@article{oh_lee_hipp_2024, title={Food deserts exposure, density of fast-food restaurants, and park access: Exploring the association of food and recreation environments with obesity and diabetes using global and local regression models}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301121}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0301121}, abstractNote={To prevent obesity and diabetes environmental interventions such as eliminating food deserts, restricting proliferation of food swamps, and improving park access are essential. In the United States, however, studies that examine the food and park access relationship with obesity and diabetes using both global and local regression are lacking. To guide county, state, and federal policy in combating obesity and diabetes, there is a need for cross-scale analyses to identify that relationship at national and local levels. This study applied spatial regression and geographically weighted regression to the 3,108 counties in the contiguous United States. Global regression show food deserts exposure and density of fast-food restaurants have non-significant association with obesity and diabetes while park access has a significant inverse association with both diseases. Geographically weighted regression that takes into account spatial heterogeneity shows that, among southern states that show high prevalence of obesity and diabetes, Alabama and Mississippi stand out as having opportunity to improve park access. Results suggest food deserts exposure are positively associated with obesity and diabetes in counties close to Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee while density of fast-food restaurants show positive association with two diseases in counties of western New York and northwestern Pennsylvania. These findings will help policymakers and public health agencies in determining which geographic areas need to be prioritized when implementing public interventions such as promoting healthy food access, limiting unhealthy food options, and increasing park access.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Oh, Jae In and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Hipp, Aaron}, editor={Xiong, ChenfengEditor}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{smith_knollenberg_seekamp_lee_savage_2024, title={Gateway community stakeholders’ perceived impacts of protected area management actions: The case of North Carolina (U.S.) state parks}, volume={47}, ISSN={2213-0780}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2024.100792}, DOI={10.1016/j.jort.2024.100792}, journal={Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, Emily April and Knollenberg, Whitney and Seekamp, Erin and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Savage, Ann}, year={2024}, month={Sep}, pages={100792} }
 @article{von furstenberg_vayer_larson_nils peterson_lee_stevenson_ahlers_anhalt‐depies_bethke_clark_et al._2023, title={Evaluating impacts of R3 workshops for first‐time hunters at universities across the United States}, volume={47}, ISSN={2328-5540 2328-5540}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1482}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.1482}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={von Furstenberg, Richard and Vayer, Victoria R. and Larson, Lincoln R. and Nils Peterson, M. and Lee, Kangjae Jerry and Stevenson, Kathryn and Ahlers, Adam A. and Anhalt‐Depies, Christine and Bethke, Taniya and Clark, Brian and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{rosa_chaves_collado_larson_lee_profice_2023, title={Horticultural interventions may reduce adults' depressive symptoms: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1522-9610"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102112}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102112}, abstractNote={We conducted a systematic review to examine the effect of horticultural interventions (e.g., planting or taking care of plants) on people's depressive symptoms as assessed by depression outcome measures. On January 19 of 2022, the databases MEDLINE (PubMed), PsycArticles (APA), SCOPUS (Elsevier), Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrails.gov were searched from inception. The decision to include or exclude studies in the full text, the data extraction, and the risk of bias assessment were performed by two researchers. We identified 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (n = 998 participants; all adults), from nine different countries. Overall, we found evidence that some horticultural interventions plus usual care (i.e., continuing normal routine for healthy people or treatment for unhealthy ones) may reduce depressive symptoms more than usual care alone, with most studies suggesting a moderate (Hedges'g ≥ 0.5) or large effect (g ≥ 0.8). The percentage of participants who dropped out from any of the horticultural interventions ranged from 0% to 40% and only one study reported adverse events (i.e., fatigue and tiredness) related to the intervention. Except for one study, all studies had some risk of bias due to design limitations, such as lack of participants' blinding and/or a prespecified analysis plan. Our findings suggest that some horticultural interventions are effective and safe to use as a complementary strategy to reduce adults' depressive symptoms. More RCTs are needed to understand how specific participants and intervention characteristics can alter the effect of horticultural interventions on depressive symptoms.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Rosa, Claudio D. and Chaves, Talisson S. and Collado, Silvia and Larson, Lincoln R. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Profice, Christiana C.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{stodolska_lee_hwang_lee_son_2023, title={Leisure and Family Quality of Life in Korean Transnational Split Families}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2023.2185917}, abstractNote={The study investigates the effects of involvement in two types of family leisure activities (virtual and in-person) on family quality of life (QOL) among Korean Transnational Split Families (KTSF) in which fathers remain in Korea and wives and children migrate to the U.S. The study was based on the family systems theory and the core and balance model of family leisure. Twenty individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Korean mothers and fathers residing in the U.S. and in Korea. The findings revealed that leisure played an important role in maintaining the sense of togetherness and improved the family QOL. During separation, the families engaged in core leisure activities by employing technology, such as connecting on social media, watching movies, praying, and playing games. They also engaged in core and balance leisure activities when reunited in the U.S., Korea, or elsewhere. The activities included sports, outdoor recreation, travel, and even “mundane” daily pursuits that began to be perceived as leisure. While family QOL among KTSF was generally high, with the passage of time, we have observed a growing disconnect between fathers and their older children.}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Stodolska, Monika and Lee, KangJae and Hwang, Sunhwan and Lee, Yujin and Son, Hwayong}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hwang_lee_stodolska_2023, title={Leisure, acculturation, and life satisfaction of Korean transnational-split families: A mixed-method study}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2023.2206830}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2023.2206830}, abstractNote={Korean Transnational-split Families (KTSF) are some of the most unique Living Apart Together relationships. However, little is known about their acculturation to a new host country and its relationship with leisure and life satisfaction. Using a convergent mixed-method design, this study investigated the relationship between leisure, acculturation, and life satisfaction of KTSF in the U.S. An online survey and in-depth interviews with 10 KTSF adults were conducted. The results from structural equation modeling showed that leisure time with Koreans negatively impacted acculturation, yet it positively affected life satisfaction. Leisure time with Americans did not significantly affect acculturation and life satisfaction. Acculturation positively affected life satisfaction. Most qualitative data supported the quantitative findings. The data also showed other important issues in KTSF’s life satisfaction, such as the academic and personal success of children, “laid back” American lifestyles, less emphasis on materialism, quality natural environment, and lack of obligation to extended family.}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Hwang, Sunhwan and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Stodolska, Monika}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{van vleet_anup_lee_fernandez_2023, title={The effects of green space on college students' mood}, ISSN={["1940-3208"]}, DOI={10.1080/07448481.2023.2252931}, abstractNote={Objective: Less attention has been given to how green space can impact college students' moods. This study aimed to examine whether university students exposed to outdoor and indoor green space-natural and artificial would experience a change in moods compared to students not exposed to green space. Method: Seventy-nine participants were randomly assigned to four different conditions: office without greenery, office with posters of nature, office with green plants, and outside in a garden. The Brunel Mood Scale was used to assess participants' moods before and after spending time in their assigned setting. Results: Results indicated that all participants experienced a decline in tension and fatigue regardless of their assigned setting, yet the decline was less pronounced among participants in the office without greenery. Conclusion: Study findings highlight indoor green space is also conducive to positive moods. Thus, in addition to protecting outside greenery, universities may invest in indoor greenery (e.g., indoor plants, posters/artwork featuring nature) that can be placed in classrooms, libraries, dormitories, and other spaces frequented by students.}, journal={JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH}, author={Van Vleet, Zayden and Anup, K. C. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Fernandez, Mariela}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{lee_2023, title={The myth of African American under-representation in nature tourism}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1470-1340"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2023.2190159}, DOI={10.1080/14616688.2023.2190159}, abstractNote={Although nature-based recreation areas are among the most popular tourism destinations in the U.S., African Americans are far less likely to visit them compared to White Americans. This paper offers a critical analysis of the phenomenon often labeled Black under-participation or under-representation (BUPR) in nature tourism. First, I use the concept of the White racial frame to unpack the White centrism and normalism embedded in the notion of BUPR and explain how it erases Black Americans' historical relationship with nature while concealing centuries of Black exclusion in great outdoors. Second, I use the notion of the White-Savior Industry Complex to critique diversity initiatives of public park and tourism agencies, namely lack of strong sense of ownership in their historical Black exclusion. Finally, I make three recommendations for rectifying the enduring racial oppression in nature tourism.}, journal={TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{lee_casper_powell_floyd_2022, title={African Americans’ outdoor recreation involvement, leisure satisfaction, and subjective well-being}, volume={11}, ISSN={1046-1310 1936-4733}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03905-2}, DOI={10.1007/s12144-022-03905-2}, journal={Current Psychology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Powell, Roslynn and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{lee_hwang_stodolska_2022, title={Leisure and subjective well-being of parents of Korean transnational-split families}, volume={41}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00852-8}, DOI={10.1007/s12144-020-00852-8}, number={5}, journal={Current Psychology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Hwang, Sunhwan and Stodolska, Monika}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={3270–3281} }
 @article{larson_brown_lee_pearsall_2022, title={Park equity: Why subjective measures matter}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1610-8167"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127733}, abstractNote={Due to the various social and environmental benefits provided by urban parks and open spaces, ensuring that residents have equitable access to high-quality parks is paramount for planners and allied professionals. While research has identified inequities in park access based on race, ethnicity, and income, previous studies primarily focus on objective measures of access such as proximity to parks. Additionally, previous research typically includes single study regions that do not capture differences in distinct places. Relying on survey data from six metropolitan areas of the U.S. , we address these gaps by investigating how subjective perceptions of parks vary by race/ethnicity and income (while controlling for other factors). Specifically, we employ linear mixed models to test for interaction effects between race/ethnicity and the six metro regions. We also compare subjective views of parks to ParkScore® rankings and metrics that represent park access. Overall, we found that perceived problems with park availability and quality were highest in the Baltimore area, as well as Los Angeles, Miami, and Boston; they were lowest is Phoenix and Minneapolis–St. Paul. Meanwhile, residents perceived significantly more improvements in park availability and quality in Miami and Minneapolis–St. Paul, followed by the other regions. Compared to objective ParkScore® measures, subjective perceptions of parks do not always follow the relative rankings of metrics for park access and quality. Additionally, Black and Hispanic residents perceived greater park problems than White residents, and Hispanic residents perceived more improvements than White residents. However, distinctions in public perceptions of parks by racial/ethnic groups and regions did not hold up in our mixed, multivariate models . Instead, our results highlight regionally distinct perceptions by race/ethnicity, suggesting that subjective views of park quality are context-dependent. In contrast, income is a more dominant driver of perceived improvements in local parks and open spaces. As a whole, this research underscores the need to consider both objective and subjective measures in particular geographic contexts to fully understand and plan for the equitable distribution of high-quality parks across diverse people and places. • Subjective and objective measures of park availability and quality are critical to urban equity. • This study assesses subjective and objective measures of park access across six U.S. cities. • Differences in park perceptions depend on interactions between race/ethnicity and region. • Subjective views of local park problems and improvements are context-dependent. • Public perceptions of local parks may not consistently follow objective metrics of park access.}, journal={URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING}, author={Larson, Kelli L. and Brown, Jeffrey A. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Pearsall, Hamil}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{lee_fernandez_scott_floyd_2022, title={Slow violence in public parks in the US: can we escape our troubling past?}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1470-1197"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2022.2028182}, DOI={10.1080/14649365.2022.2028182}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Previous studies on environmental justice have paid limited attention to procedural injustice in parks. Using the concept of slow violence, this paper interrogates the ideological and philosophical foundations of American public parks in order to unearth enduring structural patterns of procedural injustice. The paper illustrates that community, state, and national parks in the U.S. were founded upon the elitism, eugenics, and racism of affluent and powerful White conservationists and social reformers. To materialize their own interests, the White elite defined, built, and managed public parks by displacing, excluding, and criminalizing the Indigenous, the poor, people of color, and immigrants. As such, many of today’s park injustices, such as inequitable park availability and quality, gentrification, and non-visitation of people of color, originated from the beginning of the public parks in the 19th century and have been sustained ever since. The paper discusses corrective justice strategies to alleviate the enduring slow violence in parks.}, journal={SOCIAL & CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Fernandez, Mariela and Scott, David and Floyd, Myron}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{chen_lee_kim_tsai_2022, title={The effects of individual-level and area-level socioeconomic status on preferences and behaviour in leisure time physical activities: a cross-sectional analysis of Chinese adults}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2022.2054459}, DOI={10.1080/14927713.2022.2054459}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study examines the extent to which individual and area-level socioeconomic statuses (SES) correlate with the preferences and participation in physical activities during leisure time. A multistage, random clustered sample taken from the China Health and Nutrition Survey of 2015 was used. Results from multi-level analyses indicated that both individual income and area-level SES were significantly associated with participation in walking, whereas individual educational attainment was positively associated with participation in sports. Moreover, leisure preference mediated the relationship between individual SES, area-level SES, and participation in sports. Based on these findings, this article suggests that both individual and area-level influences should be taken into account when developing health policies to promote active lifestyles. In addition, mediation effect of leisure preference in LTPA should be emphasized when implementing intervention program.}, journal={Leisure/Loisir}, author={Chen, Nan and Lee, Kangjae Jerry and Kim, Jaehyun and Tsai, Chiung-Tzu Lucetta}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{vayer_larson_peterson_lee_von furstenberg_choi_stevenson_ahlers_anhalt‐depies_bethke_et al._2021, title={Diverse University Students Across the United States Reveal Promising Pathways to Hunter Recruitment and Retention}, volume={85}, ISSN={0022-541X 1937-2817}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22055}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.22055}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vayer, Victoria R. and Larson, Lincoln R. and Peterson, M. Nils and Lee, Kangjae Jerry and Von Furstenberg, Richard and Choi, Daniel Y. and Stevenson, Kathryn and Ahlers, Adam A. and Anhalt‐Depies, Christine and Bethke, Taniya and et al.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={1017–1030} }
