@article{abashidze_clark_craig_2023, title={Quantifying and explaining the decline in public schoolteacher retirement benefits}, ISSN={["1468-232X"]}, DOI={10.1111/irel.12329}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS}, author={Abashidze, Nino and Clark, Robert L. L. and Craig, Lee A. A.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{craig_treme_weiss_2023, title={The (menu) price effect of a Michelin star}, ISSN={["1466-4291"]}, DOI={10.1080/13504851.2023.2276076}, abstractNote={We employ a unique data set of menu prices for every French and British restaurant that achieved three-star status in the Michelin Guides at least once during the restaurant’s operating life. We find that additional stars resulted in higher menu prices. In contrast, beyond some level, earning an additional number of ‘knives and forks’, the guide’s measure of service, ambience, and décor, does not confer additional pricing power to restaurants. Our results suggest restauranteurs pursuing an additional Michelin star should emphasize investments in chefs and ingredients – as opposed to service, ambience, and décor.}, journal={APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS}, author={Craig, Lee A. and Treme, Julianne and Weiss, Thomas J.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{weiss_craig_treme_2022, title={The spy who dined well: James Bond and the real cost of fine dining}, ISSN={["1466-4283"]}, DOI={10.1080/00036846.2022.2091108}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT We constructed a time series of menu prices for the identifiable restaurants at which James Bond dined in France that yields one of the few international price series representing luxury services. We also compiled a time series on the salary of workers in the British Civil Service at Grade 7, like Bond, from 1953 to 2019. Our results indicate that French restaurant prices increased faster than Grade 7 salaries over the entire period and changes in the British exchange rate were not favourable for Bond. To dine weekly in France, during the 1950s and 1960s, Bond would have spent 18% of his salary; whereas over the course of the Euro era the same basket of luxury services would have required on average 26% of his salary.}, journal={APPLIED ECONOMICS}, author={Weiss, Thomas J. and Craig, Lee A. and Treme, Julianne}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{treme_craig_copland_2019, title={Gender and box office performance}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1466-4291"]}, DOI={10.1080/13504851.2018.1495818}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT We analyse the box office–movie star relationship since the 1990s. We find that, on average, the contribution of at least one star was large, equalling roughly 10% of a film’s revenues. Also, consistent with the substantial difference in the average compensation between male and female stars, having a male star in a film generated a premium in the neighbourhood of 12%, while female star had no statistical impact on a movie’s performance.}, number={9}, journal={APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS}, author={Treme, Julianne and Craig, Lee A. and Copland, Andrew}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={781–785} }
 @article{craig_holt_2017, title={The impact of mechanical refrigeration on market integration: The US egg market, 1890-1911}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1090-2457"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.eeh.2017.04.002}, abstractNote={This paper examines the impact of mechanical refrigeration on temporal and spatial price relationships for regional egg markets in the United States, 1880–1911. Notably, this period encompasses an era in which widespread adoption of mechanical refrigeration facilitated the ability to store otherwise perishable commodities. This development in turn altered observed price dynamics for many perishables, including fresh eggs. We use a class of time series models, time–varying autoregressions (TVARs), to document both the structural change and the corresponding impact on spatial price dynamics for U.S. regional egg price relationships during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Our results reveal that, while spatially distinct markets remained integrated, the opportunity to store eggs over time often resulted in weaker spatial price relationships for eggs.}, journal={EXPLORATIONS IN ECONOMIC HISTORY}, author={Craig, Lee A. and Holt, Matthew T.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={85–105} }
 @article{craig_2016, title={Privatizing Railroad Retirement}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1475-3022"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747215000335}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={120–121} }
 @misc{craig_2016, title={The British Gentry, The Southern Planter, and the Northern Family Farmer: Agriculture and Sectional Antagonism in North America. By James L. Huston 
            Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2015. Pp. Xvii, 345. $35.00, cloth.}, volume={76}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050716001091}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050716001091}, abstractNote={society” (pp. 5, 158, 171). Evidence from probate inventories or tax lists for selected localities might be employed to clarify the extent of slaveownership and hence of the groups with the greatest incentives for supporting slavery. Overall Brethren by Nature is an important contribution to the economic history of colonial and early national New England. By underscoring the region’s connections to the forms of slavery developing elsewhere, and the similar violent means by which all colonial elites addressed chronic labor shortages, it contributes as well to studies of slavery throughout the early modern Atlantic.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1265–1266} }
 @misc{craig_2016, title={The British gentry, the southern planter, and the northern family farmer: Agriculture and sectional antagonism in North America}, volume={76}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic History}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={2016}, pages={1265–1266} }
 @misc{craig_2015, title={Walter Lippmann: Public Economist. By Craufurd D. Goodwin. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2014. Pp. viii, 414. $35.00, cloth.}, volume={75}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050715000261}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050715000261}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={294–295} }
