@article{gjeltema_degernes_buckanoff_marcellin-little_2018, title={Evaluation of Goniometry and Electrogoniometry of Carpus and Elbow Joints in the Barred Owl (Strix varia)}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/2018-267}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Gjeltema, Jenessa L. and Degernes, Laurel A. and Buckanoff, Halley D. and Marcellin-Little, Denis J.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={267–278} }
 @article{charles-smith_rutledge_meek_baine_massey_ellsaesser_deperno_moorman_degernes_2014, title={Hematologic Parameters and Hemoparasites of Nonmigratory Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) From Greensboro, North Carolina, USA}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/2012-072}, abstractNote={Abstract Large flocks of wild, nonmigratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis) have established permanent residence throughout the eastern United States and have become a public concern. Few studies have assessed the hematologic parameters for these populations, which could provide useful information for monitoring individual and population health of Canada geese. This study measured the hematologic parameters and detected the presence of hemoparasites from 146 wild, nonmigratory Canada geese in central North Carolina, USA, during their annual molt. The age class, sex, and weight of each bird were recorded at capture. Values for packed cell volume (PCV), estimated white blood cell count, white blood cell differentials, and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios were calculated for each bird. Adults and female geese had higher estimated white blood cell counts compared with juveniles and males, respectively. The PCV increased with weight and age class. Adult geese had higher percentages of heterophils and heterophil : lymphocyte ratios, whereas juvenile geese had higher percentages of lymphocytes. Relative eosinophil counts in adults increased with decreasing bird weight, and relative monocyte counts in juveniles increased with increasing weight. Three percent of geese were infected with species of Hemoproteus blood parasites. Atypical lymphocyte morphology, including pseudopods, split nuclei, and cytoplasmic granules, was observed in 5% of the birds. The hematologic values reported for adult and juvenile nonmigratory Canada geese in this study may serve as reference intervals for ecological studies and veterinary care of wild and captive Canada geese.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Charles-Smith, Lauren E. and Rutledge, M. Elizabeth and Meek, Caroline J. and Baine, Katherine and Massey, Elizabeth and Ellsaesser, Laura N. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Degernes, Laurel A.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={16–23} }
 @article{van wettere_ley_scott_buckanoff_degernes_2013, title={Mycoplasma Corogypsi-Associated Polyarthritis and Tenosynovitis in Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1177/0300985812457791}, abstractNote={ Three wild American black vultures ( Coragyps atratus) were presented to rehabilitation centers with swelling of multiple joints, including elbows, stifles, hocks, and carpal joints, and of the gastrocnemius tendons. Cytological examination of the joint fluid exudate indicated heterophilic arthritis. Radiographic examination in 2 vultures demonstrated periarticular soft tissue swelling in both birds and irregular articular surfaces with subchondral bone erosion in both elbows in 1 bird. Prolonged antibiotic therapy administered in 2 birds did not improve the clinical signs. Necropsy and histological examination demonstrated a chronic lymphoplasmacytic arthritis involving multiple joints and gastrocnemius tenosynovitis. Articular lesions varied in severity and ranged from moderate synovitis and cartilage erosion and fibrillation to severe synovitis, diffuse cartilage ulceration, subchondral bone loss and/or sclerosis, pannus, synovial cysts, and epiphyseal osteomyelitis. No walled bacteria were observed or isolated from the joints. However, mycoplasmas polymerase chain reactions were positive in at least 1 affected joint from each bird. Mycoplasmas were isolated from joints of 1 vulture that did not receive antibiotic therapy. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons from joint samples and the mycoplasma isolate identified Mycoplasma corogypsi in 2 vultures and was suggestive in the third vulture. Mycoplasma corogypsi identification was confirmed by sequencing the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region of mycoplasma isolates. This report provides further evidence that M. corogypsi is a likely cause of arthritis and tenosynovitis in American black vultures. Cases of arthritis and tenosynovitis in New World vultures should be investigated for presence of Mycoplasma spp, especially M. corogypsi. }, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Van Wettere, A. J. and Ley, D. H. and Scott, D. E. and Buckanoff, H. D. and Degernes, L. A.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={291–298} }
 @article{degernes_wolf_zombeck_maclean_de voe_2012, title={VENTRICULAR DIVERTICULA FORMATION IN CAPTIVE PARAKEET AUKLETS (AETHIA PSITTACULA) SECONDARY TO FOREIGN BODY INGESTION}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0219r.1}, abstractNote={A captive parakeet auklet at the North Carolina Zoo evaluated for weight loss, lethargy, and dyspnea had radiographic evidence of a distended, stone-filled ventriculus (bird 1). Multiple stones (n = 76) were removed surgically, but the bird died and a large ventricular diverticulum was diagnosed at necropsy. This bird and seven other parakeet auklets had been transferred 3 yr earlier from a zoo in Ohio. Radiographic investigation revealed that 6 of 7 Ohio birds had stones in their ventriculus (n= 2-26), but only 1 of 7 radiographed North Carolina Zoo auklets had one small stone. Further diagnostic imaging (survey and contrast radiographs, fluoroscopy, CT scans [n = 2]) of six Ohio and two North Carolina birds was conducted to determine if other birds had ventricular abnormalities (birds 2-9). No ventricular diverticula were diagnosed using imaging techniques, although two Ohio birds (birds 6 and 7) required surgical intervention to remove 12-26 stones. A small ventricular diverticulum was identified in bird 6 during surgery. That bird died of unrelated causes 11 mo after surgery, but bird 7 remains clinically normal more than 4 yr later, along with four other auklets with stones (n = 2-15; birds 2-5). It is possible that without surgical intervention, these birds may develop ventricular disease, presumably due to chronic mechanical trauma to the thin-walled ventriculus. It was hypothesized that the Ohio birds ingested stones in their previous exhibit, with a loose stone substrate, and retained them for at least 3 yr. Possible causes for stone ingestion include trituration (for grinding, mixing coarse ingesta), gastric parasite reduction, hunger suppression, accidental ingestion while feeding, or behavioral causes, but the underlying cause in these birds was not determined. Based on these results, parakeet auklets and other alcids should not be housed, or at least fed, on a loose stone substrate.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Degernes, Laurel A. and Wolf, Karen N. and Zombeck, Debbie J. and MacLean, Robert A. and De Voe, Ryan S.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={889–897} }