 @article{chen_kim_lee_kim_2021, title={The Moderating Effect of Urbanization on the Association between Socioeconomic Status and Physical Activity in Chinese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study}, volume={30}, url={https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2021.30.3.288}, DOI={10.15857/ksep.2021.30.3.288}, abstractNote={PURPOSE: Rapid urbanization has witnessed a dramatic decrease in physical activity. The purpose of this research was to explore the vulnerable inactivity group influenced by urbanization in China.METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey were utilized. A total of 7,319 households, including 20,914 individuals within 12 provinces, were pooled. Seven types of physical activity were included in statistical testing. Community-level urbanization was measured on an urbanicity scale consisting of 12 dimensions. Cross-level logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the direct and interactive effects of individual socioeconomic statuses and community-level urbanization on a leisure time physical activity (LTPA). After removing incomplete responses, 8,617 samples were selected for the statistical analyses.RESULTS: Community-level urbanization was positively related to participation probability in the LTPA. With an increase of one standard deviation (SD) in the level of urbanization, the odds of participating in the LTPA increased by approximately six times in the most urbanized areas compared with the least urbanized areas. The effect of employment status on the probability of participation in the LTPA differed across the levels of urbanization in each community. For white-collar workers who resided in the most urbanized communities, the odds of participating in the LTPA decreased by approximately 46% compared to their peers in the least urbanized communities.CONCLUSIONS: Community-level urbanization should be addressed when developing interventions and health policies to promote physical activity during leisure time, especially for individuals who are white-collar workers living in urbanized communities.}, number={3}, journal={Exercise Science}, publisher={Korean Society of Exercise Physiology}, author={Chen, Nan and Kim, Chang Gyeong and Lee, Kang Jae Jerry and Kim, Jaehyun}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={288–294} }
 @article{larson_peterson_furstenberg_vayer_lee_choi_stevenson_ahlers_anhalt-depies_bethke_et al._2021, title={The future of wildlife conservation funding: What options do US college students support?}, volume={3}, ISSN={2578-4854 2578-4854}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/csp2.505}, DOI={10.1111/csp2.505}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Peterson, Markus Nils and Furstenberg, Richard Von and Vayer, Victoria R. and Lee, Kangjae Jerry and Choi, Daniel Y. and Stevenson, Kathryn and Ahlers, Adam A. and Anhalt-Depies, Christine and Bethke, Taniya and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={e505} }
 @article{larson_zhang_oh_beam_ogletree_bocarro_lee_casper_stevenson_hipp_et al._2021, title={Urban Park Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are Socially Vulnerable Communities Disproportionately Impacted?}, volume={3}, ISSN={2624-9634}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.710243}, DOI={10.3389/frsc.2021.710243}, abstractNote={The COVID-19 pandemic altered human behavior around the world. To maintain mental and physical health during periods of lockdown and quarantine, people often engaged in outdoor, physically distanced activities such as visits to parks and greenspace. However, research tracking outdoor recreation patterns during the pandemic has yielded inconsistent results, and few studies have explored the impacts of COVID-19 on park use across diverse neighborhoods. We used a mixed methods approach to examine changes in park use patterns in cities across North Carolina, USA, during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on impacts in socially vulnerable communities (based on racial/ethnic composition and socioeconomic status). First, we surveyed a demographically representative sample of 611 urban residents during August 2020 to assess their use of outdoor park spaces before and during the pandemic. Second, we used cell phone location (i.e., geo-tracking) data to document changes in park visits within 605 socioeconomically diverse urban census tracts before (July 2019) and during (July 2020) the pandemic. Data from both methods revealed urban park use declined during the pandemic; 56% of survey respondents said they stopped or reduced park use, and geo-tracked park visits dropped by 15%. Park users also became more homogenous, with visits increasing the most for past park visitors and declining the most in socially vulnerable communities and among individuals who were BIPOC or lower-income. Our results raise concerns about urban park use during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest pre-existing health disparities in socially vulnerable communities might be exacerbated by inequitable access and utilization of parks and greenspace.}, journal={Frontiers in Sustainable Cities}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Zhang, Zhenzhen and Oh, Jae In and Beam, Will and Ogletree, S. Scott and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Hipp, J. Aaron and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kim_lee_thapa_2021, title={Visualizing fairness: distributional equity of urban green spaces for marginalized groups}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1360-0559"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.1915258}, DOI={10.1080/09640568.2021.1915258}, abstractNote={Previous environmental justice studies of urban green spaces (UGSs) have typically focused on issues of race/ethnicity or income level in Western countries and given limited attention to other dimensions of social disadvantage in Asian countries. To address this research gap, we examined distributional equity/inequity of UGSs among senior citizens living alone, single-mother families, individuals with disability, and basic livelihood security recipients in Seoul, South Korea. A geographically weighted regression was employed via a case study of 424 Dong districts in Seoul. Findings showed spatially heterogeneous equitable and inequitable access to UGSs; solitary seniors and single-mother families were more likely to experience inequitable access to UGSs, whereas people with disability and basic livelihood security recipients were more likely to have equitable access to UGSs. Seoul park management agencies could use the study findings to allocate resources for groups/regions that are in need of more access to UGSs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kim, Jinwon and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Thapa, Brijesh}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{xiao_lee_larson_2021, title={Who visits U.S. national parks (and who doesn’t)? A