@article{james_vann_suchoff_mcginnis_whipker_edmisten_gatiboni_2023, title={Hemp yield and cannabinoid concentrations under variable nitrogen and potassium fertilizer rates}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20966}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20966}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={James, Maggie S. and Vann, Matthew C. and Suchoff, David H. and McGinnis, Michelle and Whipker, Brian E. and Edmisten, Keith L. and Gatiboni, Luciano C.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{raper_ward_rushing_brown_sandlin_norton_hutmacher_snider_fromme_dodds_et al._2023, title={Reevaluation of the degree day base 60°F concept in US cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.21480}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Raper, Tyson B. and Ward, Rebecca and Rushing, Cheyenne and Brown, Steve and Sandlin, Tyler and Norton, Randy and Hutmacher, Bob and Snider, John L. and Fromme, Dan and Dodds, Darrin and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{vann_johnson_jordan_fisher_edmisten_2022, title={Flue-cured tobacco response to sublethal rates of glufosinate}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20141}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20141}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vann, Matthew and Johnson, Virginia Alice and Jordan, David and Fisher, Loren and Edmisten, Keith}, year={2022} }
 @article{lewis_morgan_frame_fromme_dodds_edmisten_robertson_boman_cutts_delaney_et al._2021, title={Cotton yield response to soil applied potassium across the U. S. Cotton Belt}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20719}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Lewis, Katie and Morgan, Gaylon and Frame, William Hunter and Fromme, Daniel and Dodds, Darrin M. and Edmisten, Keith L. and Robertson, Bill and Boman, Randy and Cutts, Trey and Delaney, Dennis P. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{hare_jordan_leon_edmisten_post_cahoon_everman_mahoney_inman_2020, title={Influence of timing and intensity of weed management on crop yield and contribution to weed emergence in cotton the following year}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20021}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20021}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hare, Andrew T. and Jordan, David L. and Leon, Ramon G. and Edmisten, Keith L. and Post, Angela R. and Cahoon, Charles W. and Everman, Wesley J. and Mahoney, Denis J. and Inman, Matthew D.}, year={2020} }
 @article{hare_jordan_edmisten_leon_post_vann_dunphy_heiniger_collins_washburn_2020, title={Response of agronomic crops to planting date and double-cropping with wheat}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20164}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20164}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hare, Andrew T. and Jordan, David L. and Edmisten, Keith L. and Leon, Ramon G. and Post, Angela R. and Vann, Rachel and Dunphy, E. James and Heiniger, Ronnie and Collins, Guy and Washburn, Derek}, year={2020}, pages={1972–1980} }
 @article{vann_reberg-horton_edmisten_york_2018, title={Implications of cereal rye/crimson clover management for conventional and organic cotton producers}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.06.0246}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Cereal rye/crimson clover cover crop mixtures can be used for weed suppression and soil moisture conservation in cotton production.Cover crop management at cotton planting can influence cotton emergence, weed suppression, and soil moisture dynamics.Cotton emergence declined when cotton was planted directly into standing cover crop and without row cleaners engaged, but this reduction did not affect cotton lint yield.Soil temperature was reduced and soil moisture was increased by the presence of a cover crop mulch regardless of cover crop residue management strategy at cotton planting.Cover crop residue management did not affect cotton lint yield when herbicides were used, indicating that conventional producers have flexibility in terminating cover crops and residue management at cotton planting.
}, number={2}, journal={Agronomy Journal}, author={Vann, R.A. and Reberg-Horton, S.C. and Edmisten, K.L. and York, A.C.}, year={2018}, pages={621–631} }
 @article{spivey_wilkerson_buol_edmisten_barnes_2018, title={USE OF CSM-CROPGRO-COTTON TO DETERMINE THE AGRONOMIC AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF IRRIGATION TO UPLAND COTTON PRODUCTION IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA}, volume={61}, ISSN={["2151-0040"]}, DOI={10.13031/trans.12801}, abstractNote={Abstract. Although prior research has shown that irrigation can increase cotton fiber yields in coastal plain soils of the Carolinas, only 2.7% of North Carolina’s and 7.8% of South Carolina’s planted hectares are irrigated, compared to 39% nationally. Little research has addressed the impact of compacted subsurface soil layers on the value of irrigation. Economic analysis of irrigation is also difficult due to the lack of long-term irrigation data for the region. The objectives of this study were to adapt the CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton simulation model to production conditions in the coastal plain of the Carolinas and use it to evaluate both the agronomic and economic value of irrigation to upland cotton production. Field data collected near Lewiston-Woodville, North Carolina, in 2015-2016 were used in model calibration and validation. Soil profiles were established using historical weather and cotton yield data for 16 cotton-producing counties in North and South Carolina from 1979 to 2015. Soil profiles were fit both with and without a root-restrictive (compacted) layer for each county. To evaluate the value of irrigation for these counties, simulations were conducted using ten irrigation levels, including non-irrigated, triggered when plant-available water (PAW) reached a maximum allowable depletion of 50%. The economic analysis made use of Cotton Incorporated’s Cotton Irrigation Decision Aid to determine the economic feasibility of irrigation using investment analysis tools such as cash flow, payback period, and net present value (NPV). Predicted agronomic and economic responses to irrigation were strongly dependent on seasonal rainfall. Fiber yield of non-irrigated cotton was reduced by more than 10% of fully irrigated cotton yield in more than 70% of the site-years simulated. This study suggests that irrigation is a feasible investment for cotton producers in North and South Carolina, as positive average cash flows and NPVs were observed over all counties and soils evaluated. Keywords: Cotton, CROPGRO, Crop simulation model, Economic analysis, Irrigation, Water use efficiency, Yield loss.}, number={5}, journal={TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASABE}, author={Spivey, T. A. and Wilkerson, G. G. and Buol, G. S. and Edmisten, K. L. and Barnes, E. M.}, year={2018}, pages={1627–1638} }
 @article{collins_edmisten_wells_whitaker_2017, title={The effects of mepiquat chloride applied to cotton at early bloom and physiological cutout}, volume={21}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Collins, G. D. and Edmisten, K. L. and Wells, R. and Whitaker, J. R.}, year={2017}, pages={183–189} }
 @article{byrd_collins_culpepper_dodds_edmisten_wright_morgan_baumann_dotray_manuchehri_et al._2016, title={Cotton Stage of Growth Determines Sensitivity to 2,4-D}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-15-00191.1}, abstractNote={The anticipated release of EnlistTM cotton, corn, and soybean cultivars likely will increase the use of 2,4-D, raising concerns over potential injury to susceptible cotton. An experiment was conducted at 12 locations over 2013 and 2014 to determine the impact of 2,4-D at rates simulating drift (2 g ae ha−1) and tank contamination (40 g ae ha−1) on cotton during six different growth stages. Growth stages at application included four leaf (4-lf), nine leaf (9-lf), first bloom (FB), FB + 2 wk, FB + 4 wk, and FB + 6 wk. Locations were grouped according to percent yield loss compared to the nontreated check (NTC), with group I having the least yield loss and group III having the most. Epinasty from 2,4-D was more pronounced with applications during vegetative growth stages. Importantly, yield loss did not correlate with visual symptomology, but more closely followed effects on boll number. The contamination rate at 9-lf, FB, or FB + 2 wk had the greatest effect across locations, reducing the number of bolls per plant when compared to the NTC, with no effect when applied at FB + 4 wk or later. A reduction of boll number was not detectable with the drift rate except in group III when applied at the FB stage. Yield was influenced by 2,4-D rate and stage of cotton growth. Over all locations, loss in yield of greater than 20% occurred at 5 of 12 locations when the drift rate was applied between 4-lf and FB + 2 wk (highest impact at FB). For the contamination rate, yield loss was observed at all 12 locations; averaged over these locations yield loss ranged from 7 to 66% across all growth stages. Results suggest the greatest yield impact from 2,4-D occurs between 9-lf and FB + 2 wk, and the level of impact is influenced by 2,4-D rate, crop growth stage, and environmental conditions.}, number={3}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Byrd, Seth A. and Collins, Guy D. and Culpepper, A. Stanley and Dodds, Darrin M. and Edmisten, Keith L. and Wright, David L. and Morgan, Gaylon D. and Baumann, Paul A. and Dotray, Peter A. and Manuchehri, Misha R. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={601–610} }
