@article{schachar_bocage_nelson_early_mariani_olby_munana_2024, title={Clinical and imaging findings in dogs with nerve root signature associated with cervical intervertebral disc herniation}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16982}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16982}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Schachar, Jordan and Bocage, Alan and Nelson, Nathan C. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Olby, Natasha J. and Munana, Karen R.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{colon_early_munana_olby_mariani_mancini_fefer_li_briley_bailey_et al._2024, title={Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous ketamine administration via the Omnipod® system in dogs}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.13440}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Colon, Claudia and Early, Peter and Munana, Karen and Olby, Natasha and Mariani, Christopher and Mancini, Shelby and Fefer, Gilad and Li, Zhong and Briley, Jessica and Bailey, Kate and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{charalambous_munana_patterson_platt_volk_2023, title={ACVIM Consensus Statement on the management of status epilepticus and cluster seizures in dogs and cats}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16928}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16928}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Charalambous, Marios and Munana, Karen and Patterson, Edward E. and Platt, Simon R. and Volk, Holger A.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{gristina_waldron_nettifee_munana_2023, title={Comparison of caregivers' assessments of clinical outcome in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy administered levetiracetam, zonisamide, or phenobarbital monotherapy}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.22.10.0469}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gristina, Bryanna R. and Waldron, Rennie J. and Nettifee, Julie A. and Munana, Karen R.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={1020–1027} }
 @article{bini_bailey_voyvodic_chiavaccini_munana_keenihan_2023, title={Effects of alfaxalone, propofol and isoflurane on cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide in dogs: A pilot study}, volume={291}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105939}, abstractNote={Propofol total intravenous anesthesia is a common choice to anesthetize patients with increased intracranial pressure, reducing cerebral blood flow while maintaining cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2. Propofol and alfaxalone are commonly used for total intravenous anesthesia in dogs, but the effects of alfaxalone on cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 are unknown. Our hypothesis was that alfaxalone would not be significantly different to propofol, while isoflurane would increase cerebral blood flow and decrease cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2. Six healthy hound dogs were evaluated in this randomized crossover trial. Dogs were anesthetized with 7.5 mg/kg propofol, 3 mg/kg alfaxalone or 8 % sevoflurane, mechanically ventilated and maintained with propofol (400 µg/kg/min), alfaxalone (150 µg/kg/min) or 1.7 % end-tidal isoflurane, respectively, with one week washout between treatments. Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 during hypercapnic and hypocapnic challenges were measured using arterial spin labelling and blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging sequences, respectively. Median (interquartile range, IQR) normocapnic cerebral blood flow was significantly lower (P = 0.016) with alfaxalone compared to isoflurane, in the whole brain 15.39 mL/min/100 g (14.90-19.90 mL/min/100 g) vs. 34.10 mL/min/100 g (33.35-43.17 mL/min/100 g), the grey matter 14.57 mL/min/100 g (13.66-18.72 mL/min/100 g) vs. 32.37 mL/min/100 g (31.03-42.99 mL/min/100 g), the caudal brain 15.47 mL/min/100 g (13.37-21.45 mL/min/100 g) vs. 36.85 mL/min/100 g (32.50-47.18 mL/min/100 g) and the temporal lobe grey matter 18.80 mL/min/100 g (15.89-20.84 mL/min/100 g) vs. 43.32 (36.07-43.58 mL/min/100 g). Median (IQR) hypocapnic cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 was significantly higher (P = 0.016) for alfaxalone compared to isoflurane 8.85 %S/mm Hg (6.92-10.44 %S/mm Hg) vs. 3.90 %S/mm Hg (3.80-4.33 %S/mm Hg). Alfaxalone maintained lower cerebral blood flow and higher hypocapnic cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 than isoflurane.}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Bini, G. and Bailey, K. M. and Voyvodic, J. T. and Chiavaccini, L. and Munana, K. R. and Keenihan, E. K.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{bray_platt_kent_olby_early_mariani_munana_holmes_2023, title={Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of atlanto-axial subluxation in 42 dogs: Analysis of joint cavity size, subluxation distance, and craniocervical junction anomalies}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2218-6050"]}, DOI={10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i9.4}, abstractNote={Background: 
Atlanto-axial (AA) subluxation can be a complex syndrome in dogs. Accurate identification and assessment of this condition is key to providing treatment and resolution.  
Aim: 
The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of AA subluxation and associated neurologic deficits. 
Methods: 
A multicenter review of dogs with a diagnosis of AA subluxation was conducted, evaluating signalment, neurologic grade, duration of signs, and MRI characteristics. MRI characteristics included degree of spinal cord compression and joint subluxation, integrity of odontoid ligaments, presence of a dens, spinal cord signal intensity, and presence of syringohydromyelia, hydrocephalus, and Chiari-like malformation. A control population with normal AA joints was also evaluated. MR images of 42 dogs with AA subluxation were compared to 26 age and breed-matched control dogs. 
Results: 
Affected dogs had a median age of 27 months and median weight of 2.7 kg, and the most commonly affected breed was Yorkshire terrier (47.5%). Spinal cord signal hyperintensity, increased AA joint size, and cross-sectional cord compression at the level of the dens and mid-body C2 were associated with AA subluxation. No associations were found between cord compression, appearance of the dens, or cord signal intensity and neurologic grade. Affected dogs did not have a higher incidence of Chiari-like malformation, syringohydromyelia, or hydrocephalus than control dogs, and their neurologic grade was not associated with MRI findings. Lack of a dens and/or odontoid ligaments was associated with larger subluxations. 
Conclusion: 
Dogs with clinical signs of AA subluxation were significantly more likely to have intramedullary hyperintensity at the level of compression (p=0.0004), an increased AA joint cavity size (p=0.0005), and increased spinal cord compression at the level of dens and mid-body C2 (p=<0.05). The authors suggest an AA joint cavity size >1.4mm and a subluxation distance >2.5mm as cutoffs for MRI diagnosis of AA subluxation in dogs. No differences were noted between dogs with AA subluxation and control dogs regarding syringohydromyelia, hydrocephalus, and Chiari-like malformation.}, number={9}, journal={OPEN VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Bray, Kathryn Y. and Platt, Simon R. and Kent, Marc and Olby, Natasha J. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Munana, Karen R. and Holmes, Shannon P.}, year={2023}, pages={1091–1098} }
 @article{woelfel_mariani_nolan_keenihan_topulos_early_munana_musulin_olby_2023, title={Presumed pituitary apoplexy in 26 dogs: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16703}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16703}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Woelfel, Christian W. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Nolan, Michael W. and Keenihan, Erin K. and Topulos, Sophia P. and Early, Peter J. and Munana, Karen R. and Musulin, Sarah E. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{mancini_early_slater_olby_mariani_munana_woelfel_schacher_zhong_messenger_2022, title={Novel subcutaneous cytarabine infusion with the Omnipod system in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.22.03.0046}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Mancini, Shelby L. and Early, Peter J. and Slater, Bailey M. and Olby, Natasha J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Munana, Karen R. and Woelfel, Christian W. and Schacher, Jordan A. and Zhong, Li and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{bray_mariani_early_muñana_olby_2021, title={Continuous rate infusion of midazolam as emergent treatment for seizures in dogs}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15993}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15993}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Bray, Kathryn Y. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Early, Peter J. and Muñana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{woelfel_robertson_mariani_munana_early_olby_2021, title={Outcomes and prognostic indicators in 59 paraplegic medium to large breed dogs with extensive epidural hemorrhage secondary to thoracolumbar disc extrusion}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13592}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Woelfel, Christian W. and Robertson, James B. and Mariani, Chris L. and Munana, Karen R. and Early, Peter J. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={527–536} }
 @article{henning_nielson_nettifee_munana_hazel_2021, title={Understanding the impacts of feline epilepsy on cats and their owners}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2042-7670"]}, DOI={10.1002/vetr.836}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Henning, Julia and Nielson, Torben and Nettifee, Julie and Munana, Karen and Hazel, Susan}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{mariani_niman_boozer_ruterbories_early_munana_olby_2021, title={Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with neoplastic or inflammatory central nervous system disorders}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16181}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16181}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Niman, Zachary E. and Boozer, Lindsay B. and Ruterbories, Laura K. and Early, Peter J. and Munana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{fenn_ru_jeffery_moore_tipold_soebbeler_wang‐leandro_mariani_early_muñana_et al._2020, title={Association between anesthesia duration and outcome in dogs with surgically treated acute severe spinal cord injury caused by thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15796}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15796}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fenn, Joe and Ru, Hongyu and Jeffery, Nick D. and Moore, Sarah and Tipold, Andrea and Soebbeler, Franz J. and Wang‐Leandro, Adriano and Mariani, Christopher L. and Early, Peter J. and Muñana, Karen R. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{mariani_nye_ruterbories_tokarz_green_lau_zidan_early_muñana_olby_et al._2020, title={Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations in dogs with seizure disorders}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15953}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15953}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Nye, Carolyn J. and Ruterbories, Laura and Tokarz, Debra A. and Green, Lauren and Lau, Jeanie and Zidan, Natalia and Early, Peter J. and Muñana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{muñana_nettifee_griffith_early_yoder_2020, title={Evaluation of a collar‐mounted accelerometer for detecting seizure activity in dogs}, volume={34}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15760}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15760}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Muñana, Karen R. and Nettifee, Julie A. and Griffith, Emily H. and Early, Peter J. and Yoder, Nathanael C.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={1239–1247} }
 @article{muñana_jacob_callahan_2020, title={Evaluation of fecal Lactobacillus populations in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy: a pilot study}, volume={2}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-020-00036-6}, DOI={10.1186/s42523-020-00036-6}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Animal Microbiome}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Muñana, Karen R. and Jacob, Megan E. and Callahan, Benjamin J.}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{lewis_early_mariani_munana_olby_2020, title={Influence of Duration of Injury on Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Acute Canine Spinal Cord Injury}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1557-9042"]}, DOI={10.1089/neu.2019.6786}, abstractNote={Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) quantifies microstructural lesion characteristics but impact of the interval between spinal cord injury (SCI) and examination on imaging characteristics is unclear. Our objective was to investigate the impact of duration of injury on DTI indices in dogs with acute, spontaneous SCI due to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) and explore associations with clinical severity. Twenty-six dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDH of variable severity who underwent DTI were included. Neurologic severity was graded using the Modified Frankel Score (0-V). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were calculated on regions of interest within and adjacent to the lesion epicenter. Relationships between FA or MD and duration (injury to imaging interval) or neurologic severity were determined using regression analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum. Median age was 6.8 years (1-13), median duration was 1.5 days (1-9) and neurologic signs ranged from ambulatory paraparesis (MFS II) to paraplegia with absent pain perception (MFS V). Mean FA was 0.61+/-0.09 cranial to the lesion, 0.57+/-0.12 at the epicenter and 0.55+/-0.10 caudally. Mean MD was 1.18x10-3+/-0.0002 cranially, 1.09x10-3+/-0.0002 at the epicenter and 1.14x10-3+/-0.0002 caudally. Accounting for neurologic severity and age, FA caudal to the epicenter decreased with increasing duration of injury (p = 0.02). Lower MD within the lesion epicenter was associated with worse neurologic severity (p = 0.01). Duration of injury should be considered when interpreting DTI results in dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDH. MD might differentiate injury severity in the acute setting and be worthy of development as an imaging biomarker.}, number={21}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA}, author={Lewis, Melissa J. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Munana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={2261–2267} }
 @article{amengual-batle_jose-lopez_durand_czopowicz_beltran_guevar_lazzerini_de decker_munana_early_et al._2020, title={Traumatic skull fractures in dogs and cats: A comparative analysis of neurological and computed tomographic features}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15838}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Amengual-Batle, Pablo and Jose-Lopez, Roberto and Durand, Alexane and Czopowicz, Michal and Beltran, Elsa and Guevar, Julien and Lazzerini, Kali and De Decker, Steven and Munana, Karen and Early, Peter and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={1975–1985} }
