, and were isolated coincident with herd problems of increased milk somatic cell counts and decreased milk production.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Lyman, R. L.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={4551–4556} }
 @article{rivas_tadevosyan_gorewit_anderson_lyman_gonzalez_2006, title={Relationships between the phagocytic ability of milk macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells and somatic cell counts in uninfected cows}, volume={70}, number={1}, journal={Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Rivas, A. L. and Tadevosyan, R. and Gorewit, R. C. and Anderson, K. L. and Lyman, R. and Gonzalez, R. N.}, year={2006}, pages={68–74} }
 @article{hanway_hansen_anderson_lyman_rushing_2005, title={Inactivation of penicillin G in milk using hydrogen peroxide}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72707-7}, abstractNote={Milk antibiotic residues have been a public concern in recent years. The Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance mandates that raw Grade A milk will test negative for beta-lactam antibiotic residues before processing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the ability of various levels of peroxide and heat to inactivate penicillin G in raw milk. Whole milk spiked to a mean of 436 +/- 15.1 (standard error of the mean) ppb of potassium penicillin G was treated with hydrogen peroxide at levels of 0.0, 0.09, 0.17, and 0.34%. Samples at each peroxide level (n = 6 per treatment) were treated as follows: 1) incubated at 54.4 degrees C for 3 h, 2) pasteurized at 62.8 degrees C for 30 min, 3) incubated and pasteurized as in treatments 1 and 2, or 4) received no further treatment. A beta-lactam competitive microbial receptor assay was used for quantification of penicillin G. Concentrations of penicillin in selected samples were determined by HPLC for a comparison of test methods. Treatments were evaluated relative to their ability to reduce milk penicillin G levels to below the safe level of 5 ppb. The 0.09% hydrogen peroxide level was ineffective for all treatments. Hydrogen peroxide at 0.17% lowered the mean penicillin G (+/- SEM) from 436 +/- 15.1 to 6 +/- 1.49 ppb using the incubated and pasteurized heat treatment. The 0.34% concentration of hydrogen peroxide was the most effective, inactivating penicillin G to a level well below the safe level of 5 ppb with the pasteurized heat treatment, with or without incubation.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Hanway, WH and Hansen, AP and Anderson, KL and Lyman, RL and Rushing, JE}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={466–469} }
 @article{macdonald_whitwam_boggs_maccormack_anderson_reardon_saah_graves_hunter_sobel_2005, title={Outbreak of listeriosis among Mexican immigrants as a result of consumption of illicitly produced Mexican-Style cheese}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1537-6591"]}, DOI={10.1086/427803}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
In 2000, an outbreak of listeriosis among Hispanic persons was identified in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The objectives of the present study were to identify the source of, strains associated with, and risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes infection for patients affected by the outbreak.


METHODS
Microbiological, case-control, and environmental investigations were conducted. Participants in the case-control study were case patients who became infected with L. monocytogenes between 1 October 2000 and 31 January 2001 and control subjects who were matched with case patients on the basis of ethnicity, sex, age, and pregnancy status. All participants were residents of Winston-Salem.


RESULTS
We identified 13 patients, all of whom were Hispanic, including 12 females who were 18-38 years of age. Eleven case patients were pregnant; infection with L. monocytogenes resulted in 5 stillbirths, 3 premature deliveries, and 3 infected newborns. Case patients were more likely than control subjects to have eaten the following foods: fresh, unlabeled, Mexican-style cheese sold by door-to-door vendors (matched odds ratio [MOR], 17.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-152.5); queso fresco, a Mexican-style soft cheese (MOR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.4-37.5); and hot dogs (MOR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.1-19.4). L. monocytogenes isolates recovered from 10 female case patients, from cheese bought from a door-to-door vendor, from unlabeled cheese from 2 Hispanic markets, and from raw milk from a local dairy had indistinguishable patterns on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.