 @misc{craig_2015, title={Walter Lippmann: Public economist}, volume={75}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic History}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={2015}, pages={294–295} }
 @misc{craig_2014, title={Teddy Roosevelt and Leonard Wood: Partners in Command. By John S. D. Eisenhower. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. 2014. Pp. xiv, 190. $40.00, cloth.}, volume={74}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050714001107}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050714001107}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={04}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={1251–1252} }
 @misc{craig_2014, title={Teddy Roosevelt and Leonard Wood: Partners in command.}, volume={74}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic History}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={2014}, pages={1251–1252} }
 @misc{craig_2014, title={Whales and Nations: Environmental Diplomacy on the High Seas. By Kurkpatrick Dorsey. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 2013. Pp. xxii, 365. $34.95, cloth.}, volume={74}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050714000722}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050714000722}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={931–933} }
 @misc{craig_2014, title={Whales and nations: Environmental diplomacy on the high seas}, volume={74}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Economic History}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={2014}, pages={931–933} }
 @article{treme_craig_2013, title={Celebrity star power: Do age and gender effects influence box office performance?}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1466-4291"]}, DOI={10.1080/13504851.2012.709594}, abstractNote={Celebrity media exposure is an increasingly strong source of actor popularity and is a viable star power variable that focuses on the impact of celebrity, not acting talent. Using People to calculate an actor's popularity, we analyse how the gender and age of a movie's lead actors affect box office success using quantile regression. We find that male celebrity media exposure can positively impact the success of a movie, whereas female celebrity exposure tends to decrease box office revenues. The results also suggest that although it may be harder for older actresses to land a lead role, it is actually the older male actors who lack the ability to carry a movie. The results highlight that a linear regression may not be the optimal solution to assess the relationship between star power and box office revenues.}, number={5}, journal={APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS}, author={Treme, Julianne and Craig, Lee A.}, year={2013}, pages={440–445} }
 @book{craig_2013, title={Josephus Daniels: His life and times}, publisher={Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={2013} }
 @article{craig_hammond_2013, title={Nutrition and signaling in slave markets: a new look at a puzzle within the antebellum puzzle}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1863-2505"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11698-012-0086-7}, number={2}, journal={CLIOMETRICA}, author={Craig, Lee A. and Hammond, Robert G.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={189–206} }
 @misc{craig_2013, title={The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World Since 1700, R. Floud, R. Fogel, B. Harris, S.C. Hong (2011)}, volume={11}, ISSN={1570-677X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2012.03.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.ehb.2012.03.002}, abstractNote={Two porphyrins functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube nanohybrids (SWCNT-TPP and SWCNT-TPPZn) have been prepared following the free radical addition reaction and subsequent nucleophilic substitution. The results of microscopic structure and morphology analysis, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, confirmed the successful fabrication of SWCNT-TPP and SWCNT-TPPZn nanohybrids. UV–vis absorption, Raman and fluorescence emission studies indicate considerable π-π interactions and effective charge transfer from the porphyrin moieties to the SWCNT. Z-scan investigations show that both nanohybrids exhibit improved nonlinear optical performances in the ns and fs regimes compared to those of individual SWCNT and porphyrins; this is proposed to result from a positive synergistic effect between SWCNT and porphyrins. Due to more effective charge transfer effect, SWCNT-TPP nanohybrid exhibit the best NLO performance at 532 and 800 nm.}, number={1}, journal={Economics & Human Biology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Craig, Lee}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={113–116} }
 @misc{craig_2013, title={The changing body: Health, nutrition and human development in the Western World since 1700}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Economics & Human Biology}, author={Craig, L.}, year={2013}, pages={113–116} }
 @article{treme_craig_2013, title={URBANIZATION, HEALTH AND HUMAN STATURE}, volume={65}, ISSN={["0307-3378"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-8586.2011.00425.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, journal={BULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH}, author={Treme, Julianne and Craig, Lee A.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={s130–s141} }
 @article{clark_craig_2011, title={Determinants of the generosity of pension plans for public school teachers, 1982-2006}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1474-7472"]}, DOI={10.1017/s1474747210000028}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PENSION ECONOMICS & FINANCE}, author={Clark, Robert L. and Craig, Lee A.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={99–118} }