 @article{woodward_dodds_main_barber_boman_whitaker_edmisten_banks_buehring_allen_2016, title={Evaluation of foliar applications of strobilurin fungicides in cotton across the Southern United States}, volume={20}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Woodward, J. E. and Dodds, D. M. and Main, C. L. and Barber, L. T. and Boman, R. K. and Whitaker, J. R. and Edmisten, K. L. and Banks, J. C. and Buehring, N. W. and Allen, T. W.}, year={2016}, pages={116–124} }
 @article{foote_edmisten_wells_collins_roberson_jordan_fisher_2016, title={Influence of nitrogen and mepiquat chloride on cotton canopy reflectance measurements}, volume={20}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Foote, W. and Edmisten, K. and Wells, R. and Collins, G. and Roberson, G. and Jordan, D. and Fisher, L.}, year={2016}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{byrd_collins_edmisten_roberts_snider_spivey_whitaker_porter_culpepper_2016, title={Leaf pubescence and defoliation strategy influence on cotton defoliation and fiber quality}, volume={20}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Byrd, S. A. and Collins, G. D. and Edmisten, K. L. and Roberts, P. M. and Snider, J. L. and Spivey, T. A. and Whitaker, J. R. and Porter, W. M. and Culpepper, A. S.}, year={2016}, pages={280–293} }
 @misc{foote_edmisten_wells_jordan_2015, title={Defoliant effects on cover crop germination, cover crop growth, and subsequent cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) development}, volume={19}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Foote, W. and Edmisten, K. and Wells, R. and Jordan, D.}, year={2015}, pages={258–267} }
 @article{dodds_main_barber_burmester_collins_edmisten_stephenson_whitaker_boykin_2015, title={Response of LibertyLink and WideStrike Cotton to Varying Rates of Glufosinate}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-15-00012.1}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee during 2010 and 2011 to determine the effect of glufosinate application rate on LibertyLink and WideStrike cotton. Glufosinate was applied in a single application (three-leaf cotton) or sequential application (three-leaf followed by eight-leaf cotton) at 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 kg ai ha−1. Glufosinate application rate did not affect visual injury or growth parameters measured in LibertyLink cotton. No differences in LibertyLink cotton yield were observed because of glufosinate application rate; however, LibertyLink cotton treated with glufosinate yielded slightly more cotton than the nontreated check. Visual estimates of injury to WideStrike cotton increased with each increase in glufosinate application rate. However, the injury was transient, and by 28 d after the eight-leaf application, no differences in injury were observed. WideStrike cotton growth was adversely affected during the growing season following glufosinate application at rates of 1.2 kg ha−1 and greater; however, cotton height and total nodes were unaffected by glufosinate application rate at the end of the season. WideStrike cotton maturity was delayed, and yields were reduced following glufosinate application at rates of 1.2 kg ha−1 and above. Fiber quality of LibertyLink and WideStrike cotton was unaffected by glufosinate application rate. These data indicate that glufosinate may be applied to WideStrike cotton at rates of 0.6 kg ha−1 without inhibiting cotton growth, development, or yield. Given the lack of injury or yield reduction following glufosinate application to LibertyLink cotton, these cultivars possess robust resistance to glufosinate. Growers are urged to be cautious when increasing glufosinate application rates to increase control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in WideStrike cotton. However, glufosinate application rates may be increased to maximum labeled rates when making applications to LibertyLink cotton without fear of reducing cotton growth, development, or yield.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Dodds, Darrin M. and Main, Christopher L. and Barber, L. Thomas and Burmester, Charles and Collins, Guy D. and Edmisten, Keith and Stephenson, Daniel O. and Whitaker, Jared R. and Boykin, Deborah L.}, year={2015}, pages={665–674} }
 @article{tyagi_bowman_bourland_edmisten_campbell_fraser_wallace_kuraparthy_2014, title={Components of hybrid vigor in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their relationship with environment}, volume={195}, ISSN={["1573-5060"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-013-0987-y}, number={1}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, author={Tyagi, Priyanka and Bowman, Daryl T. and Bourland, Fred M. and Edmisten, Keith and Campbell, B. Todd and Fraser, Dawn E. and Wallace, Ted and Kuraparthy, Vasu}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={117–127} }
 @article{riar_wells_edmisten_jordan_bacheler_2013, title={Cotton Yield and Canopy Closure in North Carolina as Influenced by Row Width, Plant Population, and Leaf Morphology}, volume={53}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2012.08.0490}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Riar, Ranjit and Wells, Randy and Edmisten, Keith and Jordan, David and Bacheler, Jack}, year={2013}, pages={1704–1711} }
 @article{main_barber_boman_chapman_dodds_duncan_edmisten_horn_jones_morgan_et al._2013, title={Effects of Nitrogen and Planting Seed Size on Cotton Growth, Development, and Yield}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2013.0154}, abstractNote={A standardized experiment was conducted during 2009 and 2010 at 20 location‐years across U.S. cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)‐producing states to compare the N use requirement of contemporary cotton cultivars based on their planting seed size. Treatments consisted of three cotton varieties with planting seed of different numbers of seed per kg and N rates of 0, 45, 90, and 134 kg ha–1. Soil at each trial location was sampled and tested for nitrate presence. High levels of soil nitrate (>91 N‐NO3– kg ha–1) were found in Arizona and western Texas, and soil nitrate in the range of 45 to 73 kg N‐NO3– ha–1 was found at locations in the central United States. Cotton lint yield responded to applied N at 11 of 20 locations. Considering only sites that responded to applied N, highest lint yields were achieved with 112 to 224 kg ha–1of applied plus pre‐plant residual soil NO3—translating to an optimal N requirement of 23 kg ha–1 per 218 kg bale of lint produced. Among the varieties tested those with medium‐sized seed produced higher yields in response to N than did larger and smaller seeded varieties. Varieties with larger seed had longer and stronger fibers, higher fiber length uniformity than small seeded varieties and decreased micronaire. Seed protein and oil increased and decreased slightly in response to increasing amounts of soil nitrate plus applied N, respectively.}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Main, Christopher L. and Barber, L. Tomas and Boman, Randall K. and Chapman, Kent and Dodds, Darrin M. and Duncan, Stu and Edmisten, Keith L. and Horn, Patrick and Jones, Michael A. and Morgan, Gaylon D. and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={1853–1859} }
 @article{viator_gwathmey_cothren_reed_vories_nuti_edmisten_wells_2008, title={Influence of ultranarrow row and conventional row cotton on the last effective boll population}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2007.0289}, abstractNote={The last effective boll population (LEBP) is the basis for many cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) management decisions such as defoliation timing. The objective of this research was to determine the last effective boll population based on first position bolls for both ultranarrow row cotton (UNRC), grown in rows spaced 25 cm or less, and conventional cotton (CONC) grown in rows spaced 96 to 102 cm. Experimental sites included locations in North Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas. At each site, UNRC and CONC plots were planted in a RCB design. At first flower, 15 plants per plot were flagged for subsequent flower tagging. On each flagged plant, all first position flowers were tagged every 2 d throughout the reproductive stage with date and nodes above white flower (NAWF) data for each plant. Tagged bolls were handpicked, sorted, counted, and seedcotton was weighed and recorded by NAWF for each plot. The last effective boll population was considered that NAWF position where cotton could be economically produced. Cotton could be produced economically at NAWF 2 and 3 for UNRC and CONC, respectively. Lint yield did not differ significantly between UNRC and CONC across site‐years. The UNRC produced the majority of seedcotton on NAWF 3 to 5, while CONC produced the most seedcotton at NAWF 4 to 6. Boll numbers showed a similar pattern. These data demonstrate that physiological cutout occurred at NAWF <5 in both UNRC and CONC.}, number={5}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Viator, Ryan P. and Gwathmey, C. Owen and Cothren, J. Tom and Reed, Jack T. and Vories, Earl D. and Nuti, Russell C. and Edmisten, Keith L. and Wells, Randy}, year={2008}, pages={1327–1331} }
 @article{koenning_edmisten_2008, title={Rotation with corn and soybean for management of Meloidogyne incognita in cotton}, volume={40}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Nematology}, author={Koenning, S. R. and Edmisten, K. L.}, year={2008}, pages={258–265} }