CONCLUSIONS
This outbreak of listeriosis was caused by noncommercial, fresh, Mexican-style cheese made from contaminated raw milk traced to 1 local dairy. We recommend educating Hispanic women about food safety while they are pregnant, enforcing laws that regulate the sale of raw milk and dairy products made by unlicensed manufacturers, making listeriosis a reportable disease in all states, routinely interviewing case patients, and routinely subtyping clinical L. monocytogenes isolates.}, number={5}, journal={CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={MacDonald, PDM and Whitwam, RE and Boggs, JD and MacCormack, JN and Anderson, KL and Reardon, JW and Saah, JR and Graves, LM and Hunter, SB and Sobel, J}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={677–682} }
 @article{diaz_hagler_blackwelder_eve_hopkins_anderson_jones_whitlow_2004, title={Aflatoxin Binders II: Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed}, volume={157}, ISSN={["1573-0832"]}, DOI={10.1023/B:MYCO.0000020587.93872.59}, abstractNote={Sequestering agents bind dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and reduce absorption from an animal's gastrointestinal tract. As a result, they protect an animal from the toxic effects of AFB1 and reduce transfer of the metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), into milk. Three experiments, using late-lactation Holstein cows fed AFB1-contaminated feed, were conducted to evaluate several potential sequestering agents for their abilities to prevent or reduce the transmission of AFM1 into milk. Six agents previously tested in our laboratory for AFB1 binding in vitro were evaluated in these experiments. These were: SA-20, an activated carbon (AC-A); Astra-Ben-20, a sodium bentonite (AB-20); MTB-100, an esterified glucomannan (MTB-100); Red Crown, a calcium bentonite (RC); Flow Guard, a sodium bentonite (FG); and Mycrosorb, a sodium bentonite (MS). Five of the six sequestering agents significantly (P < 0.01) reduced AFM1 contamination of milk (AB-20, 61%; FG, 65%; MS, 50%; MTB-100, 59%; and RC, 31%); whereas, AC-A, activated carbon, had no effect on AFM1 transmission at 0.25% of feed. By the first milking (1 day after cows consumed contaminated feed), AFM1 appeared in milk, then reached maximum levels after three days, and was absent from milk within four days after AFB1 was removed from the feed. Sodium bentonites at 1.2% of feed showed good potential as AFB1 binders; MTB-100, a yeast cell wall product, was equally effective at 0.05% in feed. Potential AFB1 binding agents should be evaluated experimentally to demonstrate efficacy. Our data show that sequestering agents can reduce AFM1 in milk of cows fed AFB1-contaminated feed.}, number={2}, journal={MYCOPATHOLOGIA}, author={Diaz, DE and Hagler, WM and Blackwelder, JT and Eve, JA and Hopkins, BA and Anderson, KL and Jones, FT and Whitlow, LW}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={233–241} }
 @article{anderson_brownie_luginbuhl_mobley_2004, title={Drug use survey and evaluation of quality assurance training for meat goat producers}, volume={2}, ISBN={1542-2666}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Brownie, C. and Luginbuhl, J. M. and Mobley, M.}, year={2004}, pages={261} }
 @article{musser_anderson_boison_2002, title={Comparison of microbial growth inhibition assays with high-pressure liquid chromatography for detection of experimentally incurred pencillin G residues in calves}, volume={2}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary therapeutics: research in applied veterinary medicine}, author={Musser, J.M.B. and Anderson, K.L. and Boison, J.O.}, year={2002}, pages={136–143} }
 @article{anderson_lyman_2002, title={Comparison of microbial receptor assay and liquid chromatography for determination of penicillin G and amoxicillin in milk powder}, volume={85}, number={3}, journal={Journal of AOAC International}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Lyman, R. L.}, year={2002}, pages={546–550} }
 @article{smith_spooner_lyman_george_kloos_anderson_2002, title={Distribution of strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of cows in North Carolina}, volume={41}, number={2002}, journal={Annual Meeting, National Mastitis Council, Inc}, author={Smith, P. and Spooner, C. and Lyman, R. and George, C. and Kloos, W. and Anderson, K.}, year={2002}, pages={233–234} }
 @article{boison_souster_drury_musser_anderson_2001, title={An HPLC method for the determination of penicillin G residues in veal calf liver tissues}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1082-6076"]}, DOI={10.1081/JLC-100103417}, abstractNote={A method developed in our laboratory and used for several years for the routine determination of penicillin G residues in animal tissues by liquid chromatography failed when it was used in a recent study for the determination of penicillin G residues in liver tissues of 2- to 5-week-old veal calves. The method was, therefore, modified as follows to permit the determination of penicillin G residues in liver tissues from very young calves. Penicillin G was extracted from calf liver tissue with acetonitrile instead of water. The acetonitrile extract was evaporated to near dryness, and the resulting residue was dissolved in 30 mL of 2% sodium chloride and cleaned up on a t-C18 Sep-Pak cartridge. The retained penicillin was then eluted with 1 mL of 60% acetonitrile/35% water/5% 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution, derivatized with 1 mL of 1,2,4-triazole/mercuric chloride solution at 65°C for 30 min, and analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 325 nm. The limits of detection and quantitation for this method are 1.5 and 5 ng/g, respectively, for penicillin G.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Boison, JO and Souster, K and Drury, C and Musser, JB and Anderson, KL}, year={2001}, pages={881–892} }