 @article{degernes_lynch_shivaprasad_2011, title={Degenerative joint disease in captive waterfowl}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0307-9457"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2010.541421}, abstractNote={A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate degenerative joint disease (DJD) in captive waterfowl that died or were euthanized at Fresno's Chaffee Zoo in Fresno, California, USA from 2001 to 2005. Of these, 16 out of 33 birds (48%) had DJD in one or both stifle (femoral–tibiotarsal joint; n = 13), hock (tibiotarsal–tarsometatarsal joint; n = 4), or toe joints (n = 2), based on gross, histologic and/or radiographic confirmation. No joint disease was observed in any wings, nor were any infectious pathogens isolated from affected joints. Sixteen species of waterfowl were included (n = 1 to 5 per species), with an average age at death of 12.1 years and 11.3 years for waterfowl with, and without DJD, respectively. Neither age nor sex was associated with the presence of joint disease. Waterfowl housed in the Rainforest exhibit were more likely to be diagnosed with DJD compared with waterfowl housed in the duck pond exhibit, possibly due to the rough-textured concrete surfaces in the Rainforest exhibit. Further research involving a larger number of zoological collections and birds is necessary to gain a better understanding of risk factors in captive waterfowl.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Lynch, P. S. and Shivaprasad, H. L.}, year={2011}, pages={103–110} }
 @article{van wettere_degernes_barnes_2010, title={Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma in a lesser flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor)}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2010.493553}, abstractNote={A case of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (CHCC) in an adult male lesser flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) that was part of a breeding programme at a private facility is reported. Grossly, the liver was markedly enlarged with multifocal, well-circumscribed, pinpoint to 2 cm diameter pale tan nodular masses. Histologically, the hepatic parenchyma was replaced by neoplastic cells that demonstrated hepatocellular and, less frequently, biliary epithelial cell differentiation. Positive pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3/PCK26) immunolabelling of the neoplastic cells forming bile ducts with the scattered immunoreactivity of cells forming glandular structures within the areas of hepatocellular differentiation supported the diagnosis. No metastases were detected. CHCC is a rare neoplasm in mammals and birds. This is the first report where gross, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of CHCC in a bird are described, and the first report of CHCC in a lesser flamingo.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Van Wettere, A. J. and Degernes, L. A. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2010}, pages={275–278} }
 @article{tolbert_bissett_king_davidson_papich_peters_degernes_2010, title={Efficacy of Oral Famotidine and 2 Omeprazole Formulations for the Control of Intragastric pH in Dogs}, volume={25}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0651.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0651.x}, abstractNote={Background:  Little is known about the efficacy of commonly used acid suppressants on intragastric pH in dogs.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Tolbert, K. and Bissett, S. and King, A. and Davidson, G. and Papich, M. and Peters, E. and Degernes, L.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={47–54} }
 @article{bissett_davis_subler_degernes_2009, title={Risk factors and outcome of bougienage for treatment of benign esophageal strictures in dogs and cats: 28 cases (1995-2004)}, volume={235}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.235.7.844}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Bissett, Sally A. and Davis, Julianne and Subler, Katie and Degernes, Laurel A.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={844–850} }
 @article{chinnadurai_spodnick_degernes_devoe_marcellin-little_2009, title={Use of an Extracapsular Stabilization Technique to Repair Cruciate Ligament Ruptures in Two Avian Species}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1082-6742"]}, DOI={10.1647/1082-6742-23.4.307}, abstractNote={Abstract An extracapsular stabilization technique was used to repair cruciate ligament ruptures in a trumpeter hornbill (Bycanistes bucinator) and an African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). The hornbill demonstrated cranial drawer motion and severe rotational instability of the stifle from ruptures of the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments and stifle joint capsule. The luxation was reduced, and the fibula was cranially transposed, in relation to the tibiotarsus, and anchored with 2 positive profile threaded acrylic pins. A lateral extracapsular stabilization was then performed. The African grey parrot had a traumatic stifle luxation, and an open reduction and a lateral extracapsular stabilization were performed. Both birds regained function of the affected leg by 1 month after surgery. Extracapsular stabilization allows motion of the stifle joint to be maintained during the postoperative recovery period, an advantage over rigid stabilization. Maintaining motion in the stifle joint facilitates physical therapy and can aid in full recovery after avian stifle injuries.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Spodnick, Gary and Degernes, Laurel and DeVoe, Ryan S. and Marcellin-Little, Denis J.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={307–313} }
 @article{degernes_2008, title={Anesthesia for companion birds}, volume={30}, number={10}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Degernes, L. A.}, year={2008}, pages={E1–11} }