 @article{haines_craig_weiss_2011, title={Did African Americans experience the 'Antebellum Puzzle'? Evidence from the United States Colored Troops during the Civil War}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1873-6130"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ehb.2010.06.001}, abstractNote={The “Antebellum Puzzle” has been the subject of comment since the 1980s. It involves the paradox that, although the American economy was experiencing rapid economic growth in the several decades prior to the Civil War (1861–1865), the stature of native-born white males had been declining for the birth cohorts from the late 1820s. This was also true for free blacks (Komlos, 1992), but was apparently not true for slaves. This paper uses a sample of 8592 adult back males who were recruits to the United States Colored Troops during the Civil War. They were recruited significantly among ex-slaves. Recruits from the birth cohorts of 1838–1842 were then linked to characteristics of their counties of birth from the 1840 and 1850 U.S. Censuses. Unlike slaves in the coastal manifests, these African American recruits showed evidence of a decline in heights from the birth cohorts of the 1820s onwards. Unlike the native-white recruits, however, the characteristics of their counties of birth had relatively less power in explaining differences in heights. There was some support for the mortality hypothesis, but the nutrition hypothesis needs to be interpreted in light of the fact that slave owners has a strong interest in monitoring and controlling the diet of their slaves.}, number={1}, journal={ECONOMICS & HUMAN BIOLOGY}, author={Haines, Michael R. and Craig, Lee A. and Weiss, Thomas}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={45–55} }
 @article{craig_2011, title={The Ascent of Niall A Review of Ferguson's Ascent of Money}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0161-5440"]}, DOI={10.1080/01615440.2011.610719}, abstractNote={Niall Ferguson. Ascent of Money. New York: Penguin, 2008. Address correspondence to Lee A. Craig, Department of Economics, North Carolina State University, Box 8110, Raleigh, NC 27695-8119, USA. E-mail: lacraig@ncsu.edu as a store of value, unit of account, and medium of exchange. Rather, it is primarily about the evolution of credit markets, which are typically denominated in units of money. Hence comes the title, which one must admit is catchier than the Ascent of Lender-Borrower Contracts. Although Ferguson briefly discusses money proper (subsumed in the material on banking), and although he makes a pass at a history of equity markets (subsumed in the discussion of financial crises), he is really interested in the grand political implications of changes in credit markets over time, and his version of world history revolves around the hub of those markets. He organizes that history into six chapters. In order, they cover a) the rise of banking; b) the bond market; c) stock markets, with an emphasis on the problems they cause; d) insurance and pension plans; e) the mortgage market; and f) what Ferguson refers to as “the rise, fall, and rise of international finance” (12). (On the material in Chapter 6, I quote the author, because that is not at all what I got out of the chapter, which instead focuses on the relationship and potential conflict between the United States and China.) The chapters are roughly chronological: Banks, on a reasonably wide scale, came before bonds, which, on a reasonably wide scale, came before stocks, which . . ., and so on. At first glance, it would appear that in moving from one chapter to the next, the reader is being taken down the evolutionary path of financial technology, moving from one discrete mutation to the next; but that is not quite right. Ferguson is interested in the broader social impact of financial technology, not the technology itself. Readers looking for a definitive history of the technology of finance should look elsewhere. Although Ferguson briefly describes a few early examples of each institution or asset, and he is very good at concisely explaining even the most esoteric financial product, it is how they changed world history that captures his imagination. (To his credit, in his historical narrative, Ferguson does not get caught up in the game of exactly “who did what first.” It is a silly game, best left to pedants and bar stool raconteurs—“No, it was the thirteenth-century Venetians who first used the bill of exchange.” Since at any point in time what we see in financial markets is the result of thousands of years of}, number={4}, journal={HISTORICAL METHODS}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={2011}, pages={185–189} }
 @article{craig_2009, title={Comment on "From Malthus to Solow: How did the Malthusian economy really evolve?"}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0164-0704"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jmacro.2007.10.005}, abstractNote={The distribution of firm-sizes in the U.S. – or at least its upper tail – appears to be well-described by a Pareto distribution with infinite variance. This fact forms the basis of the granular hypothesis proposed by Gabaix in his paper “The Granular Origins of Aggregate Fluctuations” (Econometrica, (2011)). The granular hypothesis provides a mechanism whereby independent firm-level shocks are capable of generating macroeconomic fluctuations. This paper considers the granular hypothesis in a new framework. It develops a DSGE model by superimposing a stochastic overlapping generations framework on a network. Idiosyncratic output shocks to individual firms are transmitted across the economy through income–expenditure channels. Specifically, firms represent vertices of the network, and a firm x is linked to another firm y if x employs one or more workers who purchase commodities produced by y. The paper’s findings agree closely with results first discovered by Gabaix: if firm-sizes in an economy are described by a Pareto distribution, then independent firm-level shocks can generate macroeconomic fluctuations in accordance with the granular hypothesis. Furthermore, the model is capable of generating aggregate volatility of the same order of magnitude as occurs in reality. Thus the paper describes a new general equilibrium framework where macroeconomic fluctuations can arise as the consequence of independent firm-level shocks.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MACROECONOMICS}, author={Craig, Lee}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={94–97} }
 @misc{craig_2009, title={Heroes and Cowards: The Social Face of War. By Dora L. Costa and Matthew E. Kahn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. Pp. xxi, 315. $27.95, cloth.}, volume={69}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050709001685}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050709001685}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={1199–1200} }