 @article{mariani_nye_tokarz_green_lau_zidan_early_guevar_muñana_olby_et al._2019, title={Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in dogs with inflammatory central nervous system disorders}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15606}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15606}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, Christopher L. and Nye, Carolyn J. and Tokarz, Debra A. and Green, Lauren and Lau, Jeanie and Zidan, Natalia and Early, Peter J. and Guevar, Julien and Muñana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={2701–2708} }
 @article{lau_nettifee_early_mariani_olby_muñana_2019, title={Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15543}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15543}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lau, Jeanie and Nettifee, Julie A. and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Olby, Natasha J. and Muñana, Karen R.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={1719–1727} }
 @article{early_muñana_olby_mariani_2019, title={Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid parameters from the cerebellomedullary and lumbar cisterns in 54 dogs}, volume={60}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={Early, P.J. and Muñana, K.R. and Olby, N.J. and Mariani, C.L.}, year={2019}, pages={885–888} }
 @article{muñana_2019, title={Nutritional management of idiopathic epilepsy in dogs}, journal={Today’s Veterinary Practice}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={2019}, month={May} }
 @article{stafford_kortum_castel_green_lau_early_muñana_mariani_yoder_olby_2019, title={Presence of cerebrospinal fluid antibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis of humans in dogs with neurologic disease}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15616}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15616}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Stafford, Emma G. and Kortum, Amanda and Castel, Aude and Green, Lauren and Lau, Jeanie and Early, Peter J. and Muñana, Karen R. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Yoder, Jeffrey A. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={2175–2182} }
 @article{castel_olby_ru_mariani_muñana_early_2019, title={Risk factors associated with progressive myelomalacia in dogs with complete sensorimotor loss following intervertebral disc extrusion: a retrospective case-control study}, volume={15}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2186-0}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-019-2186-0}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Castel, Aude and Olby, Natasha J. and Ru, Hongyu and Mariani, Christopher L. and Muñana, Karen R. and Early, Peter J.}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{olby_lim_wagner_zidan_early_mariani_muñana_laber_2019, title={Time course and prognostic value of serum GFAP, pNFH, and S100β concentrations in dogs with complete spinal cord injury because of intervertebral disc extrusion}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15439}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15439}, abstractNote={BackgroundA noninvasive biomarker is needed to predict recovery from severe spinal cord injury (SCI) because of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL‐IVDE). Proteins released from neural and glial cells can be detected in the blood and show promise as prognostic tools, but their concentration is influenced by time after injury.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olby, Natasha J. and Lim, Ji‐Hey and Wagner, Nikki and Zidan, Natalia and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Muñana, Karen R. and Laber, Eric}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={726–734} }
 @article{zidan_sims_fenn_williams_griffith_early_mariani_munana_guevar_olby_et al._2018, title={A randomized, blinded, prospective clinical trial of postoperative rehabilitation in dogs after surgical decompression of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation}, volume={32}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15086}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15086}, abstractNote={BackgroundExperimental evidence shows benefit of rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) but there are limited objective data on the effect of rehabilitation on recovery of dogs after surgery for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL‐IVDH).}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Zidan, Natalia and Sims, Cory and Fenn, Joe and Williams, Kim and Griffith, Emily and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Chris L. and Munana, Karen and Guevar, Julien and Olby, Natasha J. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={1133–1144} }
 @article{muñana_otamendi_nettifee_papich_2018, title={Population pharmacokinetics of extended-release levetiracetam in epileptic dogs when administered alone, with phenobarbital or zonisamide}, volume={32}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15298}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15298}, abstractNote={BackgroundExtended‐release levetiracetam (LEV‐XR) has gained acceptance as an antiepileptic drug in dogs. No studies have evaluated its disposition in dogs with epilepsy.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Muñana, Karen R. and Otamendi, Arturo J. and Nettifee, Julie A. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={1677–1683} }
 @article{zidan_fenn_griffith_early_mariani_muñana_guevar_olby_2018, title={The Effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Post-Operative Pain and Locomotor Recovery in Dogs with Acute, Severe Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled, Prospective Clinical Trial}, volume={35}, ISSN={0897-7151 1557-9042}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5485}, DOI={10.1089/neu.2017.5485}, abstractNote={Spinal cord injury (SCI) attributed to acute intervertebral disc extrusions (IVDEs) is common in dogs and is treated by surgical decompression. Dogs with sensorimotor complete injuries have an incomplete recovery. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) reduce post-operative pain through anti-inflammatory effects and there is growing evidence for neuroprotective effects. This randomized, controlled clinical trial evaluated the effect of PEMF on post-operative pain and neurological recovery in dogs with surgically treated sensorimotor complete SCI attributed to acute IVDE. Sixteen dogs with surgically treated complete thoracolumbar SCI were randomized to receive PEMF (15 min every 2 h for 2 weeks then twice-daily for 4 weeks) or placebo starting immediately after diagnosis. The primary outcome was gait score at 2 weeks. Secondary measures of gait, pain perception, and proprioceptive function were evaluated at 2 and 6 weeks. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) concentration was measured as an SCI biomarker. Post-operative pain was quantified by measuring mechanical sensory thresholds (MSTs) at control and surgical sites. There was no significant difference in demographics or GFAP concentration between the two groups at trial entry. There was no difference in primary outcome or in secondary measures of gait, but proprioceptive placing was significantly better at 6 weeks and GFAP concentrations were significantly lower at 2 weeks in the PEMF group. MSTs were significantly higher in the PEMF-treated group. We conclude that PEMF reduced incision-associated pain in dogs post-surgery for IVDE and may reduce extent of SCI and enhance proprioceptive placing. Larger clinical trials are warranted.}, number={15}, journal={Journal of Neurotrauma}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Zidan, Natalia and Fenn, Joe and Griffith, Emily and Early, Peter J. and Mariani, Chris L. and Muñana, Karen R. and Guevar, Julien and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={1726–1736} }
 @article{pastina_early_bergman_nettifee_maller_bray_waldron_castel_munana_papich_et al._2018, title={The pharmacokinetics of cytarabine administered subcutaneously, combined with prednisone, in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047463652&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12667}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Pastina, B. and Early, P.J. and Bergman, R.L. and Nettifee, J. and Maller, A. and Bray, K.Y. and Waldron, R.J. and Castel, A.M. and Munana, K.R. and Papich, M.G. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={638–643} }
 @article{royal_neel_munana_flammer_2018, title={Using a modified bookmark procedure to help identify reasonable consequences for academic integrity violations}, volume={45}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85043509585&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0816-126r2}, abstractNote={ It is recommended that institutions develop academic conduct policies to help preserve academic integrity, enforce compliance, and aid in legal defensibility. These policies should also articulate reasonable consequences for persons found in violation. The problem, however, is that all academic misconduct offenses are not created equal, and determining reasonable consequences for these violations can be particularly challenging due to their subjective nature. Thus, the purpose of this study was to introduce a novel method for more objectively determining reasonable sanctions for several academic misconduct offenses of varying degrees of severity. We utilized a variation of the Bookmark procedure, a popular standard-setting technique used primarily by psychometricians in high-stakes testing environments, to investigate empirical survey data and develop policy recommendations. We encourage others to use this procedure, where appropriate, to identify appropriate cut scores and ranges to aid in policy development across a variety of contexts. }, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Royal, Kenneth D. and Neel, Jennifer A. and Munana, Karen R. and Flammer, Keven}, year={2018}, pages={43–50} }
 @article{fenn_laber_williams_rousse_early_mariani_munana_decker_volk_olby_et al._2017, title={Associations Between Anesthetic Variables and Functional Outcome in Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion Undergoing Decompressive Hemilaminectomy}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14677}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14677}, abstractNote={BackgroundOutcome of acute experimental spinal cord injury is strongly associated with tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Cardiopulmonary depression could affect outcome in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for surgical treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE).}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Fenn, J. and Laber, E. and Williams, K. and Rousse, C. A. and Early, P. J. and Mariani, C. L. and Munana, Karen and Decker, S. De and Volk, H. A. and Olby, N. J. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={814–824} }
 @article{castel_olby_mariani_muñana_early_2017, title={Clinical Characteristics of Dogs with Progressive Myelomalacia Following Acute Intervertebral Disc Extrusion}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14829}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14829}, abstractNote={BackgroundProgressive myelomalacia (PMM) is a catastrophic disease associated with acute intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE). Published data on the clinical characteristics of this disease are limited.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Castel, A. and Olby, N.J. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1782–1789} }
 @article{nettifee_munana_griffith_2017, title={Evaluation of the Impacts of Epilepsy in Dogs on Their Caregivers}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85019011505&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-6537}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Nettifee, Julie A. and Munana, Karen R. and Griffith, Emily H.}, year={2017}, pages={143–149} }
 @article{early_crook_williams_davis_munana_papich_messenger_2017, title={Plasma and serum concentrations of cytarabine administered via continuous intravenous infusion to dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84988369300&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12360}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma and serum concentrations of cytarabine (CA) administered via constant rate infusion (CRI) in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE). Nineteen client‐owned dogs received a CRI of CA at a dose of 25 mg/m2/h for 8 h as treatment for MUE. Dogs were divided into four groups, those receiving CA alone and those receiving CA in conjunction with other drugs. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 8, and 12 h after initiating the CRI. Plasma (n = 13) and serum (n = 11) cytarabine concentrations were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. The mean peak concentration (CMAX) and area under the curve (AUC) after CRI administration were 1.70 ± 0.66 μg/mL and 11.39 ± 3.37 h·μg/mL, respectively, for dogs receiving cytarabine alone, 2.36 ± 0.35 μg/mL and 16.91 + 3.60 h·μg/mL for dogs administered cytarabine and concurrently on other drugs. Mean concentrations for all dogs were above 1.0 μg/mL at both the 1‐ and 8‐h time points. The steady‐state achieved with cytarabine CRI produces a consistent and prolonged exposure in plasma and serum, which is likely to produce equilibrium between blood and the central nervous system in dogs with a clinical diagnosis of MUE. Other medications commonly used to treat MUE do not appear to alter CA concentrations in serum and plasma.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Early, P. J. and Crook, K. I. and Williams, L. M. and Davis, E. G. and Munana, K. R. and Papich, M. G. and Messenger, K. M.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={411–414} }
 @article{royal_munana_neel_2017, title={Prohibiting students from asking questions during exams: A guideline for promoting fairness and preserving score validity}, volume={44}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85024494960&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0316-054R}, abstractNote={ Many medical and professional programs implement policies that prohibit students from asking questions during examinations. The reasoning behind these policies remains unclear to some, as there is a lack of literature addressing this topic. The purpose of this article is to present the rationale behind such policies and to discuss why these policies may help promote fairness and preserve score validity. }, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Royal, Kenneth D. and Munana, Karen R. and Neel, Jennifer A.}, year={2017}, pages={343–345} }
 @inbook{muñana_2017, edition={8th}, title={Seizures}, booktitle={Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E.C. and Cote, E.Editors}, year={2017}, pages={142–145} }
