@article{wiloch_enomoto_smith_baynes_messenger_2024, title={Pharmacokinetics of intranasal and intramuscular flunixin in healthy grower pigs}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.13426}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Wiloch, Emily E. and Enomoto, Hiroko and Smith, Lilly and Baynes, Ronald E. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{colon_early_munana_olby_mariani_mancini_fefer_li_briley_bailey_et al._2024, title={Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous ketamine administration via the Omnipod® system in dogs}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.13440}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Colon, Claudia and Early, Peter and Munana, Karen and Olby, Natasha and Mariani, Christopher and Mancini, Shelby and Fefer, Gilad and Li, Zhong and Briley, Jessica and Bailey, Kate and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{salmon_coleman_lynn_sanders_messenger_2024, title={Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of sotalol hydrochloride in healthy cats}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1875-0834"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.015}, abstractNote={To describe the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and urinary elimination of sotalol in healthy cats. Six adult purpose-bred cats. Cats were administered 2 mg sotalol/kg body weight as a single intravenous bolus and as a single oral dose in a randomized crossover study with a 2-week washout period. The same cats then received 3 mg sotalol/kg orally every 12 hours for 2 weeks. Blood samples were collected at pre-determined time points for 48 hours post-dose for quantification of sotalol using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Non-compartmental analysis was used to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters. Data are presented as median (min-max). Following intravenous administration, plasma clearance and volume of distribution were 9.22 mL/min/kg (5.69-10.89) and 2175.56 (1961-2341.57) mL/kg, respectively. Bioavailability was 88.41% (62.75-130.29) following a single oral dose. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax were 0.94 μg/mL (0.45-1.17) and 1.5 h (0.5-4) after a single oral dose (2 mg/kg), and 2.29 μg/mL (1.91-2.48) and 1.0 h (0.5-1.5) with chronic oral dosing (3 mg/kg). Elimination half-life was 2.75 hours (2.52-4.10) and 4.29 hours (3.33-5.53) for single and chronic oral dosing, respectively. Accumulation index was 1.17 (1.09-1.29) after chronic dosing. Urinary sotalol recovery was 81-108% of the intravenous dose. Oral sotalol administration resulted in plasma concentrations reportedly efficacious in other species, with good-to-excellent oral bioavailability. Urinary excretion appears to be a major route of elimination. Following repeated oral dosing, minimal drug accumulation was estimated. Additional studies in cats are recommended due to the possibility of nonlinear kinetics.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY CARDIOLOGY}, author={Salmon, S. J. and Coleman, A. E. and Lynn, C. R. and Sanders, J. E. and Messenger, K. M.}, year={2024}, month={Feb}, pages={86–96} }
 @article{wallace_love_gensler_jacob_robertson_messenger_2023, title={Comparative growth dynamics of bacterial and fungal contaminants in bupivacaine liposomal injectable suspension, bupivacaine 0.5%, and propofol}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281768}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0281768}, abstractNote={
Objective
To determine whether bupivacaine liposomal injectable suspension (BLIS) supports microbial growth when artificially inoculated and to evaluate liposomal stability in the face of this extrinsic contamination as evidenced by changes in free bupivacaine concentrations.
}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Wallace, Amber and Love, Lydia and Gensler, Catherine and Jacob, Megan and Robertson, James and Messenger, Kristen}, editor={Nevárez-Moorillón, Guadalupe VirginiaEditor}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{lopez-soriano_merenda_anderson_trindade_leidig_messenger_ferreira_pairis-garcia_2023, title={Efficacy of inguinal buffered lidocaine and intranasal flunixin meglumine on mitigating physiological and behavioral responses to pain in castrated piglets}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2673-561X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpain.2023.1156873}, abstractNote={Managing castration pain on US sow farms is hindered by the lack of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved products for mitigating pain. Previous work assessing flunixin meglumine (FM) efficacy in mitigating castration pain has shown the drug to be effective in pigs, meanwhile, results from previous work evaluating lidocaine efficacy are contradictory. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of inguinal buffered lidocaine (BL) and FM in mitigating castration pain in piglets. This study was divided into Part I (physiological response) and Part II (behavioral response). For part I piglets were randomly assigned to the following treatments: T1: (C) Castration plus physiological saline; T2: (S) Sham plus physiological saline; T3: (CL) Castration plus BL; T4: (SL) Sham plus BL; T5: (CF) Castration plus FM; T6: (SF) Sham plus FM; T7: (CLF) Castration plus BL and FM; T8: (SLF) Sham plus BL and FM. Blood was collected 24 h prior to castration, 1 h, and 24 h post castration for cortisol quantification. For Part II another cohort of piglets was enrolled and randomly assign to the following treatments: T1: (C) Castration plus physiological saline and T7: (CLF) Castration plus BL and FM. Behavior scoring was obtained in real-time by observing each piglet for 4-min continuously using Unesp-Botucatu pig acute pain scale (UPAPS) at the following timepoints: 1 h before castration (−1 h), immediately post-castration (0 h), and 3 h post-castration (+3 h). Average cortisol concentrations did not differ at −24 h (P > 0.05) or at 24 h post-castration (P > 0.05) between treatments. At 1 h post-castration, castrated piglets (C and CL) demonstrated greater cortisol concentrations (P < 0.05). Castrated piglets in the CF and CLF group had lower cortisol concentrations compared to C and CL-treated pigs (P < 0.05). For behavioral response, there were no differences between treatments on total UPAPS scores (C and CLF, P > 0.05). Intranasal FM was able to effectively reduce the physiological piglet's response immediately post-castration. Inguinal buffered lidocaine had no effect on the either physiological or behavioral response to pain. Long-term research should focus on refining injection techniques for inguinal BL and consider administration frequency and dosing of intranasal FM to control pain for a longer period post-castration.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH}, author={Lopez-Soriano, Magdiel and Merenda, Victoria Rocha and Anderson, Stephanie and Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves and Leidig, Martin S. and Messenger, Kristen and Ferreira, Juliana Bonin and Pairis-Garcia, Monique Danielle}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{mercer_davis_mckenzie_messenger_schaefer_council-troche_werre_2023, title={Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of orally administered acetaminophen (paracetamol) in adult horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16663}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Mercer, Melissa A. and Davis, Jennifer L. and McKenzie, Harold C. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Schaefer, Emily and Council-Troche, R. McAlister and Werre, Stephen R.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{shippy_allgood_messenger_hernandez_gatson_bustamante_alexander_wellehan jr_johnson_2023, title={Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular alfaxalone in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps): effect of injection site}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2023.02.010}, abstractNote={To evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular (IM) injection of alfaxalone in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) when injected at a cranial versus a caudal site.Prospective, masked, randomized crossover study.A total of 13 healthy bearded dragons weighing 0.48 ± 0.1 kg.Alfaxalone (10 mg kg-1) was administered IM to 13 bearded dragons in the triceps muscle (cranial treatment) or the quadriceps muscle (caudal treatment) separated by 4 weeks. Pharmacodynamic variables included movement score, muscle tone score and righting reflex. Blood was obtained from the caudal tail vein using a sparse sampling methodology. Plasma alfaxalone concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Differences in variables between injection sites were analyzed using a nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data with significance set at p ≤ 0.05.Time to loss of righting reflex score was not different, median (interquartile range), between cranial and caudal treatments [8 (5-11) and 8 (4-12) minutes, respectively, p = 0.72]. Time to recovery of righting reflex was also not different between cranial and caudal treatments [80 (44-112) and 64 (56-104) minutes, respectively, p = 0.75]. Plasma alfaxalone concentrations were not significantly different between treatments. The population estimate (95% confidence intervals) for volume of distribution per fraction absorbed was 1.0 (0.79-1.20) L kg-1, clearance per fraction absorbed was 9.6 (7.6-11.6) mL minute-1 kg-1, absorption rate constant was 2.3 (1.9-2.8) minute-1 and elimination half-life was 71.9 (52.7-91.1) minutes.Regardless of the injection site, IM alfaxalone (10 mg kg-1) produced reliable chemical restraint in central bearded dragons, appropriate for nonpainful diagnostic procedures or anesthetic premedication.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Shippy, Sarah and Allgood, Hillary and Messenger, Kristen and Hernandez, Jorge A. and Gatson, Bonnie and Bustamante, Michelle G. Martin and Alexander, Amy B. and Wellehan Jr, James F. X. and Johnson, Alanna}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={280–288} }