 @article{musser_anderson_2001, title={Bioavailability and disposition of sodium and procaine penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) administered orally with milk to calves}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2885.2001.00325.x}, abstractNote={Eighteen 1‐week‐old Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) sodium penicillin G administered intravenously, (b) sodium penicillin G administered orally, or (c) procaine penicillin G administered orally. All calves were dosed with penicillin G at 4.0 mg/kg BW. At 5 weeks of age, the calves were dosed again. Blood samples were taken serially for 24 h after both dosings. Plasma was assayed for penicillin G by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For i.v. administration, the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC), 7456 and 5508 ng/mL h, and systemic clearance, 0.54 and 0.73 L/kg h, were significantly different (P < 0.05) at 1 and 5 weeks of age, respectively. There were no significant differences between orally administered sodium and procaine penicillin G within the same age groups. Following oral (p.o.) administration, there were significant differences (P < 0.01) at 1 and 5 weeks of age in the AUC, 760 and 409 ng/mL h, terminal half‐life, 2.1 and 1.6 h, time of maximum concentration (TMAX), 3.0 and 2.3 h, and maximum plasma concentration (CMAX), 85 and 58 ng/mL, respectively. Bioavailability was 10.2 and 7.4% at 1 and 5 weeks, respectively.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Musser, JMB and Anderson, KL}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={161–169} }
 @article{gayle_burrell_anderson_redding_blikslager_2001, title={Deep digital flexor tenotomy for treatment of severe laminitis in a cow}, volume={219}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.644}, abstractNote={A first-calf Guernsey cow was referred for evaluation of severe udder edema, mastitis, metritis, and ketosis. During the course of treatment, the cow became recumbent and was unable to rise. Intensive treatment resulted in the cow being able to stand for short periods with the aid of a sling. However, severe pressure necrosis of the udder and ongoing mastitis made performance of a complete mastectomy necessary. After surgery, the cow's condition improved, although assistance in standing was still required. Radiography of the distal phalanges revealed severe rotation in the right lateral and left medial digits of the hind limbs. The laminitis was nonresponsive to medical management; therefore, a deep digital flexor tenotomy was performed in the affected claws. The procedure provided almost immediate relief of signs of foot pain and resulted in ability to stand without assistance. Deep digital flexor tenotomy should be considered when treating cows with severe laminitis.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gayle, JM and Burrell, GA and Anderson, KL and Redding, WR and Blikslager, AT}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={644–646} }
 @article{rivas_bodis_bruce_anderson_klein_gonzalez_quimby_batt_lein_2001, title={Molecular epidemiologic features and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of various ribotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from humans and ruminants}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.864}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Rivas, AL and Bodis, M and Bruce, JL and Anderson, KL and Klein, RF and Gonzalez, RN and Quimby, FW and Batt, CA and Lein, DH}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={864–870} }
 @article{musser_anderson_rushing_moats_2001, title={Potential for milk containing penicillin G or amoxicillin to cause residues in calves}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74460-8}, abstractNote={The potential for antibiotic residues in calves from consuming milk containing penicillin G or amoxicillin was investigated. Six calves were fed milk replacer, 6% body weight twice daily, containing 0.293, 2.92, or 5.85 microg of penicillin/ml (ppm) G or 0.25, 1.0, or 2.0 microg of amoxicillin/ml for three consecutive feedings. Urine and blood samples were collected after each feeding. Serum and urine samples were tested with a microbial receptor assay and a microbial growth inhibition assay to indicate potential drug residues. Penicillin G and amoxicillin were detected in the serum and urine of several calves 3 h after drinking spiked milk replacer. Possible violative drug residues