 @article{podell_volk_berendt_löscher_munana_patterson_platt_2016, title={2015 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Seizure Management in Dogs}, volume={30}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961214898&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.13841}, abstractNote={This report represents a scientific and working clinical consensus statement on seizure management in dogs based on current literature and clinical expertise. The goal was to establish guidelines for a predetermined, concise, and logical sequential approach to chronic seizure management starting with seizure identification and diagnosis (not included in this report), reviewing decision‐making, treatment strategies, focusing on issues related to chronic antiepileptic drug treatment response and monitoring, and guidelines to enhance patient response and quality of life. Ultimately, we hope to provide a foundation for ongoing and future clinical epilepsy research in veterinary medicine.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Podell, M. and Volk, H.A. and Berendt, M. and Löscher, W. and Munana, Karen and Patterson, E.E. and Platt, S.R.}, year={2016}, pages={477–490} }
 @article{olby_muguet-chanoit_lim_davidian_mariani_freeman_platt_humphrey_kent_giovanella_et al._2016, title={A Placebo-Controlled, Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial of Polyethylene Glycol and Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate in Dogs with Intervertebral Disk Herniation}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84956678975&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.13657}, abstractNote={BackgroundAcute intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) is a common cause of spinal cord injury in dogs and currently there is no proven medical treatment to counter secondary injury effects. Use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) as neuroprotectants is advocated but controversial because neither treatment has been tested in placebo‐controlled, randomized, blinded trials in dogs.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Olby, N. J. and Muguet-Chanoit, A. C. and Lim, J. -H. and Davidian, M. and Mariani, C. L. and Freeman, A. C. and Platt, S. R. and Humphrey, J. and Kent, M. and Giovanella, C. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={206–214} }
 @article{lewis_olby_early_mariani_muñana_seiler_griffith_2016, title={Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Features of Brain Herniation in Dogs and Cats}, volume={30}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14526}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14526}, abstractNote={BackgroundQuantification of brain herniation on MRI and its immediate clinical implications are poorly described.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lewis, M.J. and Olby, N.J. and Early, P.J. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Seiler, G.S. and Griffith, E.H.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1672–1680} }
 @article{olby_vaden_williams_griffith_harris_mariani_muñana_early_platt_boozer_et al._2016, title={Effect of Cranberry Extract on the Frequency of Bacteriuria in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, volume={31}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14613}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14613}, abstractNote={BackgroundDogs with spinal cord injury are at increased risk of developing bacteriuria due to increased residual urine volume. Cranberry extract inhibits binding of E. coli to uroepithelial cells, potentially reducing risk of bacteriuria.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olby, N.J. and Vaden, S.L. and Williams, K. and Griffith, E.H. and Harris, T. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J. and Platt, S.R. and Boozer, L. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={60–68} }
 @article{bray_munana_meichner_white_seiler_2016, title={Eosinophilic meningomyelitis associated with T-cell lymphoma in a cat}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85005995766&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12406}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Bray, Kathryn Y. and Munana, Karen R. and Meichner, Kristina and White, Laura A. and Seiler, Gabriela}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={698–702} }
 @article{berendt_hulsmeyer_bhatti_de risio_farquhar_fischer_mandigers_long_matiasek_munana_et al._2016, title={Epilepsy today - Summary of the consensus statements for definition, classification and terminology of epilepsy in companion animals as well as genetic origin in purebred dogs}, volume={61}, number={8}, journal={Kleintier-Praxis}, author={Berendt, M. and Hulsmeyer, V. I. and Bhatti, S. F. M. and De Risio, L. and Farquhar, R. G. and Fischer, A. and Mandigers, P. J. J. and Long, S. and Matiasek, K. and Munana, K. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={425–435} }
 @article{bhatti_de risio_munana_penderis_stein_tipold_berendt_farquhar_fischer_long_et al._2016, title={Epilepsy today: Summary of the IVETF "Consensus Proposal: Medical treatment of canine epilepsy in Europe"}, volume={61}, number={10}, journal={Kleintier-Praxis}, author={Bhatti, S. F. M. and De Risio, L. and Munana, K. and Penderis, J. and Stein, V. M. and Tipold, A. and Berendt, M. and Farquhar, R. G. and Fischer, A. and Long, S. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={529-} }
 @article{de risio_bhatti_munana_penderis_steins_tipolds_berendt_farqhuar_fischer_long_et al._2016, title={Epilepsy today: Summary of the IVETF "Consensus proposal: Diagnostic Approach to Epilepsy in Dogs"}, volume={61}, number={9}, journal={Kleintier-Praxis}, author={De Risio, L. and Bhatti, S. and Munana, K. and Penderis, J. and Steins, V. and Tipolds, A. and Berendt, M. and Farqhuar, R. and Fischer, A. and Long, S. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={477–487} }
 @article{rousse_olby_williams_harris_griffith_mariani_muñana_early_2016, title={Recovery of stepping and coordination in dogs following acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations}, volume={213}, ISSN={1090-0233}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.04.002}, abstractNote={Prospective data on the recovery of coordination in dogs suffering acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations (TL-IVDH) are limited. The purpose of this study was to use treadmill based and open field scores (OFS) to quantify recovery of stepping ability and forelimb, hindlimb coordination in the 6 weeks following surgical decompression of dogs with TL-IVDH. Sixty-three dogs were grouped at presentation as grades 3 (non-ambulatory paraparetic), 4 (paraplegic) or 5 (paraplegic without pain sensation) and were evaluated 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-operatively. Stepping scores and Regularity Index (RI), a measure of coordination, were calculated from treadmill walking, and an OFS incorporating supported and unsupported walking was assigned. Outcomes for the three measures were compared between groups and correlation between scoring methods was assessed. Grade 3 and 4 dogs recovered ambulation by 2 weeks, reaching median stepping scores of 96 and 90% by 6 weeks, respectively. Recovery of coordination differed between groups 3 and 4 with median RI scores of 93.9% and 63%, respectively, by 6 weeks. Eight grade 5 dogs failed to recover independent ambulation by 6 weeks. Nine dogs recovered with scores that were significantly worse than the grade 3 and 4 dogs at 6 weeks for stepping score (P < 0.001) and RI (P < 0.001). OFS correlated closely with stepping and RI scores and each group was significantly different using this ordinal scale. In conclusion, recovery of coordination was incomplete in dogs that showed good recovery of stepping. The data generated could be used for clinical trial design.}, journal={The Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rousse, C.A. and Olby, N.J. and Williams, K. and Harris, T.L. and Griffith, E.H. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Early, P.J.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={59–63} }
 @misc{muñana_2015, title={Book review: Seizures in Dogs and Cats}, volume={247}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={2015}, pages={619–620} }
 @article{munana_nettifee-osborne_papich_2015, title={Effect of Chronic Administration of Phenobarbital, or Bromide, on Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam in Dogs with Epilepsy}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84925714278&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12548}, abstractNote={BackgroundLevetiracetam (LEV) is a common add‐on antiepileptic drug (AED) in dogs with refractory seizures. Concurrent phenobarbital administration alters the disposition of LEV in healthy dogs.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Munana, K. R. and Nettifee-Osborne, J. A. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2015}, pages={614–619} }
 @inbook{muñana_2015, edition={6th}, title={Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome}, booktitle={Blackwell's 5-Minute Veterinary Consult, Canine and Feline}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Tilley, L. P. and Smith, F. W. K.Editors}, year={2015}, pages={497} }
 @article{bhatti_de risio_muñana_penderis_stein_tipold_berendt_farquhar_fischer_long_et al._2015, title={International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus proposal: medical treatment of canine epilepsy in Europe}, volume={11}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0464-z}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-015-0464-z}, abstractNote={In Europe, the number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) licensed for dogs has grown considerably over the last years. Nevertheless, the same questions remain, which include, 1) when to start treatment, 2) which drug is best used initially, 3) which adjunctive AED can be advised if treatment with the initial drug is unsatisfactory, and 4) when treatment changes should be considered. In this consensus proposal, an overview is given on the aim of AED treatment, when to start long-term treatment in canine epilepsy and which veterinary AEDs are currently in use for dogs. The consensus proposal for drug treatment protocols, 1) is based on current published evidence-based literature, 2) considers the current legal framework of the cascade regulation for the prescription of veterinary drugs in Europe, and 3) reflects the authors' experience. With this paper it is aimed to provide a consensus for the management of canine idiopathic epilepsy. Furthermore, for the management of structural epilepsy AEDs are inevitable in addition to treating the underlying cause, if possible.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Bhatti, Sofie F.M. and De Risio, Luisa and Muñana, Karen and Penderis, Jacques and Stein, Veronika M. and Tipold, Andrea and Berendt, Mette and Farquhar, Robyn G. and Fischer, Andrea and Long, Sam and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @article{rusbridge_long_jovanovik_milne_berendt_bhatti_de risio_farqhuar_fischer_matiasek_et al._2015, title={International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force recommendations for a veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol}, volume={11}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0466-x}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-015-0466-x}, abstractNote={Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases in veterinary practice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is regarded as an important diagnostic test to reach the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy. However, given that the diagnosis requires the exclusion of other differentials for seizures, the parameters for MRI examination should allow the detection of subtle lesions which may not be obvious with existing techniques. In addition, there are several differentials for idiopathic epilepsy in humans, for example some focal cortical dysplasias, which may only apparent with special sequences, imaging planes and/or particular techniques used in performing the MRI scan. As a result, there is a need to standardize MRI examination in veterinary patients with techniques that reliably diagnose subtle lesions, identify post-seizure changes, and which will allow for future identification of underlying causes of seizures not yet apparent in the veterinary literature. There is a need for a standardized veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol which will facilitate more detailed examination of areas susceptible to generating and perpetuating seizures, is cost efficient, simple to perform and can be adapted for both low and high field scanners. Standardisation of imaging will improve clinical communication and uniformity of case definition between research studies. A 6–7 sequence epilepsy-specific MRI protocol for veterinary patients is proposed and further advanced MR and functional imaging is reviewed.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Rusbridge, Clare and Long, Sam and Jovanovik, Jelena and Milne, Marjorie and Berendt, Mette and Bhatti, Sofie F. M. and De Risio, Luisa and Farqhuar, Robyn G. and Fischer, Andrea and Matiasek, Kaspar and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @article{de risio_bhatti_munana_penderis_stein_tipold_berendt_farqhuar_fischer_long_et al._2015, title={International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1746-6148"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940021273&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-015-0462-1}, abstractNote={This article outlines the consensus proposal on diagnosis of epilepsy in dogs by the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force. The aim of this consensus proposal is to improve consistency in the diagnosis of epilepsy in the clinical and research settings. The diagnostic approach to the patient presenting with a history of suspected epileptic seizures incorporates two fundamental steps: to establish if the events the animal is demonstrating truly represent epileptic seizures and if so, to identify their underlying cause. Differentiation of epileptic seizures from other non-epileptic episodic paroxysmal events can be challenging. Criteria that can be used to make this differentiation are presented in detail and discussed. Criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) are described in a three-tier system. Tier I confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on a history of two or more unprovoked epileptic seizures occurring at least 24 h apart, age at epileptic seizure onset of between six months and six years, unremarkable inter-ictal physical and neurological examination, and no significant abnormalities on minimum data base blood tests and urinalysis. Tier II confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on the factors listed in tier I and unremarkable fasting and post-prandial bile acids, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain (based on an epilepsy-specific brain MRI protocol) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Tier III confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on the factors listed in tier I and II and identification of electroencephalographic abnormalities characteristic for seizure disorders. The authors recommend performing MRI of the brain and routine CSF analysis, after exclusion of reactive seizures, in dogs with age at epileptic seizure onset <6 months or >6 years, inter-ictal neurological abnormalities consistent with intracranial neurolocalisation, status epilepticus or cluster seizure at epileptic seizure onset, or a previous presumptive diagnosis of IE and drug-resistance with a single antiepileptic drug titrated to the highest tolerable dose.This consensus article represents the basis for a more standardised diagnostic approach to the seizure patient. These recommendations will evolve over time with advances in neuroimaging, electroencephalography, and molecular genetics of canine epilepsy.}, number={1}, journal={BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={De Risio, Luisa and Bhatti, Sofie and Munana, Karen and Penderis, Jacques and Stein, Veronika and Tipold, Andrea and Berendt, Mette and Farqhuar, Robyn and Fischer, Andrea and Long, Sam and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @article{potschka_fischer_löscher_patterson_bhatti_berendt_de risio_farquhar_long_mandigers_et al._2015, title={International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: outcome of therapeutic interventions in canine and feline epilepsy}, volume={11}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0465-y}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-015-0465-y}, abstractNote={Common criteria for the diagnosis of drug resistance and the assessment of outcome are needed urgently as a prerequisite for standardized evaluation and reporting of individual therapeutic responses in canine epilepsy. Thus, we provide a proposal for the definition of drug resistance and partial therapeutic success in canine patients with epilepsy. This consensus statement also suggests a list of factors and aspects of outcome, which should be considered in addition to the impact on seizures. Moreover, these expert recommendations discuss criteria which determine the validity and informative value of a therapeutic trial in an individual patient and also suggest the application of individual outcome criteria. Agreement on common guidelines does not only render a basis for future optimization of individual patient management, but is also a presupposition for the design and implementation of clinical studies with highly standardized inclusion and exclusion criteria. Respective standardization will improve the comparability of findings from different studies and renders an improved basis for multicenter studies. Therefore, this proposal provides an in-depth discussion of the implications of outcome criteria for clinical studies. In particular ethical aspects and the different options for study design and application of individual patient-centered outcome criteria are considered.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Potschka, Heidrun and Fischer, Andrea and Löscher, Wolfgang and Patterson, Ned and Bhatti, Sofie and Berendt, Mette and De Risio, Luisa and Farquhar, Robyn and Long, Sam and Mandigers, Paul and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @article{berendt_farquhar_mandigers_pakozdy_bhatti_de risio_fischer_long_matiasek_muñana_et al._2015, title={International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals}, volume={11}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0461-2}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-015-0461-2}, abstractNote={Dogs with epilepsy are among the commonest neurological patients in veterinary practice and therefore have historically attracted much attention with regard to definitions, clinical approach and management. A number of classification proposals for canine epilepsy have been published during the years reflecting always in parts the current proposals coming from the human epilepsy organisation the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). It has however not been possible to gain agreed consensus, “a common language”, for the classification and terminology used between veterinary and human neurologists and neuroscientists, practitioners, neuropharmacologists and neuropathologists. This has led to an unfortunate situation where different veterinary publications and textbook chapters on epilepsy merely reflect individual author preferences with respect to terminology, which can be confusing to the readers and influence the definition and diagnosis of epilepsy in first line practice and research studies. In this document the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) discusses current understanding of canine epilepsy and presents our 2015 proposal for terminology and classification of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. We propose a classification system which reflects new thoughts from the human ILAE but also roots in former well accepted terminology. We think that this classification system can be used by all stakeholders.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Berendt, Mette and Farquhar, Robyn G. and Mandigers, Paul J. J. and Pakozdy, Akos and Bhatti, Sofie F. M. and De Risio, Luisa and Fischer, Andrea and Long, Sam and Matiasek, Kaspar and Muñana, Karen and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @article{matiasek_pumarola i batlle_rosati_fernández-flores_fischer_wagner_berendt_bhatti_de risio_farquhar_et al._2015, title={International veterinary epilepsy task force recommendations for systematic sampling and processing of brains from epileptic dogs and cats}, volume={11}, ISSN={1746-6148}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0467-9}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-015-0467-9}, abstractNote={Traditionally, histological investigations of the epileptic brain are required to identify epileptogenic brain lesions, to evaluate the impact of seizure activity, to search for mechanisms of drug-resistance and to look for comorbidities. For many instances, however, neuropathological studies fail to add substantial data on patients with complete clinical work-up. This may be due to sparse training in epilepsy pathology and or due to lack of neuropathological guidelines for companion animals.The protocols introduced herein shall facilitate systematic sampling and processing of epileptic brains and therefore increase the efficacy, reliability and reproducibility of morphological studies in animals suffering from seizures.Brain dissection protocols of two neuropathological centres with research focus in epilepsy have been optimised with regards to their diagnostic yield and accuracy, their practicability and their feasibility concerning clinical research requirements.The recommended guidelines allow for easy, standardised and ubiquitous collection of brain regions, relevant for seizure generation. Tissues harvested the prescribed way will increase the diagnostic efficacy and provide reliable material for scientific investigations.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Veterinary Research}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Matiasek, Kaspar and Pumarola i Batlle, Martí and Rosati, Marco and Fernández-Flores, Francisco and Fischer, Andrea and Wagner, Eva and Berendt, Mette and Bhatti, Sofie F. M. and De Risio, Luisa and Farquhar, Robyn G. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @inbook{muñana_2015, edition={6th}, title={Nystagmus}, booktitle={Blackwell's 5-Minute Veterinary Consult, Canine and Feline}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.Editors}, year={2015}, pages={957–958} }
 @article{schwartz_munana_nettifee-osborne_2013, title={Assessment of the prevalence and clinical features of cryptogenic epilepsy in dogs: 45 cases (2003-2011)}, volume={242}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84873910001&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.242.5.651}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Schwartz, Malte and Munana, Karen R. and Nettifee-Osborne, Julie}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={651–657} }
 @inbook{muñana_2013, title={Head tilt and nystagmus}, ISBN={9781905319343 9781910443125}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.22233/9781910443125.11}, DOI={10.22233/9781910443125.11}, abstractNote={Head tilt and nystagmus are relatively common presentations in veterinary practice. These signs are typically associated with vestibular disease, although an intermittent head tilt alone may be due to otitis externa or other aural irritation. This chapter looks at clinical signs, lesion localization, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, neurodiagnostic investigation, peripheral vestibular diseases, central vestibular diseases.}, booktitle={BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology}, publisher={British Small Animal Veterinary Association}, author={Muñana, Karen R.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={195–212} }
 @misc{munana_2013, title={Management of Refractory Epilepsy}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1946-9837"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84884400682&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.007}, abstractNote={The term refractory epilepsy is utilized in veterinary medicine to describe a condition in which an animal with epilepsy fails to attain satisfactory seizure control or suffers intolerable side effects despite appropriate therapy with conventional antiepileptic drugs. Refractory epilepsy is an important problem in small animal practice as it occurs in approximately one-third of dogs with epilepsy. Consequently, there is much interest in identifying ways to more effectively treat this population of animals. More than a dozen new antiepileptic drugs have been approved for humans over the last 2 decades, and several of these drugs, including gabapentin, zonisamide, levetiracetam, and pregabalin, have been evaluated for the treatment of refractory seizures in veterinary patients. Nonmedical methods to treat poorly controlled epilepsy are also being explored. The 2 alternative forms of therapy that have shown the most promise in humans with epilepsy are electrical stimulation of the brain and dietary modification, both of which have also been evaluated in dogs. This overview summarizes the available data on pharmacologic as well as nonmedical treatment options for dogs and cats with refractory epilepsy. Although many forms of therapy are currently being utilized in clinical practice, our knowledge of the safety and efficacy of these treatments is limited. Additional randomized controlled trials are needed to better evaluate these novel therapies for refractory epilepsy in dogs and cats.}, number={2}, journal={TOPICS IN COMPANION ANIMAL MEDICINE}, author={Munana, Karen R.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={67–71} }
 @article{crook_early_messenger_munana_gallagher_papich_2013, title={The pharmacokinetics of cytarabine in dogs when administered via subcutaneous and continuous intravenous infusion routes}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880035701&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12008}, abstractNote={This crossover study compared the pharmacokinetics of cytarabine in six healthy dogs following intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) and subcutaneous (SC) administrations, as these are two routes of administration commonly employed in the treatment of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. Each dog received a SC cytarabine injection of 50 mg/m2 or an 8 h CRI of 25 mg/m2 per hour, with a 7‐day washout before receiving the alternative treatment. Blood samples were collected for 16 h after CRI initiation and for 8 h after SC injection. Plasma concentrations were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using the best‐fit compartmental analysis for both CRI and SC routes. Terminal half‐life (T½) of cytarabine was 1.35 ± 0.3 and 1.15 ± 0.13 h after SC administration and CRI, respectively. Mean peak concentration (Cmax) was 2.88 and 2.80 μg/mL for SC and CRI administration, respectively. Volume of distribution was 0.66 ± 0.07 l/kg. The 8‐h CRI produced steady‐state plasma concentrations as determined by consecutive measurement that did not decline until the end of the infusion. The SC administration did not achieve steady‐state concentrations because cytarabine administered by this route was rapidly absorbed and eliminated quickly. The steady state achieved with the cytarabine CRI may produce a more prolonged exposure of cytarabine at cytotoxic levels in plasma compared to the concentrations after SC administration.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Crook, K. I. and Early, P. J. and Messenger, K. M. and Munana, K. R. and Gallagher, R. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={408–411} }
 @article{schwartz_munana_nettifee-osborne_messenger_papich_2013, title={The pharmacokinetics of midazolam after intravenous, intramuscular, and rectal administration in healthy dogs}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84883647308&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12032}, abstractNote={Intravenous benzodiazepines are utilized as first‐line drugs to treat prolonged epileptic seizures in dogs and alternative routes of administration are required when venous access is limited. This study compared the pharmacokinetics of midazolam after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and rectal (PR) administration. Six healthy dogs were administered 0.2 mg/kg midazolam IV, IM, or PR in a randomized, 3‐way crossover design with a 3‐day washout between study periods. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at predetermined intervals until 480 min after administration. Plasma midazolam concentrations were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection. Rectal administration resulted in erratic systemic availability with undetectable to low plasma concentrations. Arithmetic mean values ± SD for midazolam peak plasma concentrations were 0.86 ± 0.36 μg/mL (C0) and 0.20 ± 0.06 μg/mL (Cmax), following IV and IM administration, respectively. Time to peak concentration (Tmax) after IM administration was 7.8 ± 2.4 min with a bioavailability of 50 ± 16%. Findings suggest that IM midazolam might be useful in treating seizures in dogs when venous access is unavailable, but higher doses may be needed to account for intermediate bioavailability. Rectal administration is likely of limited efficacy for treating seizures in dogs.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Schwartz, M. and Munana, K. R. and Nettifee-Osborne, J. A. and Messenger, K. M. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={471–477} }
 @article{munana_2013, title={Update Seizure Management in Small Animal Practice}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880936777&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.04.008}, abstractNote={Seizures are the most common neurologic condition encountered in small animal practice and arise from an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in the brain. Epilepsy refers to recurrent seizures of any cause. Successful management of epilepsy requires knowledge of the pharmacologic properties of available antiepileptic medications, regular patient evaluations to assess response to therapy and monitor for adverse effects, and thorough client education to ensure that goals and expectations of therapy are understood. Recommendations for emergency care of seizures at home should be provided for patients with seizures that are not controlled with maintenance antiepileptic therapy.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Munana, Karen R.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1127-+} }
 @article{muñana_nettifee-osborne_bergman_mealey_2012, title={Association between ABCB1 Genotype and Seizure Outcome in Collies with Epilepsy}, volume={26}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84869889645&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01006.x}, abstractNote={BackgroundMedically refractory seizures are an important problem in both humans and dogs with epilepsy. Altered expression of ABCB1, the gene encoding for p‐glycoprotein (PGP), has been proposed to play a role in drug‐resistant epilepsy.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Muñana, K.R. and Nettifee-Osborne, J.A. and Bergman, R.L. and Mealey, K.L.}, year={2012}, pages={1358–1364} }
 @article{munana_thomas_inzana_nettifee-osborne_mclucas_olby_mariani_early_2012, title={Evaluation of Levetiracetam as Adjunctive Treatment for Refractory Canine Epilepsy: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84858746170&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00866.x}, abstractNote={BackgroundThere is little evidence‐based information available to guide treatment of refractory epilepsy in dogs. The antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) is administered to dogs, although its safety and efficacy are unknown.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Munana, K. R. and Thomas, W. B. and Inzana, K. D. and Nettifee-Osborne, J. A. and McLucas, K. J. and Olby, N. J. and Mariani, C. J. and Early, P. J.}, year={2012}, pages={341–348} }
 @inbook{muñana_2011, edition={5th}, title={Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome}, booktitle={Blackwell's 5-Minute Veterinary Consult, Canine and Feline}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.KEditors}, year={2011}, pages={463} }
 @inbook{muñana_2011, edition={5th}, title={Nystagmus}, booktitle={Blackwell's 5-Minute Veterinary Consult, Canine and Feline}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.Editors}, year={2011}, pages={897–898,} }
 @article{schwartz_munana_olby_2011, title={Possible Drug-Induced Hepatopathy in a Dog Receiving Zonisamide Monotherapy for Treatment of Cryptogenic Epilepsy}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0916-7250"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-82955171529&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1292/jvms.11-0164}, abstractNote={A 9-year old female spayed Rottweiler was diagnosed with cryptogenic epilepsy and started on zonisamide monotherapy (8.3 mg/kg, PO, q 12 hr). Three weeks after the 1st dose of zonisamide the dog presented for vomiting, inappetence and icterus. Serum biochemistry showed marked elevation of liver enzymes, consistent with hepatocellular damage and cholestasis. No underlying cause for liver disease was identified and a drug-induced hepatopathy was suspected. Zonisamide was discontinued and replaced by potassium bromide. Supportive therapy consisted of intravenous fluids, antiemetics, antibiotics and hepatoprotectants. The dog made a complete recovery and serial serum biochemical examinations showed complete normalisation of liver parameters 8 weeks after discontinuation of zonisamide. Based on a human Drug-induced Liver Injury Diagnostic Scale, the likelihood for zonisamide-induced hepatopathy was classified as "possible". Veterinary practitioners and owners should be educated about the potential for an idiosyncratic drug reaction to zonisamide. If signs of hepatotoxicity are recognised early and zonisamide is discontinued, complete recovery is possible.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE}, author={Schwartz, Malte and Munana, Karen R. and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1505–1508} }
 @article{muguet-chanoit_olby_lim_gallagher_niman_dillard_campbell_early_mariani_muñana_et al._2011, title={The Cutaneous Trunci Muscle Reflex: A Predictor of Recovery in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Myelopathies Caused by Intervertebral Disc Extrusions}, volume={41}, ISSN={0161-3499}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2011.00921.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00921.x}, abstractNote={ObjectiveTo determine whether changes in the cutaneous trunci muscle (CTM) reflex are an early predictor of outcome in dogs with severe acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE).}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Muguet-Chanoit, Audrey C. and Olby, Natasha J. and Lim, Ji-Hey and Gallagher, Ryan and Niman, Zachary and Dillard, Stacy and Campbell, James and Early, Peter and Mariani, Christopher L. and Muñana, Karen R. and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={200–206} }
 @article{moore_muñana_papich_nettifee osborne_2011, title={The pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in healthy dogs concurrently receiving phenobarbital}, volume={34}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01188.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01188.x}, abstractNote={Moore, S.A., Muñana, K.R., Papich, M.G., Nettifee‐Osborne, J.A. The pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in healthy dogs concurrently receiving phenobarbital.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 31–34.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Moore, S.A. and Muñana, K.R. and Papich, M.G. and Nettifee Osborne, J.A.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={31–34} }
 @article{moore_munana_papich_nettifee-osborne_2010, title={Levetiracetam pharmacokinetics in healthy dogs following oral administration of single and multiple doses}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77950965044&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.3.337}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Moore, Sarah A. and Munana, Karen R. and Papich, Mark G. and Nettifee-Osborne, Julie}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={337–341} }
 @article{munana_zhang_patterson_2010, title={Placebo Effect in Canine Epilepsy Trials}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-73349107805&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0407.x}, abstractNote={Background:The placebo effect is a well‐recognized phenomenon in human medicine; in contrast, little information exists on the effect of placebo administration in veterinary patients.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Munana, K. R. and Zhang, D. and Patterson, E. E.}, year={2010}, pages={166–170} }
 @article{olby_mackillop_cerda-gonzalez_moore_munana_graffinger_osborne_vaden_2010, title={Prevalence of urinary tract infection in dogs after surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77957900958&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0567.x}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common complication in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Dogs with acute intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) have similar risk factors for UTI when compared with human SCI patients and have a high perioperative prevalence of UTI.


OBJECTIVES
Determine the prevalence of UTI in dogs for 3 months after surgery for thoracolumbar IVDE and identify risk factors for development of UTI.


ANIMALS
Twenty-five dogs treated surgically for 26 acute disc extrusions.


METHODS
Prospective study. Urinalysis and urine culture were performed perioperatively. At home, owners monitored urine with dipsticks every 48 hours for 1 month then once a week until 3 months. Dogs returned for assessment of motor function, urinalysis, and urine culture at 1 and 3 months after surgery. Presence of UTI over the 3-month period was correlated to potential risk factors.


RESULTS
Ten dogs (38%) developed 12 UTIs over the 3-month period, with the majority occurring between weeks 1 and 6; 60% of the UTIs were occult. Hematuria in the absence of pyuria or UTI was a common finding in the perioperative period. Sex, breed, and ambulatory status influenced the risk of developing a UTI.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
There is a high prevalence of UTIs, many of which are occult, in the 3 months after surgery for thoracolumbar IVDE. These dogs should be routinely monitored for UTI with urine culture regardless of urinalysis results.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Olby, N.J. and MacKillop, E. and Cerda-Gonzalez, S. and Moore, S. and Munana, K.R. and Graffinger, M. and Osborne, J.A. and Vaden, S.L.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={1106–1111} }
 @inbook{muñana_2009, title={Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response}, booktitle={Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine and Feline}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Vaden, S. and Knoll, J and Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K, Jr.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={129–131} }
 @inbook{muñana_2009, title={Cerebrospinal Fluid Tap}, booktitle={Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine and Feline}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Vaden, S. and Knoll, J. and Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K, Jr.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={168–171} }
 @inbook{muñana_2009, place={New York}, edition={4th}, title={Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome}, booktitle={Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine and Feline}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K. and Vaden, S.L. and Knoll, J.S.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={480–481} }
 @misc{muñana_2009, edition={2nd}, title={Large Animal Neurology}, volume={235}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={2009}, pages={700} }
 @article{muñana_2009, title={Medical Management of Refractory Canine Epilepsy}, volume={104}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={2009}, pages={342–347} }
 @article{muñana_2009, title={Newer options for medically managing refractory canine epilepsy}, volume={104}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77249153182&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={7}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={2009}, pages={342–347} }
 @inbook{muñana_2009, place={New York}, edition={4th}, title={Nystagmus}, booktitle={Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine and Feline}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K and Vaden, S.L. and Knoll, J.S.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={980–981} }
 @article{kennerly_idaghdour_olby_munana_gibson_2009, title={Pharmacogenetic association study of 30 genes with phenobarbital drug response in epileptic dogs}, volume={19}, ISSN={1744-6872}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283307cba}, DOI={10.1097/FPC.0b013e3283307cba}, abstractNote={BackgroundEpilepsy, with a prevalence as high as 6%, is the most common neurological disorder in dogs. Although several antiepileptic drugs are in common use, in one-third of all epileptic dogs, adequate seizure control is not achieved with a single medication, and hence a combinatorial drug treatment must be adopted. Exploration of the genetic mechanisms involved in drug response may provide better treatment options for epileptic patients. Methods and resultsA custom Illumina BeadChip was designed for high throughput genotyping of 384 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 30 genes involved in drug metabolism, drug targeting, and drug transport. A case–control association study of 125 epileptic dogs identified five genes with suggestive association to phenobarbital drug response: KCNQ3, P=0.0003; SNC2A2, P=0.0008; EPOX HYD, P=0.0005; ABCC4, P=0.0091; and GABRA2, P=0.0130. These associations are not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons, but on functional grounds may tag strong candidate genes. The study was powered to detect alleles with at least 3.5-fold additive increases in responsiveness. A combined area under the curve value of 0.74 from receiver operating curve analysis also provides suggestive support for their consideration as canine pharmacogenetic markers. ConclusionFurther replication and assessment of breed specificity is required before these markers can be considered as predictive of responsiveness to phenobarbital in dogs.}, number={12}, journal={Pharmacogenetics and Genomics}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Kennerly, Erin M. and Idaghdour, Youssef and Olby, Natasha J. and Munana, Karen R. and Gibson, Greg}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={911–922} }
 @article{munana_saito_hoshi_2007, title={Beta-2-microglobulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal dogs and dogs with neurological disease}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34250377355&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00204.x}, abstractNote={ Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is the basis for establishing a diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. However, the information provided by routine CSF analysis is limited. Determination of CSF beta‐2‐microglobulin (β2m) concentration has been used diagnostically in humans to identify inflammatory CNS disease; we hypothesized that it may have similar value in dogs. Objectives: The objective of this study was to measure β2m concentration in the CSF of clinically healthy dogs and compare the values to those observed in dogs with inflammatory CNS disease and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Methods: CSF was collected from 10 clinically healthy laboratory dogs and 11 dogs each with inflammatory CNS disease and IVDD. Routine CSF analysis was performed, and β2m concentration was measured by ELISA. CSF β2m concentration and CSF:serum β2m ratio were compared between groups by ANOVA. Linear relationships between CSF total nucleated cell count (TNCC), RBC count, total protein concentration, and β2m concentration were assessed by regression analysis. Results: The mean (± SD) CSF β2m concentration in clinically healthy dogs was 0.36 ± 0.05 μg/mL (cisternal) and 0.40 ± 0.07 μg/mL (lumbar). Median CSF β2m concentration in dogs with IVDD (0.46 μg/mL) and inflammatory CNS disease (0.85 μg/mL) differed from that of controls (0.36 μg/mL; P= .002). The concentration also differed between the 2 disease groups (P= .01). Five dogs with inflammatory CNS disease had CSF:serum β2m ratios >1. A correlation was identified between TNCC and β2m concentration (r= 0.69, P= .0003). Conclusions: CSF β2m concentration is higher in dogs with IVDD and inflammatory CNS disease, with highest values seen with inflammatory disease. This may be attributed in part to the correlation between CSF β2m concentration and TNCC, but also may reflect intrathecal immune activation.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Munana, Karen R. and Saito, Miyoko and Hoshi, Fumio}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={173–178} }
 @inbook{munana_2007, title={Brain, spinal cord, and nerve disorders}, ISBN={9780911910223}, booktitle={Merck/Merial manual for pet health}, publisher={Whitehouse Station, NJ : Merck & Co}, author={Munana, K. R.}, year={2007} }