 @misc{craig_2009, title={Heroes and cowards: The social face of war}, volume={69}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic History}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={2009}, pages={1199–1200} }
 @article{craig_holt_2008, title={Mechanical refrigeration, seasonality, and the hog-corn cycle in the United States: 1870-1940}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1090-2457"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.eeh.2007.06.002}, abstractNote={This paper examines the role of mechanical refrigeration in seasonality and structural change in the U.S. hog–corn cycle, 1870–1940. This period covers an era in which the widespread adoption of mechanical refrigeration greatly affected the ability to store and transport perishable commodities. These developments in turn altered the seasonal production and price structure for many commodities, including pork. We use a new class of time series models, time-varying smooth transition autoregressions (TV-STARs), to document both the structural change and the nonlinear features observed in seasonal patterns for the U.S. hog–corn price relationship during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.}, number={1}, journal={EXPLORATIONS IN ECONOMIC HISTORY}, author={Craig, Lee A. and Holt, Matthew T.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={30–50} }
 @article{chanda_craig_treme_2007, title={Convergence (and divergence) in the biological standard of living in the USA, 1820–1900}, volume={2}, ISSN={1863-2505 1863-2513}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11698-007-0009-1}, DOI={10.1007/s11698-007-0009-1}, number={1}, journal={Cliometrica}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Chanda, Areendam and Craig, Lee A. and Treme, Julianne}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={19–48} }
 @article{holt_craig_2006, title={Nonlinear dynamics and structural change in the US hog-corn cycle: A time-varying star approach}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-8276.2006.00849.x}, abstractNote={The linearity of the U.S. hog—corn cycle has been questioned by Chavas and Holt (1991). Even so, attempts have not been made to model the potential nonlinear dynamics in the hog—corn cycle by using regime‐switching models. One popular alternative is Teräsvirta's smooth transition autoregressive (STAR) model, which assumes regime switching is endogenous and potentially smooth. In this article, we examine monthly data for the U.S. hog—corn cycle, 1910–2004. A member of the STAR family, the time‐varying STAR, is fitted to the data and its properties examined. We find evidence of nonlinearity, regime‐dependent behavior, and time‐varying parameter change.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Holt, MT and Craig, LA}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={215–233} }
 @misc{craig_2005, title={Health and Labor force participation over the life cycle: Evidence from the past}, volume={43}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Literature}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={2005}, pages={178–180} }
 @misc{craig_2004, title={After the strike: A century of labor struggle at Pullman}, volume={46}, number={2}, journal={Business History}, author={Craig, L.}, year={2004}, pages={304–305} }
 @article{craig_goodwin_grennes_2004, title={The Effect of Mechanical Refrigeration on Nutrition in the United States}, volume={28}, ISSN={0145-5532 1527-8034}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200013183}, DOI={10.1017/S0145553200013183}, abstractNote={Although the principles of refrigeration have been understood for thousands of years, the widespread use of mechanical refrigeration in the processing, shipping, and storing of perishable commodities began only in the 1890s. Because refrigeration facilitated the hygienic handling and storage of perishables, it promoted output growth, consumption, and nutrition through the spatial and temporal integration of markets for perishables. We estimate the impact of mechanical refrigeration on output and consumption, and hence on human nutrition, concentrating on the contribution from refrigerated dairy products, an important source of nutrients, particularly proteins and calcium. We conclude that the adoption of refrigeration in the late-nineteenth-century United States increased dairy consumption by 1.7% and overall protein intake by 1.25% annually after the 1890s. The increase in protein consumption was particularly important to the growth of the human organism. According to our lower-bound estimates, refrigeration directly contributed at least 5.1% of the increase in adult stature of the postrefrigeration cohorts, and combined with the indirect effects associated with improvements in the quality of nutrients and the reduction in illness, the overall impact was considerably larger.}, number={2}, journal={Social Science History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A. and Goodwin, Barry and Grennes, Thomas}, year={2004}, pages={325–336} }
 @article{craig_goodwin_grennes_2004, title={The effect of mechanical refrigeration on nutrition in the United States}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1527-8034"]}, DOI={10.1215/01455532-28-2-325}, number={2}, journal={SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY}, author={Craig, LA and Goodwin, B and Grennes, T}, year={2004}, pages={325–336} }
 @book{clark_craig_wilson_2003, title={A history of public sector pensions in the United States}, ISBN={0812237145}, publisher={Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Clark, R. L. and Craig, L. A. and Wilson, J. W.}, year={2003} }
 @article{haines_craig_weiss_2003, title={The short and the dead: Nutrition, mortality, and the "antebellum puzzle" in the United States}, volume={63}, DOI={10.1017/s0022050703001839}, abstractNote={Between 1830 and 1860 the United States experienced rapid economic growth but declining stature and rising mortality. Debate has centered on whether the American diet deteriorated in the mid-nineteenth century. Employing census and muster records, this article tests the hypotheses that adult height was positively correlated with local production of nutrients in early childhood and negatively correlated with local mortality conditions, urbanization, proximity to transport, and population mobility. Results indicate that antebellum economic growth was accompanied by an increasing nationalization and internationalization of the disease environment, which affected the health and longevity of the population.This article is based on two earlier papers presented at the conference “The Biological Standard of Living and Economic Development: Nutrition, Health, and Well-Being in Historical Perspective,” held at the University of Munich, Munich, Germany, 18–21 January 1997. They have been published in The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective edited by John Komlos and Jörg Baten (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998), pp. 155–80 and 190–207. This research was funded in part by the National Institute of Aging (AG 10120) and by the National Science Foundation (#SBR-9408525). The authors wish to thank Brian A'Hearn, Markus Heintel, and Robert Fogel for data and Jörg Baten, Timothy Cuff, Richard Easterlin, Stanley Engerman, John Komlos, John Murray, Richard Steckel, Robert Whaples, and participants at the Economic History Seminar at the University of California at Berkeley, the Economics Seminar at the College of William and Mary, the NBER Summer Institute, and the Social Science Colloquium at Colgate University for valuable comments and suggestions on earlier versions. In addition two anonymous referees provided very useful suggestions. The late Robert Gallman also provided valuable comments at an early stage of the project. Part of this research was conducted by Craig while he was a German Marshall Fund Fellow at the Seminar fuer Wirtschaftsgeschichte at the University of Munich.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic History}, author={Haines, M. R. and Craig, L. A. and Weiss, T.}, year={2003}, pages={382–413} }
 @misc{craig_2002, title={Contesting the New South order: The 1914-1915 strike at Atlanta's Fulton Mills}, volume={44}, number={4}, journal={Business History}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={2002}, pages={163–164} }
 @article{goodwin_grennes_craig_2002, title={Mechanical refrigeration and the integration of perishable commodity markets}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0014-4983"]}, DOI={10.1006/exeh.2002.0781}, abstractNote={Abstract In this paper, we provide a history of the economic impact of mechanical refrigeration in the United States. We also examine spatial and temporal aspects of market integration. Specifically, we examine seasonal fluctuations in prices and analyze regional integration of markets for butter. We test the null hypothesis of no integration before and after the advent and adoption of refrigerated shipping and warehousing using 31 years of monthly data. We find strong evidence of spatially integrated markets after adoption. Our results indicate that the adoption of mechanical refrigeration brought about a significant dampening of seasonal fluctuations of butter prices and a tightening of spatial price linkages. We conclude that the adoption of mechanical refrigeration had a significant impact on both temporal and spatial butter price relationships.}, number={2}, journal={EXPLORATIONS IN ECONOMIC HISTORY}, author={Goodwin, BK and Grennes, TJ and Craig, LA}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={154–182} }
 @book{craig_2000, title={European macroeconomy: Growth, integration and cycles 1500-1913}, ISBN={1852786434}, publisher={Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={2000} }
 @misc{craig_1999, title={Sowing Modernity: America's First Agricultural Revolution. By Peter D. McClelland. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 348. $45.00.}, volume={59}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700022683}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700022683}, abstractNote={play, with those who favored development for tourism cast as the villains and the ecological preservationists as the heros. But there is no discussion of what are the appropriate goals for our national parks and how well the political system goes about assessing and meeting those goals. Sellars'also assumes that more attention to science by the National Park Service will result in appropriate recognition of the ecological integrity of the parks. This would be the case if scientists themselves were not subject to capture and if self interest did not affect their work. However, the work of Alston Chase (Playing God in Yellowstone: The Destruction of America's First National Park. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), Karl Hess, Jr. (Rocky Times in Rocky Mountain National Park: An Unnatural History. Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1993), and Charles Kay (Testimony Before The U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands Oversight Hearing on Science And Resource Management in the National Park System, 27 February 1997) provides strong evidence that Public Choice models of bureaucratic behavior describe park scientists very well. Nevertheless, the book is a useful one in understanding both the history of natural resource management under the National Park Service and the problems of bureaucratic governance of our parks.}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={248–249} }
 @misc{craig_1999, title={Sowing modernity: America's first agricultural revolution}, volume={59}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic History}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={1999}, pages={248–249} }
 @article{craig_1998, title={Capitalism from Above and Capitalism from Below: An Essay in Comparative Political Economy. By Terence J. Byers. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. Pp. xxiii, 490. $79.95.}, volume={58}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700021586}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700021586}, abstractNote={GPA. Officer's claim that his new series represent considerable improvements on previously available ones seems convincing. The importance of these distinctions becomes clearer where the author goes on to discuss exchange-market integration and efficiency. Historical exchange rate fluctuations alone provide useful insights, to be sure, but Officer shows that the gold point spread itself (his measure of "external integration") and the variance of the exchange rate relative to that spread ("internal integration") offer additional insights not obtainable through observation of exchange rate fluctuations alone. Since spread is based on contemporary transaction costs, the approach leads to a measure of integration and efficiency closely related to the profitability of exchange market transactions (with "efficiency" equal to zero profits). But however desirable