 @article{stewart_edmisten_wells_collins_2007, title={Measuring canopy coverage with digital imaging}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0010-3624"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103620701277718}, abstractNote={Abstract Sampling plant canopies for their ability to intercept sunlight has traditionally been done with destructive or time‐consuming methods. Although nondestructive methods are available, they are either time consuming or subject to large variation. A commercially available software was utilized to analyze digital images of a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) canopy in an effort to quantify canopy coverage. Digital images were obtained from a vertical perspective using a stationary camera stand. Images were analyzed using Adobe Photoshop 4.0 (Adobe Systems, Inc., Seattle, WA) software. Using functions within the software, plant material in the image was separated from the soil and converted to black. The soil surface was converted to white. The resulting black and white image was analyzed with Javascript software developed at North Carolina State University that counts the black and white pixels in each image. The resulting percentage of black pixels in the image was termed percent ground cover for the canopy. Percent ground cover was well correlated with leaf area index (LAI) over a low range of LAI with r2=0.74. This method provides a reasonable estimation of canopy coverage and proved to be a simple and efficient method of sampling a plant canopy. As image processing software becomes more refined, this and other techniques will become powerful tools for plant science research.}, number={7-8}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Stewart, Alexander M. and Edmisten, Keith L. and Wells, Randy and Collins, Guy D.}, year={2007}, pages={895–902} }
 @article{koenning_morrison_edmisten_2007, title={Relative efficacy of selected nematicides for management of Rotylenchulus reniformis in cotton}, volume={37}, number={2}, journal={Nematropica}, author={Koenning, S. R. and Morrison, D. E. and Edmisten, K. L.}, year={2007}, pages={227–235} }
 @article{nuti_viator_casteel_edmisten_wells_2006, title={Effect of planting date, mepiquat chloride, and glyphosate application to glyphosate-resistant cotton}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2005.0360}, abstractNote={Management decisions and common misapplication of glyphosate may impact fruiting of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Experiments were conducted to determine if planting date affected the ability of GR cotton to compensate for fruit loss after misapplication of glyphosate and to evaluate mepiquat chloride's (MC) contribution to fruiting. Field studies were conducted in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, from 2001 to 2003. Treatments included optimum and late planting and a series of five glyphosate, 0.84 kg a.e. (acid equivalent) ha−1, treatments representing recommended and common misapplication timings including a control. The 10 planting date and glyphosate combinations were factored across treatments of MC and no‐MC as needed according to growing conditions in 2001 and 2002. All plots were treated with MC in 2003. Optimal‐planted cotton produced more than late‐planted cotton. Yield was reduced in optimal‐planted cotton in 2001 and late‐planted cotton in 2001 and 2002 when glyphosate contacted plants after the four‐leaf stage. Misapplication of gyphosate did not affect yield in 2003. Yield was improved with MC by 11% in 2001. Bolls were at higher nodes in late‐planted cotton and cotton not treated with MC. Glyphosate contact after the four‐leaf stage in 2001 and 2002 shifted the fruitload above Node 10. Late planting of cotton decreases opportunities for fruiting compensation when glyphosate reduced early boll retention. Results support previous research showing application methods that allow glyphosate contact to GR cotton plants after the four‐leaf stage increase risk of yield reduction regardless of planting date.}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Nuti, Russell C. and Viator, Ryan P. and Casteel, Shaun N. and Edmisten, Keith L. and Wells, Randy}, year={2006}, pages={1627–1633} }
 @article{viator_nuti_edmisten_wells_2005, title={Predicting cotton boll maturation period using degree days and other climatic factors}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2005.0494}, abstractNote={Degree days are often used for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth monitoring and management. The objectives of this research are to determine if 15.5°C is an accurate lower‐threshold temperature to monitor the boll maturation period (BMAP) for cotton in the northern, rainfed region of the U.S. Cotton Belt, to investigate other climatic factors in this cotton region that may improve the accuracy of the current degree day system for cotton, and to evaluate degree day models that include both an upper‐ and lower‐threshold temperature. Cotton was planted at three different timings in 2001 and 2002 to provide different climatic regimes during the BMAP. On 10 typical plants per plot, all first‐position flowers were individually tagged with date of flower opening and were then harvested at full maturity. Daily weather data consisted of maximum, minimum, and average air temperature; maximum and average soil temperature; average soil moisture; maximum and average solar radiation; and maximum and average photosynthetically active radiation. The 17°C degree day model, which used 17°C as the lower threshold, provided the best adjusted r2 (0.2715) of all the single‐variable models; the degree day 15.5°C model had an adjusted r2 of 0.2276. The best model using both upper and lower temperature thresholds was DD3017, using 30 and 17°C as the thresholds, and had an adjusted r2 of 0.2452. Adding average, minimum, and maximum air temperatures to the DD15.5, DD17, and DD3017 models reduced coefficient of variation and mean square error and increased adjusted r2 values.}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Viator, RP and Nuti, RC and Edmisten, KL and Wells, R}, year={2005}, pages={494–499} }
 @article{viator_nuti_wells_edmisten_2005, title={Stem and root carbohydrate dynamics in modern vs. obsolete cotton cultivars}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1532-2416"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103620500196366}, abstractNote={Abstract Starch reserves in the lower stem and root are important sources of photoassimilates for completion of reproductive development in cotton. The objective of this research was to determine if carbohydrate levels in the lower stem and roots have been altered because of more than 100 years of breeding efforts. In 2001 and 2002, 33 cultivars released from 1900 to 2000 were evaluated. In addition, two elite lines were included in 2002. Plants were sampled at first bloom and cutout. Tissues were analyzed for starch content and concentration by using a colorimetric technique. Analysis of variance by year revealed cultivar differences for starch concentration at both sample times, but starch content was only significant at first bloom in 2002. These differences, though, did not show a strong relationship with release date, indicating that a century of breeding efforts had not altered stem and root starch dynamics. Orthogonal contrast did reveal differences in starch content and concentration between obsolete, modern, and elite lines. However, these differences were not consistent across experimental years. At first bloom in 2001, modern cultivars had lower root and stem starch concentrations, 69.8 and 63.6 mg g−1, compared to 94.5 and 84.8 mg g−1 for the obsolete lines. Modern cultivars also had lower root starch content, 537.5 mg, compared to 784.4 mg for the obsolete lines. At cutout in 2001, modern cultivars had lower root and stem starch concentrations, 20.6 and 20.9 mg g−1, compared 39.7 and 32.4 mg g−1 for the obsolete lines. Modern cultivars also had lower stem starch content, 349.0 mg, compared to 518.4 mg for the obsolete lines. These same trends were not seen in 2002. In 2002, modern cultivars did not differ from obsolete cultivars for all parameters. Elite lines, though, had higher stem starch concentrations at cutout, 56.9 mg g−1 compared to 39.5 and 46.6 mg g−1 for the obsolete and modern lines, respectively. Elite lines also had higher stem starch contents at cutout, 318.6 mg compared to 181.7 and 195.7 mg for the obsolete and modern lines, respectively. This higher stem starch concentration and content for elite lines may indicate higher photosynthetic rates. Environmental conditions seem to affect starch dynamics more than genetics when one considers the high significance of year on most data in this study.}, number={15-16}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Viator, RP and Nuti, R and Wells, R and Edmisten, K}, year={2005}, pages={2165–2177} }