 @article{mackillop_thrall_ranck_linder_munana_2007, title={Imaging diagnosis-synchronous primary brain tumors in a dog}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35448932842&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00294.x}, abstractNote={Four-year-old, neutered male, Bassett Hound. The dog was referred for progressive neurologic dysfunction of approximately 1 month. He would occasionally circle to the right and had developed behavior changes. Two weeks before evaluation the dog began drifting to the left when ambulating and would fall over after shaking his head. Signs of vestibular disequilibrium progressed to falling and rolling to the left. There was mild dehydration (<5%), markedly depressed mentation, and moderate vestibular ataxia with a tendency to stumble to the left. When supported, the dog would circle aimlessly to the right. Menace response was absent in the left eye. Vertical and occasional beats of horizontal nystagmus with a fast-phase to the right were noted in both eyes upon neck extension. Postural reactions were decreased in the left thoracic and pelvic limbs and dysmetric in the right thoracic and pelvic limbs. Neuroanantomic localization was multifocal: right forebrain and caudal fossa. A solitary caudal fossa mass with secondary obstructive hydrocephalus was also considered. Vestibular signs were thought to be consistent with a right-sided paradoxical central vestibular lesion although multifocal cerebellovestibular disease could not be excluded. The differential diagnosis included meningoencephalitis, neoplasia, brain abscess or congenital anomaly. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain was performed using a 1.5 T magnet. Two anatomically distant brain masses with disparate features were identified (1, 3). T2-weighted transverse spin echo magnetic resonance image (4000/91) of a cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumor. The tumor is mildly T2 hyperintense with a large cystic region in the right dorsolateral aspect. That the hyperintense region is cystic is based on its hypointense appearance in fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images (not shown). T2-weighted transverse spin echo magnetic resonance image (4000/91) of the pilocytic astrocytoma in the right thalamus. Note the ill-defined mass effect, moderate T2-intensity, and peritumoral edema tracking along cerebral white matter (arrow). The first was an approximately 1.5–2.0 cm, mildly T2-hyperintense, ill defined, partially cystic, mass in the right cerebellar hemisphere that was causing mild compression of the brainstem (Fig. 1). In a T2*-weighted gradient echo sequence there were multiple susceptibility artifacts consistent with intralesional hemorrhage (Fig. 2). There was faint, wispy contrast enhancement of this mass. The mass caused overcrowding of the caudal fossa, and faint T2-hyperintensity was present in the cervical spinal cord at the C2 level, consistent with syringohydromyelia. T2*-weighted transverse gradient echo magnetic resonance image (875/26/20°), of the cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumor. This image was acquired 5 mm rostral to the image in Fig. 1. There are multiple signal voids (arrow head) representing susceptibility artifact from intratumoral hemorrhage. There was a second similarly sized mass located in the right, ventral aspect of the thalamus at the level of the sella turcica with extension into the right frontal lobe. The imaging characteristics of this mass were different from the cerebellar mass as it had greater T2 intensity, marked adjacent T2 hyperintensity consistent with vasogenic edema, and no evidence of intralesional hemorrahge (Fig. 3). Following contrast medium administration there was faint enhancement of the forebrain mass itself, as well as wispy peripheral enhancement suggestive of peripheral neovascularization. The different imaging characteristics of these masses suggested disparate etiologies. The characteristics of the cerebellar mass suggested it might be associated with a vascular event with resultant necrosis and hemorrhage while the features of the forebrain mass were more consistent with a glial tumor. However, the imaging features were not specific and other etiologies for these lesions included metastatic neoplasia, inflammatory disease or multifocal primary brain tumors. Following MR imaging mannitol was administered intravenously and CSF was collected from the cerebellomedullary cistern. CSF analysis was within the normal reference range. Progressive neurological signs prompted a CT-guided brain biopsy. In CT images, the forebrain mass did not contrast enhance and there was a subtle hypoattenuating focus within the mass, consistent with edema. The cerebellar mass was hyperattenuating relative to adjacent neuropil and contained a central hypoattenuating focus consistent with cystic fluid, necrosis, or chronic hemorrhage. Samples of the forebrain mass were obtained with a core biopsy needle using CT guidance and submitted for stat frozen section histologic assessment. Despite sampling from the apparent epicenter of the mass, the biopsy was interpreted as mild gliosis without evidence of inflammation or neoplasia. The dog failed to adequately ventilate following anesthesia and was euthanized based on the poor prognosis for recovery. The right cerebral hemisphere was swollen with moderate subdural hemorrhage. The caudal aspect of the cerebellum was herniated into the fourth ventricle and compressed the associated segment of brain stem, which had moderate patchy hemorrhage. There was no evidence of transtentorial brain herniation. Following transverse sectioning of the brain, a poorly defined, slightly expansile pale mass, with fine stippling was centered in the right thalamus. There was a more discrete, spheroid mass in the cerebellum that was mottled dark brown-red and effaced approximately 70% of the right hemisphere. Microscopically, the forebrain mass was composed of elongated fascicles of slender spindle cells with a fibrillary cytoplasm and thin oval nuclei (Fig. 4A). This mass had diffuse, strong immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and mild to moderate regional immunoreactivity for vimentin but staining was negative for cytokeratin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament, and synaptophysin. The histological diagnosis was astrocytoma with pilocytic features. Photomicrographs of two primary brain tumors in a dog. (A) Thalamus, astrocytoma with pilocytic features composed of discrete fascicles of long slender spindle cells with hyperchromatic elongated nuclei and pale abundant fibrillary cytoplasm. (B) Cerebellum, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, consistent with medullobastoma, formed by sheets of densely packed round to angular small cells with scant cytoplasm and round nuclei. Hematoxylin and eosin, 200 × . The cerebellar mass was distinctly different from the forebrain mass, being composed of dense sheets of small, round to angular cells, with hyperchromatic round nuclei (Fig. 4B). Scattered tumor cells had increased amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm. Occasionally small cells arranged in rosette-like aggregates. Pyknotic debris was scattered throughout the mass, and there were multiple foci of hemorrhage. Small patchy areas of neoplastic cells exhibited mild immunoreactivity for vimentin but cells lacked specific staining for cytokeratin, GFAP, NSE, neurofilament, synaptophysin, CD3 or CD79a. Individual cells distributed throughout the mass stained for GFAP and were consistent with reactive astrocytes. Morphology supported a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) in the cerebellum, consistent with a medulloblastoma. We conclude that our patient developed two independent synchronous brain tumors. Multifocal brain lesions may occur from inflammatory, neoplastic, vascular, metabolic, or degenerative etiologies. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is often used to distinguish inflammatory disease from tumors, although some tumors may be associated with pleocytosis. A multifocal distribution of intracranial masses is suggestive of metastatic neoplasia; however, multiple primary brain tumors or a combination of primary and secondary brain tumors should be considered when brain masses have disparate MR imaging characteristics, as seen here. Multiple intracranial tumors are found in humans with brain metastasis but may also be found with certain heritable neurocutaneous syndromes (syn. phakomatoses) such as neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2 (NF1 and NF2).1,2 For example, people with NF1 are prone to optic nerve gliomas and/or juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas whereas NF2 is associated with either bilateral vestibulocochlear nerve (acoustic) schwannomas or an acoustic schwannoma and another primary brain tumor.2 In one study in dogs, 39/170 (23%) of dogs with a primary brain tumor had at least one other unrelated tumor.3 Interestingly, six of 170 (3.5%) had a second unrelated intracranial neoplasm. In most of these animals (4/6) the second tumor was a pituitary adenoma, although one dog had a meningioma and an astrocytoma. In contrast, multiple menginiomas may be found in as many as 17% of cats with meningioma.4 We found two reports of multiple histologically distinct brain tumors in dogs; one dog had an oligodendroglioma and a meningioma while the other had an oligodendroglioma and metastatic mammary carcinoma.1,5 Both patients were Boxer dogs, a breed predisposed to glioma.1 Multiple histologically distinct brain tumors are a rare occurrence in people without phakomatosis or exposure to ionizing radiation.6,7 Anatomically distant brain tumors, such as in our dog, may reflect coincidental tumorigenesis; alternatively, a genetic abnormality or exposure to a carcinogen may predispose to multifocal neoplasia. It has been speculated that adjacent or collision tumors may result from neoplastic transformation of peritumoral tissue because of chronic inflammation.6 In many instances of multifocal primary intracranial neoplasia, the second tumor is an incidental finding. Therapy is initially directed at the symptomatic tumor unless both tumors can be removed through the same surgical approach.7 Primary brain tumors usually occur in older dogs.8 There are, however, a number of reports of astrocytomas in young dogs such as this animal and gliomas are one of the most common malignancies in children.9 On MR imaging, canine astrocytomas are usually ill-defined intraparenchymal space-occupying masses that are hyperintense on T2-weighted images and hypointense on T1-weighted images.10 Astrocytomas may be associated with mild to marked peritumoral edema and as in this dog extensive peritumoral edema may obscure tumor boundaries. Astrocytomas have variable enhancement patterns but are often heterogenous.10 In our dog, faint contrast enhancement and extensive peritumoral edema made biopsy of the mass difficult and samples were mostly composed of rarefied neuropil with reactive gliosis. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are rare and thought to arise from neoplastic transformation of embryonal neuroectoderm. The World Health Organization (WHO) for classification of nervous system tumors in domestic animals defines PNET as a generic term for brain tumors that are histologically indistinguishable from medulloblastoma—which is the common term used for this tumor type in the cerebellum.11 MR imaging and CT characteristics of the cerebellar tumor in this dog support the diagnosis of medulloblastoma. PNETs are primarily found in adult dogs (range 3–10 years old) but there are reports of medulloblastoma in dogs ≤2 years of age.12 In our dog, lack of association with the ventricular system argues against another primitive neoplasm, such as an anaplastic ependymal tumor. Medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma are the two most common brain tumors in children and the simultaneous occurrence of both tumors in this relatively young dog is extremely unusual.2,13 Medulloblastoma is a malignant embryonal tumor that is thought to be derived from either the external germinal layer of the cerebellum or subependymal matrix cells.14 On MR imaging, human medulloblastomas are predominantly isointense to grey matter on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences and hypointense or isointense to grey matter on T1-weighted sequences. Though in our dog the cerebellar tumor was not T2-isointense to brain, its T2-intensity was lower than the forebrain astrocytoma. In people, it is not uncommon for there to be regions of heterogeneity in medulloblastomas because of tumor hemorrhage, necrosis, or cavitation.2,15 Contrast enhancement is usually mild to moderate. One reported canine medulloblastoma had similar MR imaging characteristics to the cerebellar tumor in our dog.12 Complete neuraxial MR imaging has been recommended in the presurgical evaluation of people with suspected medulloblastoma because intrathecal or drop metastasis may be found in approximately 40% of patients.15 Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is used in people to help distinguish PNETs from other brain tumors. DWI has historically been used in the diagnosis of stroke because of its capacity to identify the restricted movement of water protons, a characteristic feature of acute stroke. Of 12 human PNETs, including nine medulloblastomas, tumors were characterized as having restricted water diffusion.15 Medulloblastomas are densely cellular and have a high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio which may restrict the motion of both extra- and intracellular water protons.15 These same tumor characteristics are thought to be the reason that medulloblastomas are hyperattenuating on CT images and predominantly isointense on T2-weighted and FLAIR sequences.2 In our dog, the combination of a densely cellular neoplasm along with intratumoral hemorrhage may explain the hyperattenuation on CT images. Although uncommon, multiple histologically distinct intracranial tumors should be considered in dogs that have multifocal brain masses with disparate MR imaging characteristics. A heterogeneous, slightly T2 hyperintense cerebellar mass lesion should raise the index of suspicion for a medulloblastoma. The authors would like to thank Drs. Talmage Brown, Brian Summers, Tom Van Winkle, Jim Cooley, and Jon Patterson for their histopathologic review of tissue from this dog.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={MacKillop, Edward and Thrall, Donald E. and Ranck, Rose S. and Linder, Keith E. and Munana, Karen R.}, year={2007}, pages={550–553} }
 @inbook{muñana_2007, title={Meningitis and encephalitis in dogs, cats and horses}, booktitle={The Merck-Merial Manual of Pet Health}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={2007}, pages={210–211, 466–467, 722–723,} }
 @article{aikawa_kanazono_yoshigae_sharp_munana_2007, title={Vertebral stabilization using positively threaded profile pins and polymethylmethacrylate, with or without laminectomy, for spinal canal stenosis and vertebral instability caused by congenital thoracic vertebral anomalies}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34547321877&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2007.00289.x}, abstractNote={Objective— To describe diagnostic findings, surgical technique, and outcome in dogs with thoracic spinal canal stenosis and vertebral instability secondary to congenital vertebral anomalies.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Aikawa, Takeshi and Kanazono, Shinichi and Yoshigae, Yuki and Sharp, Nicholas J. H. and Munana, Karen R.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={432–441} }
 @article{muñana_2006, title={Leading Edge - Management of refractory canine epilepsy}, volume={23}, journal={Veterinary Forum}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={2006}, pages={42–46} }
