@article{hallowell_hepworth-warren_dembek_2024, title={An updated description of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses and factors associated with death}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.17141}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Available descriptive studies on equine pneumonia are outdated or focus on specific horse or bacterial populations. Objectives To describe the clinical presentation and bacterial isolates of adult horses with bacterial pneumonia and identify factors associated with death. Animals One hundred sixteen horses >2 years old with bacterial pneumonia. Methods Retrospective case series. Data regarding history, physical examination, clinicopathologic features, treatment, bacterial culture and sensitivity, and outcome were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results Historical risk factors were present for 60% of cases, whereas abnormal vital signs on intake were present for <50%. Most horses (58%) underwent at least 1 change of antimicrobial treatment, and 67% received the highest‐priority critically important antimicrobials. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was the most isolated bacteria (44%), followed by Escherichia coli (19%), Klebsiella spp. (18%), other Streptococcus species (17%), and Bacillus spp. (13%). Fusobacterium spp. were the most common anaerobic isolates (11%). Antimicrobial susceptibility varied widely. Survival to discharge was 73%. Heart rate at presentation (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.008‐1.17, P = .03) and higher creatinine (OR 14.1, 95% CI 1.56‐127.6, P = .02) increased the risk of death. Higher lymphocyte count (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08‐0.94, P = .04) reduced risk. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Contrasting older literature, Fusobacterium spp. were the most common anaerobes. Streptococcus zooepidemicus remained the most common isolate and was predictably susceptible to penicillin. Antimicrobial susceptibility was otherwise variable and broad applicability is limited as this was a single‐center study. Increased risk of death associated with tachycardia and abnormally high serum creatinine concentration is consistent with previous studies.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hallowell, Kimberly L. and Hepworth-Warren, Kate L. and Dembek, Katarzyna}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @article{hallowell_dembek_horne_knych_messenger_schnabel_2024, title={Systemic absorption of triamcinolone acetonide is increased from intrasynovial versus extrasynovial sites and induces hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2024.1388470}, abstractNote={Steroid-associated laminitis remains a major concern with use of corticosteroids in horses. Individual case factors such as joint pathology, pre-existing endocrinopathies, or corticosteroid type, dose, and timing influencing steroid-induced laminitis risk have not been investigated. This study aimed to determine if systemic absorption of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) varies between intrasynovial (antebrachiocarpal) and extrasynovial (sacroiliac) injection sites, and to determine the effects of TA absorption on glucose, insulin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Twenty adult horses were randomized into antebrachiocarpal or sacroiliac joint injection groups, and each horse received bilateral injections with a total dose of 18 mg triamcinolone. Blood was collected prior to injection and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h post-injection. Peak TA absorption occurred at 8 h in both groups, and was significantly higher in the intrasynovial group compared to the extrasynovial group (1.397 ng/mL, 0.672 ng/mL,}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Hallowell, Kimberly L. and Dembek, Katarzyna and Horne, Caitlyn R. and Knych, Heather K. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Schnabel, Lauren V.}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{hobbs_le sueur_hallowell_martin_sheats_ueda_2024, title={Use of extracorporeal hemoperfusion therapy in an adult horse with <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> colitis and severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17154}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.17154}, abstractNote={An 8-year-old American Quarter Horse gelding was treated with extracorporeal hemoperfusion (HP) therapy for treatment of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) colitis-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The gelding developed C. difficile associated peracute colitis and severe SIRS as evidenced by a positive fecal C. difficile PCR and tachypnea, tachycardia, fever, neutropenia, altered mucous membrane color, and hyperlactatemia. Concurrent acute kidney injury in the horse limited the use of routine anti-inflammatory and anti-lipopolysaccharide treatments, including flunixin meglumine and polymyxin B, because of potential for nephrosis. Extracorporeal HP therapy was performed twice within 48 hours of the onset of severe SIRS during which the horse's physical examination variables stabilized. The horse was euthanized after 4 days because of laminitis. These findings support further investigation of extracorporeal HP therapy as an adjunctive treatment for severe SIRS/sepsis in horses.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hobbs, Kallie J. and Le Sueur, Andre N. V. and Hallowell, Kimberly and Martin, Emily and Sheats, Mary Katherine and Ueda, Yu}, year={2024}, month={Aug} }
 @article{ludwig_hallowell_womble_o'neil_2023, title={Bilateral patellar aplasia in a foal}, ISSN={["2053-1095"]}, DOI={10.1002/vms3.1083}, abstractNote={AbstractA 2‐day‐old Cleveland Bay colt was referred to the Equine Emergency Service of the Farm Animal and Equine Veterinary Medical Center at North Carolina State University's College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation of decreased nursing behaviour and right hindlimb lameness of 2 days’ duration. When assisted to stand, the foal was unable to extend either hindlimb or bear weight on the hindlimbs, the right patella was luxated laterally and unable to be reduced, and the foal assumed a crouched position. Stifle radiographs revealed minimal, heterogeneous, ill‐defined ossification of both patellae. Due to the severity of the musculoskeletal defects, humane euthanasia was elected. Post‐mortem examination identified a congenital malformation of both patella bones with failure of ossification and cardiac changes suggestive of right atrioventricular valve dysplasia. Histology of the patellae showed no evidence of osteoid deposition or ossification. To our knowledge, bilateral congenital patellar aplasia has not been previously described in foals.}, journal={VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SCIENCE}, author={Ludwig, Elsa K. and Hallowell, Kim and Womble, Mandy and O'Neil, Erin}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }