@article{walker_harden_suyemoto_thakur_jacob_borst_2023, title={Draft Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis Coisolated from Polymicrobial Extraintestinal Infections of Chickens and Turkeys}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2576-098X"]}, DOI={10.1128/mra.01163-22}, abstractNote={
            Coinfections by avian pathogenic
            Escherichia coli
            (APEC) and
            Enterococcus faecalis
            in poultry with colisepticemia have become increasingly recognized. Here, we report draft genome sequences of 18 APEC and 18
            E. faecalis
            strains coisolated from lesions of diseased poultry.
          }, journal={MICROBIOLOGY RESOURCE ANNOUNCEMENTS}, author={Walker, Grayson K. and Harden, Lyndy and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Thakur, Siddhartha and Jacob, Megan and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{walker_harden_suyemoto_thakur_jacob_borst_2023, title={Draft genome sequences of 12 Escherichia coli co-isolated with Enterococcus spp. from dogs with polybacterial bacteriuria at a veterinary hospital}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2576-098X"]}, DOI={10.1128/MRA.00262-23}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, journal={MICROBIOLOGY RESOURCE ANNOUNCEMENTS}, author={Walker, Grayson K. and Harden, Lyndy and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Thakur, Siddhartha and Jacob, Megan and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{multani_cohen_haas_borst_womble_musulin_2023, title={Pancreatic Torsion Resulting in Acute Pancreatic Necrosis in a Young Dog}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7382}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Multani, Rajdeep and Cohen, Eli B. and Haas, Jason and Borst, Luke and Womble, Mandy and Musulin, Sarah}, year={2023}, pages={297–301} }
 @article{sper_proctor_lascina_guo_polkoff_kaeser_simpson_borst_gleason_zhang_et al._2022, title={Allogeneic and xenogeneic lymphoid reconstitution in a RAG2(-/-)IL2RG(y/-) severe combined immunodeficient pig: A preclinical model for intrauterine hematopoietic transplantation}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.965316}, abstractNote={Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency are commonly used as hosts of human cells. Size, longevity, and physiology, however, limit the extent to which immunodeficient mice can model human systems. To address these limitations, we generated RAG2−/−IL2RGy/− immunodeficient pigs and demonstrate successful engraftment of SLA mismatched allogeneic D42 fetal liver cells, tagged with pH2B-eGFP, and human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells after in utero cell transplantation. Following intrauterine injection at day 42–45 of gestation, fetuses were allowed to gestate to term and analyzed postnatally for the presence of pig (allogeneic) and human (xenogeneic) B cells, T-cells and NK cells in peripheral blood and other lymphoid tissues. Engraftment of allogeneic hematopoietic cells was detected based on co-expression of pH2B-eGFP and various markers of differentiation. Analysis of spleen revealed robust generation and engraftment of pH2B-eGFP mature B cells (and IgH recombination) and mature T-cells (and TCR-β recombination), T helper (CD3+CD4+) and T cytotoxic (CD3+CD8+) cells. The thymus revealed engraftment of pH2B-eGFP double negative precursors (CD4−CD8−) as well as double positive (CD4+, CD8+) precursors and single positive T-cells. After intrauterine administration of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, analysis of peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues revealed the presence of human T-cells (CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+) but no detectable B cells or NK cells. The frequency of human CD45+ cells in the circulation decreased rapidly and were undetectable within 2 weeks of age. The frequency of human CD45+ cells in the spleen also decreased rapidly, becoming undetectable at 3 weeks. In contrast, human CD45+CD3+T-cells comprised >70% of cells in the pig thymus at birth and persisted at the same frequency at 3 weeks. Most human CD3+ cells in the pig's thymus expressed CD4 or CD8, but few cells were double positive (CD4+ CD8+). In addition, human CD3+ cells in the pig thymus contained human T-cell excision circles (TREC), suggesting de novo development. Our data shows that the pig thymus provides a microenvironment conducive to engraftment, survival and development of human T-cells and provide evidence that the developing T-cell compartment can be populated to a significant extent by human cells in large animals.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Sper, Renan B. and Proctor, Jessica and Lascina, Odessa and Guo, Ling and Polkoff, Kathryn and Kaeser, Tobias and Simpson, Sean and Borst, Luke and Gleason, Katherine and Zhang, Xia and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{downey_mathews_borst_2022, title={Cranial internal hemipelvectomy (iliectomy) with limb sparing for a dog with ilial chondrosarcoma: A case report}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2050-0904"]}, DOI={10.1002/ccr3.5262}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={CLINICAL CASE REPORTS}, author={Downey, Amy C. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Borst, Luke}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{vlaming_mathews_hash_keenihan_sommer_borst_vaden_2022, title={Creation of a Continent Urinary Bladder Reservoir Vascularized by Omentum as a Possible Surgical Option for Canine Trigonal/Urethral Urothelial Carcinoma}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1521-0553"]}, DOI={10.1080/08941939.2020.1864797}, abstractNote={Abstract Surgical procedures that maintain continence with minimal complication following resection of trigono-urethral urothelial carcinoma (UC) are limited in canines; therefore, palliative options are often pursued. A feasible tumor resection option may improve disease control and survival. The study’s objective was to evaluate a continent urine reservoir created from the urinary bladder body and vascularized solely by omentum. We hypothesized that a viable urine reservoir could be created, and staged omentalization would provide improved vascularity. Nine normal female Beagles were randomized to one of three groups. Group A urinary bladders were transected cranial to the ureteral papillae to create a closed bladder vesicle which was concomitantly omentalized. Group B underwent omentalization two weeks prior to vesicle creation. Based on Group A and B results, Group C underwent neoureterocystostomy and omentalization followed by neoreservoir formation and tube cystostomy 2 weeks later. Serial ultrasounds and histopathology confirmed adequate omental neovascularization in Groups B and C with continent Group C neoreservoirs maintained for 2 months. Some pylectasia and ureteral dilation was documented in all Group C dogs at variable timepoints. Progressive hydroureteronephrosis developed in 2/6 kidneys. Transient azotemia was noted in only 1 Group C dog, although all developed treatable urinary tract infections. The sample size is limited, and the efficacy of this technique in providing disease control for UC is unknown. However, this novel option could allow for primary UC resection while providing continence and limiting complications. Postoperative local or systemic adjuvant therapy, ultrasonographic neoreservoir monitoring, and BRAF analysis would be indicated.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE SURGERY}, author={Vlaming, Annemarieke and Mathews, Kyle G. and Hash, Jonathan A. and Keenihan, Erin K. and Sommer, Samantha and Borst, Luke and Vaden, Shelly L.}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={481–495} }
 @article{walker_yustyniuk_shamoun_jacob_correa_vaden_borst_2022, title={Detection of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in dogs with polymicrobial urinary tract infections: A 5-year retrospective study}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16445}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Walker, Grayson K. and Yustyniuk, Valeriia and Shamoun, John and Jacob, Megan E. and Correa, Maria and Vaden, Shelly L. and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{bauer_murillo_schreeg_borst_watanabe_2022, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.22.03.0119}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Bauer, Katherine and Murillo, Daniel Felipe Barrantes and Schreeg, Megan E. and Borst, Luke B. and Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={1466–1468} }
 @article{allen_cullen_hawkey_mochizuki_nguyen_schechter_borst_yoder_freedman_patierno_et al._2021, title={A Zebrafish Model of Metastatic Colonization Pinpoints Cellular Mechanisms of Circulating Tumor Cell Extravasation}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2234-943X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fonc.2021.641187}, abstractNote={Metastasis is a multistep process in which cells must detach, migrate/invade local structures, intravasate, circulate, extravasate, and colonize. A full understanding of the complexity of this process has been limited by the lack of ability to study these steps in isolation with detailed molecular analyses. Leveraging a comparative oncology approach, we injected canine osteosarcoma cells into the circulation of transgenic zebrafish with fluorescent blood vessels in a biologically dynamic metastasis extravasation model. Circulating tumor cell clusters that successfully extravasated the vasculature as multicellular units were isolated under intravital imaging (n = 6). These extravasation-positive tumor cell clusters sublines were then molecularly profiled by RNA-Seq. Using a systems-level analysis, we pinpointed the downregulation of KRAS signaling, immune pathways, and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization as enriched in extravasated cells (p < 0.05). Within the extracellular matrix remodeling pathway, we identified versican (VCAN) as consistently upregulated and central to the ECM gene regulatory network (p < 0.05). Versican expression is prognostic for a poorer metastasis-free and overall survival in patients with osteosarcoma. Together, our results provide a novel experimental framework to study discrete steps in the metastatic process. Using this system, we identify the versican/ECM network dysregulation as a potential contributor to osteosarcoma circulating tumor cell metastasis.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY}, author={Allen, Tyler A. and Cullen, Mark M. and Hawkey, Nathan and Mochizuki, Hiroyuki and Nguyen, Lan and Schechter, Elyse and Borst, Luke and Yoder, Jeffrey A. and Freedman, Jennifer A. and Patierno, Steven R. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{walker_suyemoto_hull_gall_jimenez_chen_thakur_crespo_borst_2021, title={Genomic Characterization of a Nalidixic Acid-Resistant Salmonella Enteritidis Strain Causing Persistent Infections in Broiler Chickens}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85115006803&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.725737}, abstractNote={Virulent strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) harbored by poultry can cause disease in poultry flocks and potentially result in human foodborne illness. Two broiler flocks grown a year apart on the same premises experienced mortality throughout the growing period due to septicemic disease caused by SE. Gross lesions predominantly consisted of polyserositis followed by yolk sacculitis, arthritis, osteomyelitis, and spondylitis. Tissues with lesions were cultured yielding 59 SE isolates. These were genotyped by Rep-PCR followed by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 15 isolates which were clonal. The strain, SE_TAU19, was further characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence in a broiler embryo lethality assay. SE_TAU19 was resistant to nalidixic acid and sulfadimethoxine and was virulent to embryos with 100% mortality of all challenged broiler embryos within 3.5 days. Screening the SE_TAU19 whole-genome sequence revealed seven antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, 120 virulence genes, and two IncF plasmid replicons corresponding to a single, serovar-specific pSEV virulence plasmid. The pef, spv, and rck virulence genes localized to the plasmid sequence assembly. We report phenotypic and genomic features of a virulent SE strain from persistently infected broiler flocks and present a workflow for SE characterization from isolate collection to genome assembly and sequence analysis. Further SE surveillance and investigation of SE virulence in broiler chickens is warranted.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Walker, Grayson K. K. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Hull, Dawn M. M. and Gall, Sesny and Jimenez, Fernando and Chen, Laura R. R. and Thakur, Siddhartha and Crespo, Rocio and Borst, Luke B. B.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{bomba_sheets_valdivia_khagi_ruterbories_mariani_borst_tokarz_hingtgen_2021, title={Personalized-induced neural stem cell therapy: Generation, transplant, and safety in a large animal model}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2380-6761"]}, DOI={10.1002/btm2.10171}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={BIOENGINEERING & TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE}, author={Bomba, Hunter N. and Sheets, Kevin T. and Valdivia, Alain and Khagi, Simon and Ruterbories, Laura and Mariani, Christopher L. and Borst, Luke B. and Tokarz, Debra A. and Hingtgen, Shawn D.}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{beachler_gracz_morgan_bembenek bailey_borst_ellis_von dollen_lyle_nebel_andrews_et al._2021, title={Plasma metabolomic profiling of healthy pregnant mares and mares with experimentally induced placentitis}, volume={53}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13262}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, author={Beachler, T.M. and Gracz, H.S. and Morgan, D.R. and Bembenek Bailey, S.A. and Borst, L. and Ellis, K.E. and Von Dollen, K.A. and Lyle, S.K. and Nebel, A.M. and Andrews, N.C. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={85–93} }
 @article{thomas_pontius_borst_breen_2020, title={Development of a Genome-Wide Oligonucleotide Microarray Platform for Detection of DNA Copy Number Aberrations in Feline Cancers}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2306-7381"]}, DOI={10.3390/vetsci7030088}, abstractNote={The utility of the domestic cat as a model system for biomedical studies was constrained for many years by the absence of a comprehensive feline reference genome sequence assembly. While such a resource now exists, the cat continues to lag behind the domestic dog in terms of integration into the ‘One Health’ era of molecular medicine. Stimulated by the advances being made within the evolving field of comparative cancer genomics, we developed a microarray platform that allows rapid and sensitive detection of DNA copy number aberrations in feline tumors using comparative genomic hybridization analysis. The microarray comprises 110,456 unique oligonucleotide probes anchored at mean intervals of 22.6 kb throughout the feline reference genome sequence assembly, providing ~350-fold higher resolution than was previously possible using this technique. We demonstrate the utility of this resource through genomic profiling of a feline injection-site sarcoma case, revealing a highly disrupted profile of DNA copy number imbalance involving several