 @article{degernes_2008, title={Waterfowl toxicology: a review}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvex.2007.12.001}, abstractNote={Waterfowl populations may serve as sentinel species for natural and anthropogenic toxicologic problems in the environment. Unfortunately, many toxins cause nonspecific clinical signs, acute mortality, and subtle or no pathologic changes, making toxicologic investigations extremely difficult. The purpose of this article is to review important waterfowl toxins, including heavy metals, pesticides, botulism, mycotoxins, algal toxins, and petroleum oil. When applicable, clinical signs, diagnosis, pathologic findings, and treatment are discussed. Although most of the information in the literature is based on wild waterfowl populations or experimental toxicologic investigations, the information is also applicable to captive waterfowl populations.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice}, author={Degernes, L. A.}, year={2008}, pages={283–300} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_lynch_shivaprasad_2007, title={Degenerative joint disease in captive waterfowl}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. and Lynch, S. and Shivaprasad, H. L.}, year={2007}, pages={99–100} }
 @article{bissett_drobatz_mcknight_degernes_2007, title={Prevalence and features of canine epistaxis: 176 cases (1996-2001)}, volume={12}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Bissett, S. A. and Drobatz, K. J. and McKnight, A. and Degernes, L. A.}, year={2007}, pages={638} }
 @article{bissett_drobatz_mcknight_degernes_2007, title={Prevalence, clinical features, and causes of epistaxis in dogs: 176 cases (1996-2001)}, volume={231}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.231.12.1843}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Bissett, Sally A. and Drobatz, Kenneth J. and McKnight, Alexia and Degernes, Laurel A.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={1843–1850} }
 @inproceedings{wolf_degernes_troan_zombeck_reininger_de voe_2007, title={Ventricular diverticula formation in captive parakeet auklets (Aethia psittacula) secondary to foreign body ingestion.}, volume={4}, booktitle={Fourth Crissey Zoological Nutrition Symposium}, author={Wolf, K. and Degernes, L. and Troan, B. and Zombeck, D. and Reininger, K. and De Voe, R.}, year={2007}, pages={49} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_de voe_zombeck_wolf_maclean_2007, title={Ventricular dysplasia in captive parakeet auklets (Aethia psittacula)}, volume={9}, booktitle={Proceedings 9th European Association of Avian Veterinarians Conference}, author={Degernes, L. and De Voe, R. and Zombeck, D. and Wolf, K. and MacLean, R.}, year={2007}, pages={322–326} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_de voe_wolf_zombeck_maclean_2007, title={Ventricular pathology in a zoological collection of parakeet auklets}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. and De Voe, R. and Wolf, K. and Zombeck, D. and MacLean, R.}, year={2007}, pages={69–71} }
 @inproceedings{wolf_de voe_degernes_maclean_zombeck_reininger_2007, title={Ventriculotomy and post-surgical management of ventricular diverticula in captive parakeet auklets (Aethia psittacula)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Joint Conference of AAZV, AAWV, AZA/NAG}, author={Wolf, K. and De Voe, R. and Degernes, L. and MacLean, R. and Zombeck, D. and Reininger, K.}, year={2007}, pages={170} }
 @article{degernes_2007, title={Veterinary contributions to wildlife biology: Participation in avian field studies in Alaska}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1647/1082-6742(2007)21[63:VCTWBP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This report describes the author's experiences in participating in avian research during 3 field seasons in remote areas in Prince William Sound (PWS), located in south-central Alaska. Veterinary support was needed to biopsy the livers of nestling and adult pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) and adult black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani). These surgeries were part of larger research studies investigating guillemot and oystercatcher populations and possible continued exposure to residual crude oil in the marine environment after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in PWS in 1989.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Degernes, L. A.}, year={2007}, pages={63–68} }
 @article{degernes_nettifee osborne_2006, title={A Model for Teaching Raptor Medicine in the Veterinary Curriculum}, volume={33}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.33.3.365}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.33.3.365}, abstractNote={ Injured or sick wild avian species, especially raptors (birds of prey, including hawks, owls, falcons, and eagles), can present different challenges to veterinary students and veterinarians who are trained in companion avian medicine (e.g., parrot medicine). Proper capture and restraint, feeding, housing, and certain diagnostic and treatment techniques involving raptors require different skills, knowledge, and resources than working with parrots. We developed an innovative raptor medicine program that enables students to acquire proficiency in safe capture, restraint, and examination techniques and in common diagnostic and treatment procedures. A self-assessment survey was developed to determine students’ confidence and proficiency in 10 procedures taught in the lab. Groups were compared by class status (Year 1 vs. Year 2 and 3) and level of prior raptor experience (non-experienced or experienced). In surveys conducted before and after teaching two sets of raptor training labs, students rated themselves significantly more proficient in all 10 diagnostic and treatment procedures after completing the two raptor laboratories. The greatest improvements were observed in technical skill procedures such as fluid administration, intramuscular injections, cloacal swabs, venipuncture, and bandaging. Our approach to incorporating elective wildlife learning experiences into the veterinary curriculum may be replicable in other veterinary schools, with or without a wildlife rehabilitation program. }, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Degernes, Laurel A. and Nettifee Osborne, Julie A.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={365–372} }
 @article{degernes_heilman_trogdon_jordan_davison_kraege_correa_cowen_2006, title={Epidemiologic investigation of lead poisoning in trumpeter and tundra swans in Washington State, USA, 2000-2002}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-42.2.345}, abstractNote={An observational study was conducted to determine the proportionate mortality of wild trumpeter (Cygnus buccinator) and tundra (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) swans that died during the winters of 2000–02 in northwestern Washington State, USA. Among 400 swans necropsied, 81% were lead poisoned (302/365 trumpeter swans; 20/35 tundra swans). Mortality started in mid-November and peaked from late December through mid-February; swan mortality that was not associated with lead poisoning was uniformly lower throughout the winter months. Lead poisoning was 24 times more likely to be the cause of death in swans found in Whatcom County compared to swans found in other locations in northwestern Washington State (95% CI: 12.7, 47.0). Mortality attributable to lead poisoning was twice as likely in adults as in juveniles (95% CI: 1.0, 4.2). Aspergillosis was documented in 62 trumpeter and two tundra swans, including 37 swans in which mortality was caused by lead poisoning. Males were twice as likely as females to have aspergillosis (95% CI: 1.1, 3.8). Traumatic injuries were documented in 37 trumpeter and seven tundra swans, including seven trumpeter swans with concurrent lead poisoning. Dead swans found outside Whatcom County were four times more likely to have traumatic injuries compared to those found in Whatcom County (95% CI: 1.6, 10.0). Overall, lead-poisoned swans were significantly less likely to have concurrent aspergillosis or traumatic injuries. There was no apparent association between grit ingestion (total mass or mass categorized by size) and lead poisoning or number of lead shot. Not surprisingly, lead-poisoned swans were more likely to have one or more lead shot compared to swans that died from other causes (OR 294; 95% CI: 92, 1,005); lead-poisoned swans were also more likely to have one or more nontoxic shot compared to swans that were not poisoned (OR 63; 95% CI: 19, 318). The source(s) of shot are unknown but likely are in or near Whatcom County, Washington.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Degernes, Laurel and Heilman, Sarah and Trogdon, Maureen and Jordan, Martha and Davison, Mike and Kraege, Don and Correa, Maria and Cowen, Peter}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={345–358} }
 @article{souza_degernes_2005, title={Mortality due to aspergillosis in wild swans in northwest Washington State, 2000-02}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/2004-001}, abstractNote={Abstract During the winters of 2000–01 and 2001–02, 400 trumpeter (Cygnus buccinator; n = 365) and tundra (Cygnus columbianus columbianus; n = 35) swans died in northwest Washington State. The carcasses were collected and frozen for necropsy, completed in May 2001 (n = 172) and May 2002 (n = 228). Although most swans died of lead poisoning, 64 (16%) swans had gross pathologic lesions consistent with aspergillosis (trumpeter swan, n = 62; tundra swan, n = 2). Mild fungal infections consisted of small, nonobstructive lesions in the air sacs, trachea, or lungs, with lesions isolated to 1 area. Severe fungal infections consisted of large, extensive infiltrating lesions in the respiratory tract, with 68% of lesions in more than 1 area (lungs, air sacs, or trachea) and many with complete fibrinous casts within air sacs or trachea. Male swans were twice as likely as females to have fungal lesions, although there was no difference in the ratio of males and females with mild or severe infections. Juvenile swans (<1 year of age) were twice as likely as adults and subadults to have fungal lesions and were also more likely to develop severe versus mild aspergillosis infections (n = 19, n = 1, respectively). Although the number of swans with concurrent lead poisoning and aspergillosis was nearly 30% higher than that of swans with aspergillosis only, when compared with the total number of swans submitted for necropsy, swans with lead poisoning were 75% less likely to have fungal lesions than non-lead–poisoned swans, possibly because of rapid death from lead poisoning.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Souza, MJ and Degernes, LA}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={98–106} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_2005, title={Wild swan mortality in Washington State}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L.}, year={2005}, pages={95–96} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_2004, title={Avian rehabilitation and physical therapy}, volume={3}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy in Veterinary Medicine}, author={Degernes, L.}, year={2004}, pages={287–290} }
 @article{souza_fields_degernes_2004, title={Thoracic and pelvic limb fracture and luxation management in raptors: a five year retrospective study}, volume={27}, number={3-4}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation}, author={Souza, M. J. and Fields, E. L. and Degernes, L. A.}, year={2004}, pages={5–13} }
 @inproceedings{souza_degernes_2003, title={Aspergillosis in swans}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Souza, M. J. and Degernes, L. A.}, year={2003}, pages={173–174} }
 @inproceedings{souza_degernes_2003, title={Aspergillosis in trumpeter and tundra swans}, number={21}, booktitle={Proceedings from the 21st NWRA Symposium}, author={Souza, M. J. and Degernes, L. A.}, year={2003}, pages={104–105} }
 @article{de voe_degernes_karli_2003, title={Dysplastic koilin causing proventricular obstruction in an eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/1082-6742(2003)017[0027:DKCPOI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A 7-year-old male eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) was presented for evaluation of acute onset of dyspnea, tachypnea, and lethargy. Proventricular dilatation was observed on survey radiographs. Contrast fluoroscopic examination revealed decreased gastrointestinal motility and retention of contrast material in the proventriculus. Despite supportive care, the bird died. At necropsy, a tubular diverticulum of the ventriculus extended orad into the proventriculus. This diverticulum caused almost complete obstruction of proventricular outflow. No inflammation, infectious organisms, or neoplasia were associated with the lesion. The cause of the ventricular diverticulum in this parrot is unknown.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={De Voe, R and Degernes, L and Karli, K}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={27–32} }
 @inproceedings{de voe_flammer_degernes_burkhard_2002, title={Blood lactate: potential applications in avian medicine}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={De Voe, R. and Flammer, K. and Degernes, L. and Burkhard, M. J.}, year={2002}, pages={19–22} }
 @inproceedings{de voe_degernes_karli_2002, title={Dysplastic koilin causing obstruction in an eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus)}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={De Voe, R. and Degernes, L. and Karli, K.}, year={2002}, pages={107–109} }
 @article{blanchard_degernes_dewolf_garlich_2002, title={Intermittent biotelemetric monitoring of electrocardiograms and temperature in male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.6.887}, abstractNote={Biotelemetry was used to acquire electrocardiograms (ECG) and temperature measurements in a study of male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome (SDS), a fatal condition that may have underlying cardiovascular mechanisms. Day-old (Day 1) Arbor Acres x Arbor Acres male chicks were randomly assigned to two different diets: control (Diet A) and one that contained elements that contribute to SDS (Diet B). The heaviest birds in each group on Day 13 underwent surgery on Day 15 to have transmitters with temperature sensors and ECG electrodes implanted. After surgery, three controls and three implanted birds from each diet group were kept in individual cages and exposed to 23 h of light and 1 h of darkness during each 24-h cycle. Implantation did not affect weight gain between Days 13 and 22 (P = 0.396). Temperature measurements and 1-min ECG were taken every 15 min. Heart rate and heart rate variability were measured from three 2-s segments in two dark and two light period samples during Days 17 to 19. Diet B decreased weight gain (P = 0.045), lowered heart rate (P < 0.0001), and increased internal temperature (P < 0.0001). Heart rate variability was lower during dark versus light periods (P = 0.004), which indicates that the birds rested during the dark periods, but was not affected by diet (P = 0.651). Thus, biotelemetry provided a useful method for intermittent physiological monitoring of poultry on different diets and under changing environmental conditions.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Blanchard, SM and Degernes, LA and DeWolf, DK and Garlich, JD}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={887–891} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_kittelson_linck_manthey_2002, title={Retrospective assessment of breeding success in trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) after treatment for lead toxicosis}, volume={4}, booktitle={Proceedings, 4th International Swan Symposium}, author={Degernes, L. and Kittelson, S. and Linck, M. and Manthey, P.}, year={2002} }
 @article{degernes_kittelson_linck_manthey_2002, title={Survival and reproductive success of trumpeter swans after treatment for lead poisoning}, volume={25}, number={Spec. Pub. 1}, journal={Waterbirds}, author={Degernes, L. and Kittelson, S. and Linck, M. and Manthey, P.}, year={2002}, pages={368–374} }
 @article{edling_degernes_flammer_horne_2001, title={Capnographic monitoring of anesthetized African grey parrots receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation}, volume={219}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.1714}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Edling, TM and Degernes, LA and Flammer, K and Horne, VA}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={1714–1718} }
 @article{degernes_feduccia_2001, title={Tenectomy of the supracoracoideus muscle to deflight pigeons (Columba livia) and cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1082-6742"]}, DOI={10.1647/1082-6742(2001)015[0010:TOTSMT]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Most of the methods used to deflight birds have one or more disadvantages, including impermanence, poor cosmetic appearance, or impairment of breeding function. We hypothesized that transection of the tendon of the supracoracoideus muscle at its insertion on the proximal humerus would impair a bird's ability to raise the affected wing and thus result in flightlessness. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of unilateral or bilateral surgical tenectomy of the supracoracoideus muscle in deflighting cockatiels and pigeons. Six pigeons (Columba livia) and 9 cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) were included in the study. Three cockatiels were included in a sham group, and 3 birds of each species were included in a unilateral or bilateral tenectomy group. The birds in the sham group did not have flight difficulties at any time after surgery. Three cockatiels and 1 pigeon in the unilateral tenectomy group were flying within 3–6 weeks, respectively, after surgery. A ligament instead of a tendon was inadvertently transected in 2 of the pigeons in the unilateral group. These pigeons were able to fly the day after surgery. We did not euthanize these birds to confirm this suspicion. In the bilateral tenectomy groups, 1 of 2 cockatiels and 2 of 3 pigeons were eventually able to fly short distances within 4 to 6 months after surgery. In the same groups, 1 cockatiel died several hours after surgery and 1 pigeon was euthanized 6 weeks after surgery. The pigeon never regained its ability to right itself when placed on its back. Gross necropsies in both birds confirmed that the tendons of the supracoracoideous muscles had been transected. None of the birds undergoing unilateral or bilateral tenectomy had normal dorsal extension of the affected wing, but each was able to fly well enough to escape if taken outdoors. We concluded that neither unilateral nor bilateral supracoracoideus tenectomy is an effective technique for deflighting cockatiels or pigeons.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Degernes, LA and Feduccia, A}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={10–16} }
 @article{degernes_crosier_harrison_dennis_diaz_1999, title={Autologous, homologous, and heterologous red blood cell transfusions in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)}, volume={13}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Crosier, M. L. and Harrison, L. D. and Dennis, P. M. and Diaz, D. E.}, year={1999}, pages={2–9} }
 @article{degernes_harrison_smith_newton_ross_diaz_1999, title={Autologous, homologous, and heterologous red blood cell transfusions in conures of the genus Aratinga}, volume={13}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Harrison, L. D. and Smith, D. W. and Newton, H. M. and Ross, C. E. and Diaz, D. E.}, year={1999}, pages={10–14} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_fisher_trogdon_1999, title={Gastrointestinal scintigraphy in Psittacines}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Fisher, P. E. and Trogdon, M.}, year={1999}, pages={93–94} }
 @article{degernes_harrison_smith_newton_ross_diaz_1999, title={Homologous and heterologous red blood cell transfusions within the genus Aratinga}, volume={13}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Harrison, L. D. and Smith, D. W. and Newton, H. and Ross, C. E. and Diaz, D. E.}, year={1999}, pages={10–14} }
 @article{powers_merrill_degernes_miller_latimer_barnes_1998, title={Axillary cystadenocarcinoma in a Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592495}, abstractNote={An adult Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) was diagnosed with a cystadenocarcinoma in the right axillary region that was treated symptomatically with surgical debulking and periodic drainage. The bird eventually died and a necropsy was performed. The neoplasm extended through the humerus, and small neoplastic foci were seen within the ipsilateral lung parenchyma. Rare groupings of microvilli were observed lining intercellular canalicular lumens on electron microscopy within the axillary tumor. These findings suggest a respiratory neoplasm, although the tissue of origin remained undetermined.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Powers, LV and Merrill, CL and Degernes, LA and Miller, R and Latimer, KS and Barnes, HJ}, year={1998}, pages={408–412} }
 @article{degernes_roe_abrams_1998, title={Holding power of different pin designs and pin insertion methods in avian cortical bone}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00131.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To measure pullout strength of four pin types in avian humeri and tibiotarsi bones and to compare slow‐speed power and hand insertion methods.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Degernes, LA and Roe, SC and Abrams, CF}, year={1998}, pages={301–306} }
 @article{degernes_trasti_healy_spaulding_flammer_romagnano_1998, title={Multicystic biliary adenocarcinoma in a blue-and-gold macaw (Ara ararauna)}, volume={12}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Trasti, S. and Healy, L. N. and Spaulding, K. A. and Flammer, K. and Romagnano, A.}, year={1998}, pages={100–107} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_roe_1997, title={Biomechanical studies in avian orthopedics}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Roe, S. C.}, year={1997}, pages={129–130} }
 @article{ley_stoskopf_miller_welte_berkhoff_degernes_fleming_1997, title={Evaluation of treatment of conjunctivitis associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Ley, D. H. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Miller, E. N. and Welte, S. C. and Berkhoff, J. E. and Degernes, L. A. and Fleming, W. J.}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={20–24} }
 @article{ritchey_degernes_brown_1997, title={Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a yellow-naped Amazon (Amazona ochrocephala) with pancreatic adenocarcinoma}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0300-9858"]}, DOI={10.1177/030098589703400111}, abstractNote={ This report describes exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a yellow-naped Amazon ( Amazona ochrocephala) with complete effacement of the pancreas by a pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The bird presented with a 3-month history of weight loss and voluminous, foul-smelling droppings. Clinically, routine hematologic findings were normal and fecal tests were performed to evaluate exocrine pancreatic function. The fecal function tests were positive for neutral and split fats and negative for trypsin. Oral administration of corn oil did not result in elevation of blood triglyceride levels. Two days later, the triglyceride tolerance test was repeated using corn oil mixed with pancreatic enzymes. This time, there was a 70% elevation of blood triglyceride levels. Because of a poor prognosis, the bird was euthanatized. At necropsy, the pancreas was diffusely enlarged, white, nodular, and firm. The liver contained multiple, 1-2-mm-diameter, randomly located, tan nodules. Microscopically, the pancreas was effaced by numerous lobules of neoplastic ductular structures surrounded by abundant fibrous connective tissue. In the liver, the hepatic parenchyma was replaced by multiple, well-demarcated, nonencapsulated foci of neoplastic tissue similar to that in the pancreas. }, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Ritchey, JW and Degernes, LA and Brown, TT}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={55–57} }
 @article{blanchard_dewolf_ekwueme okoli_degernes_garlich_1997, title={Heart rate and heart rate variability in male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome}, volume={25}, number={1}, journal={Annals of Biomedical Engineering}, author={Blanchard, S. M. and Dewolf, D. K. and Ekwueme Okoli, T. C. and Degernes, L. A. and Garlich, J. D.}, year={1997}, pages={S-63} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_crosier_harrison_smith_dennis_gebhard_1997, title={Investigation of homologous and heterologous avian blood transfusions}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Crosier, M. and Harrison, L. D. and Smith, D. W. and Dennis, P. and Gebhard, D.}, year={1997}, pages={227–278} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_love_laughery_1996, title={Review of radiographic changes associated with proventricular dilation disease}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Love, N. E. and Laughery, M. C.}, year={1996}, pages={209–210} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_davidson_barnes_whitt_1995, title={A preliminary report on intraosseous total parenteral nutrition in birds.}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Davidson, G. F. and Barnes, H. J. and Whitt, D.}, year={1995}, pages={25–26} }
 @article{degernes_1995, title={Toxicities in waterfowl}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1016/s1055-937x(05)80005-2}, abstractNote={Waterfowl populations may serve as sentinel species for natural and man-made toxicological problems in the environment. Many toxins cause nonspecific clinical signs, acute mortality, and subtle or no pathological changes, which make toxicological investigations extremely difficult. The purpose of this report is to review the most common toxins causing problems in waterfowl populations, including heavy metals, pesticides, botulism, mycotoxins, algal toxins, and petroleum oil. Where applicable, clinical signs, diagnosis, pathology, and treatment will be discussed. Although most of the information in the literature is based on wild waterfowl populations or experimental toxicological investigations, the information is also applicable to captively managed waterfowl population.}, number={1}, journal={Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine}, author={Degernes, L. A.}, year={1995}, pages={15–22} }