 @article{thomas_burke_robinson_pline-srnic_edmisten_wells_wilcut_2005, title={Yield and physiological response of nontransgenic cotton to simulated glyphosate drift}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-194R}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted in 2001 in Lewiston, NC, and in 2002 at Clayton and Lewiston, NC, to investigate the response of nontransgenic cotton to simulated glyphosate drift in a weed-free environment. Nontransgenic cotton variety ‘Fibermax 989’ was planted in a conventional seedbed at all locations. Glyphosate treatments were applied early postemergence (EPOST) at the four-leaf growth stage of cotton at 0, 8.7, 17.5, 35, 70, 140, 280, 560, and 1,120 g ai/ha and represent 0, 0.78, 1.55, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% of the commercial use rate, respectively. Rates as low as 140 g/ha caused lint yield reductions depending on year and location. When averaged over all locations, lint yield reductions of 4, 49, 72, and 87% compared with nontreated cotton were observed with glyphosate rates of 140, 280, 560, and 1,120 g/ha, respectively. Visual injury and shikimic acid accumulation were evident at glyphosate rates greater or equal to 70 g/ha. Collectively, visual injury and shikimic acid accumulation at 7 d after EPOST treatment might be used as a diagnostic indicator to predict potential yield reductions from simulated glyphosate drift. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Fibermax 989’. Additional index words: Shikimic acid. Abbreviations: DAT, days after early postemergence treatment; DD, degree-day; EPOST, early postemergence; EPSPS, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase [EC 2.5.1.19]; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; PDS, postemergence-directed; POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Thomas, WE and Burke, IC and Robinson, BL and Pline-Srnic, WA and Edmisten, KL and Wells, R and Wilcut, JW}, year={2005}, pages={35–42} }
 @article{koenning_morrison_edmisten_taylor_2004, title={Efficacy of selected nematicides for management of Hoplolaimus columbus in cotton.}, volume={34}, number={2}, journal={Nematropica}, author={Koenning, S. R. and Morrison, D. E. and Edmisten, K. L. and Taylor, R. N.}, year={2004}, pages={211–218} }
 @article{thomas_pline_wilcut_edmisten_wells_viator_paulsgrove_2004, title={Glufosinate does not affect floral morphology and pollen viability in glufosinate-resistant cotton}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-032R1}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to determine whether glufosinate treatments to glufosinate-resistant cotton caused changes in floral morphology, pollen viability, and seed set. Four glufosinate treatments were included: (1) glufosinate applied postemergence over the top (POST) at the four-leaf stage, (2) glufosinate applied POST at the eight-leaf stage, (3) the first two treatments sequentially, and (4) a POST application at the four-leaf stage followed by (fb) a postemergence-directed stem application (PDS) at the eight-leaf stage. Glufosinate was consistently applied at 0.49 kg ai/ha. A nontreated control was included. Glufosinate treatments did not affect stigma height, length of the staminal column, or pollen viability. However, the distance from the top anther to the tip of the stigma was less in plants treated with an eight-leaf POST treatment than in nontreated plants, although this difference is not likely to influence pollen deposition because in both cases anthers reached above the stigma tip. Plants receiving four-leaf POST fb eight-leaf PDS treatment with glufosinate had eight seeds per boll less than nontreated plants; however, the more rigorous four-leaf POST fb eight-leaf POST treatment did not differ from the nontreated in seeds per boll.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Thomas, WE and Pline, WA and Wilcut, JW and Edmisten, KL and Wells, R and Viator, RR and Paulsgrove, MD}, year={2004}, pages={258–262} }
 @article{thomas_pline-srnic_thomas_edmisten_wells_wilcut_2004, title={Glyphosate negatively affects pollen viability but not pollination and seed set in glyphosate-resistant corn}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-03-134R}, abstractNote={Abstract Experiments were conducted in the North Carolina State University Phytotron greenhouse and field locations in Clayton, Rocky Mount, and Lewiston-Woodville, NC, in 2002 to determine the effect of glyphosate on pollen viability and seed set in glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn. Varieties representing both currently commercial GR corn events, GA21 and NK603, were used in phytotron and field studies. All glyphosate treatments were applied at 1.12 kg ai ha−1 at various growth stages. Regardless of hybrid, pollen viability was reduced in phytotron and field studies with glyphosate treatments applied at the V6 stage or later. Scanning electron microscopy of pollen from affected treatments showed distinct morphological alterations correlating with reduced pollen viability as determined by Alexander stain. Transmission electron microscopy showed pollen anatomy alterations including large vacuoles and lower starch accumulation with these same glyphosate treatments. Although pollen viability and pollen production were reduced in glyphosate treatments after V6, no effect on kernel set or yield was found among any of the reciprocal crosses in the phytotron or field studies. There were also no yield differences among any of the hand self-pollinated (nontreated male × nontreated female, etc.) crosses. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to examine CP4-5-enolpyruvlshikimate-3-phosphate synthase expression in DKC 64-10RR (NK603) at anthesis, we found the highest expression in pollen with progressively less in brace roots, ear leaf, anthers, roots, ovaries, silks, stem, flag leaf, and husk. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; corn, Zea mays L.; ‘DK 662RR’; ‘DK 687RR’; ‘DKC 64-10RR/SIL’.}, number={5}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Thomas, WE and Pline-Srnic, WA and Thomas, JF and Edmisten, KL and Wells, R and Wilcut, JW}, year={2004}, pages={725–734} }
 @article{rinehardt_edmisten_wells_faircloth_2004, title={Response of ultra-narrow and conventional spaced cotton to variable nitrogen rates}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1532-4087"]}, DOI={10.1081/PLN-120030379}, abstractNote={Abstract Insufficient nitrogen (N) uptake in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been shown to delay maturity and decrease lint yields, while excessive amounts will cause a host of disadvantages, ranging from increased insect damage to defoliation difficulties. Proper nitrogen fertilization rates are therefore essential to maximizing lint production while minimizing input costs. This test was designed to determine if ultra–narrow row cotton (UNRC) has similar nitrogen requirements as conventional row cotton (CRC). Two sites, one in peanuts and the other fallow the previous growing season, and four nitrogen rates (45, 67, 90, and 112 kg N ha−1) were used to compare soil fertility and nitrogen effects on petiole nitrate concentrations, lint yields, and ginning percentages. Although petiole nitrate concentrations between early and peak bloom were lower in ultra–narrow row cotton with 45 and 67 kg N ha−1, there was no correlation between petiole nitrate concentrations and lint yield. Conventional spacing receiving 67 kg N ha−1 had the highest lint production at both locations, while application of 90 kg N ha−1 produced the highest yields in UNRC at both locations. Ultra–narrow row cotton produced numerically higher yields than conventional row at all nitrogen rates at the location without a previous legume crop, but no significant trend was observed. Ultra–narrow row cotton lint percentages were significantly lower than conventional spacing, independent of nitrogen application rate.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION}, author={Rinehardt, JM and Edmisten, KL and Wells, R and Faircloth, JC}, year={2004}, pages={743–755} }
 @article{faircloth_edmisten_wells_stewart_2004, title={The  influence of defoliation timing on yields and quality of two cotton cultivars}, volume={44}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2004.1650}, abstractNote={The timing of certain cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) management practices varies according to the yield potential and quality characteristics associated with a variety. A defoliation timing study was performed to (i) determine if certain cultivars respond differently to defoliation timings and (ii) compare the use of the open boll percentage at defoliation (OBPD), nodes above cracked boll (NACB), and micronaire readings at defoliation for their effectiveness in timing defoliation. The study was conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2001. Treatments consisted of two proprietary cultivars (ST 474 and DP 5409), each defoliated on the basis of OBPD measurements. At the time of defoliation, NACB was recorded and lint samples were retained for later high volume instrumentation (HVI) analysis. Neither variety produced consistently higher yields than the other in this study. In 2000, delaying defoliation from 40 to 60 OBPD would have resulted in a significant addition of approximately 75 kg lint ha−1 for either variety. Stoneville 474 micronaire was highest in all years suggesting that timely defoliation is more critical to ST 474 cotton compared with DP 5409 in years when overall conditions are favorable for high micronaire. DP 5409 fiber length (UHM) values were consistently higher than ST 474 and UHM was unaffected by changes in OBPD values regardless of variety. Stoneville 474 had higher uniformity index (UI) values in all three years and delaying defoliation produced mixed results. The data demonstrate that proper defoliation timing strategies aimed at optimizing quality can vary across varieties. Proper defoliation timing in the two varieties examined in this study varied little with respect to yields. Both NACB and micronaire readings taken at defoliation were more effective for timing defoliation to optimize micronaire readings than OBPD.}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Faircloth, J. C. and Edmisten, K. L. and Wells, R. and Stewart, A. M.}, year={2004}, pages={165–172} }
