@article{johnson_desmarais_tueller_van dorn_2019, title={Methodological limitations in the measurement and statistical modeling of violence among adults with mental illness}, volume={28}, ISSN={1049-8931 1557-0657}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1776}, DOI={10.1002/mpr.1776}, abstractNote={Methodological limitations of extant research hinder the development of effective violence risk screening, assessment, and management strategies for adults with mental illness. This study quantifies the effects of three common limitations: (a) insensitive measurement of violence that results in violence classification with high levels of information bias, (b) use of cross-sectional data, and (c) use of data lacking spatiotemporal contiguity.We utilize secondary data (N = 3,000 participants; N = 10,017 observations) and parametric and nonparametric bootstrap simulation methodologies.Not utilizing self-reported violence data increases information bias. Furthermore, cross-sectional data that exclude self-reported violence produce biased associations between substance use and psychiatric symptoms and violence. Associations between baseline variables and subsequent violence attenuate over longer time lags and, when paired with high levels of violence information bias, result in fewer significant effects than should be present. Moreover, the true direction of the simulated relationship of some significant effects is reversed.Our findings suggest that the validity of conclusions from some extant research on violence among adults with mental illness should be questioned. Efforts are needed to improve both the measurement of violence, through inclusion of self-report, and the statistical modeling of violence, using lagged rather than nonlagged models with improved spatiotemporal contiguity.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Johnson, Kiersten L. and Desmarais, Sarah L. and Tueller, Stephen J. and Van Dorn, Richard A.}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @article{lowder_desmarais_rade_johnson_van dorn_2019, title={Reliability and Validity of START and LSI-R Assessments in Mental Health Jail Diversion Clients}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1552-3489"]}, DOI={10.1177/1073191117704505}, abstractNote={Risk assessment instruments are increasingly used in mental health jail diversion programs. This study examined the reliability and validity of Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) and Level of Service Inventory–Revised (LSI-R) assessments overall and by client race. Research assistants completed START and LSI-R assessments for 95 diversion clients. Arrests and jail days were collected via official records and self-report 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months after baseline. Assessments demonstrated good interrater reliability and convergent validity. START strength total scores and LSI-R risk estimates were the strongest predictors of recidivism. Total scores and risk estimates did not differ as a function of client race, but there were some differences in accuracy of START vulnerability and LSI-R total scores and risk estimates in predicting jail days (but not arrests), over shorter follow-ups. No such differences were found for START strength total scores across any follow-up period or recidivism measure.}, number={7}, journal={ASSESSMENT}, author={Lowder, Evan M. and Desmarais, Sarah L. and Rade, Candalyn B. and Johnson, Kiersten L. and Van Dorn, Richard A.}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={1347–1361} }
 @article{zablocka_reil_guerra_reyes_werth_cartwright_aldana_johnson_anastario_2017, title={Alcohol use and HIV prevention among personnel in the Belize Defence Force}, volume={42}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Community Health}, author={Zablocka, R. and Reil, M. and Guerra, L. and Reyes, E. and Werth, S. R. and Cartwright, J. and Aldana, L. and Johnson, K. and Anastario, M.}, year={2017}, pages={160–168} }
 @article{johnson_desmarais_van dorn_lutnick_kral_lorvick_2016, title={Correlates of Risky Heterosexual Behaviors Among Women Who Use Methamphetamine}, volume={46}, ISSN={0022-0426 1945-1369}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042616629512}, DOI={10.1177/0022042616629512}, abstractNote={Women who use methamphetamine are at heightened risk of engaging in sexual behaviors that increase their odds of contracting HIV or sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, little is known regarding correlates of such behaviors within this population. In a community-based sample of women who use methamphetamine ( N = 322), we examined participant characteristics (i.e., demographics, drug- and sex-related behaviors, and mental health characteristics) associated with three operationalizations of risky heterosexual behaviors in the past 6 months (i.e., number of male partners, condomless sex with male partners, and both multiple male partners and condomless sex). Analyses revealed important distinctions in the correlates of risky heterosexual behaviors as a function of outcome. Results suggest that HIV and STI prevention strategies should consider characteristics associated with differing risky heterosexual behaviors. In addition, differences in correlates of these behaviors suggest a need for standardization in measurement and evaluation of sexual risk in research and practice with women who use methamphetamine.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Drug Issues}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Johnson, Kiersten L. and Desmarais, Sarah L. and Van Dorn, Richard A. and Lutnick, Alexandra and Kral, Alex H. and Lorvick, Jennifer}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={148–160} }