in the calves were detected by the microbial growth inhibition assay up to 15 h after drinking spiked milk replacer. Penicillin G, but not amoxicillin, could be detected in urine 24 h after the final feeding of spiked milk replacer. Subsequently, six calves were fed milk replacer containing 11.7 microg of penicillin G/ml (ppm) twice daily, 6% body weight per feeding. Calves were slaughtered 3 h after the final feeding. Mean (+/-SD) concentrations of penicillin G measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography in liver, kidney, muscle, and serum were 0.409 (+/-0.167) microg/g, 0.031 (+/-0.012) microg/g 0.008 (+/-0.002) microg/g, and 0.013 (+/-0.006) mg/ml, respectively. This study indicates that calves fed milk with amoxicillin or penicillin G could possibly have violative residues if slaughtered within 24 h after feeding. Violative drug residues in liver tissue were found in calves slaughtered 3 h after consuming milk replacer containing 11.7 microg of penicillin G/ml (ppm).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Musser, JMB and Anderson, KL and Rushing, JE and Moats, WA}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={126–133} }
 @article{musser_anderson_moats_2001, title={Screening method for identification of beta-lactams in bovine urine by use of liquid chromatography and a microbial inhibition test}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.326}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Musser, JMB and Anderson, KL and Moats, WA}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={326–330} }
 @article{musser_anderson_boison_2001, title={Tissue disposition and depletion of penicillin G after oral administration with milk in unweaned dairy calves}, volume={219}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.346}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Musser, JMB and Anderson, KL and Boison, JO}, year={2001}, month={Aug}, pages={346–350} }
 @article{moats_anderson_rushing_buckley_2000, title={Conversion of cephapirin to deacetylcephapirin in milk and tissues of treated animals}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0021-8561"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf990638y}, abstractNote={Cephapirin is one of six beta-lactam antibiotics approved for use in the treatment of food-producing animals in the United States. When used for treatment of mastitis by intramammary infusion, it is partially converted to a microbiologically active metabolite identified as deacetylcephapirin (DACEP). The degradation was followed in four cows with naturally acquired mastitis which were treated with cephapirin. DACEP persisted longer than the parent compound in the milk. When a calf was treated with cephapirin by intramuscular injection, the compound was almost completely converted to DACEP in tissues. The deacetyl form must be considered in the determination of residues in treated animals.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Moats, WA and Anderson, KL and Rushing, JE and Buckley, S}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={498–502} }
 @article{baynes_payne_martin-jimenez_abdullah_anderson_webb_craigmill_riviere_2000, title={Extralabel use of ivermectin and moxidectin in food animals}, volume={217}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2000.217.668}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Baynes, RE and Payne, M and Martin-Jimenez, T and Abdullah, AR and Anderson, KL and Webb, AI and Craigmill, A and Riviere, JE}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={668–671} }
 @article{baynes_lyman_anderson_brownie_1999, title={A preliminary survey of antibiotic residues and viable bacteria in milk from three Caribbean basin countries}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-62.2.177}, abstractNote={There is widespread concern about the presence of antimicrobial drugs in milk. The presence of drug residues in milk may have public health implications. Milk samples (n = 25 to 65/country) were collected from bulk tanks and commercial vendors in Barbados, Costa Rica, and Jamaica between February 1996 and August 1997. Bulk tank samples were collected from high milk-producing regions of Jamaica and Costa Rica and from 26 dairy farms in Barbados. Milk pH, bacterial growth (total CFU/ml and the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus), and the presence of antimicrobials were determined. Milk samples were tested by a microbial inhibition test (Delvotest-P, Gist-Brocades Food Ingredients, Inc.) to screen for antimicrobial drugs. All positives were retested for the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics after incubating with penicillinase and some positives were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography-UV. Mean pH values ranged from 6.5 to 6.7. S. aureus was identified in bulk tank samples from Costa Rica (52%), Barbados (44%), and Jamaica (46%). S. agalactiae was identified in bulk tank samples from Costa Rica (28%), Barbados (8 and 16%), and Jamaica (18%). Antimicrobial residues were detected in some bulk tank samples from Barbados (8%) and Jamaica (10%) but not in samples from Costa Rica. All positives in milk from Jamaica and Barbados were determined to be beta-lactams. No residues were detected in pasteurized milk samples from Barbados or ultrahigh-temperature milk from Jamaica. The presence of beta-lactam residues in some of these samples suggests the appropriateness of testing milk prior to processing for consumption.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Baynes, RE and Lyman, R and Anderson, KL and Brownie, CF}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={177–180} }