 @article{faircloth_edmisten_wells_stewart_2004, title={Timing defoliation applications for maximum yields and optimum quality in cotton containing a fruiting gap}, volume={44}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2004.1580}, abstractNote={Stresses during cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) square and boll formation can result in fruit abscission from several continuous nodes, resulting in a fruiting gap on the plant. This gap may cause a shift in benchmarks for timing various agronomic practices aimed at maximizing cotton yield and optimizing quality. A cotton defoliation timing study was performed in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to (i) see if the creation of a fruiting gap would influence defoliation timing and to (ii) compare the use of the open boll percentage at defoliation (OBPD), nodes above cracked boll (NACB), and micronaire readings at defoliation as tools for timing defoliation. In late July or early August each year, a fruiting gap was created by physically removing fruit from several continuous nodes on plants. Plots were defoliated on the basis of various OBPD values. Upon defoliation, OBPD and NACB were taken and lint was retained to determine the micronaire at defoliation. In both 1999 and 2000, there was a yield advantage to delaying defoliation beyond 60 OBPD in treatments containing a gap. However, in 2001 there was no yield advantage to delaying defoliation. This may have been due to optimal late‐season growing conditions experienced in 2001. In years when micronaire readings are high, data suggested cotton not containing a fruiting gap is more likely to be above discount levels for high micronaire and should not be defoliated past 60 OBPD. In both 1999 and 2000, trends confirmed a direct relationship between OBPD and both yield and micronaire. Overall, these studies demonstrated that in some years, where no fruiting gaps exist, it might be possible to terminate cotton before the 60% open boll recommendation without sacrificing yields. These results would allow farmers to shift defoliation, and hence harvest, to a time when there are fewer risks of quality‐based discounts. While a significant interaction prohibited the examination of the use of micronaire at defoliation as a technique for timing defoliation, there did not appear to be a significant advantage to using either NACB or OBPD for timing defoliation.}, number={1}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Faircloth, J. C. and Edmisten, K. L. and Wells, R. and Stewart, A. M.}, year={2004}, pages={158–164} }
 @article{koenning_edmisten_barker_bowman_morrison_2003, title={Effects of rate and time of application of poultry litter on Hoplolaimus columbus on cotton}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.10.1244}, abstractNote={ Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of soil-incorporated poultry litter on the population dynamics of Hoplolaimus columbus and cotton lint yield. Rates of poultry litter applied varied from 0.0 to 27.0 t/ha and were applied in December, February, or March. Time of application did not influence population densities of this nematode or cotton yield. The rate of poultry litter applied was negatively related to the population density of H. columbus at midseason, but not at other sampling dates. The lower midseason levels of this nematode corresponded with increases in cotton lint yield in all experiments. Cotton yield increases generally were linear with respect to the rate of litter applied, although the highest rates of litter applied did not always result in the greatest cotton yield. Poultry litter can be used effectively to supply nutrients to the crop and suppress damaging levels of H. columbus. Optimal rates of litter application were from 6.0 to 13.4 t/ha. Application of poultry litter at these rates, however, may exceed nutrient levels required for best management practices. }, number={10}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Koenning, SR and Edmisten, KL and Barker, KR and Bowman, DT and Morrison, DE}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1244–1249} }
 @article{pline_wells_little_edmisten_wilcut_2003, title={Glyphosate and water-stress effects on fruiting and carbohydrates in glyphosate-resistant cotton}, volume={43}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2003.0879}, abstractNote={Water stress and glyphosate treatments to glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can cause abscission of young bolls although the interaction of these factors is not well defined. Studies were conducted to quantify the effects of water stress and glyphosate treatments on fruit retention, fruit placement, and carbohydrate partitioning in GR and conventional cotton varieties grown in a phytotron environment. Glyphosate-resistant plants treated with glyphosate at the four-leaf stage, postemergence (POST), and at the eight-leaf stage, POST-directed (PDIR), had fewer first-position bolls after 0 and 1 d of water stress than nontreated GR and conventional plants but did not differ after 2 and 3 d of water stress. Glyphosate-treated GR plants reached first bloom 3 to 4 d later than nontreated plants. Five-day-old bolls from plants of one genotype, SG 125RR, treated with glyphosate had lower fructose content than bolls from nontreated plants. Subtending leaf carbohydrates and boll sucrose, glucose, and starch content did not differ after glyphosate treatments. Increasing water stress caused reductions in subtending leaf glucose, sucrose, and starch content, as well as reductions in boll starch and sucrose content. Reductions in boll starch and sucrose content in response to water stress may indicate the potential for abscission. Water stress and glyphosate treatments to GR cotton do not alter carbohydrate profiles in boll or leaf tissues in a like manner. Differences in carbohydrate profiles of young bolls and leaves from glyphosate-treated and water-stressed cotton plants suggest that water stress and glyphosate treatments may promote fruit abscission in different manners.}, number={3}, journal={Crop Science}, author={Pline, W. A. and Wells, R. and Little, G. and Edmisten, K. L. and Wilcut, J. W.}, year={2003}, pages={879–885} }
 @article{pline_edmisten_wilcut_wells_thomas_2003, title={Glyphosate-induced reductions in pollen viability and seed set in glyphosate-resistant cotton and attempted remediation by gibberellic acid (GA(3))}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0019:GIRIPV]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Glyphosate treatments to glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton can cause increased fruit loss compared with untreated plants, likely due to reductions in pollen viability and alterations in floral morphology that may reduce pollination efficiency. This study was conducted to determine whether both stamen and pistil are affected by glyphosate treatments by measuring seed set from reciprocal reproductive crosses made between glyphosate-treated GR, untreated GR, and conventional nontransgenic cotton. Pollen viability was 51 and 38% lower for the first and second week of flowering, respectively, in GR plants treated with a four-leaf postemergence (POST) treatment and an eight-leaf POST-directed treatment of glyphosate than in GR plants that were not treated. Seed set per boll was significantly reduced when the pollen donor parent was glyphosate treated vs. untreated for the first 2 wk of flowering. There were no significant differences between treatments applied to male parents as measured by seed set at Weeks 3 and 4 of flowering. Seed set was not influenced by glyphosate treatments applied to female parents at any time. Retention of bolls resulting from crosses was reduced by glyphosate treatment of male parents during the first and third week of flowering but was not affected by glyphosate treatment of female parents. The application of gibberellic acid (GA), which has been shown to reverse male sterility in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and to enhance boll retention in cotton, was investigated for similar effects in glyphosate-treated GR cotton. The GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plants increased the anther–stigma distance 12-fold, stigma height, and pollen viability in the second week of flowering but decreased the number of seeds in second-position bolls on Fruiting branches 1 through 3, decreased the number of first-position bolls per plant, and increased the number of squares in comparison with glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GA. Although GA applications to glyphosate-treated GR cotton have some remedial effect on pollen viability, the GA-induced increase in the anther–stigma difference exacerbates the increase in anther–stigma distance caused by glyphosate, resulting in low pollination. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Delta Pine & Land 5415RR’, ‘Delta Pine & Land 5415’.}, number={1}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Pline, WA and Edmisten, KL and Wilcut, JW and Wells, R and Thomas, J}, year={2003}, pages={19–27} }
 @article{koenning_edmisten_barker_morrison_2003, title={Impact of cotton production systems on management of Hoplolaimus columbus}, volume={35}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Nematology}, author={Koenning, S. R. and Edmisten, K. L. and Barker, K. R. and Morrison, D. E.}, year={2003}, pages={73–77} }