national study of perceived constraints and vacation preferences across diverse populations}, volume={53}, ISSN={0022-2216 2159-6417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2021.1899776}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2021.1899776}, abstractNote={Abstract The mission of the U.S. National Park Service (NPS) is increasingly challenged by underrepresentation of visitors from low-income and racial/ethnic minority backgrounds. To better understand attributes of Americans who do and do not visit national parks, we used data from a national general population survey (N = 4,103) to examine the sociodemographic characteristics, constraints to visitation, and vacation preferences among three groups of NPS visitors (recent visitors, past visitors, and non-visitors). Results revealed significant differences in constraints and preferences among the three groups. Black, Hispanic, and lower-income respondents were least likely to visit NPS sites. Compared to White respondents, they were also less aware of NPS units, more concerned about safety, and more likely to prefer alternative vacations such as sporting events, theme parks, and socially and culturally oriented destinations. Results underscore the need for the NPS to enhance relevancy and diversity by providing attractive and accessible recreation opportunities for historically marginalized groups.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Xiao, Xiao and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Larson, Lincoln R.}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={404–425} }
 @article{lee_dieser_2020, title={Ada S. McKinley: A Hidden History of Africa American Settlement House in Chicago}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2020.1830904}, abstractNote={Abstract Previous research on the history of the settlement house movement and the park and recreation profession has been dominated by celebrations of White social reformers such as Jane Addams. The stories of African American social reformers and their settlement houses have received little to no attention not only from leisure and recreation scholars, but also from the broader academic community. Using historiography and genealogy, we challenge the existing narrative and highlight the biography, activities, and legacy of Ada S. McKinley, an African American social reformer who founded the South Side Settlement House in Chicago during the first half of the twentieth century. A comparative analysis of McKinley and Addams was also conducted to promote a more nuanced understanding of their historical significance. We conclude with a summary of McKinley’s contribution to the field of park and recreation and calls for more research on her and other forgotten pioneers of color.}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Dieser, Rodney B.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{lee_cho_kim_hwang_2020, title={Do More Leisure Time and Leisure Repertoire Make Us Happier? An Investigation of the Curvilinear Relationships}, volume={21}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00153-3}, DOI={10.1007/s10902-019-00153-3}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Happiness Studies}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Cho, Seonghee and Kim, Eui Kyung and Hwang, Sunhwan}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={1727–1747} }
 @article{stodolska_lee_hwang_son_lee_2020, title={Leisure Behaviors among Mothers and Fathers in Korean Transnational Split Families}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1858378}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2020.1858378}, abstractNote={Abstract The study explored the leisure behaviors and factors affecting leisure among mothers and fathers in Korean Transnational Split families (KTSF). Transnationalism served as the theoretical framework in this study. Data were collected with the use of 19 individual in-depth interviews with KTSF mothers residing in the U.S. and fathers residing in Korea. The leisure of women in the U.S. involved participating in similar activities as in Korea, yet the motivations for participation were different in the new environment. Their leisure was shaped by family separation, immigration status, and the family life stage. Fathers in Korea engaged in active leisure pursuits such as exercising, golf, and tennis, as well as socializing and home-based activities, to distract themselves from loneliness and family separation, and to address health issues caused by overwork.}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Stodolska, Monika and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Hwang, Sunhwan and Son, Hwayong and Lee, Yujin}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{lee_casper_floyd_2020, title={Racial and Ethnic Diversity and Inclusion Efforts of Public Park and Recreation Agencies}, volume={38}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-9785}, abstractNote={People of color are less likely to use public parks and recreation programs compared to Whites. Communities of color tend to have less park areas, fewer recreation opportunities, or inferior quality of parks and recreation facilities. These disparities in public leisure service delivery run counter to the foundational philosophy of the field, which is an equal and fair distribution of social and health benefits to all citizens. How should public park and recreation agencies address these issues and make their services more equitable? To date, a relatively small number of studies have investigated what public recreation agencies are currently doing or can do to promote racial and ethnic diversity and inclusion within the organizations and user groups. The purpose of this study is to add to the existing literature on the marketing of public leisure service delivery in two ways. First, the study uses a qualitative research method to explore organizational efforts of public parks and recreation agencies focusing on racial and ethnic inclusion. Second, the collected information is analyzed using a usage market segmentation approach, the escalator concept, to better understand if the organizational efforts meet varying usage levels. A purposive sampling strategy recruited employees from eight agencies located in a large city or urban area with more racial and ethnic diversity than the U.S. national average. Those employees were directors, managers, or staff members primarily responsible for issues related to racial and ethnic inclusion. Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted during September and October of 2016. The participants were asked about their work responsibilities, as well as diversity and inclusion efforts of the agency. The collected data were analyzed with the five basic steps of qualitative data analysis method. The study identified 38 organizational efforts for promoting racial and ethnic diversity and inclusion within the agencies and user groups. Those 38 organizational efforts were categorized into six major themes: (1) Specific programs for people of color, (2) Communication, (3) Financial aid, (4) Youth programs, (5) Internal administrative efforts, and (6) Research. The identified six themes were further distinguished based on the usage levels. The findings show that a majority of the programs and efforts specific to people of color are focused on non-users and light users. Other efforts focused on retention for medium to heavy users. These findings suggested that the agencies might need to focus more on moving the existing user groups to higher usage levels so they would become repeat users. Thus, it is important that public park and recreation agencies segment their markets to increase program sustainability and make a long-term commitment to the existing programs or new strategic plans for promoting racial and ethnic inclusion. In any case, marketing and communication at all user levels to people of color is essential. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Floyd, Myron}, year={2020}, pages={88–105} }
 @article{powers_lee_pitas_graefe_mowen_2020, title={Understanding access and use of municipal parks and recreation through an intersectionality perspective}, volume={51}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2019.1701965}, abstractNote={Abstract We applied the multiple hierarchy stratification perspective to examine how access and use of municipal parks and recreation vary based upon the intersections of gender, race/ethnicity, age, income, place of residence, and education. We hierarchically stratified demographic combinations and calculated probabilities for having a park within walking distance, using parks, and participating in recreation programs. Findings demonstrated that as membership in multiple marginalized groups increases, individuals are generally less likely to visit parks and perceive they have a park within walking distance from home. However, program participation did not show a similar trend. Research has repeatedly identified various benefits of parks and recreation, yet disparities by social stratification may be impeding access to those benefits, particularly among those belonging to multiple marginalized groups. To reduce such disparities, park and recreation agencies should focus on increasing engagement among the most underserved groups—individuals with multiple disadvantaged statuses.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Powers, Samantha L. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Pitas, Nicholas A. and Graefe, Alan R. and Mowen, Andrew J.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={377–396} }
 @article{pinckney_brown_sene-harper_lee_2019, title={A case for Race scholarship: A research note}, volume={50}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2019.1626782}, abstractNote={Abstract Over the past 50 years, the relationship of Race and ethnicity with leisure has been examined in many ways. In this article, the authors first recommend that leisure research give attention solely to Race and provide a justification for this recommendation. Second, this article suggests leisure researchers have primarily viewed Race as a variable within leisure studies, thus providing limited insight into the relationship between Race and leisure behavior. Finally, this research note argues that leisure researchers should commit to promoting Race scholarship where the goal is to gain a better understanding of Race itself and then identify its relationship with leisure. Examples of Race scholarship and how it can be engaged by leisure researchers are provided. While evidence of Race scholarship exists within leisure research and should be acknowledged, these occurrences are minimal. A concerted effort by leisure researchers to stimulate Race scholarship is necessary to transform the way in which we explore Race in leisure research.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Pinckney, Harrison P. and Brown, Aishia and Sene-Harper, Aby and Lee, KangJae}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={350–358} }
 @article{schultz_bocarro_lee_sene-harper_fearn_floyd_2019, title={Whose National Park Service? An Examination of Relevancy, Diversity, and Inclusion Programs from 2005-2016}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-9052}, abstractNote={As the U.S. population becomes more diverse, there has been a growing concern about the ability of the National Park Service (NPS) to remain relevant to individuals from different backgrounds, establish deeper connections with future generations, and to address the underrepresentation of diverse groups among national park visitors and in the NPS workforce. Implementing successful diversity and inclusion programs to foster relevancy, diversity and inclusion (RDI) is critical for the agency’s future. As the NPS implements RDI programs system wide, an assessment of current programs and initiatives is timely, providing information on the extent of follow-through, given policy directives and calls for increased focus on diversity in management. Thus, the purpose of this study was to catalogue NPS RDI programs targeting the areas of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, ability, age, economic status, gender, non-English speakers, tribal communities, urban populations, and veteran status, as well as examine some of the key characteristics related to the management and administration of these programs. In fall 2016, NPS employees were invited to participate in a comprehensive online inventory of RDI programs implemented between 2005 and 2016. A total of 161 park units participated, yielding a park unit response rate of 39%. A total of 1,359 RDI programs were reported, resulting in an average of 2.68 diversity aspects per program. Age ( n =662; 17.7%), ethnicity ( n =456; 12.2%), race ( n =434; 11.6%), economic status ( n =391; 10.4%), and urban population ( n =361; 9.6%) were the dominant aspects of diversity reported across the RDI programs and initiates. The majority of the reported RDI programs (61.6%) were located in three regions: Northeast ( n = 364; 26.8%), Midwest ( n = 247; 18.2%), and Intermountain ( n = 225; 16.6%) and concentrated in one of two emphasis areas: Co-creation and Community Engagement ( n =563; 41.4%) and Connecting Youth with