 @article{papich_madsen_messenger_enomoto_2022, title={Ceftazidime pharmacokinetics in dogs after intravenous injection and delivered with the RxActuator Mini-Infuser infusion pump}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.13205}, DOI={10.1111/vec.13205}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Papich, Mark G. and Madsen, Melanie and Messenger, Kristen and Enomoto, Hiroko}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{madsen_enomoto_messenger_papich_2022, title={Effects of housing environment on oral absorption of acetaminophen in healthy Beagles}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.21.06.0075}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Madsen, Melanie and Enomoto, Hiroko and Messenger, Kristen and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={80–85} }
 @article{koch_berglund_messenger_gilbertie_ellis_schnabel_2022, title={Interleukin-1 beta in tendon injury enhances reparative gene and protein expression in mesenchymal stem cells}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.963759}, abstractNote={Tendon injury in the horse carries a high morbidity and monetary burden. Despite appropriate therapy, reinjury is estimated to occur in 50–65% of cases. Although intralesional mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has improved tissue architecture and reinjury rates, the mechanisms by which they promote repair are still being investigated. Additionally, reevaluating our application of MSCs in tendon injury is necessary given recent evidence that suggests MSCs exposed to inflammation (deemed MSC licensing) have an enhanced reparative effect. However, applying MSC therapy in this context is limited by the inadequate quantification of the temporal cytokine profile in tendon injury, which hinders our ability to administer MSCs into an environment that could potentiate their effect. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to define the temporal cytokine microenvironment in a surgically induced model of equine tendon injury using ultrafiltration probes and subsequently evaluate changes in MSC gene and protein expression following in vitro inflammatory licensing with cytokines of similar concentration as identified in vivo. In our in vivo surgically induced tendon injury model, IL-1β and IL-6 were the predominant pro-inflammatory cytokines present in tendon ultrafiltrate where a discrete peak in cytokine concentration occurred within 48 h following injury. Thereafter, MSCs were licensed in vitro with IL-1β and IL-6 at a concentration identified from the in vivo study; however, only IL-1β induced upregulation of multiple genes beneficial to tendon healing as identified by RNA-sequencing. Specifically, vascular development, ECM synthesis and remodeling, chemokine and growth factor function alteration, and immunomodulation and tissue reparative genes were significantly upregulated. A significant increase in the protein expression of IL-6, VEGF, and PGE2 was confirmed in IL-1β-licensed MSCs compared to naïve MSCs. This study improves our knowledge of the temporal tendon cytokine microenvironment following injury, which could be beneficial for the development and determining optimal timing of administration of regenerative therapies. Furthermore, these data support the need to further study the benefit of MSCs administered within the inflamed tendon microenvironment or exogenously licensed with IL-1β in vitro prior to treatment as licensed MSCs could enhance their therapeutic benefit in the healing tendon.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Koch, Drew W. W. and Berglund, Alix K. K. and Messenger, Kristen M. M. and Gilbertie, Jessica M. M. and Ellis, Ilene M. M. and Schnabel, Lauren V. V.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{bini_cohen_chiavaccini_messenger_bailey_2022, title={Intravenous dexmedetomidine, morphine, or a combination can result in gallbladder wall thickening; with no significant association with plasma histamine concentrations}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.13056}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13056}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Bini, Gianluca and Cohen, Eli B. and Chiavaccini, Ludovica and Messenger, Kristen M. and Bailey, Kate M.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{mancini_early_slater_olby_mariani_munana_woelfel_schacher_zhong_messenger_2022, title={Novel subcutaneous cytarabine infusion with the Omnipod system in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0046}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Mancini, Shelby L. and Early, Peter J. and Slater, Bailey M. and Olby, Natasha J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Munana, Karen R. and Woelfel, Christian W. and Schacher, Jordan A. and Zhong, Li and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{nixon_chittenden_baynes_messenger_2022, title={Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of ketoprofen and flunixin at piglet castration and tail-docking}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.13083}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.13083}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Nixon, Emma and Chittenden, Jason T. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{enomoto_love_madsen_wallace_messenger_2022, title={Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, oral transmucosal, and intranasal buprenorphine in healthy male dogs}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.13056}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Enomoto, Hiroko and Love, Lydia and Madsen, Melanie and Wallace, Amber and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{southern_long_barnes_enomoto_messenger_2022, title={Preliminary evaluation of the effects of grapiprant compared with carprofen on acute pain and inflammation following ovariohysterectomy in dogs}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.21.10.0162}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Southern, Brittany L. and Long, Sarah M. and Barnes, Danielle N. and Enomoto, Hiroko and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{chang_barletta_messenger_sakai_reed_quandt_2022, title={The effect of a ketamine constant rate infusion on cardiovascular variables in sheep anesthetized at the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane that blunts adrenergic responses}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0129}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Chang, Kevin and Barletta, Michele and Messenger, Kristen M. and Sakai, Daniel M. and Reed, Rachel A. and Quandt, Jane E.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={205–211} }
 @article{nixon_carlson_routh_hernandez_almond_baynes_messenger_2021, title={Comparative effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at castration and tail-docking in neonatal piglets}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254409}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0254409}, abstractNote={This study assessed the efficacy of meloxicam, flunixin, and ketoprofen in piglets undergoing routine castration and tail-docking. Six-day-old male piglets (8/group) received one of five randomized treatments: intramuscular saline (SAL PROC), meloxicam (MEL; 0.4 mg/kg), flunixin (FLU; 2.2 mg/kg), ketoprofen (KETO; 3.0 mg/kg) or sham (SAL SHAM; saline injection, no processing). Two hours post-dose, piglets were castrated and tail-docked. Plasma cortisol, interstitial fluid (ISF) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and activity levels via Actical® monitoring were used to estimate pain. SAL SHAM and FLU exhibited lower cortisol concentrations than SAL PROC at the time of processing (p = 0.003 and p = 0.049, respectively), and all NSAIDs exhibited lower PGE2 than SAL PROC at 3.69 hours (MEL p = 0.050; FLU p = 0.043 and KETO p = 0.031). While not statistically significant, PGE2 was higher in SAL PROC piglets vs. other treatment groups at most time points. There was also a high degree of variability between piglets, especially for SAL PROC. Activity levels were significantly decreased at multiple time points in SAL PROC and MEL piglets following processing. However, FLU and KETO piglets had increased activity levels closer to that of the SAL SHAM group, suggesting that these NSAIDs are more effective than MEL in providing analgesia. These results demonstrate that management strategies including administration of intramuscular flunixin or ketoprofen to reduce pain associated with processing will likely improve piglet health and welfare in the United States.