 @article{faircloth_edmisten_bradley_2003, title={Whitefringed beetles (Graphognathus spp.) damage to North Carolina cotton}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-38.1.140}, abstractNote={Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Joel C. Faircloth, Keith L. Edmisten, J. R. Bradley; Whitefringed Beetles (Graphognathus spp.) Damage to North Carolina Cotton. Journal of Entomological Science 1 January 2003; 38 (1): 140. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.1.140 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest Search}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Faircloth, JC and Edmisten, KL and Bradley, JR}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={140–140} }
 @article{pline_wilcut_edmisten_wells_2002, title={Physiological and morphological response of glyphosate-resistant and non-glyphosate-resistant cotton seedlings to root-absorbed glyphosate}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0048-3575(02)00014-7}, abstractNote={The level of tolerance in herbicide-resistant plants may vary among different tissues or growth stages. Studies were conducted to determine relative tissue sensitivity in glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-GR cotton seedlings to the herbicide glyphosate. Glyphosate is often applied as a pre-plant treatment (burndown) in minimal tillage cotton production systems to remove any unwanted, emerged vegetation. Timing of these glyphosate applications may be in close proximity to the time of planting and seedling emergence. As glyphosate leaches from roots of nearby senescing weeds, it may be absorbed into the roots of cotton seedlings. Therefore, cotton seedlings were grown in hydroponic solutions containing technical grade glyphosate to ensure constant exposure to glyphosate. In all tissues, GR cotton required a greater concentration of glyphosate to reach 50% fresh weight reduction than non-GR cotton. Glyphosate inhibited the growth of non-GR cotton cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots 50% at concentrations of 23, 69, and 27μM glyphosate, respectively. In contrast, growth of GR cotton cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots was inhibited by 50% at 3.5-, 8-, and 5-fold greater glyphosate concentrations, respectively, than non-GR cotton tissues. Correspondingly, shikimic acid, an intermediate in the shikimic acid pathway, which accumulates upon 5-enolpyruvyl 3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase) inhibition, reached levels of 17.3, 21.6, and 8.8μMg−1 fresh weight at 1 mM glyphosate in non-GR cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots, respectively. In contrast, shikimic acid levels in GR cotton were 4.2, 14.0, and 8.2μMg−1 fresh weight at 1 mM glyphosate for cotyledons, hypocotyls, and roots, respectively. Thus, roots of GR and non-GR cotton accumulate similar amounts of shikimic acid, whereas GR cotyledons and hypocotyls accumulated less shikimic acid than the corresponding non-GR tissues in response to glyphosate treatments. Additionally, glyphosate inhibited the development of lateral roots at concentrations of 0.01 or 0.1μM glyphosate greater, in GR and non-GR cotton, respectively. Lateral roots of GR and non-GR cotton inhibited by glyphosate appeared shorter and were surrounded by a thick layer of necrotic cells or root exudate which was not present in roots from plants grown in media not containing glyphosate. The quantity of GR CP4-EPSP synthase was 4.7 and 6.6 times greater in cotyledons than in hypocotyls and roots, respectively. Tissues from dark-grown GR cotton seedlings contained 1.2–2.1 times less CP4-EPSP synthase than their light-grown counterparts. Because lateral root development was inhibited, fresh weight was reduced, and shikimic acid accumulated following treatment with glyphosate in both GR and non-GR cotton, the potential exists for glyphosate to negatively affect cotton seedling establishment.}, number={1}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Pline, WA and Wilcut, JW and Edmisten, KL and Wells, R}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={48–58} }
 @article{pline_wilcut_edmisten_2002, title={Postemergence weed control in soybean (Glycine max) with cloransulam-methyl and diphenyl ether tank-mixtures}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0737:PWCISG]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract: Field studies were conducted in 1995 and 1996 at three locations in North Carolina to evaluate weed control and soybean injury with postemergence (POST) treatments of cloransulam-methyl alone or in tank-mixture with acifluorfen, fomesafen, or lactofen compared with a commercial standard of acifluorfen plus bentazon. Soybean injury was 2 to 3% 7 d after treatment with cloransulam-methyl applied alone and 11 to 46% when applied with fomesafen, lactofen, acifluorfen, or acifluorfen plus bentazon. Cloransulam-methyl applied alone controlled 95% of entireleaf morningglory and ivyleaf morningglory. Control was not increased by the addition of acifluorfen, fomesafen, or lactofen. Cloransulam-methyl improved the control of common lambsquarters to at least 81% compared with dimethenamid applied preemergence alone (69% control). All diphenyl ether herbicide treatments controlled common lambsquarters at least 91%. Prickly sida control by cloransulam-methyl ranged from 14 to 73% 8 wk after treatment. Control of prickly sida was varied by diphenyl ether herbicides (73 to 100% control). Tank-mixtures of cloransulam-methyl + fomesafen and cloransulam-methyl + acifluorfen increased the control of prickly sida over either herbicide applied alone. Soybean yield was greater for all tank-mixtures than for any diphenyl ether herbicide or for cloransulam-methyl treatment applied alone. But only the acifluorfen + cloransulam-methyl treatment had higher economic returns than the cloransulam-methyl treatment alone. All other POST systems, with the exception of lactofen applied alone, had similar economic returns. Tank-mixtures of cloransulam-methyl and diphenyl ether herbicides increased the spectrum of control and soybean yield compared with these herbicides applied alone. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; bentazon; cloransulam-methyl; dimethenamid; fomesafen; lactofen; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Additional index words: Economic analysis, tank-mixtures. Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18); fb, followed by; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; WAT, wk after POST treatment.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Pline, WA and Wilcut, JW and Edmisten, KL}, year={2002}, pages={737–742} }
 @article{pline_viator_wilcut_edmisten_thomas_wells_2002, title={Reproductive abnormalities in glyphosate-resistant cotton caused by lower CP4-EPSPS levels in the male reproductive tissue}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0438:RAIGRC]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Glyphosate treatments to glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton have been associated with poor pollination and increased boll abortion. Anatomical studies were conducted to characterize the effect of glyphosate treatments on the development of male and female reproductive organs of cotton flowers at anthesis. In comparison with nontreated plants, glyphosate applied at both the four-leaf stage postemergence (POST) and at the eight-leaf stage POST directed inhibited the elongation of the staminal column and filament, which increased the distance from the anthers to the receptive stigma tip by 4.9 to 5.7 mm during the first week of flowering. The increased distance from the anthers to the stigma resulted in 42% less pollen deposited on stigmas of glyphosate-treated plants than in nontreated plants. Moreover, pollen from glyphosate-treated plants showed numerous morphological abnormalities. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of large vacuoles, numerous starch grains, and less organized pockets of the endoplasmic reticulum containing fewer ribosomes in pollen from glyphosate-treated plants than from nontreated plants. Pollen development in glyphosate-treated plants is likely inhibited or aborted at the vacuolate microspore and vacuolate microgamete stages of microgametogenesis, resulting in immature pollen at anthesis. Although stigmas from glyphosate-treated plants were 1.2 to 1.4 mm longer than those from nontreated plants, no other anatomical differences in stigmas were visibly evident. The presence of the GR 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4-EPSPS) enzyme from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 was quantified in reproductive and vegetative tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The content of CP4-EPSPS in the stigma, anther, preanthesis floral bud (square), and flower petals was significantly less than that in the vegetative leaf tissue. Glyphosate effects on the male reproductive development resulting in poor pollen deposition on the stigma, as well as production of aborted pollen with reduced viability, provide a likely explanation for reports of increased boll abortion and pollination problems in glyphosate-treated GR cotton. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Delta Pine & Land 5415RR’, ‘Delta Pine & Land 50’, ‘Delta Pine & Land 90’, ‘SureGrow 125RR’.}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Pline, WA and Viator, R and Wilcut, JW and Edmisten, KL and Thomas, J and Wells, R}, year={2002}, pages={438–447} }