Our Mission ( n =251; 18.4%). Nearly half of the identified programs ( n =645; 47.5%) focused on an external audience such as visitors and 497 (36.6%) programs focused on both an external and internal audience. The number of new RDI programs has steadily increased from 16 new programs in 2006 to 256 new programs in 2016. Of the 1,359 RDI programs, 17.7% ( n =240) of reported RDI programs are conducted annually. Internal funding supported 61.7% ( n =838) of the reported RDI programs. For the collaboration structure, 42.8% ( n =581) of programs collaborated internally and 53.9% ( n =733) relied upon external collaborations. These findings were discussed based upon previous NPS management scholarship as well as Stanfield McCown’s (2011, 2012) conceptual model comprised of six connected themes critical to the success of NPS diversity efforts. The discussion also presented several managerial recommendations for the NPS such as refocusing efforts to broaden the amount of diversity aspects represented in RDI programming, creating more repeat programs to ensure youth and community members establish long-term relationships, initiating more RDI programs specifically for internal audiences, increasing external funding sources, and cultivating external partnerships to improve program sustainability. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Schultz, Courtney L. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Sene-Harper, Aby and Fearn, Mickey and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, pages={51–69} }
 @article{lee_hwang_2018, title={Serious leisure qualities and subjective well-being}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1743-9779"]}, DOI={10.1080/17439760.2017.1374437}, abstractNote={Abstract This study investigated the qualities of serious leisure in relation to subjective well-being (SWB). A four-step hierarchical regression analysis was conducted using data obtained from 505 individuals who participated in various leisure activities in the Republic of Korea. Age, education, gender, monthly income, monthly leisure expenditure, marital status, and 18 dimensions of serious leisure were used as independent variables. Results showed that education, personal enrichment, self-expression of individual, and self-gratification-enjoyment were significant predictors of SWB. In general, demographic factors accounted for a small percentage of the variance in SWB whereas serious leisure qualities demonstrated significantly more power.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Hwang, Sunhwan}, year={2018}, pages={48–56} }
 @article{lee_stodolska_2016, title={Asian North Americans' Leisure: A Critical Examination of the Theoretical Frameworks Used in Research and Suggestions for Future Study}, volume={39}, ISSN={0149-0400 1521-0588}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2016.1215944}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2016.1215944}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to critically examine the theoretical frameworks employed in the existing research on Asian North Americans' leisure and to offer insights into additional theories that might be used in future research on the topic. The study reviewed three major theoretical frameworks employed by previous research in the field of leisure studies: (1) assimilation and acculturation theory, (2) ethnicity-based theories, and (3) self-construal. The study also provides recommendations for alternative theoretical approaches that could be used in investigations of Asian North Americans' leisure, including racial discrimination and stereotyping, the multiple hierarchy stratification perspective, transnationalism, and cultural and social capital.}, number={6}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lee, Kangjae Jerry and Stodolska, Monika}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={524–542} }
 @article{lee_scott_2016, title={Bourdieu and African Americans’ Park Visitation: The Case of Cedar Hill State Park in Texas}, volume={38}, ISSN={0149-0400 1521-0588}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1127188}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2015.1127188}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study used Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practice to understand African Americans’ underrepresentation at Cedar Hill State Park (CHSP) in Texas. Archival methods, site visits, and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 13 local African Americans. Four salient themes related to African Americans’ under-representation were identified: (1) racial conflict within the field, (2) CHSP as a racialized space, (3) African American leisure habitus, and (4) lack of relevant attractions. These themes were closely related and together showed that perceived racial discrimination was a common factor which explained nonvisitation at CHSP.}, number={5}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lee, Kangjae Jerry and Scott, David}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={424–440} }
 @article{lee_dunlap_edwards_2014, title={The Implication of Bourdieu's Theory of Practice for Leisure Studies}, volume={36}, ISSN={0149-0400 1521-0588}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.857622}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2013.857622}, abstractNote={The purpose of this article is to illustrate the effectiveness of Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theory and encourage more holistic use of his concepts of habitus, capital, field, and symbolic violence in leisure research. We briefly review the manner in which leisure researchers have utilized Bourdieu's work. Second, we apply Bourdieu's notions of habitus, capital, field, and symbolic violence to understand inequitable participation in hunting activities in American society. We conclude by offering recent issues in recreational hunting and recommendations for practitioners based on interpretations of Bourdieu's concepts.}, number={3}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lee, Kangjae Jerry and Dunlap, Rudy and Edwards, Michael B.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={314–323} }