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Nixon, Emma and Carlson, Alexandra R. and Routh, Patricia A. and Hernandez, Liliana and Almond, Glen W. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, editor={Loor, Juan J.Editor}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{enomoto_yeatts_carbajal_krishnan_madan_laumas_blikslager_messenger_2021, title={In vivo assessment of a delayed release formulation of larazotide acetate indicated for celiac disease using a porcine model}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0249179}, abstractNote={There is no FDA approved therapy for the treatment of celiac disease (CeD), aside from avoidance of dietary gluten. Larazotide acetate (LA) is a first in class oral peptide developed as a tight junction regulator, which is a lead candidate for management of CeD. A delayed release formulation was tested in vitro and predicted release in the mid duodenum and jejunum, the target site of CeD. The aim of this study was to follow the concentration versus time profile of orally administered LA in the small intestine using a porcine model. A sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to quantify LA concentrations in porcine intestinal fluid samples. Oral dosing of LA (1 mg total) in overnight fasted pigs resulted in time dependent appearance of LA in the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum. Peak LA concentrations (0.32–1.76 μM) occurred at 1 hour in the duodenum and in proximal jejunum following oral dosing, with the continued presence of LA (0.02–0.47 μM) in the distal duodenum and in proximal jejunum (0.00–0.43 μM) from 2 to 4 hours following oral dosing. The data shows that LA is available in detectable concentrations at the site of CeD.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Enomoto, Hiroko and Yeatts, James and Carbajal, Liliana and Krishnan, B. Radha and Madan, Jay P. and Laumas, Sandeep and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{slifer_hernandez_pridgen_carlson_messenger_madan_krishnan_laumas_blikslager_2021, title={Larazotide acetate induces recovery of ischemia-injured porcine jejunum via repair of tight junctions}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0250165}, abstractNote={Intestinal ischemia results in mucosal injury, including paracellular barrier loss due to disruption of tight junctions. Larazotide acetate (LA), a small peptide studied in Phase III clinical trials for treatment of celiac disease, regulates tight junctions (TJs). We hypothesized that LA would dose-dependently hasten recovery of intestinal ischemic injury via modulation of TJs. Ischemia-injured tissue from 6-8-week-old pigs was recovered in Ussing chambers for 240-minutes in the presence of LA. LA (1 μM but not 0.1 μM or 10 μM) significantly enhanced transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) above ischemic injured controls and significantly reduced serosal-to-mucosal flux LPS (P<0.05). LA (1 μM) enhanced localization of the sealing tight junction protein claudin-4 in repairing epithelium. To assess for the possibility of fragmentation of LA, anin vitroenzyme degradation assay using the brush border enzyme aminopeptidase M, revealed generation of peptide fragments. Western blot analysis of total protein isolated from uninjured and ischemia-injured porcine intestine showed aminopeptidase M enzyme presence in both tissue types, and mass spectrometry analysis of samples collected duringex vivoanalysis confirmed formation of LA fragments. Treatment of tissues with LA fragments had no effect alone, but treatment with a fragment missing both amino-terminus glycines inhibited barrier recovery stimulated by 1 μM LA. To reduce potential LA inhibition by fragments, a D-amino acid analog of larazotide Analog #6, resulted in a significant recovery response at a 10-fold lower dose (0.1 μM) similar in magnitude to that of 1 μM LA. We conclude that LA stimulates repair of ischemic-injured epithelium at the level of the tight junctions, at an optimal dose of 1 μM LA. Higher doses were less effective because of inhibition by LA fragments, which could be subverted by chirally-modifying the molecule, or microdosing LA.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Slifer, Zachary M. and Hernandez, Liliana and Pridgen, Tiffany A. and Carlson, Alexandra R. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Madan, Jay and Krishnan, B. Radha and Laumas, Sandeep and Blikslager, Anthony T.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{belda_ramos-vara_messenger_risselada_2021, title={Pharmacokinetic and safety assessment of carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads in eight rats}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13712}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Belda, Beatriz and Ramos-Vara, Jose and Messenger, Kristen M. and Risselada, Marije}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{tracy_lynch_messenger_vaden_vigani_2021, title={Use of extracorporeal therapy in a dog with heatstroke}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.13169}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Tracy, Alyx and Lynch, Alex and Messenger, Kristen and Vaden, Shelly and Vigani, Alessio}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{nixon_almond_baynes_messenger_2020, title={Comparative Plasma and Interstitial Fluid Pharmacokinetics of Meloxicam, Flunixin, and Ketoprofen in Neonatal Piglets}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.00082}, abstractNote={Piglet castration and tail-docking are routinely performed in the United States without analgesia. Pain medications, predominately non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are used in the EU/Canada to decrease pain associated with processing and improve piglet welfare, however, past studies have shown the efficacy and required dose remain controversial, particularly for meloxicam. This study assessed the pharmacokinetics of three NSAIDs (meloxicam, flunixin, and ketoprofen) in piglets prior to undergoing routine castration and tail-docking. Five-day-old male piglets (8/group) received one of 3 randomized treatments; meloxicam (0.4 mg/kg), flunixin (2.2 mg/kg), ketoprofen (3.0 mg/kg). Two hours post-dose, piglets underwent processing. Drug concentrations were quantified in plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) and pharmacokinetic parameters were generated by non-compartmental analysis. Time to peak concentration (Tmax) of meloxicam, flunixin, and S(–)-ketoprofen in plasma were 1.21, 0.85, and 0.59 h, compared to 2.81, 3.64, and 2.98 h in the ISF, respectively. The apparent terminal half-life of meloxicam, flunixin and S(–)-ketoprofen were 4.39, 7.69, and 3.50 h, compared to 11.26, 16.34, and 5.54 h, respectively in the ISF. If drug concentrations in the ISF are more closely related to efficacy than the plasma, then the delay between the Tmax in plasma and ISF may be relevant to the timing of castration in order to provide the greatest analgesic effect.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Nixon, Emma and Almond, Glen W. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{barletta_quandt_reed_hofmeister_messenger_2020, title={Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane that blunts adrenergic responses and the effect of a constant rate infusion of ketamine in sheep}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1532-2661"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.12.011}, abstractNote={Minimizing sympathetic stimulation under anesthesia prevents activation of the neuroendocrine stress response. The minimum alveolar concentration blunting adrenergic responses in 50% of the population when exposed to a noxious stimulus is defined as MAC-BAR. The purpose of this study was to determine the MAC-BAR of sevoflurane (MAC-BARsevo) in sheep and the MAC-BAR sparing effects of ketamine. Thirteen healthy Dorset-cross adult ewes, 4 ± 1 year old and weighing 74 ± 9 kg, were enrolled in a randomized blinded crossover study design. Ewes were anesthetized twice for MAC-BARsevo determination. After face mask induction with sevoflurane, sheep received intravenous ketamine at 1.5 mg/kg and a constant rate infusion of 1.5 mg/kg/h or an equivalent volume of saline (placebo). After 8 day washout, the other treatment was administered. A bracketing technique was used for MAC-BARsevo determination and values were collected in duplicate. The mechanical stimulus (sponge forceps) was applied at the coronary band for 1 min and blood was collected for ketamine plasma concentrations. The MAC-BARsevo values of each treatment were compared using a paired t-test. Mean MAC-BARsevo of the ketamine and placebo were 2.73 ± 0.23% and 2.77 ± 0.31%, respectively and no significant difference was found (p = .638). Average ketamine plasma concentrations was 1.54 ± 0.18 μg/mL maintained through the study. Ketamine at 1.5 mg/kg, followed by 1.5 mg/kg/h, did not decrease the MAC-BARsevo in sheep. Further studies to determine the effect of higher doses of ketamine on inhalational anesthetic agents and their potential adverse effects are warranted.}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Barletta, Michele and Quandt, Jane E. and Reed, Rachel A. and Hofmeister, Erik H. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={230–235} }