on methodological grounds these measures might be, the true test of their worth should be their empirical application: do they lead to important revisions of earlier work? Officer does give some examples (especially, pp. 233—51). He shows, for example, that Morgenstern's classic (1955) study of the 1890 to 1914 gold standard period, by using inappropriate measures, greatly exaggerates the frequency of violations of gold standard rules implied by the Dollar-Sterling exchange rate movements. In contrast to Clark {Journal of Political Economy, 1984), similarly, he shows that manipulation of the gold points by British authorities in the same period by no means represented fundamental interference in the working of the gold standard. Finally, there is a hint that Morgenstern's finding of substantial interest arbitrage "inefficiencies" in the 1920s is spurious, and that "the market" did not anticipate or lead British authorities to anticipate the exchange market crisis of 1931.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={917–918} }
 @misc{craig_1998, title={Capitalism from above and capitalism from below: An essay in comparative political economy.}, volume={58}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Economic History}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={1998}, pages={917–918} }
 @misc{craig_1998, title={In pursuit of leviathan: Technology, institutions,; productivity, and profits in American whaling, 1816-1996.}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Interdisciplinary History}, author={Craig, L. A.}, year={1998}, pages={273–281} }
 @article{craig_1998, title={Interest groups and monetary integration: The political economy of exchange regime choice.}, volume={58}, ISSN={["0022-0507"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0022050700021045}, abstractNote={on international cooperation. That is why, in his view, the pre-1914 gold standard worked, and why insufficient cooperation in the interwar period made economic conditions worse than they had to be. In my view, a monetary regime whose existence depends on international cooperation will not survive. It will survive only if it promotes the self-interest of its national adherents. Eichengreen shares with others the interpretation that deflation during the Great Depression was unavoidable. The argument is that, had central banks injected liquidity into the financial system to bail out banks in distress, their commitment to the gold standard would have been questioned and would have occasioned capital flight. The argument has no relevance to the position of the Federal Reserve. This follows from three implications of a counterfactual expansionary monetary policy in 1930/31. The first is that any loss of gold would have reduced the United States' enormous gold reserves only fractionally. The second is that the gold reserve ratio that was close to double legal reserve requirements would have been lowered but nowhere near the required minimum. The third is that the withdrawal in gold of short-term foreign balances that were limited in aggregate would not have threatened the United States with the need to devalue. The benefits of a counterfactual expansionary monetary policy in 1930/31, however, would have been widespread. Had the open market purchase offset the decline in the money multiplier, the stock of money would have been stabilized rather than falling. Instead of banking panics at the end of 1930 and the spring of 1931, the condition of domestic banks would have improved as their reserves rose, and as borrowers would have been able to repay loans. Economic activity would not have declined as much as it did. Instead of the gold inflow that had occurred in 1930/31, a loss of U.S. gold to foreigners would have had desirable effects abroad. Though I take exception to some of Eichengreen's views, there is much to admire in this study. He gives a deft account of why a variety of international monetary regimes has been attractive to different countries since the breakdown of Bretton Woods. Swings in the behavior of their exchange rates have affected their preferences for greater stability or greater flexibility of exchange rate arrangements: managed floating by major industrialized countries, the monetary union project in Western Europe, currency boards in economies in transition, nominal exchange rate pegs that individual LDCs have unilaterally adopted, and a collective peg to the French franc by the Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA). All in all, Eichengreen has provided the necessary historical background for understanding the pedigree of the present diversified international monetary system.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY}, author={Craig, LA}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={618–619} }
 @article{craig_palmquist_weiss_1998, title={Transportation improvements and land values in the antebellum United States: A hedonic approach}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0895-5638"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1007755717900}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF REAL ESTATE FINANCE AND ECONOMICS}, author={Craig, LA and Palmquist, RB and Weiss, T}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={173–189} }
 @article{craig_1995, title={Comments on Brinkley, Costa, and Seltzer: The Old, the Poor, and the Sick in American Economic History}, volume={55}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700041176}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700041176}, abstractNote={Given the topics addressed by the three North American dissertations–old-age and disability pensions by Dora Costa, minimum wages by Andrew Seltzer, and hookworm disease by Garland Brinkley–I have subtitled my comments: “The Old, the Poor, and the Sick in American Economic History.” We observe that these dissertations address the effects of policies aimed at such seemingly inescapable human afflictions as aging, disability, poverty, and disease. Despite this observation, these are not tales of gloom. After all, as the authors themselves inform us, the old and disabled get pensions, the poor get minimum wages, and the sick get healed. So, each dissertation contains something to reassure the Dr. Pangloss–or the Dr. Stigler–in all of us. Here, however, the similarities between them end, with one notable exception–and that is the uniformly high quality of the scholarship they display.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={386–390} }