 @inbook{munana_2005, title={Meningitis and Encephalitis}, ISBN={0911910506}, booktitle={Merck veterinary manual}, publisher={Whitehouse Station, N.J. : Merck}, author={Munana, K. R.}, editor={Kahn, C.M. and Line, S.Editors}, year={2005} }
 @misc{muñana_2004, title={Book review: Neurology for the Small Animal Practitioner}, volume={224}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={856} }
 @article{breitschwerdt_blann_stebbins_munana_davidson_jackson_willard_2004, title={Clinicopathological abnormalities and treatment response in 24 dogs seroreactive to Bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1842839032&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5326/0400092}, abstractNote={Bartonella vinsonii (B. vinsonii) subspecies berkhoffii is a recently recognized cause of endocarditis, myocarditis, and granulomatous disease in dogs. In an effort to elucidate other potential disease manifestations, the case records of 24 dogs that were seroreactive to B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens were studied retrospectively. Diagnoses included immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, neutrophilic or granulomatous meningoencephalitis, neutrophilic polyarthritis, cutaneous vasculitis, and uveitis. Repeated B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antibody titers became negative after treatment. This study indicates that a diverse spectrum of disease manifestations and clinicopathological abnormalities can be detected in dogs that are seroreactive to B. vinsonii (berkhoffii) antigens.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Breitschwerdt, EB and Blann, KR and Stebbins, ME and Munana, KR and Davidson, MG and Jackson, HA and Willard, MD}, year={2004}, pages={92–101} }
 @inbook{muñana_2004, place={Baltimore, MD}, edition={3rd}, title={Feline Hyperesthesia Syndrome}, ISBN={9780781740388}, booktitle={The 5-minute veterinary consult : canine and feline}, publisher={Lippincott Williams & Wilkins}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={454–455} }
 @inbook{muñana_2004, edition={3rd}, title={Head tilt and nystagmus}, booktitle={BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology}, publisher={British Small Animal Veterinary Association}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Platt, S.R. and Olby, N.J.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={155–171} }
 @article{jaeger_early_munana_hardie_2004, title={Lumbosacral disc disease in a cat}, volume={17}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2942607941&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1055/s-0038-1636482}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Jaeger, G.H. and Early, P.J. and Munana, K.R. and Hardie, E.M.}, year={2004}, pages={104–106} }
 @inbook{muñana_2004, place={Baltimore, MD}, edition={3rd}, title={Nystagmus}, ISBN={9780781740388}, booktitle={The 5-minute veterinary consult: canine and feline}, publisher={Lippincott Williams & Wilkins}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={924–925} }
 @article{olby_harris_burr_munana_sharp_keene_2004, title={Recovery of pelvic limb function in dogs following acute intervertebral disc herniations}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1557-9042"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0942290535&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1089/089771504772695940}, abstractNote={Chondrodystrophoid breeds of dog are prone to explosive herniation of mineralized disc material into the thoracolumbar spinal canal. The resulting acute spinal cord injury may represent an excellent spontaneous model of acute traumatic spinal cord injury. The aims of this study were to quantify the recovery of dogs following acute disc herniations, to evaluate external factors that influence recovery, and to identify a group of dogs suitable for use in clinical trials on neuroprotective drugs. The gait of 88 dogs with thoracolumbar disc herniations was scored at the time of injury and 2, 4, and 12 weeks after surgical decompression. Dogs were placed into four groups dependent on the severity of presenting signs; dogs in group 1 had the most severe injury severity. Group 1 dogs showed a variable but incomplete recovery by 12 weeks. Dogs in groups 2 and 3 recovered uniformly but more completely, while dogs in group 4 made a rapid and excellent recovery and were deemed unsuitable for clinical trials. Combining dogs in groups 1, 2 and 3 produced a population of dogs with incomplete recovery by 12 weeks. Power analysis revealed that 87 such dogs would be needed per treatment group to detect a 20% change in function with a power of 95%. The number needed reduced drastically to 19 by eliminating dogs in group 1, but this produced less room for functional improvement. External factors did not appear to influence outcome. We conclude that dogs with spontaneous disc herniations provide a useful model of acute spinal cord injury for clinical trials.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA}, author={Olby, N and Harris, T and Burr, J and Munana, K and Sharp, N and Keene, B}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={49–59} }
 @article{muñana_2004, title={Taking a practical approach to the management of seizures in dogs}, journal={DVM In Focus: A supplement to DVM Newsmagazine}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={2004}, pages={21–24} }
 @inbook{muñana_2003, place={Philadelphia}, edition={4th}, title={Disorders of the Brain}, booktitle={Handbook of Small Animal Practice}, publisher={WB Saunders}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Morgan, R.Editor}, year={2003}, pages={233–255} }
 @article{olby_levine_harris_muñana_skeen_sharp_2003, title={Long-term functional outcome of dogs with severe injuries of the thoracolumbar spinal cord: 87 cases (1996–2001)}, volume={222}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2003.222.762}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.222.762}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Olby, Natasha and Levine, Jay and Harris, Tonya and Muñana, Karen and Skeen, Todd and Sharp, Nick}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={762–769} }
 @article{saito_olby_spaulding_munana_sharp_2003, title={Relationship among basilar artery resistance index, degree of ventriculomegaly, and clinical signs in hydrocephalic dogs}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1342290248&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00532.x}, abstractNote={Forty‐four transcranial Doppler ultrasound studies were performed in 36 dogs. The ratio of the height of the ventricle to the height of the brain (VB ratio) was calculated to determ‐ine the severity of ventriculomegaly. Resis‐tance index (RI) was calculated from Doppler measurements of the blood flow velocity in the basilar artery and neurologic signs were scored on a scale of 0 to 3. Based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, dogs were divided into four groups (normal controls, asymptomatic hydrocephalus, symptomatic hydrocephalus, and other intracranial disease). RI and VB ratio were compared between the groups of dogs and compared with neurologic signs in hydrocephalic dogs. RI ranged from 0.50 to 0.81 (mean, 0.68). Resistance index was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus and other intracranial disease when compared with the other two groups. The degree of ventriculomegaly was significantly higher in dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus than the other groups, but there was substantial overlap between asymptomatic and symptomatic hydrocephalus groups. Combining measurements of VB ratio and RI allowed detection of symptomatic hydrocephalus with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 94%. The severity of neurological signs was significantly correlated with RI and with VB ratio in hydrocephalic dogs, and in dogs evaluated on more than one occasion, changes in neurologic status were accompanied by changes in RI but not in VB ratio. All asymptomatic hydrocephalic dogs with a VB ratio of greater than 60% eventually developed neurologic signs. Our results suggest that ultrasonographic measurement of VB ratio and basilar artery RI may allow identification of dogs with symptomatic hydrocephalus or dogs that are at risk of developing symptomatic hydrocephalus. Repeated RI measurements are a useful means of monitoring dogs with a variety of intracranial diseases.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Saito, M and Olby, NT and Spaulding, K and Munana, K and Sharp, NJH}, year={2003}, pages={687–694} }
 @article{skeen_olby_munana_sharp_2003, title={Spinal arachnoid cysts in 17 dogs}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038289206&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5326/0390271}, abstractNote={The medical records of 17 dogs diagnosed with spinal arachnoid cysts at North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were retrospectively examined to identify trends in signalment, history, neurological status, treatment, and short- and long-term prognosis. The typical case was that of a nonpainful, progressive ataxia frequently characterized by hypermetria and incontinence. Cysts typically occurred in the dorsal subarachnoid space at the first to third cervical vertebrae of young, large-breed dogs or the caudal thoracic vertebrae of older, small-breed dogs. Although 14 of 15 dogs treated surgically did well in the short term, long-term successful outcomes were achieved in only eight of the 12 dogs that were followed for >1 year. Significant predictors of good, long-term outcome were not identified; however, factors associated with a trend toward a good outcome included <3 years of age, <4 months’ duration of clinical signs, and marsupialization as the surgical technique.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Skeen, TM and Olby, NJ and Munana, KR and Sharp, NJ}, year={2003}, pages={271–282} }
 @article{schatzberg_haley_barr_delahunta_olby_munana_sharp_2003, title={Use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay in the antemortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in the central nervous system of cats and dogs}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346900736&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1507}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Schatzberg, SJ and Haley, NJ and Barr, SC and deLahunta, A and Olby, N and Munana, K and Sharp, NJH}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={1507–1513} }
 @article{saito_sharp_munana_troan_tokuriki_thrall_2002, title={CT findings of intracranial blastomycosis in a dog}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036369393&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb00436.x}, abstractNote={Computed tomography (CT) findings in a dog with intracranial blastomycosis were marked periventricular contrast enhancement of the lateral ventricles, the 3rd ventricle, and the mesencephalic aqueduct. The CT appearance correlated with the histopathologic findings, where severe ependymitis was present throughout the ventricular system and there was stenosis of the mesencephalic aqueduct due to an inflammatory infiltrate. CT is therefore recommended as a screening test for intracranial blastomycosis in dogs and also as an imaging modality for follow‐up evaluation after treatment. This is particularly true in dogs with systemic or ocular blastomycosis, which appear to be at higher risk of developing CNS involvement.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Saito, M and Sharp, NJH and Munana, K and Troan, BV and Tokuriki, M and Thrall, DE}, year={2002}, pages={16–21} }
 @article{olby_munana_de risio_sebestyen_hansen_2002, title={Cervical injury following a horse kick to the head in two dogs}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036069170&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5326/0380321}, abstractNote={Two dogs were presented to North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital following blunt trauma to the head delivered by a horse kick. On presentation, both dogs had resolving clinical signs directly related to the head trauma, but both also had compromise to their upper airway as a result of indirect injury to the soft tissues of the neck, visible on plain radiographs. One dog made a full recovery following a period of assisted ventilation. The other dog was euthanized at the request of the owner. These injuries illustrate the importance of evaluating the cervical spine and soft tissues of the neck following blunt trauma to the head.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Olby, N and Munana, K and De Risio, L and Sebestyen, P and Hansen, B}, year={2002}, pages={321–326} }
 @article{risio_munana_murray_olby_sharp_cuddon_2002, title={Dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy: Postoperative recovery and long-term follow-up in 20 dogs}, volume={31}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036715660&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1053/jvet.2002.34673}, abstractNote={Objective—To evaluate the postoperative morbidity and long‐term outcome of dogs after dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (CCSM).}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, author={Risio, L. De and Munana, Karen and Murray, M. and Olby, N. and Sharp, N.J.H. and Cuddon, P.}, year={2002}, pages={418–427} }
 @article{munana_vitek_tarver_saito_skeen_sharp_olby_haglund_2002, title={Use of vagal nerve stimulation as a treatment for refractory epilepsy in dogs}, volume={221}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036777150&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.977}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Munana, KR and Vitek, SM and Tarver, WB and Saito, M and Skeen, TM and Sharp, NJH and Olby, NJ and Haglund, MM}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={977–983} }
 @article{olby_de risio_munana_wosar_skeen_sharp_keene_2001, title={Development of a functional scoring system in dogs with acute spinal cord injuries}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035487722&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1624}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Olby, NJ and De Risio, L and Munana, KR and Wosar, MA and Skeen, TM and Sharp, NJH and Keene, BW}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={1624–1628} }
 @article{munana_vitek_hegarty_kordick_breitschwerdt_2001, title={Infection of Fetal Feline Brain Cells in Culture with Bartonella henselae}, volume={69}, ISSN={0019-9567}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.1.564-569.2001}, DOI={10.1128/IAI.69.1.564-569.2001}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={Infection and Immunity}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Munana, K. R. and Vitek, S. M. and Hegarty, B. C. and Kordick, D. L. and Breitschwerdt, E. B.}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={564–569} }
 @inbook{muñana_2001, place={Philadelphia}, edition={4th}, title={Inflammatory Disorders of the Central Nervous System}, booktitle={Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine}, publisher={WB Saunders}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={August, J.R.Editor}, year={2001}, pages={425–433} }
