@article{l. kick_zering_classen_2017, title={Approaches to agricultural innovation and their effectiveness}, volume={2}, ISSN={2471-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2017.4.370}, DOI={10.3934/agrfood.2017.4.370}, number={4}, journal={AIMS Agriculture and Food}, publisher={American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)}, author={L. Kick, Edward and Zering, Kelly and Classen, John}, year={2017}, pages={370–373} }
 @article{natelson_wang_roberts_zering_2015, title={Technoeconomic analysis of jet fuel production from hydrolysis, decarboxylation, and reforming of camelina oil}, volume={75}, ISSN={0961-9534}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2015.02.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2015.02.001}, abstractNote={The commercial production of jet fuel from camelina oil via hydrolysis, decarboxylation, and reforming was simulated. The refinery was modeled as being close to the farms for reduced camelina transport cost. A refinery with annual nameplate capacity of 76,000 cubic meters hydrocarbons was modeled. Assuming average camelina production conditions and oil extraction modeling from the literature, the cost of oil was 0.31 $ kg−1. To accommodate one harvest per year, a refinery with 1 year oil storage capacity was designed, with the total refinery costing 283 million dollars in 2014 USD. Assuming co-products are sold at predicted values, the jet fuel break-even selling price was 0.80 $ kg−1. The model presents baseline technoeconomic data that can be used for more comprehensive financial and risk modeling of camelina jet fuel production. Decarboxylation was compared to the commercially proven hydrotreating process. The model illustrated the importance of refinery location relative to farms and hydrogen production site.}, journal={Biomass and Bioenergy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Natelson, Robert H. and Wang, Wei-Cheng and Roberts, William L. and Zering, Kelly D.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={23–34} }
 @article{zering_2014, title={Economic sustainability of cellulosic energy cropping systems}, journal={Cellulosic energy cropping systems}, author={Zering, K. D.}, year={2014}, pages={281–297} }
 @book{furiness_cowling. e._l._r._d._k._campbell_2011, title={Forests as an alternative for poultry manure application}, volume={AG-739}, journal={Technical Report}, author={Furiness, C. and Cowling. E., Allen and L., Abt and R., Frederick and D., Zering and K. and Campbell, R.}, year={2011} }
 @book{furiness_cowling e._l._r._d._k._campbell_2011, title={Forests as an alternative for swine manure application}, volume={AG-740}, journal={Technical Report}, author={Furiness, C. and Cowling E., Allen and L., Abt and R., Frederick and D., Zering and K. and Campbell, R.}, year={2011} }
 @book{furiness_cowling_allen_r. frederick_zering_campbell_2011, title={Using animal manures in forest fertilization}, volume={AG-738}, journal={Technical Report}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension}, author={Furiness, C. and Cowling, E. and Allen, L. Abt and R. Frederick, D. and Zering, K. and Campbell, R.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{westerman_bowers_zering_2010, title={Phosphorus recovery from covered digester effluent with a continuous-flow struvite crystallizer}, volume={26}, DOI={10.13031/2013.29471}, abstractNote={Tests for phosphorus reduction by increasing magnesium and pH to form struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4 6(H2O)) were conducted using effluent from a covered earthen anaerobic digester for swine manure. A cone-shaped crystallizer system was constructed in the field and operated with direct pumping of covered digester liquid at a flow rate of 5.4 L/min (1.43 gal/min). Using the field system, 24 combinations of pH increase (0 to 1.5 pH units) and magnesium (Mg) addition (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/L) were tested in short-term (30-min) tests. Up to 80% of the total phosphorus (TP) could be removed with the highest increases in pH and Mg. About 65% of TP was removed with the combination of 0.5-pH unit increase and addition of 40 mg/L of Mg. To test performance over longer periods, this combination was utilized in 40 tests each of 2-h duration during the period of September 2007 through October 2008. Reductions averaged 55 10% (mean standard deviation) removal of TP and 65 5% removal of orthophosphate phosphorus (OP). Analyses of samples of the solids removed from the crystallizer on six different dates indicated that N, P, and Mg were lower on average than theoretical values for pure struvite (5.71% N, 12.62% P, and 9.90% Mg) by 9.9%, 4.4%, and 6.2%. The solids included 1.8% calcium, indicating calcium compounds were being included in the formed material. Costs and returns were estimated for a commercial scale system and chemical costs and TP removal were estimated at selected levels of Mg addition and increase in pH. The net annual cost of the system for 60% removal of TP from digester effluent for a 1000-sow farrow-to-finish operation was estimated to be $0.0146/kg of live hog marketed.}, number={1}, booktitle={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Westerman, P. W. and Bowers, K. E. and Zering, Kelly}, year={2010}, pages={153–161} }