 @article{howell_luginbuhl_grice_anderson_arasu_flowers_1999, title={Control of gastrointestinal parasite larvae of ruminant using nitrogen fertilizer, limestone and sodium hypochlorite solutions}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1879-0941"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0921-4488(98)00186-2}, abstractNote={Gastrointestinal parasites are considered to be one of the most prominent health problems of small ruminants. Additional concerns are associated with parasite resistance to traditional anthelmintics and drug withdrawal times. Solutions of commercial fertilizers, bleach and limestone were used to examine their effect on the motility of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae (L3) in vitro. Infective larvae were cultured from feces of one Suffolk ram lamb infected with 5000 L3. Infective larvae (500 L3/100 μl) were then pipetted into individual petri dishes with 400 μl of a known concentration of either urea (U), ammonium nitrate (AN), liquid nitrogen fertilizer (LNF), a mixture of ammonium nitrate + urea (ANU), dolomitic limestone (DLM), limestone (LM) and sodium hypochlorite (SH). Percent non-motile L3 increased (p < 0.05) as they were exposed to increasing concentrations of nitrogen (N) sources and SH. However, DLM and LM were not effective. Another trial compared the highest concentrations of the four N sources (18 g N/100 ml) and SH (10%). Percent non-motile L3 were: U, 81.3; AN, 96.8; LNF, 93.3; ANU, 89.2; SH, 99.8. Larvicidal properties of N sources and SH could decrease gastrointestinal parasite loads, may reduce producers dependency on traditional anthelmintics to control infective larvae and may reduce the potential of anthelmintic resistance when used strategically with pasture fertilization and other agricultural practices. Field studies are needed to corroborate results presented herein.}, number={3}, journal={SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH}, author={Howell, JM and Luginbuhl, JM and Grice, MJ and Anderson, KL and Arasu, P and Flowers, JR}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={197–204} }
 @article{musser_anderson_1999, title={Using drug residue screening tests to investigate antibiotic contamination of milk}, volume={94}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Musser, J. M. B. and Anderson, K. L.}, year={1999}, pages={474–479} }
 @article{anderson_moats_rushing_o'carroll_1998, title={Detection of milk antibiotic residues by use of screening tests and liquid chromatography after intramammary administration of amoxicillin or penicillin G in cows with clinical mastitis}, volume={59}, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Moats, W. A. and Rushing, J. E. and O'Carroll, J. M.}, year={1998}, pages={1096–1100} }
 @article{musser_anderson_caballero_amaya_maroto-puga_1998, title={Evaluation of a hand-held electrical conductivity meter for detection of subclinical mastitis in cattle}, volume={59}, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Musser, J. M. B. and Anderson, K. L. and Caballero, M. and Amaya, D. and Maroto-Puga, J.}, year={1998}, pages={1087–1091} }
 @article{butler_anderson_lyman_1998, title={Mycoplasmal polyarthritis and septicemia in a goat herd}, volume={19}, number={6}, journal={Large Animal Practice}, author={Butler, A. B. and Anderson, K. L. and Lyman, R. L.}, year={1998}, pages={23–25} }
 @article{musser_anderson_tyczkowska_1998, title={Pharmacokinetic parameters and milk concentrations of ketoprofen after administration as a single intravenous bolus dose to lactating goats}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00148.x}, abstractNote={Six clinically normal lactating does were administered ketoprofen (2.2 mg/kg intravenously (i. v.)). Blood and milk samples were collected prior to and for 24 h after drug administration. Drug concentrations in serum and milk were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters from each goat were combined to obtain mean estimates (mean ± SD) of half‐life of elimination (t½β) of 0.32 ± 0.14 h, systemic clearance (Cl) of 0.74 ± 0.12 L/kg· h, and volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) of 0.23 ± 0.051 L/kg. In milk, ketoprofen was unmeasurable by the method employed (level of detection 25 ng/mL) for all samples.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, author={Musser, J. M. B. and Anderson, K. L. and Tyczkowska, K. L.}, year={1998}, pages={358–363} }
 @article{musser_anderson_1998, title={Potential for residues in calves fed milk replacer spiked with penicillin G or amoxicillin}, volume={37}, number={1998}, journal={Annual Meeting, National Mastitis Council, Inc}, author={Musser, J. M. B. and Anderson, K. L.}, year={1998}, pages={284–285} }