 @article{fick_messenger_vigani_2020, title={Efficacy of a single session in-series hemoperfusion and hemodialysis in the management of carprofen overdose in two dogs}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1476-4431"]}, DOI={10.1111/vec.12931}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Fick, Meghan E. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Vigani, Alessio}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={226–231} }
 @article{smith_tolbert_gould_taylor_knych_messenger_2020, title={Pharmacokinetics, sedation and hemodynamic changes following the administration of oral transmucosal detomidine gel in cats}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1177/1098612X20917305}, abstractNote={Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal (OTM) detomidine gel in healthy cats and assess its effects on sedation and hemodynamic variables. }, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Smith, Preston and Tolbert, M. Katherine and Gould, Emily and Taylor, Alex and Knych, Heather and Messenger, Kristen}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={1184–1190} }
 @article{carlson_nixon_jacob_messenger_2020, title={Sterility and concentration of liposomal bupivacaine single-use vial when used in a multiple-dose manner}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13380}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Carlson, Alexandra R. and Nixon, Emma and Jacob, Megan E. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={772–777} }
 @article{bennett_seddighi_moorhead_messenger_cox_sun_pasloske_pypendop_doherty_2019, title={Effect of fentanyl on the induction dose and minimum infusion rate of alfaxalone preventing movement in dogs}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2018.10.006}, abstractNote={To determine the effect of fentanyl on the induction dose and minimum infusion rate of alfaxalone required to prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus (MIRNM) in dogs.Experimental crossover design.A group of six healthy, adult, intact female mixed-breed dogs, weighing 19.7 ± 1.3 kg.Dogs were randomly administered one of three treatments at weekly intervals: premedication with 0.9% saline (treatment A), fentanyl 5 μg kg-1 (treatment ALF) or fentanyl 10 μg kg-1 (treatment AHF), administered intravenously over 5 minutes. Anesthesia was induced 5 minutes later with incremental doses of alfaxalone to achieve intubation and was maintained for 90 minutes in A with alfaxalone (0.12 mg kg-1 minute-1), in ALF with alfaxalone (0.09 mg kg-1 minute-1) and fentanyl (0.1 μg kg-1 minute-1) and in AHF with alfaxalone (0.06 mg kg-1 minute-1) and fentanyl (0.2 μg kg-1 minute-1). The alfaxalone infusion was increased or decreased by 0.006 mg kg-1 minute-1 based on positive or negative response to antebrachium stimulation (50 V, 50 Hz, 10 ms). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model anova and presented as least squares means ± standard error.Alfaxalone induction doses were 3.50 ± 0.13 (A), 2.17 ± 0.10 (ALF) and 1.67 ± 0.10 mg kg-1 (AHF) and differed among treatments (p < 0.05). Alfaxalone MIRNM was 0.17 ± 0.01 (A), 0.10 ± 0.01 (ALF) and 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg-1 minute-1 (AHF) and differed among treatments. ALF and AHF decreased the MIRNM by 44 ± 8% and 62 ± 5%, respectively (p < 0.05). Plasma alfaxalone concentrations at MIRNM were 5.82 ± 0.48 (A), 4.40 ± 0.34 (ALF) and 2.28 ± 0.09 μg mL-1 (AHF).Fentanyl, at the doses studied, significantly decreased the alfaxalone induction dose and MIRNM.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Bennett, Katherine J. and Seddighi, Reza and Moorhead, Kaitlin A. and Messenger, Kristin and Cox, Sherry K. and Sun, Xiaocun and Pasloske, Kirby and Pypendop, Bruno H. and Doherty, Thomas J.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={173–181} }
 @article{kruse_messenger_bowman_aarnes_wittum_flint_2019, title={Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12804}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Kruse, Tamara N. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Bowman, Andrew S. and Aarnes, Turi K. and Wittum, Thomas E. and Flint, Mark}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={713–721} }
 @article{madsen_messenger_papich_2019, title={Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin following oral administration of a generic levofloxacin tablet and intravenous administration to dogs}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.80.10.957}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Madsen, Melanie and Messenger, Kristen and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={957–962} }
 @article{bennett_seddighi_moorhead_messenger_cox_sun_pasloske_doherty_2018, title={Effect of fentanyl on the induction dose and minimum infusion rate of alfaxalone preventing movement in female dogs}, volume={45}, ISSN={1467-2987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.VAA.2018.09.008}, DOI={10.1016/J.VAA.2018.09.008}, abstractNote={Introduction: The study determined the effect of fentanyl on the induction dose and minimum infusion rate of alfaxalone required to prevent movement in response to a noxious stimulus (MIRNM) in dogs.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bennett, Katherine and Seddighi, Reza and Moorhead, Kaitlin and Messenger, Kristen and Cox, Sherry and Sun, Xiaocun and Pasloske, Kirby and Doherty, Thomas}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={885.e2} }
 @article{gulledge_messenger_cornell_lindell_schmiedt_2018, title={Pharmacokinetic comparison of two buprenorphine formulations after buccal administration in healthy male cats}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x17710843}, abstractNote={Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of compounded and commercially available aqueous formulations of buprenorphine after a single buccal dose to healthy cats and to evaluate the concentrations of a compounded buprenorphine solution over 21 days when stored at room temperature (RT; 22–24°C) with exposure to light or when refrigerated at 4°C while protected from light. }, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Gulledge, Brett M. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Cornell, Karen K. and Lindell, Heather and Schmiedt, Chad W.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={312–318} }
 @article{oda_messenger_carbajal_posner_gardner_hammer_cerreta_lewbart_bailey_2018, title={Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) following immersion in propofol}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2018.02.005}, abstractNote={Objective To test the hypothesis that plasma propofol concentration (PPC) is associated with anesthetic effect in koi carp administered propofol by immersion. Study design Prospective study. Animals Twenty mature koi carp (mean ± standard deviation, 409.4 ± 83.7 g). Methods Fish were immersed in propofol (5 mg L–1). Physiological variables and induction and recovery times were recorded. In phase I, blood was sampled for PPC immediately following induction and at recovery. In phase II, following induction, fish were maintained with propofol (4 mg L–1) via a recirculating system for 20 minutes. Following established induction, blood was sampled at 1, 10 and 20 minutes. In phase III (n = 19), fish were anesthetized as in phase II with blood sampled nine times in a sparse sampling strategy. Simultaneously, a pharmacodynamics rubric was used to evaluate anesthetic depth. PPC was determined using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Following evaluation of normality, data were analyzed using paired t test or Spearman correlation test (significance was set at p < 0.05). Results In phase I, mean PPCs at induction (20.12 μg mL–1) and recovery (11.62 μg mL–1) were different (p < 0.001). In phase II, only mean PPCs at induction (17.92 μg mL–1) and 10 minutes (21.50 μg mL–1) were different (p = 0.013). In phase III, a correlation between PPCs and the pharmacodynamic rubric scores was found (p < 0.001, r = –0.93). There was no correlation between PPCs and recovery time (p = 0.057, r = 0.433). A two-compartment open model was chosen for the pharmacokinetic model. Absorption rate constant, elimination rate constant and intercompartmental rate constant were 0.48, 0.006 and 0.02 minute–1, respectively. Conclusions and clinical relevance Measurable PPCs were achieved in koi carp anesthetized with propofol by immersion. Anesthetic depth of fish was negatively correlated with PPCs, but recovery time was not.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Oda, Ayako and Messenger, Kristen M. and Carbajal, Liliana and Posner, Lysa P. and Gardner, Brett R. and Hammer, Scott H. and Cerreta, Anthony J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Bailey, Kate M.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={529–538} }