 @article{munana_olby_sharp_skeen_2001, title={Intervertebral disk disease in 10 cats}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034766968&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5326/15473317-37-4-384}, abstractNote={The medical records of 10 cats diagnosed with intervertebral disk disease were reviewed. No apparent sex or breed predilection was found. The mean age of cats in the study was 9.8 years. Clinical signs included back pain, difficulty ambulating, and incontinence. Radiographs revealed narrowed disk spaces, mineralized intervertebral disks, and evidence of extradural compression on myelography or computed tomography. All intervertebral disk herniations occurred in the thoracolumbar spine, with a peak incidence at the fourth to fifth lumbar (L4-L5) intervertebral disk space. Eight cats had Hansen's type I intervertebral disk herniation. Surgery was performed in seven cats. All cats judged to have an excellent outcome had undergone surgical decompression.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Munana, KR and Olby, NJ and Sharp, NJH and Skeen, TM}, year={2001}, pages={384–389} }
 @article{de risio_sharp_olby_munana_thomas_2001, title={Predictors of outcome after dorsal decompressive laminectomy for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs: 69 cases (1987-1997)}, volume={219}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035462838&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.624}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={De Risio, L and Sharp, NJH and Olby, NJ and Munana, KR and Thomas, WB}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={624–628} }
 @article{saito_munana_sharp_olby_2001, title={Risk factors for development of status epilepticus in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and effects of status epilepticus on outcome and survival time: 32 cases (1990-1996)}, volume={219}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0342902123&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.618}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Saito, M and Munana, KR and Sharp, NJH and Olby, NJ}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={618–623} }
 @article{spugnini_thrall_price_sharp_munana_page_2000, title={Primary irradiation of canine intracranial masses}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034220024&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb02091.x}, abstractNote={Twenty‐nine dogs received primary radiation therapy for intracranial lesions and clinical signs suggestive of neoplasia. Presumptive diagnosis and tumor categorization was based on computed toniographic or magnetic resonance images. Meningioma was the most likely tumor type in 22 dogs and glioma or choroid plexus tumors were tentatively identified in 4 and 3 dogs, respectively. Cobalt‐60 radiation was delivered in 3 Gy fractions on a daily, Monday‐through‐Friday basis for a total dose of 48 Gy (16 fractions) in 28 dogs; one dog received 54 Gy. Two of 29 dogs died during treatment of signs suggestive of progressive tumor growth but were included in the overall evaluation of response to treatment. Median overall survival was 250 days (range 21–804). Mild acute radiation effects on normal tissue developed and did not influence outcome in any dog. Late radiation effects could not be evaluated in this study. No significant predictive indicators were identified from the clinical or imaging data. Radiation therapy is superior to medical treatment of brain tumors in dogs with steroids, is useful for tumors that are not currently operable and may be preferable to surgical resection in dogs if the mass appears infiltrative. However, 22/29 (76%) dogs died of recurrent progressive neuropathy suggestive of tumor regrowth or progression. Thus, alternative methods for delivery of radiation to dogs with brain tumors or novel combinations of therapy should continue to undergo evaluation.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Spugnini, EP and Thrall, DE and Price, GS and Sharp, NJ and Munana, K and Page, RL}, year={2000}, pages={377–380} }
 @article{flegel_kagan_munana_2000, title={Spinal cord compression due to synovial cysts in a Great Dane}, volume={45}, number={10}, journal={Kleintier-Praxis}, author={Flegel, T. and Kagan, K. and Munana, K.}, year={2000}, pages={787–792} }
 @article{flegel_kagan_muñana_2000, title={Spinal cord compression due to synovial cysts in a Great Dane,Rückenmarskompression durch Synoviazysten bei einer Deutschen Dogge}, volume={45}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0346385033&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={10}, journal={Kleintierpraxis}, author={Flegel, T. and Kagan, K. and Muñana, K.}, year={2000}, pages={787–792} }
 @article{olby_muntana_sharp_thrall_2000, title={The computed tomographic appearance of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniations in dogs.}, volume={41}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01860.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01860.x}, abstractNote={The appearance of herniated intervertebral disc material in the thoracolumbar vertebral canal was evaluated in 23 dogs using computed tomography (CT). The images were then compared with the myelographic and surgical findings. The normal spinal cord, outlined by epidural fat over intervertebra1 disc spaces, was of intermediate attenuation on transverse CT images. Herniated disc material was identified in all animals as a heterogeneous hyperattenuating extradural mass. The attenuation of the disc material increased with the degree of mineralization. In seven dogs, the herniated material was only slightly more attenuating than the spinal cord. In these dogs, small fragments of mineralized disc material and significant hemorrhage were found in the epidural space at surgery. In dogs with a long standing history of disc herniations, disc material identified in the vertebral canal had a more hyperattenuating and homogeneous appearance than recently herniated disc material. We conclude that mineralized, herniated disc material and hemorrhage can be identified quickly and safely in dogs using CT.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Olby, Natasha J. and Muntana, Karen R. and Sharp, Nicholas J.H. and Thrall, Donald E.}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={396–402} }
 @article{muñana_1999, title={Acute-Onset Vestibular Disease}, volume={1}, number={8}, journal={Compendium’s Standards of Care}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={1999}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{olby_sharp_muñana_papich_1999, title={Chronic and Acute Compressive Spinal Cord Lesions in Dogs due to Intervertebral Disc Herniation Are Associated With Elevation in Lumbar Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutamate Concentration}, volume={16}, ISSN={0897-7151 1557-9042}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.1999.16.1215}, DOI={10.1089/neu.1999.16.1215}, abstractNote={Acute injury to the central nervous system initiates a series of biochemical events that cause secondary tissue damage. The accumulation of excessive concentrations of glutamate in the extracellular space causes excitotoxic damage, and is incriminated as a mediator of this secondary tissue damage. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from the cerebellomedullary cistern and lumbar subarachnoid space in dogs with acute and chronic compressive injuries of the cervical and thoracolumbar spinal cord, and to correlate the glutamate concentration with injury severity. The results demonstrate that focal injuries of the spinal cord do not affect the glutamate concentration in CSF taken from the cerebellomedullary cistern. However, dogs with severe, acute thoracolumbar disc herniations have two- to 10-fold increases in glutamate concentration in their lumbar CSF at intervals of >12 h after injury. Moreover, the severity of their clinical signs is directly related to the glutamate concentration. Dogs with chronic compressive thoracolumbar lesions have a two-fold elevation of CSF glutamate concentration, suggesting that excitotoxicity may also be a component of chronic spinal cord compression.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Neurotrauma}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Olby, Natasha J. and Sharp, Nick J.H. and Muñana, Karen R. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={1215–1224} }
 @article{muñana_luttgen_1998, title={Evaluation of prognostic factors for canine granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: 42 cases (1982–1996)}, volume={212}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Muñana, K.R. and Luttgen, P.J.}, year={1998}, pages={1902–1906} }
 @article{muñana_luttgen_1998, title={Prognostic factors for dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: 42 Cases (1982-1996)}, volume={212}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032525387&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Muñana, K.R. and Luttgen, P.J.}, year={1998}, pages={1902–1906} }
 @inbook{muñana_1997, place={Philadelphia}, edition={3rd}, title={Disorders of the Brain}, booktitle={Handbook of Small Animal Practice}, publisher={WB Saunders}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, editor={Morgan, R.Editor}, year={1997}, pages={230–251} }
 @article{gookin_brooks_catalfamo_bunch_munana_1997, title={Factor X deficiency in a cat}, volume={211}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Gookin, J. L. and Brooks, M. B. and Catalfamo, J. L. and Bunch, S. E. and Munana, K. R.}, year={1997}, pages={576–579} }
 @article{factor x deficiency in a cat_1997, volume={211}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031226017&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1997}, pages={576–579} }
 @article{munana_1996, title={Encephalitis and meningitis}, volume={26}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030018463&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice}, author={Munana, K.R.}, year={1996}, pages={857–874} }
 @article{lappin_chavkin_munana_cooper_1996, title={Feline ocular and cerebrospinal fluid Toxoplasma gondii-specific humoral immune responses following specific and nonspecific immune stimulation}, volume={55}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030470247&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(96)05633-4}, abstractNote={Toxoplasma gondii-naive cats and cats previously infected orally with T. gondii tissue cysts were inoculated with soluble tachyzoite antigens plus adjuvant or adjuvant alone. Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM and IgG were measured in serum, aqueous humor, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The Goldman-Witmer coefficient (C value) for ocular or central nervous system (CNS) antibody production was calculated for aqueous humor or CSF samples positive for T. gondii-specific antibodies. Following inoculation with adjuvant plus soluble tachyzoite antigens, ocular and CNS T. gondii-specific IgG C values increased in the three previously infected cats. Following inoculation with adjuvant, the two previously infected cats had increases in ocular and CNS T. gondii-specific IgG C values. Ocular (2/3 cats) or CNS (1/3 cats) T. gondii-specific IgG C values of over 1 were detected in some T. gondii-naive cats following inoculation with adjuvant plus soluble tachyzoite antigens. The results of this study suggest that T. gondii-specific IgG C values of over 1 in aqueous humor or CSF do not prove active ocular or CNS infection in all cats.}, number={1-3}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, author={Lappin, M.R. and Chavkin, M.J. and Munana, K.R. and Cooper, C.M.}, year={1996}, pages={23–31} }
 @article{munana_1995, title={LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES-MELLITUS .1. RETINOPATHY, NEPHROPATHY, NEUROPATHY}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029302395&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0195-5616(95)50064-6}, abstractNote={Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy occur infrequently in small animals, but are capable of causing significant disease. The clinical and histopathologic findings seen with these late complications of diabetes are discussed. The pathogenesis of these disorders is most likely multifactorial; metabolic alterations secondary to the hyperglycemic state, and microvascular changes seen with diabetes have both been implicated. Current treatment consists of aggressive control of the hyperglycemia, as research continues into the pathology of the late complications in attempts to find a definitive therapy.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={MUNANA, KR}, year={1995}, month={May}, pages={715–730} }
 @article{lappin_chavkin_muñana_cooper_1995, title={Sequential measurement of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of cats with experimentally induced toxoplasmosis}, volume={6}, journal={Progress in Veterinary Neurology}, author={Lappin, M.R. and Chavkin, M.J. and Muñana, K.R. and Cooper, C.M.}, year={1995}, pages={27–31} }
 @article{bergman_bruyette_coyne_shelton_ogilvie_muñana_richter_1994, title={Canine clinical peripheral neuropathy associated with pancreatic islet cell carcinoma}, volume={5}, journal={Progress in Veterinary Neurology}, author={Bergman, P.J. and Bruyette, D.S. and Coyne, B.S. and Shelton, G.D. and Ogilvie, G.K. and Muñana, K.R. and Richter, K.P.}, year={1994}, pages={57–62} }
 @article{muñana_luttgen_thrall_mitchell_wenger_1994, title={Neurological Manifestations of Niemann‐Pick Disease Type C in Cats}, volume={8}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028398035&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03208.x}, abstractNote={Seven Domestic shorthair cats with a lysosomal storage disorder analogous to human Niemann‐Pick disease type C, from a breeding colony were studied to characterize the neurological manifestations of this disorder. Affected cats were identified by means of liver biopsies at 4 to 6 weeks of age. Neurological examinations were performed at 2 week intervals from the onset of clinical signs. All cats displayed signs referrable to the cerebellum, with a subtle intention tremor noticed initially at 8 to 12 weeks of age; the disease was rapidly progressive. The tremor became more pronounced, menace response was lost, and severe dysmetria and ataxia developed. Three cats also had signs referrable to other areas of the central nervous system. Cats died or were euthanized between 12 and 43 weeks of age. Pathological findings included accumulation of substrate within neurons throughout the central nervous system, and axonal spheroid formation. The clinical and pathological findings in these cats are comparable to those in the human form of the disease.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Muñana, K.R. and Luttgen, P.J. and Thrall, M.A. and Mitchell, T.W. and Wenger, D.A.}, year={1994}, pages={117–121} }
 @article{toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in the aqueous humor of cats with toxoplasmosis._1994, volume={55}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0028507886&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, year={1994}, pages={1244–1249} }
 @article{bradley_carpenter_muñana_douglass_1991, title={Clinical Challenge: Case 2}, volume={22}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Bradley, T.A. and Carpenter, J.W. and Muñana, K.R. and Douglass, J.}, year={1991}, pages={505–506} }
 @article{muñana_1991, title={What is your diagnosis?}, volume={2}, journal={Progress in Veterinary Neurology}, author={Muñana, K.R.}, year={1991}, pages={213–214} }