 @article{anderson_moats_rushing_wesen_papich_1996, title={Ampicillin and amoxicillin residue detection in milk, using microbial receptor assay (Charm II) and liquid chromatography methods, after extra-label administration of the drugs to lactating cows}, volume={57}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Moats, W. A. and Rushing, J. E. and Wesen, D. P. and Papich, M. G.}, year={1996}, pages={73} }
 @article{musser_anderson_1996, title={Effect of vaccination with an Escherichia coli bacterin-toxoid on milk production in dairy cattle}, volume={209}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Musser, J.M.B. and Anderson, K.L.}, year={1996}, pages={1291–1293} }
 @article{anderson_1996, title={New considerations in disease control and food safety}, volume={1/2}, journal={Ciencias Veterinarias (Heredia)}, author={Anderson, K. L.}, year={1996}, pages={97} }
 @article{marshall_anderson_1996, place={Marshall, C.L}, title={Services provided by and veterinary education of small ruminant practitioners}, volume={208}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Marshall, C.L. and Anderson, K.L.}, year={1996}, pages={1983–1986} }
 @article{anderson_moats_rushing_wesen_papich_1995, title={Potential for oxytetracycline administration by three routes to cause milk residues in lactating cows, as detected by radioimmunoassay (Charm II) and high-performance liquid chromatography test methods}, volume={56}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Moats, W. A. and Rushing, J. E. and Wesen, D. P. and Papich, M. G.}, year={1995}, pages={70} }
 @article{anderson_smith_degraves_hunt_fleming_1992, title={POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHIL LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION IN CLINICAL BOVINE PATIENTS AND IN COWS WITH OR WITHOUT STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS MASTITIS}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0165-7380"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF01839007}, abstractNote={A fluorochrome microassay was used to investigate peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function in cattle. Glass-adherent PMNL were reacted with Staphylococcus aureus preincubated in 20% bovine serum for 30, 60 and 90 min. Coverslips were stained with acridine orange (AO) followed by crystal violet to quench extracellular bacterial fluorescence. PMNL function was evaluated by counting the number of dead (stained red with AO) and live (stained green with AO) S. aureus contained within 100 PMNL. A phagocytic index was calculated as the average number of bacteria contained within PMNL. The percentage killing of S. aureus was calculated from the average proportion of S. aureus within PMNL that were dead. Six clinically normal Holstein calves, 3-4 months of age, were sampled on 6 consecutive days. PMNL phagocytosis and killing did not vary significantly (p greater than 0.05) among repeated samplings per calf. PMNL function increased with increasing time of incubation of PMNL with S. aureus. Means (+/- SD) for percentage killing were 46.7 +/- 13.1, 57.4 +/- 11.6, and 62.1 +/- 9.8% for 30, 60 and 90 min of reaction, respectively. Means (+/- SD) for the phagocytic index were 2.9 +/- 0.8, 3.6 +/- 1.0, and 4.2 +/- 1.1 bacteria/PMNL for 30, 60 and 90 min of reaction, respectively. PMNL function was determined in 30 normal cattle of various breeds, age and sex, and these values were pooled to provide normal values for PMNL function. When values for bovine clinical patients (n = 25) with various diagnoses were compared with normal values (defined by the mean +/- 2SD for the 30 normal cattle) for PMNL function, only one patient was observed to exhibit PMNL hypofunction. A cow with disseminated intravascular coagulation in association with peracute coliform mastitis exhibited decreased PMNL killing capacity. Abnormal PMNL function was uncommon in the hospital population studied. Peripheral blood PMNL function was evaluated in lactating Holstein cows with (n = 15) or without (n = 15) chronic subclinical S. aureus mastitis. There was no significant (p greater than 0.05) difference in PMNL function among these cows.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS}, author={ANDERSON, KL and SMITH, LA and DEGRAVES, FJ and HUNT, E and FLEMING, SA}, year={1992}, month={Apr}, pages={107–115} }
 @article{anderson_mcdaniel_nathan_johnson_rehman_1991, title={Influence of bovine somatotropin on subclinical and clinical mastitis}, number={26}, journal={Bovine Practitioner}, author={Anderson, K. L. and McDaniel, B. T. and Nathan, U. and Johnson, T. V. and Rehman, J.}, year={1991}, pages={73} }