 @article{pline_wilcut_duke_edmisten_wells_2002, title={Tolerance and accumulation of shikimic acid in response to glyphosate applications in glyphosate-resistant and nonglyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0021-8561"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf0110699}, abstractNote={Measurement of shikimic acid accumulation in response to glyphosate inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase is a rapid and accurate assay to quantify glyphosate-induced damage in sensitive plants. Two methods of assaying shikimic acid, a spectrophotometric and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, were compared for their accuracy of recovering known amounts of shikimic acid spiked into plant samples. The HPLC method recovered essentially 100% of shikimic acid as compared with only 73% using the spectrophotometric method. Relative sensitivity to glyphosate was measured in glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-GR cotton leaves, fruiting branches, and squares (floral buds) by assaying shikimic acid. Accumulation of shikimic acid was not observed in any tissue, either GR or non-GR, at rates of 5 mM glyphosate or less applied to leaves. All tissues of non-GR plants accumulated shikimic acid in response to glyphosate treatment; however, only fruiting branches and squares of GR plants accumulated a slight amount of shikimic acid. In non-GR cotton, fruiting branches and squares accumulated 18 and 11 times, respectively, more shikimic acid per micromolar of translocated glyphosate than leaf tissue, suggesting increased sensitivity to glyphosate of reproductive tissue over vegetative tissue. GR cotton leaves treated with 80 mM of glyphosate accumulated 57 times less shikimic acid per micromolar of translocated glyphosate than non-GR cotton but only 12.4- and 4-fold less in fruiting branches and squares, respectively. The increased sensitivity of reproductive structures to glyphosate inhibition may be due to a higher demand for shikimate pathway products and may provide an explanation for reports of fruit abortion from glyphosate-treated GR cotton.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Pline, WA and Wilcut, JW and Duke, SO and Edmisten, KL and Wells, R}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={506–512} }
 @article{pline_edmisten_oliver_wilcut_wells_allen_2002, title={Use of digital image analysis, viability stains, and germination assays to estimate conventional and glyphosate-resistant cotton pollen viability}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2002.2193}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Pline, WA and Edmisten, KL and Oliver, T and Wilcut, JW and Wells, R and Allen, NS}, year={2002}, pages={2193–2200} }
 @article{porterfield_wilcut_clewis_edmisten_2002, title={Weed-free yield response of seven cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars to CGA-362622 postemergence}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0180:WFYROS]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate the response of seven cotton cultivars to CGA-362622 applied postemergence at 7.5 and 15 g ai/ha to three- to five-leaf cotton. The cultivars evaluated included Deltapine 51, Deltapine NuCotn 33B, Paymaster 1220 RR, Paymaster 1220 BG/RR, Stoneville bromoxynil-resistant 47, Stoneville 474, and Sure-Grow 125. At 1 to 2 wk after treatment (WAT), CGA-362622 at 7.5 and 15 g/ha injured all cotton cultivars 7 to 9% and 13 to 15%, respectively. Cotton injury symptoms included chlorosis and minor stunting. At 3 to 4 WAT, injury from CGA-362622 at 7.5 and 15 g/ha was 2 to 6% and 7 to 9%, respectively. Except for Paymaster 1220 RR, Deltapine NuCotn 33B, and Stoneville 474, all cotton cultivars were injured more by the higher rate than by the lower rate of CGA-362622. Injury was not visibly apparent 6 to 8 WAT. CGA-362622 at either rate had no effect on cotton lint yield. Nomenclature: CGA-362622 (proposed common name trifloxysulfuron), N-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)carbamoyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-pyridin-2-sulfonamide sodium salt; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 51’, ‘Deltapine NuCotn 33B’, ‘Paymaster 1220 RR’, ‘Paymaster 1220 BG/RR’, ‘Stoneville BXN 47’, ‘Stoneville 474’, ‘Sure-Grow 125’. Additional index words: Crop injury, crop yield. Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase; BXN, bromoxynil-resistant; LAYBY, late postemergence directed; POST, postemergence; WAT, weeks after treatment.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Porterfield, D and Wilcut, JW and Clewis, SB and Edmisten, KL}, year={2002}, pages={180–183} }
 @article{jordan_bailey_barnes_bogle_bullen_brown_edmisten_dunphy_johnson_2002, title={Yield and economic return of ten peanut-based cropping systems}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0002-1962"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2002.1289}, abstractNote={Research was conducted in North Carolina at two locations from 1997 through 2000 to determine net returns of 10 cropping systems during a 4‐yr cropping cycle that included peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and corn (Zea mays L.). Cylindrocladium black rot [caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum] (CBR) increased when soybean was included in the rotation sequence or when peanut was grown continuously. The CBR‐resistant cultivar NC 12C increased yield compared with the susceptible cultivar NC 7 when this disease was present. Cotton was a better rotation crop than corn at one of two locations with respect to peanut yield and gross economic value in the final year of the study. Net returns were substantially lower when peanut was marketed for export in the current federal program rather than at the quota price. However, the profitability ranking among cropping systems changed little regardless of marketing system. Crop yield and net return were influenced by crop selection, weather conditions, and commodity prices during the 4 yr.}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Jordan, DL and Bailey, JE and Barnes, JS and Bogle, CR and Bullen, SG and Brown, AB and Edmisten, KL and Dunphy, EJ and Johnson, PD}, year={2002}, pages={1289–1294} }
 @article{pline_price_wilcut_edmisten_wells_2001, title={Absorption and translocation of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant cotton as influenced by application method and growth stage}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0043-1745"]}, DOI={10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0460:AATOGI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The influence of herbicide placement and plant growth stage on the absorption and translocation patterns of 14C-glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant cotton was investigated. Plants at four growth stages were treated with 14C-glyphosate on a 5-cm2 section of the stem, which simulated a postemergence-directed spray (PDS) application, or on the newest mature leaf, which simulated a postemergence (POST) application. Plants were harvested 3 and 7 d after treatment and divided into the treated leaf or treated stem, mature leaves, immature leaves and buds, stems, roots, fruiting branches (including the foliage on the fruiting branch), squares, and bolls. The PDS versus POST application main effect on absorption was significant. Absorption of 14C-glyphosate applied to stem tissue was higher in PDS applications than in POST applications. Plants receiving PDS applications absorbed 35% of applied 14C-glyphosate, whereas those receiving POST applications absorbed 26%, averaged over growth stages at application. Absorption increased from the four-leaf growth stage to the eight-leaf stage in POST applications but reached a plateau at the eight-leaf stage. Plants with PDS applications showed an increase in absorption from the four- to eight- to twelve-leaf stages and reached a plateau at the 12-leaf stage. Translocation of 14C-glyphosate to roots was greater at all growth stages with PDS treatments than with POST treatments. Herbicide placement did not affect translocation of 14C-glyphosate to squares and bolls. Squares and bolls retained 0.2 to 3.7% of applied 14C-glyphosate, depending on growth stage. Separate studies were conducted to investigate the fate of foliar-applied 14C-glyphosate at the four- or eight-leaf growth stages when harvested at 8- or 10-leaf, 12-leaf, midbloom (8 to 10 nodes above white bloom), and cutout (five nodes above white bloom, physiological maturity) stages. Thirty to 37% of applied 14C-glyphosate remained in the plant at cutout in four- and eight-leaf treatment stages, respectively. The concentration of 14C-glyphosate in tissue (Bq g−1 dry weight basis) was greatest in mature leaves and immature leaves and buds in plants treated at the four-leaf stage. Plants treated at the eight-leaf stage and harvested at all growth stages except cutout showed a higher concentration of 14C-glyphosate in squares than in other plant tissue. Accumulation of 14C-glyphosate in squares reached a maximum of 43 Bq g−1 dry weight at harvest at the 12-leaf stage. This concentration corresponds to 5.7 times greater accumulation of 14C-glyphosate in squares than in roots, which may also be metabolic sinks. These data suggest that reproductive tissues such as bolls and squares can accumulate 14C-glyphosate at higher concentrations than other tissues, especially when the herbicide treatment is applied either POST or PDS during reproductive stages (eight-leaf stage and beyond). Nomenclature: Glyphosate; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Delta Pine 5415RR’.}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Pline, WA and Price, AJ and Wilcut, JW and Edmisten, KL and Wells, R}, year={2001}, pages={460–467} }