 @article{craig_1995, title={The Political Economy of Public-Private Compensation Differentials: The Case of Federal Pensions}, volume={55}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700041073}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700041073}, abstractNote={Numerous empirical studies indicate that, as a result of rent-seeking behavior, public-sector workers are overcompensated relative to their private-sector counterparts, with pensions representing part of the difference. I present a history of the Federal Employees Retirement Act of 1920 and show that rent seeking by federal workers cannot explain several features of the act. Instead, I argue that the act represented an optimal incentive contract between Congress and civil service employees in which civil servants accepted mandatory retirement and a compensating wage differential in exchange for the federal pension plan.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={304–320} }
 @misc{craig_1994, title={Entitled to Power: Farm Women and Technology, 1913–1963. By Katherine Jellison. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Pp. xxii, 217. $39.95, cloth; $13.95, paper.}, volume={54}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700014844}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700014844}, abstractNote={work, family, and leisure activities. As in Italy, women contributed to household production. In this era, when daughters were often kept at home, schooling was not a high priority for Italian-American girls, for education was not seen as helpful for future employment. In the political economy of New York, where child labor persisted despite progressive laws, girls found continuing demand for their labor. Cohen compares Italian to Jewish women, suggesting that although the behavior of women in these two groups converged by midcentury, differences shaped by the social context still remained. She finds, for example, that job opportunities drew women of each group into the urban labor force. But Italian women did not participate in community or union activities as did Jewish women, at least not to the same degree. Moreover, southern Italians and eastern European Jews perceived schooling differently, as Jewish families saw education as a way to invest in the future. These comparisons, although provocative, are limited. How, for example, did the old-world experience of rural Jewish women compare with their Italian counterparts? To what degree did religion make a difference? Still, this approach suggests ways in which different groups experienced acculturation in the United States. By the 1930s, falling infant and child mortality rates, a decrease in family size, stricter enforcement of child labor laws, and the broadening of white-collar job opportunities contributed to changing views about education and work for Italian-American families. At decade's end, adolescent girls would more commonly spend their days in the schoolroom instead of the workplace. Within 20 years, second-generation ItalianAmerican girls achieved higher educational achievements than did boys. Cohen argues that this did not reflect individualist aspirations as much as pragmatic realizations about high school as training for clerical work. Cohen uses a variety of sources, including census data, federal and state labor reports, and the records of charitable institutions. Statistical tables on employment, education, and family status, appendices on methodology, and evocative photographs by such photographers as Lewis Hine and Jacob Riis round out the text. Some of the source material suggests the need for wider analysis; for example, the use of two volumes of a yearbook from a single high school leads to some fascinating speculation but is necessarily limited by the lack of a fuller context. On the whole, though, Workshop to Office offers a complex appreciation of the lives of urban immigrants and their families. By examining the social and economic behavior of two generations of the same ethnic group and by pulling together data on immigration, labor, education, and gender, Cohen presents a rich portrait of the impact of family strategies on the lives of these Italian-American women.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={1994}, month={Jun}, pages={474–476} }
 @article{craig_weiss_1993, title={Agricultural Productivity Growth During the Decade of the Civil War}, volume={53}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700013474}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700013474}, abstractNote={New evidence based on census data indicates that output per agricultural worker grew faster between 1860 and 1870 than during any other decade of the nineteenth century. Although this evidence seems to support the traditional view that the Civil War was a catalyst for an increasingly productive agricultural sector, we contend that this apparent robust performance results from a measurement problem that afflicts census-based labor force series. An alternative estimate of labor force performance during the decade reveals the importance of increased labor inputs of women and children, in numbers, effort, and—especially—time.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A. and Weiss, Thomas}, year={1993}, month={Sep}, pages={527–548} }
 @article{craig_fearn_1993, title={Wage Discrimination and Occupational Crowding in a Competitive Industry: Evidence from the American Whaling Industry}, volume={53}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700012419}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700012419}, abstractNote={We test for wage discrimination and occupational crowding in the nineteenthcentury American whaling industry. Although our results indicate little evidence of wage discrimination, we cannot reject the hypothesis that certain groups—specifically blacks and Portuguese–experienced some occupational crowding, though it was by no means complete and the minority-dominated occupations were not low-paying ones. In addition, we find that members of the majority group—white American and Northern European seamen—did accept a negative compensating wage differential for working with members of their own group.}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A. and Fearn, Robert M.}, year={1993}, month={Mar}, pages={123–138} }