 @article{anderson_wesen_fetrow_1991, title={Influence of inoculum volume in diagnosis of environmental mastitis from clinical quarters}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1177/104063879100300212}, abstractNote={Diagnosis of acute clinical mastitis is often difficult because milk samples from such cases commonly produce no detectable growth. As many as one-third of milk samples from acute mastitis cases have produced no detectable organisms when cultured using standard procedures. One method used to improve diagnosis of mastitis is the plating of larger volumes of milk inoculum.4,8,12 The purpose of this study was to determine if plating a volume of milk inoculum larger than the standard 0.01 ml from clinical mastitis cases would produce an increase in the number of cases in which a bacterial cause was diagnosed. In Experiment 1 (comparison of 0.05 vs. 0.01 ml of inoculum), 234 samples were obtained prior to treatment from 201 cows with clinical mastitis on 5 North Carolina dairies from January 1987 to January 1988. In Experiment 2 (comparison of 0.10 vs. 0.01 ml of inoculum), an additional 127 milk samples were obtained by similar methods from the same dairies during 1988. The dairies included 3 Holstein herds maintained by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture (139, 193, and 144 milking cows, respectively) and 2 herds maintained by North Carolina State University (137 milking Jerseys and 140 Holsteins, respectively). Herds studied were free of Streptococcus agalactiae, and bulk-tank milk samples were examined at intervals not >60 days. Mycoplasma spp. isolations had not been made from any bulktank milk sample examined. Clinical mastitis was defined as the presence of grossly detectable abnormalities of the milk or the mammary gland. Milkers detected mastitis in the parlor during udder preparation. If abnormalities were detected, milkers were instructed to prepare affected quarters aseptically using recommended techniques’ and to collect milk samples into sterile glass vials. Samples were frozen at -20 C immediately after collection and were submitted to the laboratory at intervals not >2 weeks. Samples were handled in this manner for convenience and to approximate conditions under which samples are handled in actual field diagnosis of mastitis. Standard microbiology techniques were used in isolation and identification of microorganisms from milk samples. 1,3 For each sample in Experiment 1, 0.01and 0.05-ml samples were inoculated onto halves of trypticase soy agar with 5%}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Wesen, D. P. and Fetrow, J.}, year={1991}, pages={165} }
 @article{nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of acute coli mastitis in cows / nichsteroidale antiphlogistika des rindes zur behandlung der akuten kolimastitis_1991, volume={72}, number={2}, journal={Praktische Tierarzt}, year={1991}, pages={111} }
 @article{anderson_hunt_davis_1991, title={THE INFLUENCE OF ANTIINFLAMMATORY THERAPY ON BACTERIAL CLEARANCE FOLLOWING INTRAMAMMARY ESCHERICHIA-COLI CHALLENGE IN GOATS}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0165-7380"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00405146}, abstractNote={Coliform mastitis in dairy cattle frequently results in systemic disease with occasional deaths in association with endotoxic shock. Systemic anti-inflammatory therapy has been used to alter the course of endotoxic shock in severe cases. Use of anti-inflammatory therapy has been questioned on the basis that such treatment may compromise immune function and decrease clearance of bacteria from infected mammary glands. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether anti-inflammatory therapy influenced bacterial clearance following intramammary challenge of lactating goats with Escherichia coli. Standardized quantities of a pathogenic coliform culture were infused through the teat canal into one half of the mammary gland in 18 goat does. The does were then randomly assigned to receive one of three intravenous treatments: saline (controls), one dose of steroid (dexamethasone), or two doses of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (flunixin meglumine). The clinical signs, milk production, complete blood counts, serum clinical chemistry values, milk bacterial cultures and milk somatic cell concentrations were monitored sequentially. Goats treated with anti-inflammatory agents exhibited some improvement in clinical response to challenge with E. coli (e.g. rectal temperature, degree of appetite suppression) as compared to saline controls. There were no significant differences between treatments in the degree of inflammation present in the mammary glands or supramammary lymph nodes examined at necropsy. The most important finding was that anti-inflammatory therapy did not adversely influence the clearance of E. coli from challenged glands.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS}, author={ANDERSON, KL and HUNT, E and DAVIS, BJ}, year={1991}, pages={147–161} }
 @article{anderson_walker_wesen_1990, title={Microbiological analysis of bulk-tank milks on blood agar: Comparison with regulatory methods and influence of sample collection and handling factors}, volume={10}, number={4}, journal={Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Walker, R. L. and Wesen, D. P.}, year={1990}, pages={213} }
 @article{anderson_neff-davis_davis_bass_1990, title={Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in lactating cattle after single and multiple intramuscular and intravenous administrations}, volume={51}, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Neff-Davis, C. A. and Davis, L. E. and Bass, V. D.}, year={1990}, pages={1464} }