 @article{chen_zuckerman_zering_2008, title={Applying Target Costing in the Development of Marketable and Environmentally Friendly Products from Swine Waste}, volume={53}, ISSN={0013-791X 1547-2701}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00137910802071866}, DOI={10.1080/00137910802071866}, abstractNote={Management of swine waste generated in the United States is a challenging problem facing engineers, farmers, scientists, regulators, and policy-makers. Technologies for processing and storing swine waste have not been fully developed and refined in a manner acceptable to the public and environmental regulators. The primary concerns with improperly disposed swine waste are the effects on human and livestock health, surface and groundwater quality, air quality, and conservation of nitrogen fertilizers (Hagenstein 2003). The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the concept of target costing by applying it to a very specific example: the production of biomethanol from swine manure. This study summarizes the analyses that outline a design and calculate a preliminary cost estimate for a proposed system for producing biomethanol from swine manure (initial process). In this study the target costing process is demonstrated with calculation of a target cost. This article also demonstrates an application of value...}, number={2}, journal={The Engineering Economist}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Chen, Yuang-Sung Al and Zuckerman, Gilroy J. and Zering, Kelly}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={156–170} }
 @article{eisemann_morrow_see_davies_zering_2002, title={Effect of feed withdrawal prior to slaughter on prevalence of gastric ulcers in pigs}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037085335&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.503}, abstractNote={To determine whether withdrawing feed from pigs prior to slaughter had any effects on prevalence or severity of gastric ulcers.Split-plot design.873 pigs.At the finishing barn, pigs were assigned to 30 pens. Feed withdrawal times (0, 12, or 24 hours) were assigned to pens at random, and pigs in each pen were marketed in 3 groups over a period of 4 weeks. The first marketing group consisted of the 10 heaviest pigs in each pen, the second consisted of the next 10 heaviest, and the third consisted of all remaining pigs. Feed was withheld from all pigs in each pen prior to removal of each marketing group. Thus, feed was withheld once, twice, or 3 times for pigs in the first, second, and third marketing groups, respectively.Feed withdrawal time was not significantly associated with ulcer score at the time of slaughter. Ulcer scores and prevalence of chronic damage were higher in the third marketing group, regardless of feed withdrawal time. Prevalence of severe damage, prevalence of chronic damage, and prevalence of esophageal constriction increased as carcass weight decreased. No pigs died of gastric ulceration.Results suggest that withdrawal of feed from pigs prior to slaughter does not increase damage to the stomach and that repeated feed withdrawal does not result in fatal gastric ulceration.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Eisemann, JH and Morrow, WEM and See, MT and Davies, PR and Zering, K}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={503–506} }
 @article{morrow_see_eisemann_davies_zering_2002, title={Effect of withdrawing feed from swine on meat quality and prevalence of Salmonella colonization at slaughter}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037085491&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.497}, abstractNote={To determine whether withholding feed from pigs prior to slaughter had any effects on meat quality, percentage of pigs with Salmonella spp in cecal contents during slaughter, or percentage of pigs with lacerations of the gastrointestinal tract during slaughter.Split-plot design.873 pigs.At the finishing barn, pigs were assigned to 30 pens. Feed withdrawal times were assigned to pens at random, and pigs in each pen were marketed in 3 groups. The first marketing group consisted of the 10 heaviest pigs in each pen, the second consisted of the next 10 heaviest pigs, and the third consisted of all remaining pigs.Withdrawing feed improved the redness score assigned to the meat but did not have any other significant effects on carcass composition or meat quality. The percentage of pigs with Salmonella spp in the cecal contents decreased from the first (73%) to the second (64%) to the third (52%) marketing group. However, isolation of Salmonella spp from cecal contents was not associated with feed withdrawal time or with pen prevalence of Salmonella shedding during the 2 months prior to slaughter. Feed withdrawal time and marketing group did not have any significant effects on overall prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lacerations.Results suggest that withdrawal of feed from pigs prior to slaughter does not increase the prevalence of Salmonella colonization or the risk of carcass contamination associated with gastrointestinal tract lacerations during slaughter but only slightly enhances meat quality.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Morrow, WEM and See, MT and Eisemann, JH and Davies, PR and Zering, K}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={497–502} }
 @inproceedings{cheng j._j._k. d._j. c._k. f._saele_2000, title={Evaluation of alternative swine waste treatment systems in comparison with traditional lagoon system}, ISBN={1892769115}, booktitle={Animal, agricultural and food processing wastes : proceedings of the eighth international symposium : October 9-11, 2000 : Des Moines, Iowa}, publisher={St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Cheng J., Pace and J., Zering and K. D., Barker and J. C., Roos and K. F. and Saele, L. M.}, year={2000}, pages={679} }
 @book{zering_1989, title={Basis tables for live hogs in selected North Carolina markets, 1984-1988}, number={81}, journal={Basis tables for live hogs in selected North Carolina markets, 1984-1988}, publisher={Raleigh, N.C.: Dept. of Economics and Business, N.C. State University}, author={Zering, K. D.}, year={1989} }