 @inproceedings{romagnano_hill_mashima_sullivan_degernes_1995, title={Unilateral conjunctival cysts in an African grey parrot}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Romagnano, A. and Hill, G. D. and Mashima, T. Y. and Sullivan, T. C. and Degernes, L.}, year={1995}, pages={357–358} }
 @article{degernes_1994, title={ABDOMINAL-MASS DUE TO CHRONIC SALPINGITIS IN AN AFRICAN GRAY PARROT (PSITTACUS-ERITHACUS)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1994.tb00173.x}, abstractNote={An adult female African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) was referred with a two year history of intermittent illness and a recently palpated abdominal mass. Hematologic and microbiologic laboratory results on presentation were non‐diagnostic. In survey and barium sulfate contrast radiographs there was a large soft tissue mass in the abdominal cavity displacing the proventriculus craniodorsally, and the ventriculus and small intestines cranially. Euthanasia was elected after exploratory laparotomy revealed extensive peritonitis and intestinal adhesions in the coelomic cavity. At necropsy, a 3.5 cm diameter mass was removed from the left oviduct. The histopathologic diagnosis was chronic salpingitis with intraluminal mass, and serositis of many abdominal organs. The oviduct mass consisted of concentric layers of egg yolk and inflammatory cell debris.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={DEGERNES, LA}, year={1994}, pages={24–28} }
 @article{degernes_davidson_flammer_kolmstetter_munger_1994, title={Administration of total parenteral nutrition in pigeons}, volume={55}, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Degernes, L. and Davidson, G. and Flammer, K. and Kolmstetter, C. and Munger, L.}, year={1994}, pages={660–665} }
 @inbook{degernes_1994, title={Trauma medicine}, booktitle={Principles and applications}, author={Degernes, L. A.}, year={1994}, pages={417–433} }
 @inbook{burtnick_degernes_1993, title={Electrocardiography on fifty-nine anesthetized convalescing raptors}, booktitle={Raptor biomedicine}, author={Burtnick, N. L. and Degernes, L. A.}, year={1993}, pages={111–121} }
 @inbook{kreeger_degernes_kreeger_redig_1993, title={Immobilization of raptors with tiletamine and zolazepam (Telazol)}, booktitle={Raptor biomedicine}, author={Kreeger, T. J. and Degernes, L. A. and Kreeger, J. S. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1993}, pages={141–144} }
 @inbook{chaplin_mueller_degernes_1993, title={Physiological assessment of flight conditioning of rehabilitated raptors}, booktitle={Raptor biomedicine}, author={Chaplin, S. B. and Mueller, L. R. and Degernes, L. A.}, year={1993}, pages={167–173} }
 @inbook{degernes_lind_redig_1993, title={Raptor orthopedics using methyl methacrylate and polypropylene rods}, booktitle={Raptor biomedicine}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Lind, P. J. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1993}, pages={122–127} }
 @inbook{degernes_redig_1993, title={Soft-tissue wound management in avian patients}, booktitle={Raptor biomedicine}, author={Degernes, L. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1993}, pages={174–179} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_1992, title={Chronic oviduct obstruction and salpingitis in an African grey parrot}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A.}, year={1992}, pages={156–157} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_davidson_kolmstetter_flammer_munger_1992, title={Preliminary report on the use of total parenteral nutrition in birds}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Davidson, G. S. and Kolmstetter, C. and Flammer, K. and Munger, L.}, year={1992}, pages={19–20} }
 @article{degernes_frank_k._1991, title={Causes of mortality in trumpeter swans Cygnus buccinator in Minnesota 1986-1989}, volume={Supp. 1}, journal={Wildfowl}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Frank, R and K.}, year={1991}, pages={352–355} }
 @inbook{degernes_talbot_mueller_1991, title={Prevention and treatment of bumblefoot in raptors}, volume={9}, booktitle={Wildlife rehabilitation v. 9}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Talbot, B. J. and Mueller, L. R.}, year={1991}, pages={73–78} }
 @article{degernes_1991, title={Treatment of lead poisoning in trumpeter swans Cygnus buccinator}, volume={Supp. 1}, journal={Wildfowl}, author={Degernes, L. A.}, year={1991}, pages={396–397} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_redig_1990, title={Soft tissue wound management in avian patients}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1990}, pages={182–190} }
 @inbook{degernes_redig_freeman_1990, title={Treatment of lead poisoning in trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator)}, volume={8}, booktitle={Wildlife rehabilitation v. 8}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Redig, P. T. and Freeman, M. L.}, year={1990}, pages={15–20} }
 @article{lind_degernes_olson_redig_1989, title={Bone cement/polypropylene rod orthopedic technique}, volume={3}, DOI={10.2307/27670893}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Lind, P. J. and Degernes, L. A. and Olson, D. E. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1989}, pages={203–205} }
 @article{degernes_lind_olson_redig_1989, title={Evaluating avian fractures for use of methyl methacrylate orthopedic technique}, volume={3}, DOI={10.2307/30134902}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Lind, P. J. and Olson, D. E. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1989}, pages={64–67} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_frank_freeman_redig_1989, title={Lead poisoning in trumpeter swans}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Frank, R. K. and Freeman, M. L. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1989}, pages={144–155} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_freeman_redig_1989, title={Lead poisoning in trumpeter swans Cygnus buccinator}, volume={3}, booktitle={Proceedings, Third International Swan Symposium}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Freeman, M. L. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1989} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_lind_1989, title={Methyl methacrylate bone cement in avian orthopedics}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Lind, P. J.}, year={1989}, pages={268–273} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_freeman_redig_1989, title={Minnesota trumpeter swan mortality 1986-1989}, volume={3}, booktitle={Proceedings, Third International Swan Symposium}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Freeman, M. L. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1989} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_frank_1989, title={Minnesota trumpeter swan mortality, January 1988-June 1989}, volume={12}, booktitle={Proceedings and Papers Twelfth Trumpeter Swan Society Conference}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Frank, R. K.}, year={1989}, pages={111–113} }