 @article{johnson_desmarais_grimm_tueller_swartz_van dorn_2016, title={Proximal Risk Factors for Short-Term Community Violence Among Adults With Mental Illnesses}, volume={67}, ISSN={1075-2730 1557-9700}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500259}, DOI={10.1176/appi.ps.201500259}, abstractNote={This study examined the role of static indicators and proximal, clinically relevant indicators in the prediction of short-term community violence in a large, heterogeneous sample of adults with mental illnesses.Data were pooled from five studies of adults with mental illnesses (N=4,484). Follow-up data were available for 2,579 participants. A hierarchical linear regression assessed the incremental validity of a series of variable clusters in the prediction of violence risk at six months: static characteristics (age, sex, race-ethnicity, and primary diagnosis), substance use (alcohol use and drug use at baseline), clinical functioning (psychiatric symptoms at baseline and recent hospitalization), recent violence, and recent victimization.Results demonstrated improved prediction with each step of the model, indicating that proximal indicators contributed to the prediction of short-term community violence above and beyond static characteristics. When all variables were entered, current alcohol use, recent violence, and recent victimization were positive predictors of subsequent violence, even after the analysis controlled for participant characteristics.This study provides empirical evidence for three proximal, clinically relevant indicators in the assessment and management of short-term violence risk among adults with mental illnesses: current alcohol use, recent violence, and recent victimization. Consideration of these indicators in clinical practice may assist in the identification of adults with mental illnesses who are at heightened risk of short-term community violence.}, number={7}, journal={Psychiatric Services}, publisher={American Psychiatric Association Publishing}, author={Johnson, Kiersten L. and Desmarais, Sarah L. and Grimm, Kevin J. and Tueller, Stephen J. and Swartz, Marvin S. and Van Dorn, Richard A.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={771–778} }
 @article{cramer_desmarais_johnson_gemberling_nobles_holley_wright_van dorn_2016, title={The intersection of interpersonal and self-directed violence among general adult, college student and sexually diverse samples}, volume={63}, ISSN={0020-7640 1741-2854}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764016683728}, DOI={10.1177/0020764016683728}, abstractNote={Background: Suicide and interpersonal violence (i.e. victimization and perpetration) represent pressing public health problems, and yet remain mostly addressed as separate topics. Aims: To identify the (1) frequency and overlap of suicide and interpersonal violence and (2) characteristics differentiating subgroups of violence-related experiences. Methods: A health survey was completed by 2,175 respondents comprised of three groups: college students ( n = 702), adult members of a sexuality special interest organization ( n = 816) and a community adult sample ( n = 657). Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups characterized by violence experiences; logistic regression was used to identify respondent characteristics differentiating subgroups. Results: Overall rates of violence perpetration were low; perpetration, victimization and self-directed violence all varied by sample. Adults with alternative sexual interests reported high rates of victimization and self-directed violence. Analyses indicated two subgroups: (1) victimization + self-directed violence and (2) self-directed violence only. The victimization + self-directed violence subgroup was characterized by older, White, female and sexual orientation minority persons. The self-directed violence subgroup was characterized by younger, non-White, male and straight counterparts engaging with more sexual partners and more frequent drug use. Conclusion: Findings support the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition of suicide as self-directed violence. Suicide intervention and prevention should further account for the role of violent victimization by focusing on the joint conceptualization of self-directed and interpersonal violence. Additional prevention implications are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Social Psychiatry}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Cramer, Robert J and Desmarais, Sarah L and Johnson, Kiersten L and Gemberling, Tess M and Nobles, Matt R and Holley, Sarah R and Wright, Susan and Van Dorn, Richard}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={78–85} }
 @article{johnson_desmarais_swartz_van dorn_2015, title={Latent class analysis of discordance between results of drug use assessments in the CATIE data}, volume={161}, ISSN={0920-9964}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.016}, DOI={10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.016}, abstractNote={The primary aim is to examine concordant/discordant results of drug use assessments in adults with schizophrenia.Latent class analysis and multinomial logistic regression were used to examine concordance/discordance between drug use measures and identify characteristics differentiating participants across classes.Four classes - non-users, users, probable users, and RIA discordant - fit best. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and psychiatric symptoms differed significantly across classes.Findings showed that discordance between results occurs at non-trivial rates and is, in part, attributable to individual characteristics. Results suggest the need for strategies to limit discordance and improve detection of drug use in adults with schizophrenia.}, number={2-3}, journal={Schizophrenia Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Johnson, Kiersten L. and Desmarais, Sarah L. and Swartz, Marvin S. and Van Dorn, Richard A.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={434–438} }