 @article{barletta_ostenkamp_taylor_quandt_lascelles_messenger_2018, title={The pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of extended-release buprenorphine administered subcutaneously in healthy dogs}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12497}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12497}, abstractNote={Buprenorphine is a partial μ agonist opioid used for analgesia in dogs. An extended‐release formulation (ER‐buprenorphine) has been shown to provide effective analgesia for 72 hr in rats and mice. Six healthy mongrel dogs were enrolled in a randomized, blinded crossover design to describe and compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ER‐buprenorphine administered subcutaneous at 0.2 mg/kg (ER‐B) and commercially available buprenorphine for injection intravenously at 0.02 mg/kg (IV‐B). After drug administration, serial blood samples were collected to measure plasma buprenorphine concentrations using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry detection. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, sedation score, and thermal threshold latency were recorded throughout the study. Median (range) terminal half‐life, time to maximum concentration, and maximum plasma concentration of ER‐buprenorphine were 12.74 hr (10.43–18.84 hr), 8 hr (4–36 hr), and 5.00 ng/ml (4.29–10.98 ng/ml), respectively. Mild bradycardia, hypothermia, and inappetence were noted in both groups. Thermal threshold latency was significantly prolonged compared to baseline up to 12 hr and up to 72 hr in IV‐B and ER‐B, respectively. These results showed that ER‐buprenorphine administered at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg resulted in prolonged and sustained plasma concentrations and antinociceptive effects up to 72 hr after drug administration.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, publisher={Wiley Online Library}, author={Barletta, M. and Ostenkamp, S. M. and Taylor, A. C. and Quandt, J. and Lascelles, B. D. X. and Messenger, K. M.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={502–512} }
 @article{pastina_early_bergman_nettifee_maller_bray_waldron_castel_munana_papich_et al._2018, title={The pharmacokinetics of cytarabine administered subcutaneously, combined with prednisone, in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12667}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12667}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Pastina, B. and Early, P.J. and Bergman, R.L. and Nettifee, J. and Maller, A. and Bray, K.Y. and Waldron, R.J. and Castel, A.M. and Munana, K.R. and Papich, M.G. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={638–643} }
 @article{barletta_messenger_hofmeister_quandt_2017, title={Determination of MACBAR of sevoflurane and evaluation of the effects of a ketamine constant rate infusion on sevoflurane MACBAR in sheep}, volume={44}, ISSN={1467-2987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.VAA.2016.12.035}, DOI={10.1016/J.VAA.2016.12.035}, abstractNote={Introduction: Minimizing sympathetic stimulation under general anesthesia prevents activation of the neuroendocrine stress response. The minimum alveolar concentration that blunts adrenergic responses (MACBAR) of sevoflurane in sheep has not been investigated.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Barletta, M. and Messenger, K. and Hofmeister, E. and Quandt, J.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={195.e3} }
 @article{barletta_messenger_smith_thoresen_peroni_quandt_2017, title={Evaluation of cardiovascular variables in sheep anesthetized with sevoflurane in combination with ketamine CRI}, volume={44}, ISSN={1467-2987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.VAA.2017.09.024}, DOI={10.1016/J.VAA.2017.09.024}, abstractNote={Introduction: Ketamine is often used as a constant rate infusion (CRI) during general anesthesia for its anesthetic sparing effects, analgesia, and cardiovascular support via sympathetic stimulation.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Barletta, M. and Messenger, K. and Smith, M. and Thoresen, M. and Peroni, J. and Quandt, J.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1262.e11–1262.e12} }
 @article{gruen_messenger_thomson_griffith_aldrich_vaden_lascelles_2017, title={Evaluation of serum cytokines in cats with and without degenerative joint disease and associated pain}, volume={183}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.VETIMM.2016.12.007}, DOI={10.1016/J.VETIMM.2016.12.007}, abstractNote={Degenerative joint disease is common in cats, with signs of pain frequently found on orthopedic examination and radiographs often showing evidence of disease. However, understanding of the pathophysiology of degenerative joint disease and associated pain remains limited. Several cytokines have been identified as having a role in pain in humans, but this has not been investigated in cats. The present study was performed to use a multiplex platform to evaluate the concentration of 19 cytokines and chemokines in serum samples obtained from cats with and without degenerative joint disease and associated pain. Samples from a total of 186 cats were analyzed, with cats representing a range of severity on radiographic and orthopedic evaluations and categorized by degenerative joint disease scores and pain scores. Results showed that cats with higher radiographic degenerative joint disease scores have higher serum concentrations of IL-4 and IL-8, while cats with higher orthopedic exam pain scores have higher concentrations of IL-8, IL-2, and TNF-α; increased concentration of IL-8 in degenerative joint disease and pain may be confounded by the association with age. Discriminant analysis was unable to identify one or more cytokines that distinguish between groups of cats classified based on degenerative joint disease score category or pain score category. Finally, cluster analysis driven by analyte concentrations shows separation of groups of cats, but features defining the groups remain unknown. Further studies are warranted to investigate any changes in cytokine concentrations in response to analgesic therapies, and further evaluate the elevations in cytokine concentrations found here, particularly focused on studies of local cytokines present in synovial fluid.}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Griffith, Emily H. and Aldrich, Lauren A. and Vaden, Shelly and Lascelles, B.Duncan X.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={49–59} }
 @inbook{papich_messenger_2017, title={Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs}, ISBN={9781119421375 9781118526231}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119421375.ch12}, DOI={10.1002/9781119421375.ch12}, abstractNote={Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most important drugs used in all species of animals. They possess both analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates for NSAIDs can be examined using the available data from research reports and the drug package inserts. Among the adverse reactions caused by NSAIDs, gastrointestinal problems are the most frequent reason to discontinue NSAID therapy or consider alternative treatment. In the kidney, prostaglandins play an important role in modulating the tone of blood vessels and regulating salt and water balance. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which inhibit COX-1 can reduce thromboxane (TXA2) synthesis in platelets and decrease platelet function. Flunixin meglumine is the most commonly utilized injectable NSAID for acute soft tissue injury, endotoxemia, and abdominal pain. There are veterinary generic formulations of popular drugs and there are some human-labeled drugs that are used off label (e.g., aspirin, naproxen, and piroxicam).}, booktitle={Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Ltd}, author={Papich, Mark G. and Messenger, Kristin}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={227–243} }
 @article{williams_long_durrant_mckeon_shive_griffith_messenger_fish_2017, title={Oral transmucosal detomidine gel in New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)}, volume={56}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Williams, M. D. and Long, C. T. and Durrant, J. R. and McKeon, G. P. and Shive, H. R. and Griffith, E. H. and Messenger, K. M. and Fish, R. E.}, year={2017}, pages={436–442} }
 @article{ostenkamp_barletta_quandt_lascelles_messenger_2017, title={Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an extended-release buprenorphine formulation in dogs}, volume={44}, ISSN={1467-2987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.VAA.2016.12.042}, DOI={10.1016/J.VAA.2016.12.042}, abstractNote={Introduction: Options for effective and safe long-term analgesia in dogs are limited. The purpose of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an extended-release buprenorphine (ER-B) formulation in healthy dogs.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ostenkamp, S. and Barletta, M. and Quandt, J. and Lascelles, D. and Messenger, K.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={195.e6} }
 @article{smith_messenger_gould_knych_tolbert_2017, title={Pharmacokinetics, sedation, and hemodynamic changes following administration of oral transmucosal detomidine gel in cats}, volume={44}, ISSN={1467-2987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.VAA.2016.12.040}, DOI={10.1016/J.VAA.2016.12.040}, abstractNote={Introduction: The objective of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of oral transmuscosal (OTM) detomidine gel in healthy cats, and assess its effects on sedation and hemodynamic variables, in order to investigate this noninvasive route of sedative administration.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, P. and Messenger, K. and Gould, E. and Knych, H. and Tolbert, M.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={195.e5–195.e6} }