 @article{lee_2013, title={Race and Sport in Canada: Intersecting Inequalities}, volume={45}, ISSN={0022-2216 2159-6417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2013.11950300}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2013.11950300}, abstractNote={Race and Sport in Canada: Intersecting Inequalities Janelle Joseph, Simon Darnell, Yuka Nakamura (Eds.) Canadian Scholars' Press, 2012Race and Sport in Canada: Intersecting Inequalities offers an interesting collection of studies focused on race and sport and their intersections with age, gender, class, masculinity, and sexuality. In the introduction, the editors, Joseph, Darnell, and Nakamura, articulated that sport is a complex social phenomenon where "race, racism, and racial hierarchy are constructed and maintained, yet simultaneously obscured and normalized" (p. 2). The aim of this book is to illustrate such complex relations between race and sport and provide "an opportunity to resist, rethink, and reimagine notions of race in Canada and what it means to be Canadian" (p. 3). Thus, as Walcott mentioned in the preface, this book attempts to provide a critical analysis on Canadian multiculturalism and critique of racism studies in Canada.As a point of departure, the editors first acknowledge that race is a socially and politically constructed illusive concept, yet it constantly shapes mainstream Canadian culture and every aspect of individuals' lives in Canada. While researchers debunked the deterministic notion of race as an essential biological feature (Omi & Winant, 2002), their explanation in the introduction is timely and prudent. They further stressed the importance of the book by pointing out the paucity of studies that have examined the relations between race and sport within the Canadian context.The rest of the book consists of 10 chapters authored by various researchers who examined diverse topics related to race and sport. The chapters are organized into three thematic areas. The first four chapters provide historical accounts on race and sport in Canada. In Chapter 1, Field reviewed the history of immigration to Canada and the impact of sport on the life of immigrants during the first half of the 20th century. By illustrating diverse immigrant groups' sport experiences in Canada, Field pointed out a dual utility of sports and explained that sports can facilitate immigrants' contact with mainstream culture and promote their assimilation into Canadian society, yet it can also stymie their assimilation by providing a social context where immigrants can enhance ethnic solidarity. Field also went beyond the dual utility notion by documenting how immigrants established sport clubs in many cities in Canada and introduced new sports to the country. Field articulated various functions of sports on immigrants' life and emphasized that immigrants are not passive actors waiting to be assimilated into Canadian society, but active constituents of the country's sport culture.In Chapter 2, Valentine and Darnell examined racial tolerance between Canada and America by comparing the history of Black football players in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and National Football League (NFL) during the 20th century. They noted that all Canadian professional football teams were racially integrated by 1951 so the racial integration took place much faster in CFL compared to NFL. Moreover, while many NFL teams did not draft Black quarterbacks due to the racial prejudice, CFL teams recruited Black quarterbacks from the U.S. and allowed Black players to continue their football career. Although these records implied that Canadian society, or at least Canadian football culture, is more supportive to racial diversity compare to the U.S., Valentine and Darnell challenged this idea by documenting Black players' experience of racism and their resistance to racial hierarchy in Canada. Although racism might be less prevalent in Canada, the authors concluded that it is deeply embedded in the fabric of Canadian society.In Chapter 3, Krebs conducted intertextual discourse analyses on Canadian mass media and examined how ice hockey is portrayed, marketed, and commercialized for the general public. Utilizing the concept of Whitestream, Krebs' critical analysis revealed that White male hegemony was legitimized in the Canadian hockey scene by constantly normalizing Anglophone and the violence of hockey players in and out of sport settings. …}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={563–566} }
 @article{lee_dunlap_scott_2011, title={Korean American Males’ Serious Leisure Experiences and Their Perceptions of Different Play Styles}, volume={33}, ISSN={0149-0400 1521-0588}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2011.582826}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2011.582826}, abstractNote={This study examined Koreans Americans’ serious leisure experience with different racial groups. Interviews were conducted with 15 Korean male basketball and soccer players. A key finding was that participants recognized different styles of play between Korean Americans and other racial groups. While some participants cared little about other players’ race/ethnicity, other participants played exclusively with Korean Americans and preserved or promoted their ethnic identity. While Stebbins (1982) argues that serious leisure provides eight durable benefits, our findings suggest self-identification may be another durable benefit, at least among ethnic and/or racial minorities.}, number={4}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lee, Kangjae Jerry and Dunlap, Rudy and Scott, David}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={290–308} }
 @article{lee_scott_2011, title={Participation in Wildlife Watching: A Multiple Hierarchy Stratification Perspective}, volume={16}, ISSN={1087-1209 1533-158X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2011.597825}, DOI={10.1080/10871209.2011.597825}, abstractNote={Using data from the 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, we tested the utility of the multiple hierarchy stratification perspective (MHSP) on predicting Americans' participation in wildlife watching close to home and away from home. The results showed that race/ethnicity was the best predictor of wildlife watching activities. Elderly White females who live in rural areas and have college degrees and high household incomes had the highest rates of participation in wildlife watching close to home. In contrast, young White males who live in rural areas and possess college degrees and high household incomes had the highest participation rates in wildlife watching away from home. Overall, results suggested that the MHSP was more effective in explaining Americans' participation in wildlife watching away from home than it was for wildlife watching close to home. Implications for future research and recreation resource management are discussed.}, number={5}, journal={Human Dimensions of Wildlife}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Scott, David}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={330–344} }