 @article{stewart_edmisten_wells_2000, title={Boil openers in cotton: effectiveness and environmental influences}, volume={67}, DOI={10.1016/s0378-4290(00)00093-9}, abstractNote={The indeterminate growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) often results in a boll population at various stages of maturity when the crop is harvested. Boll opening compounds can be used to facilitate harvest by accelerating the opening of green bolls. Field trials were conducted at two locations in 1996 and 1997 to test the efficacy of four commercially available boll openers that stimulate ethylene production or desiccate the plant. Two of these boll openers are new to the marketplace: Finish™, ethephon+cyclanilide (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid+1-(2,4-dichlorophenylaminocarbonyl)-cyclopropane carboxylic acid), and CottonQuick™, ethephon+AMADS (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid+1-aminomethanamide dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate). Open bolls were hand harvested at 3–7 days intervals after application of the boll openers, and environmental conditions in conjunction with these harvests were recorded. The desiccant, paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride), was found to have erratic boll opening activity. Two products that contain ethephon plus the synergists cyclanilide or AMADS were found to have equal or higher rates of boll opening than ethephon alone. The rate of boll opening of all compounds was influenced more by the accumulation of heat units than by the amount of time following the application of boll openers. Although erratic, boll opening activity from paraquat application can be significant. Moreover, the reliability of ethephon based products, which are consistent boll openers, may be enhanced by formulations that contain a synergist. Heat unit accumulation may be used to predict and model the efficacy of boll opening with these harvest aides.}, number={1}, journal={Field Crops Research}, author={Stewart, E. M. and Edmisten, K. L. and Wells, R.}, year={2000}, pages={83–90} }
 @article{stewart_edmisten_wells_1999, title={Mepiquat chloride applications with a canvas wick}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Stewart, A. M. and Edmisten, K. L. and Wells, R.}, year={1999}, pages={526} }
 @article{stewart_edmisten_1998, title={Cotton response to placement and rate of starter fertilizer}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0190-4167"]}, DOI={10.1080/01904169809365457}, abstractNote={Abstract Application of starter fertilizer at‐planting is a convenient method of applying phosphorus (P) and pre‐plant nitrogen (N) to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). In addition, the placement of starter fertilizer in‐furrow requires no extra tanks or pumps, and can be tank mixed with at‐planting insecticides, fungicides, or plant growth regulators. Over a four‐year period, tests were initiated to determine the effect of 10–34–0 starter fertilizer applied in‐furrow and in a 5 cm to the side and 5 cm below the seed placement (5 cm x 5 cm). Lint yields were measured all four years. Stand counts, Chambers’ skip index, and plant heights were measured the final year. Placement of starter fertilizer in‐furrow was shown to decrease yields compared to a 5 cm x 5 cm placement and a check two out of four years. Plant stands, skip indexes and plant heights were adversely affected by an in‐furrow placement as well. A 5 cm x 5 cm placement did not significantly differ in terms of yield in any year from the check. Pla...}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION}, author={Stewart, AM and Edmisten, KL}, year={1998}, pages={967–973} }
 @article{edmisten_york_culpepper_stewart_maitland_1998, title={Optimizing production workshop--ultra narrow row cotton for the Southeast}, volume={1}, number={1998}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Edmisten, K. L. and York, A. C. and Culpepper, A. S. and Stewart, A. M. and Maitland, J.}, year={1998}, pages={84} }
 @article{edmisten_green_mueller_burns_1998, title={Winter annual small grain forage potential. I. Dry matter yield in relation to morphological characteristics of four small grain species at six growth stages}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1532-2416"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103629809369992}, abstractNote={Abstract Small grains offer a potential animal feed at a time when moisture is usually available in the Southeast. The four major winter annual small grains, barley, oats, rye, and wheat, have not been compared as potential feed sources in the same study in the past. These four small grains were harvested at six stages of growth: vegetative, boot, heading, milk, soft dough, and hard dough. Harvest dates, dry matter (DM) yield, DM yield of regrowth following initial harvest, DM concentration, and the proportions of leaf, stem and inflorescence were measured and used to evaluate the four species for silage production and grazing potential. Rye and barley reached boot prior to the suggested planting date for corn in the Piedmont of North Carolina and dry matter yields ranged from 4.72 to 6.71 Mg ha‐1 and were harvested. Barley reached milk, soft dough, and hard dough earlier than the other species and was equal to or higher than the other species in proportion of DM in leaf DM yield and total DM yield in 198...}, number={7-8}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Edmisten, KL and Green, JT and Mueller, JP and Burns, JC}, year={1998}, pages={867–879} }
 @article{edmisten_green_mueller_burns_1998, title={Winter annual small grain forage potential. II. Quantification of nutritive characteristics of four small grain species at six growth stages}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1532-2416"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103629809369993}, abstractNote={Abstract Four small grain species, barley, oat, rye, and wheat were harvested at six growth stages to investigate their nutritive quality as a possible replacement for corn silage. Crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin contents were measured on fresh and ensiled samples. The IVDMD, an estimate of forage ruminant digestibility, of all species generally decreased from the vegetative (765–854 g kg‐1) through the milk stage (505–662 g kg‐1) and then remained unchanged or increased slightly through hard dough with the exception of oats which often decreased during later stages of growth. The IVDMD of rye was usually lower than the other species from the milk to hard dough stage. The IVDMD of barley was generally higher than the other species at the soft and hard dough stages. The NDF, ADF, and lignin fractions usually increased from the vegetative to milk stages and remained unchanged or increased slightly through the...}, number={7-8}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Edmisten, KL and Green, JT and Mueller, JP and Burns, JC}, year={1998}, pages={881–899} }
 @article{stewart_edmisten_1997, title={Effect of planting date, starter fertilizer, and fungicide interaction on cotton}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0190-4167"]}, DOI={10.1080/01904169709365329}, abstractNote={Abstract It is widely believed that starter fertilizer applications and fungicide treatments, either separate or in combination, can lead to increased plant stands and yields in cool, wet growing seasons. Over a three year period, tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Two methods of starter application and two fungicide treatments were evaluated over two planting dates. Seedling stand counts and lint yield were measured. Our results show that on a North Carolina coastal plain soil there were no interactions between the treatments. A placement of starter fertilizer 5 cm to the side and 5 cm below the seed showed to have more consistent results in increasing plant stand and yield over a banded application. Fungicide treatments were not effective in increasing plant stands and increased yield in only one year over the untreated check. Yield was positively influenced by earlier planting dates and stand was found to increase in one year with an ear...}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION}, author={Stewart, AM and Edmisten, KL}, year={1997}, pages={1225–1230} }
 @article{edmisten_wood_burmester_1994, title={EFFECTS OF EARLY-SEASON FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON COTTON GROWTH, YIELD, AND NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0190-4167"]}, DOI={10.1080/01904169409364758}, abstractNote={Abstract Many producers are using foliar fertilizers on seedling cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with the intent of promoting early vigor and increasing yields. However, the hypothesis that foliar feeding young cotton increases seedling vigor and yield has not been rigorously tested. We conducted 5 studies during 1990 to 1992 to investigate the value of one, two or three foliar applications of 12–48–8 fertilizer to seedling cotton. Two studies also included foliar‐applied urea. Plant height and whole‐plant phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) were determined two weeks after each application in two studies. Yield and P and N concentrations were not influenced by foliar fertilizers in any study. Seedling height was not influenced by applications of 12–48–8. A slight early‐season height advantage was observed with foliar‐applied urea at one location. Our results suggest that application of foliar N and P fertilizers to seedling cotton has little agronomic value.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION}, author={EDMISTEN, KL and WOOD, CW and BURMESTER, CH}, year={1994}, pages={683–692} }