 @article{early_crook_williams_davis_munana_papich_messenger_2017, title={Plasma and serum concentrations of cytarabine administered via continuous intravenous infusion to dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84988369300&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12360}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma and serum concentrations of cytarabine (CA) administered via constant rate infusion (CRI) in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE). Nineteen client‐owned dogs received a CRI of CA at a dose of 25 mg/m2/h for 8 h as treatment for MUE. Dogs were divided into four groups, those receiving CA alone and those receiving CA in conjunction with other drugs. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 8, and 12 h after initiating the CRI. Plasma (n = 13) and serum (n = 11) cytarabine concentrations were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The mean peak concentration (CMAX) and area under the curve (AUC) after CRI administration were 1.70 ± 0.66 μg/mL and 11.39 ± 3.37 h·μg/mL, respectively, for dogs receiving cytarabine alone, 2.36 ± 0.35 μg/mL and 16.91 + 3.60 h·μg/mL for dogs administered cytarabine and concurrently on other drugs. Mean concentrations for all dogs were above 1.0 μg/mL at both the 1‐ and 8‐h time points. The steady‐state achieved with cytarabine CRI produces a consistent and prolonged exposure in plasma and serum, which is likely to produce equilibrium between blood and the central nervous system in dogs with a clinical diagnosis of MUE. Other medications commonly used to treat MUE do not appear to alter CA concentrations in serum and plasma.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Early, P. J. and Crook, K. I. and Williams, L. M. and Davis, E. G. and Munana, K. R. and Papich, M. G. and Messenger, K. M.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={411–414} }
 @article{oda_messenger_carbajal_gardner_hammer_cerreta_lewbart_posner_bailey_2017, title={Plasma propofol concentrations and pharmacodynamic effects in koi carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) following exposure via immersion}, volume={44}, ISSN={1467-2987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.VAA.2017.09.009}, DOI={10.1016/J.VAA.2017.09.009}, abstractNote={Introduction: This study was performed to determine the association between plasma propofol concentration (PPC) and anesthetic effect in koi carp anesthetized with propofol via immersion.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Oda, A. and Messenger, K. and Carbajal, L. and Gardner, B. and Hammer, S. and Cerreta, A. and Lewbart, G. and Posner, L. and Bailey, K.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1262.e4–1262.e5} }
 @article{gruen_messenger_thomson_griffith_paradise_vaden_lascelles_2016, title={A comparison of serum and plasma cytokine values using a multiplexed assay in cats}, volume={182}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.VETIMM.2016.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/J.VETIMM.2016.10.003}, abstractNote={Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is highly prevalent in cats, and pain contributes to morbidity. In humans, alterations of cytokine concentrations have been associated with joint deterioration and pain. Similar changes have not been investigated in cats. Cytokine concentrations can be measured using multiplex technology with small samples of serum or plasma, however, serum and plasma are not interchangeable for most bioassays. Correlations for cytokine concentrations between serum and plasma have not been evaluated in cats.To evaluate the levels of detection and agreement between serum and plasma samples in cats.Paired serum and plasma samples obtained from 38 cats.Blood was collected into anti-coagulant free and EDTA Vacutainer® tubes, serum or plasma extracted, and samples frozen at -80°C until testing. Duplicate samples were tested using a 19-plex feline cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead panel.Agreement between serum and plasma for many analytes was high, however correlation coefficients ranged from -0.01 to 0.97. Results from >50% of samples were below the lower limit of quantification for both serum and plasma for nine analytes, and for an additional three analytes for plasma only.While serum and plasma agreement was generally good, detection was improved using serum samples.}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gruen, Margaret E. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Thomson, Andrea E. and Griffith, Emily H. and Paradise, Hayley and Vaden, Shelly and Lascelles, B.D.X.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={69–73} }
 @article{risselada_marcellin-little_messenger_griffith_davidson_papich_2016, title={Assessment of in vitro release of carboplatin from six carrier media}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.77.12.1381}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Risselada, Marije and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Griffith, Emily and Davidson, Gigi S. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={1381–1386} }
 @article{messenger_wofford_papich_2016, title={Carprofen pharmacokinetics in plasma and in control and inflamed canine tissue fluid using in vivo ultrafiltration}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12233}, abstractNote={Measurement of unbound drug concentrations at their sites of action is necessary for accurate PK/PD modeling. The objective of this study was to determine the unbound concentration of carprofen in canine interstitial fluid (ISF) using in vivo ultrafiltration and to compare pharmacokinetic parameters of free carprofen concentrations between inflamed and control tissue sites. We hypothesized that active concentrations of carprofen would exhibit different dispositions in ISF between inflamed vs. normal tissues. Bilateral ultrafiltration probes were placed subcutaneously in six healthy Beagle dogs 12 h prior to induction of inflammation. Two milliliters of either 2% carrageenan or saline control was injected subcutaneously at each probe site, 12 h prior to intravenous carprofen (4 mg/kg) administration. Plasma and ISF samples were collected at regular intervals for 72 h, and carprofen concentrations were determined using HPLC. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were quantified in ISF using ELISA. Unbound carprofen concentrations were higher in ISF compared with predicted unbound plasma drug concentrations. Concentrations were not significantly higher in inflamed ISF compared with control ISF. Compartmental modeling was used to generate pharmacokinetic parameter estimates, which were not significantly different between sites. Terminal half‐life (T½) was longer in the ISF compared with plasma. PGE2 in ISF decreased following administration of carprofen. In vivo ultrafiltration is a reliable method to determine unbound carprofen in ISF, and that disposition of unbound drug into tissue is much higher than predicted from unbound drug concentration in plasma. However, concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameter estimates are not significantly different in inflamed vs. un‐inflamed tissues.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Messenger, K. M. and Wofford, J. A. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={32–39} }
 @article{curto_messenger_salmon_gilger_2016, title={Cytokine and chemokine profiles of aqueous humor and serum in horses with uveitis measured using multiplex bead immunoassay analysis}, volume={182}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.008}, abstractNote={To determine whether horses with clinically diagnosed Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) and those with Leptospirosis infection have a specific cytokine profile in their aqueous humor (AH) and serum that differs from horses with uveitis secondary to other ocular inflammatory processes and from horses with normal eyes.Twenty-five client-owned horses with uveitis that were presented to the North Carolina State University Ophthalmology Service, and four University-owned horses without history or clinical signs of ocular disease.Samples of AH and serum were obtained from horses with ERU (n=13), acute or non-recurrent uveitis (UV; n=7), uveitis secondary to infectious keratitis (IK; n=5), and normal eyes (N; n=4). Cytokine levels in AH and serum were quantified using a multiplex bead immunoassay. Leptospiral antibody titers in serum and AH and PCR for Leptospiral DNA in AH were performed.In the AH of horses with ERU, increased levels of IL-1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, FGF-2, G-CSF, and RANTES were measured compared to UV, IK and N eyes, but the differences were not significant. However, IL-10 was significantly higher in ERU eyes compared to IK and N (P=0.029; 0.013), and IP-10 in ERU eyes was significantly higher than in UV and N (P=0.004). Furthermore, MCP-1 was significantly higher in ERU than N (P=0.04). In the serum, increased levels of IL-1a, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, fractalkine, and G-CSF were measured in horses with ERU, but the levels were not significantly higher than those observed in UV, IK, or N horses. However, serum IP-10 levels in horses with ERU were significantly higher than in UV and N horses (P=0.005) and MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in ERU than N (P=0.03). Horses with marked ocular inflammation had significantly higher serum levels of G-CSF, IL-1a, fractalkine, IL-13, IL-4, IL-17a, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, and MCP-1. Elevated IL-10 in AH was significantly associated with disease chronicity, both overall and in ERU eyes (P=0.049), and in horses with positive ocular leptospiral titers or leptospiral PCR, significant elevations of IL-10 (P=0.0018; 0.0032) and IP-10 (P=0.0342; 0.043) were detected in the AH compared to leptospiral negative eyes.The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IP-10 appear to play an important role in ERU. Further studies are needed to further clarify and characterize cytokine profiles of specific ocular inflammatory diseases, but multiplex bead immunoassay technology shows promise as a diagnostically valuable tool.}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Curto, Elizabeth and Messenger, Kristen M. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={43–51} }