 @article{johnson_desmarais_van dorn_grimm_2014, title={A Typology of Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adults With Mental Illnesses}, volume={30}, ISSN={0886-2605 1552-6518}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514535102}, DOI={10.1177/0886260514535102}, abstractNote={The primary objective of this article was to evaluate the overlap between community violence perpetration and victimization in a large, heterogeneous sample of adults with mental illnesses ( N = 4,474). We also explored participant characteristics differentiating four categories of perpetration and victimization: non-victim/non-perpetrators, victims only, perpetrators only, and victim–perpetrators. Results indicated that adults with mental illnesses were unlikely to report violent outcomes but, when they did, were more likely to report perpetration and victimization, rather than perpetration alone. In addition, bivariate and multivariable analyses showed that sex, age, race/ethnicity, and primary diagnosis differed across categories. Victim–perpetrators, for example, were more likely to be young, Black, and have a primary diagnosis of bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, or “other.” Altogether, our findings provide evidence for a victim–perpetrator overlap in this population and suggest that preventive measures targeting violence and victimization may be more effective than those with separate strategies for each.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Interpersonal Violence}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Johnson, Kiersten L. and Desmarais, Sarah L. and Van Dorn, Richard A. and Grimm, Kevin J.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={522–540} }
 @article{desmarais_van dorn_johnson_grimm_douglas_swartz_2014, title={Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adults With Mental Illnesses}, volume={104}, ISSN={0090-0036 1541-0048}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301680}, DOI={10.2105/ajph.2013.301680}, abstractNote={In a large heterogeneous sample of adults with mental illnesses, we examined the 6-month prevalence and nature of community violence perpetration and victimization, as well as associations between these outcomes.Baseline data were pooled from 5 studies of adults with mental illnesses from across the United States (n = 4480); the studies took place from 1992 to 2007. The MacArthur Community Violence Screening Instrument was administered to all participants.Prevalence of perpetration ranged from 11.0% to 43.4% across studies, with approximately one quarter (23.9%) of participants reporting violence. Prevalence of victimization was higher overall (30.9%), ranging from 17.0% to 56.6% across studies. Most violence (63.5%) was perpetrated in residential settings. The prevalence of violence-related physical injury was approximately 1 in 10 overall and 1 in 3 for those involved in violent incidents. There were strong associations between perpetration and victimization.Results provided further evidence that adults with mental illnesses experienced violent outcomes at high rates, and that they were more likely to be victims than perpetrators of community violence. There is a critical need for public health interventions designed to reduce violence in this vulnerable population.}, number={12}, journal={American Journal of Public Health}, publisher={American Public Health Association}, author={Desmarais, Sarah L. and Van Dorn, Richard A. and Johnson, Kiersten L. and Grimm, Kevin J. and Douglas, Kevin S. and Swartz, Marvin S.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={2342–2349} }
 @article{desmarais_livingston_greaves_johnson_verdun-jones_parent_brink_2014, title={Police perceptions and contact among people with mental illnesses: Comparisons with a general population survey.}, volume={20}, ISSN={1939-1528 1076-8971}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/law0000023}, DOI={10.1037/law0000023}, abstractNote={Though studies have surveyed police officers' perceptions of people with mental illnesses (PMI), few have examined perceptions held by PMI regarding the police, and none have compared them with those held by the general population. This study sought to (a) examine perceptions of police held by PMI, (b) compare them to perceptions held by the general population, and (c) explore whether differences between PMI and general population perceptions are attributable to contact with the police in the past year. We drew data from a survey of 244 PMI and the 2009 Canadian General Social Survey (GSS) (Brennan, 2011). Both surveys administered the same items querying perceptions of and contact with the police in the prior 12 months. GSS participants were individually matched to PMI participants on sociodemographic characteristics (n = 225 per group). Overall, participants held fairly positive perceptions of the police, but perceptions held by GSS participants were more positive than those held by PMI participants. PMI participants were more likely than GSS participants to have contact with the police in the prior 12 months. In multivariate models, perceptions differed between PMI and GSS participants for police performance in being approachable and treating people fairly, and overall confidence in police; police contact was not associated with perceptions nor did it moderate effects of participant group. Consistent with the procedural justice framework, fair and equitable treatment appears to be of primary relevance to PMI perceptions of the police. Further efforts are needed to improve PMI perceptions of the police in these areas.}, number={4}, journal={Psychology, Public Policy, and Law}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Desmarais, Sarah L. and Livingston, James D. and Greaves, Caroline L. and Johnson, Kiersten L. and Verdun-Jones, Simon and Parent, Rick and Brink, Johann}, year={2014}, pages={431–442} }
 @article{van dorn_desmarais_tueller_jolley_johnson_swartz_2013, title={Drug and alcohol trajectories among adults with schizophrenia: Data from the CATIE study}, volume={148}, ISSN={0920-9964}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.006}, abstractNote={The primary aim is to describe drug and alcohol trajectories in adults with schizophrenia.Growth mixture models were used to examine disordered and non-disordered use and abstinence in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness study.Five classes - always abstinent; fluctuating use, abuse, and occasional abstinence; occasional (ab)use; stopped (ab)use; abusing - fit best. Overlap exists between always abstinent drug and alcohol classes; less overlap exists across other classes.There is heterogeneity in drug and alcohol use among adults with schizophrenia. The lack of overlap between classes, save always abstinent, suggests modeling drug and alcohol use separately.}, number={1-3}, journal={Schizophrenia Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Van Dorn, Richard A. and Desmarais, Sarah L. and Tueller, Stephen J. and Jolley, Jennifer M. and Johnson, Kiersten L. and Swartz, Marvin S.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={126–129} }