 @article{chaplin_mueller_degernes_1989, title={Physiological assessment of rehabilitated raptors prior to release}, volume={12}, number={7-8}, journal={Wildlife Journal}, author={Chaplin, S. B. and Mueller, L. and Degernes, L.}, year={1989}, pages={17–18} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_1989, title={The Minnesota trumpeter swan lead poisoning crisis of 1988-89}, volume={12}, booktitle={Proceedings and Papers Twelfth Trumpeter Swan Society Conference}, author={Degernes, L. A.}, year={1989}, pages={114–118} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_redig_1988, title={Diagnosis and treatment of aspergillosis in trumpeter swans}, volume={11}, booktitle={Proceedings and papers Eleventh Trumpeter Swan Society Conference}, author={Degernes, L. and Redig, P.}, year={1988}, pages={159–161} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_redig_1988, title={Diagnosis and treatment of lead poisoning in trumpeter swans}, volume={11}, booktitle={Proceedings and papers Eleventh Trumpeter Swan Society Conference}, author={Degernes, L. and Redig, P.}, year={1988}, pages={153–158} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_frank_redig_1988, title={Experimental herpesvirus infection in raptors}, booktitle={Proceedings, International Symposium on the Status of Biomedical Research on Raptors}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Frank, R. K. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_lind_redig_1988, title={Fracture repair in raptors with acrylic bone cement & polypropylene shuttle pins}, booktitle={Proceedings, International Symposium on the Status of Biomedical Research on Raptors}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Lind, P. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1988} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_redig_1988, title={Hematological and parasitological survey of captive Minnesota trumpeter swans}, volume={11}, booktitle={Proceedings and papers Eleventh Trumpeter Swan Society Conference}, author={Degernes, L. and Redig, P.}, year={1988}, pages={144–147} }
 @article{degernes_kreeger_mandsager_redig_1988, title={KETAMINE-XYLAZINE ANESTHESIA IN RED-TAILED HAWKS WITH ANTAGONISM BY YOHIMBINE}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-24.2.322}, abstractNote={Five red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) were anesthetized at weekly intervals with intravenous ketamine hydrochloride (KET, 4.4 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (XYL, 2.2 mg/kg). Twenty min after anesthesia, yohimbine hydrochloride (YOH, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 mg/kg) or a control was administered. All doses of YOH significantly reduced the head-up times (F = 20.84, df = 1,24, P < 0.0001) and the standing times (F = 12.30, df = 1.24, P < 0.0001), compared to the control group. The heart and respiratory rates following YOH (all doses) were significantly greater (P < 0.01) than the anesthetized rates, but were comparable to the rates observed in restrained, unanesthetized hawks. Yohimbine did not appear to have any significant effect on body temperature. Based upon administration of 4.4 mg/kg KET and 2.2 mg/kg XYL, a dose of 0.10 mg/kg YOH was recommended to achieve antagonism without causing profound cardiovascular or respiratory changes.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={DEGERNES, LA and KREEGER, TJ and MANDSAGER, R and REDIG, PT}, year={1988}, month={Apr}, pages={322–326} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_lind_redig_1988, title={Tegaderm use in soft tissue wound management in raptors}, booktitle={Proceedings, International Symposium on the Status of Biomedical Research on Raptors}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Lind, P. and Redig, P. T.}, year={1988} }
 @article{chaplin_duke_hunt_degernes_1987, title={CHEMICAL DENERVATION OF THE MYENTERIC PLEXUS OF THE MUSCULAR STOMACH OF TURKEYS}, volume={88}, ISSN={["0742-8413"]}, DOI={10.1016/0742-8413(87)90069-7}, abstractNote={1. The thin caudoventral muscle (TCM) of the muscular stomach of domestic turkeys was surgically exposed and painted with solutions of saline or 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0% benzalkonium chloride (BC), a cationic surfactant shown to irreversibly damage neurons but not muscle tissue in mammals. 2. Following fluoroscopic observations of gastric motility for 2 weeks, turkeys were euthanized, the entire muscular stomach was excised and weighed, and serial frozen sections of the TCM were taken for evaluation of the number and size of neurons in the myenteric plexus. 3. Treatment with 0.5 and 1.0% BC resulted in loss of motility in the TCM, significant hypertrophy (P < 0.001) of the CTM, a 70% decrease in number and 60% decrease in size of myenteric neurons, and a 4-fold increase in thickness of the serosa, compared with saline-treated controls.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={CHAPLIN, SB and DUKE, GE and HUNT, H and DEGERNES, LA}, year={1987}, pages={201–207} }
 @inproceedings{redig_degernes_martell_dunnette_1987, title={The diagnosis and treatment of lead poisoning in bald eagles and trumpeter swans}, volume={1}, booktitle={Proceedings - First International Conference on Zoological and Avian Medicine}, author={Redig, P. T. and Degernes, L. and Martell, M. and Dunnette, J.}, year={1987}, pages={401–402} }
 @article{degernes_talbot_mueller_1980, title={Raptor foot care}, volume={4}, DOI={10.2307/30136889}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Talbot, B. J. and Mueller, L. R.}, year={1980}, pages={93–95} }
 @article{degernes_harms_golet_mulcahy, title={Anesthesia and liver biopsy techniques for pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) suspected of exposure to crude oil in marine environments}, volume={16}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Harms, C. A. and Golet, G. H. and Mulcahy, D. M.}, pages={291–299} }
 @inproceedings{degernes_harms_mulcahy, title={Avian field surgery in Prince William Sound, Alaska}, booktitle={Proceedings Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians}, author={Degernes, L. A. and Harms, C. and Mulcahy, D.}, pages={221–223} }