 @article{messenger_hopfensperger_knych_papich_2016, title={Pharmacokinetics of detomidine following intravenous or oral-transmucosal administration and sedative effects of the oral-transmucosal treatment in dogs}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.77.4.413}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Messenger, Kristen M. and Hopfensperger, Marie and Knych, Heather K. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={413–420} }
 @inbook{jarrett_bailey_messenger_prange_gaines_posner_2016, title={Recovery of horses from general anesthesia following induction with either propofol or midazolam followed by ketamine}, volume={253}, DOI={10.2460/javma.253.1.101}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, booktitle={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Jarrett, M.A. and Bailey, K.M. and Messenger, K.M. and Prange, T. and Gaines, B. and Posner, L.P.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={101–107} }
 @article{parkinson_tolbert_messenger_odunayo_brand_davidson_peters_reed_papich_2015, title={Evaluation of the Effect of Orally Administered Acid Suppressants on Intragastric pH in Cats}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12493}, abstractNote={BackgroundAcid suppressant drugs are a mainstay of treatment for cats with gastrointestinal erosion and ulceration. However, clinical studies have not been performed to compare the efficacy of commonly PO administered acid suppressants in cats.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Parkinson, S. and Tolbert, K. and Messenger, K. and Odunayo, A. and Brand, M. and Davidson, G. and Peters, E. and Reed, A. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2015}, pages={104–112} }
 @article{phillips_harms_messenger_2015, title={Oral Transmucosal Detomidine Gel for the Sedation of the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={24}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.012}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.012}, abstractNote={Abstract The restraint of ferrets for physical examination and venipuncture often employs chemical means with parenteral drug injection or inhalant anesthetics. These methods often result in agitation, pain at the injection site, increased stress, and increased cost. A transmucosal (TM) detomidine gel has recently been evaluated for sedation to facilitate physical examination and common procedures in dogs and horses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate TM detomidine in the domestic ferret for physical examination and venipuncture in a teaching laboratory setting. Detomidine was evaluated at 2 doses: 2 and 4mg/m 2 . A total of 16 ferrets (8 female and 8 male) were randomly assigned to each dose group. Following the administration of detomidine, physiologic variables were collected (heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature) and sedation scoring was performed every 10 minutes. Owing to the rapid effect of the drug, time of onset was not consistently captured in the data recording protocol; the 8 males were used again in a subsequent laboratory and dosed at 3mg/m 2 to refine the times of initial effect and dorsal recumbency. Venipuncture was attempted only after full physical examinations were completed and the ferrets could be placed in dorsal recumbency. Venipuncture was performed with detomidine sedation alone on 4 female and 5 male ferrets, with no significant difference based on dose group. Isoflurane was administered via face mask to the remaining ferrets due to insufficient sedation based on muscle movement and reaction to venipuncture. Heart rate significantly decreased following detomidine administration as compared with baseline values in both dose groups. There were no significant changes in respiratory rates. Sedation scores were significantly increased throughout the study period. Side effects of detomidine administration included piloerection of the tail in all ferrets and a second-degree atrioventricular block in one female ferret that resolved following reversal with atipamezole. Hyperglycemia was observed in 67% of the ferrets. TM detomidine effectively sedated domestic ferrets for physical examination and venipuncture.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Harms, Craig A. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={446–454} }
 @article{chinnadurai_messenger_papich_harms_2014, title={Meloxicam pharmacokinetics using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling in ferrets after single subcutaneous administration}, volume={37}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12099}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12099}, abstractNote={This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam, an oxicam class, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), in ferrets. We determined the pharmacokinetic properties of a single subcutaneous dose of meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) in nine male and nine female ferrets. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture of the cranial vena cava into heparinized syringes. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling to take advantage of the population‐based sampling scheme and to minimize sample volume collected per animal. Maximum plasma concentration, volume of distribution per absorption, and elimination half‐life were 0.663 μg/mL, 0.21 L, and 11.4 h, respectively, for females and 0.920 μg/mL, 0.35 L, and 17.8 h, respectively, for males. Significant differences were found in each of the above parameters between male and female ferrets. Systemic clearance per absorption was not affected by gender and was 13.4 mL/h. Analgesic efficacy was not evaluated, but plasma meloxicam concentrations achieved in these animals are considered effective in other species. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetic behavior of meloxicam should be taken into consideration when treating ferrets.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Chinnadurai, S. K. and Messenger, K. M. and Papich, M. G. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={382–387} }
 @article{hutchins_messenger_vaden_2013, title={Suspected carprofen toxicosis caused by coprophagia in a dog}, volume={243}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.243.5.709}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Hutchins, Rae G. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={709–711} }
 @article{crook_early_messenger_munana_gallagher_papich_2013, title={The pharmacokinetics of cytarabine in dogs when administered via subcutaneous and continuous intravenous infusion routes}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880035701&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12008}, abstractNote={This crossover study compared the pharmacokinetics of cytarabine in six healthy dogs following intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) and subcutaneous (SC) administrations, as these are two routes of administration commonly employed in the treatment of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. Each dog received a SC cytarabine injection of 50 mg/m2 or an 8 h CRI of 25 mg/m2 per hour, with a 7‐day washout before receiving the alternative treatment. Blood samples were collected for 16 h after CRI initiation and for 8 h after SC injection. Plasma concentrations were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using the best‐fit compartmental analysis for both CRI and SC routes. Terminal half‐life (T½) of cytarabine was 1.35 ± 0.3 and 1.15 ± 0.13 h after SC administration and CRI, respectively. Mean peak concentration (Cmax) was 2.88 and 2.80 μg/mL for SC and CRI administration, respectively. Volume of distribution was 0.66 ± 0.07 l/kg. The 8‐h CRI produced steady‐state plasma concentrations as determined by consecutive measurement that did not decline until the end of the infusion. The SC administration did not achieve steady‐state concentrations because cytarabine administered by this route was rapidly absorbed and eliminated quickly. The steady state achieved with the cytarabine CRI may produce a more prolonged exposure of cytarabine at cytotoxic levels in plasma compared to the concentrations after SC administration.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Crook, K. I. and Early, P. J. and Messenger, K. M. and Munana, K. R. and Gallagher, R. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={408–411} }