 @misc{craig_1992, title={The Political Economy of the Family Farm: The Agrarian Roots of American Capitalism. By Sue Headlee. New York: Praeger, 1991. Pp. xii, 212. $42.95.}, volume={52}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700012134}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700012134}, abstractNote={An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={1992}, month={Dec}, pages={960–961} }
 @article{craig_1991, title={The Value of Household Labor in Antebellum Northern Agriculture}, volume={51}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700038365}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700038365}, abstractNote={This article estimates the contribution of farm household members to agricultural output in the antebellum northern United States. I reject the hypothesis that children contributed more in the least settled regions. The contribution of young children and teenage females was greatest in the Old Northwest; teenage boys made their largest contribution in the Northeast. In the Midwest young males and females performed the same tasks, namely market production and land clearing, but in the Northeast males were more likely to specialize in market production and females in household production.}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={1991}, month={Mar}, pages={67–81} }
 @article{craig_1990, title={Farm Output, Productivity, and Fertility Decline in the Antebellum Northern United States}, volume={50}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002205070003655X}, DOI={10.1017/S002205070003655X}, abstractNote={My dissertation analyzes eighteenth-century domestic textile manufacture in rural Pennsylvania to determine how it contributed to the local economy and whether or not it could meet the colonists' requirements for cloth. 1 The notion of early household self-sufficiency continues to be a strong issue in American historiography. The existence of numerous domestic spinners and weavers, capable of producing sufficient cloth to meet the needs of rural colonists, has been an integral element of that concept. In analyzing pre-factory clothmaking, most scholars have interpreted it as an activity associated primarily with females, with little regional or temporal variation. Despite the existence of several recent studies demonstrating that many early American households did not possess the equipment to be self-sufficient in fabric manufacture, no one has attempted to estimate, ^quantitative terms, the number of local textile and their ability to meet the needs of rural families.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={1990}, month={Jun}, pages={432–434} }
 @misc{craig_1990, title={Fertility Change on the American Frontier: Adaptation and Innovation. By Lee L. Bean, Geraldine P. Mineau, and Douglas L. Anderton. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990, Pp. xiv, 295. $40.00.}, volume={50}, ISSN={0022-0507 1471-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700038195}, DOI={10.1017/S0022050700038195}, abstractNote={To explain the fertility transition experienced by most of the developed countries in the nineteenth century has been an objective of several generations of social scientists. Scholars have employed the paradigms of a number of disciplines to address the many questions posed by the precipitous decline of human fertility. In Fertility Change on the American Frontier Lee Bean, Geraldine Mineau, and Douglas Anderton employ data from the Mormon Historical Demographic Project (MHDP) to analyze the frontier fertility behavior and subsequent fertility transition of the (predominantly Mormon) population in and around nineteenthand early twentieth-century Utah. At the beginning of the chapter describing the collection, organization, and quality of the data, the authors invite readers for whom the results are paramount to skip ahead, but it is the richness of the data that makes this a fascinating volume, and most readers will not want to accept the invitation to pass over this chapter. Many of the results would be difficult if not impossible to extract from less complete data. Still, for all their advantages, it is worth keeping in mind that even these data are limited in the questions they can answer. The authors describe their analysis as "theoretically driven" because they test whether the fertility transition represented "innovation," the adoption of new social norms, or "adaptation," a response to a change in relative prices. They derive three propositions from the literature on the European fertility transition that describe the transition as a process of innovation and diffusion: pretransition fertility was not parity dependent; early fertility limitation was due to truncation not spacing; and fertility control begins with some identifiable subset and then spreads to other groups. The MHDP population was analyzed to see if it displayed the European pattern. Once the transition began, the pattern of broad-based decline in age-specific fertility rates for subsequent birth cohorts is contrary to the innovation-diffusion view that fertility limitation would have started with older women. The birth cohorts are broken down by ethnicity, arrival date, religious commitment, and urbanization. The early cohorts of the American-born women had higher fertility than European-born women, but from the 1860s on, the differences declined. Those who arrived on the frontier as youngsters or early in their childbearing years had higher fertility than others. Families that displayed a relatively strong religious commitment had higher fertility than those with less commitment to the church. Mobile or noncentral geographic families had higher fertility than stable centrally located ones. Despite these differences in fertility levels, all of the groups experienced the fertility transition at roughly the same time. Furthermore, there was little change in the interbirth intervals for given completed family sizes throughout the fertility transition. In other words, the fertility decline experienced by this population was caused by a shift in the proportion of families that desired fewer children, and they obtained fewer children by extending the birth interval at all parities. Based on these and other findings, such as the initial rise in frontier fertility, the authors reject the innovation-diffusion hypothesis as an explanation of the fertility transition experienced by the MHDP population.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Economic History}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Craig, Lee A.}, year={1990}, month={Dec}, pages={987–988} }