 @article{schwartz_munana_nettifee-osborne_messenger_papich_2013, title={The pharmacokinetics of midazolam after intravenous, intramuscular, and rectal administration in healthy dogs}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883647308&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12032}, abstractNote={Intravenous benzodiazepines are utilized as first‐line drugs to treat prolonged epileptic seizures in dogs and alternative routes of administration are required when venous access is limited. This study compared the pharmacokinetics of midazolam after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and rectal (PR) administration. Six healthy dogs were administered 0.2 mg/kg midazolam IV, IM, or PR in a randomized, 3‐way crossover design with a 3‐day washout between study periods. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at predetermined intervals until 480 min after administration. Plasma midazolam concentrations were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection. Rectal administration resulted in erratic systemic availability with undetectable to low plasma concentrations. Arithmetic mean values ± SD for midazolam peak plasma concentrations were 0.86 ± 0.36 μg/mL (C0) and 0.20 ± 0.06 μg/mL (Cmax), following IV and IM administration, respectively. Time to peak concentration (Tmax) after IM administration was 7.8 ± 2.4 min with a bioavailability of 50 ± 16%. Findings suggest that IM midazolam might be useful in treating seizures in dogs when venous access is unavailable, but higher doses may be needed to account for intermediate bioavailability. Rectal administration is likely of limited efficacy for treating seizures in dogs.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Schwartz, M. and Munana, K. R. and Nettifee-Osborne, J. A. and Messenger, K. M. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={471–477} }
 @article{hopfensperger_messenger_papich_sherman_2013, title={The use of oral transmucosal detomidine hydrochloride gel to facilitate handling in dogs}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1878-7517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jveb.2012.10.004}, abstractNote={Safe and humane handling in the veterinary clinic can be challenging when dealing with fearful or anxious dogs. Historically, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists have been used via parenteral routes to facilitate handling of difficult canine subjects. Detomidine hydrochloride is an alpha-2 agonist sedative commercially available in an oral transmucosal (OTM) formulation (Dormosedan Gel; Pfizer Animal Health, Madison, NJ) approved for sedation and restraint in horses. The usefulness of this detomidine formulation has not been previously reported in dogs. This study evaluated the behavioral and physiological effects of OTM detomidine gel administration in dogs to assess its efficacy and safety for facilitation of handling canine subjects. Six healthy institution-owned adult dogs were administered detomidine gel at a dose of 0.35 mg/m2 via OTM route. Behavioral and physiological assessments were performed pretreatment and repeated every 15–30 minutes for 5 hours after administration. Behavioral assessments included global sedation (GS), composite sedation (CS), global anxiolysis (GA), and ease of handling (EH) scores. Physiological assessments included heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, mucous membrane color, indirect blood pressure, rectal temperature, oxygen saturation, and capillary refill time. Posttreatment GS, CS, GA, and EH scores were improved for all 6 subjects as compared with pretreatment. For 4 of 6 dogs, maximal GS scores occurred at 45 minutes posttreatment, and duration of maximal GS scores was 30 minutes. Five of 6 dogs achieved adequate GS scores. EH scores were significantly higher during time points of adequate GS scores as compared with time points when adequate GS scores were not achieved. The physiological measures revealed transient bradycardia in 5 of 6 dogs and intermittent second-degree atrioventricular block in 1 dog. No other significant adverse events were noted, and all dogs recovered uneventfully. OTM detomidine gel was safely administered to 6 dogs at a dose of 0.35 mg/m2 and resulted in measurable sedation, anxiolysis, and improved EH in all subjects. Although further evaluation is warranted for use in client-owned dogs, OTM detomidine gel offers a novel sedative and anxiolytic option to facilitate handling of canine subjects.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY BEHAVIOR-CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH}, author={Hopfensperger, Marie J. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Papich, Mark G. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2013}, pages={114–123} }
 @article{da cunha_messenger_stout_barker_nevarez_queiroz-williams_tully_2012, title={Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its active metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide after a single intravenous administration in chickens (Gallus domesticus) anesthetized with isoflurane}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01358.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and TherapeuticsVolume 35, Issue 6 p. 604-607 SHORT COMMUNICATION Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its active metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide after a single intravenous administration in chickens (Gallus domesticus) anesthetized with isoflurane A. F. DA CUNHA, A. F. DA CUNHA Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorK. M. MESSENGER, K. M. MESSENGER Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. W. STOUT, R. W. STOUT Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. A. BARKER, S. A. BARKER Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. G. NEVAREZ, J. G. NEVAREZ Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorP. QUEIROZ-WILLIAMS, P. QUEIROZ-WILLIAMS Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorT. N. TULLY JR, T. N. TULLY JR Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this author A. F. DA CUNHA, A. F. DA CUNHA Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorK. M. MESSENGER, K. M. MESSENGER Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. W. STOUT, R. W. STOUT Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. A. BARKER, S. A. BARKER Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. G. NEVAREZ, J. G. NEVAREZ Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorP. QUEIROZ-WILLIAMS, P. QUEIROZ-WILLIAMS Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorT. N. TULLY JR, T. N. TULLY JR Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 December 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01358.xCitations: 11 Dr Anderson F. Da Cunha, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA 70803. E-mail: adacunha@vetmed.lsu.edu Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume35, Issue6December 2012Pages 604-607 RelatedInformation}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Da Cunha, A. F. and Messenger, K. M. and Stout, R. W. and Barker, S. A. and Nevarez, J. G. and Queiroz-Williams, P. and Tully, T. N., Jr.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={604–607} }
 @article{messenger_papich_blikslager_2011, title={Distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, using an in vivo ultrafiltration sampling technique after the injection of enrofloxacin to pigs}, volume={35}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01338.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01338.x}, abstractNote={Messenger, K. M., Papich, M. G., Blikslager, A. T. Distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, using anin vivoultrafiltration sampling technique after the injection of enrofloxacin to pigs.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 452–459.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Messenger, K. M. and Papich, M. G. and Blikslager, A. T.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={452–459} }
 @article{messenger_davis_lafevers_barlow_posner_2011, title={Intravenous and sublingual buprenorphine in horses: pharmacokinetics and influence of sampling site}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, author={Messenger, K.M. and Davis, J.L. and Lafevers, D.H. and Barlow, B.M. and Posner, L.P.}, year={2011}, month={Apr} }
 @article{davis_messenger_lafevers_barlow_posner_2011, title={Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular buprenorphine in the horse}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01284.x}, abstractNote={Davis, J. L., Messenger, K. M., LaFevers, D. H., Barlow, B. M., Posner, L. P. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular buprenorphine in the horse.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 52–58.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, author={Davis, J.L. and Messenger, K.M. and Lafevers, D.H. and Barlow, B.M. and Posner, L.P.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={52–58} }