key cancer-associated genes including KIT, TP53, PTEN, FAS and RB1. These findings were supported by targeted fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis, which identified major alterations in chromosome structure, including complex intrachromosomal reorganization events typical of those seen in aggressive soft-tissue sarcomas of other species. We then characterized a second mass that was identified at a nearby site in the same patient almost 12 months later. This mass demonstrated a remarkably conserved genomic profile consistent with a recurrence of the original tumor; however the detection of subtle differences reflected evolution of the tumor over time. These findings exemplify the diverse potential of this microarray platform to incorporate domestic cat cancers into comparative and translational research efforts in molecular oncology.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SCIENCES}, author={Thomas, Rachael and Pontius, Joan U. and Borst, Luke B. and Breen, Matthew}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{walker_suyemoto_borst_brake_2020, title={Research Note: Repetitive element-based polymerase chain reaction genotyping improves efficiency of Salmonella surveillance in a model broiler production system}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.048}, abstractNote={The genetic relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Salmonella isolated from poultry and their environment were determined. One broiler breeder flock (BBF1) and 2 broiler flocks (BF1 and BF2) were reared over a 1.75-year period on the same poultry research farm. Hatching eggs were obtained from BBF1 to produce BF1 chicks, while BF2 chicks were progeny of a separate, unsampled broiler breeder flock. BF1 and BF2 were reared in the same housing facilities but 6 mo apart. Salmonella isolates were collected via litter sock sampling (BF1), cecal excision (BF1 and BF2), or cloacal swabs (BBF1). Serotyping identified Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Altona (SA) in BBF1 and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Senftenberg (SS) in BF1 and BF2. Genotypic fingerprinting was achieved with Rep-PCR using the (GTG)5 primer and revealed sequence homology among Senftenberg isolates from BF1 and BF2. For each isolate, the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for 27 antimicrobial agents using Sensititre plates with formularies specific to antimicrobials used in poultry production or those used to control gram negative pathogens. Isolates from the 3 flocks were resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, novobiocin, penicillin, and tylosin tartrate and demonstrated intermediate resistance to azithromycin, florfenicol, and spectinomycin. These data demonstrated that serovar Altona and Senftenberg were harbored by poultry, the latter appeared to persist in broiler flocks, and both serotypes shared similar patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in an integrated research operation. In the case of multiple Salmonella isolates, combining genotypic fingerprinting methods with serotyping of representative isolates would reduce the number of samples required for serotyping and more clearly identify relatedness of isolates. These methods facilitate effective surveillance in poultry production systems, thus allowing for implementation of precise Salmonella control measures.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Walker, G. K. and Suyemoto, M. M. and Borst, L. B. and Brake, J.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={2684–2689} }
 @article{walker_suyemoto_gall_chen_thakur_borst_2020, title={The role ofEnterococcus faecalisduring co-infection with avian pathogenicEscherichia coliin avian colibacillosis}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2020.1796926}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2020.1796926}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Enterococcus spp. (ENT) are frequently co-isolated with avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) from poultry with colibacillosis, a leading cause of flock mortality. Although largely overlooked, ENT may play an active role in these infections. To assess the frequency of ENT co-isolation in colibacillosis, cultures were collected from birds with gross lesions of omphalitis, polyserositis, and septicaemia over a 3-year period from three turkey flocks and three broiler flocks. In birds diagnosed with colibacillosis based on gross findings and isolation of E. coli, ENT were co-isolated with APEC in 35.7% (n = 41/115) of colibacillosis mortality and 3.7% of total mortality (n = 41/1122). Co-isolated APEC and ENT pairs (n = 41) were further characterized using antimicrobial resistance phenotyping and in vitro co-culture assays. E. faecalis (EF) was the most commonly co-isolated species (68% n = 28/41) and tetracycline resistance was the resistance phenotype most commonly found among APEC (51% n = 21/41) and ENT (93% n = 38/41). Under iron-restricted conditions, EF enhanced APEC growth in a proximity-dependent manner and APEC grown in mixed culture with EF exhibited a significant growth and survival advantage (P ≤ 0.01). In an embryo lethality assay, APEC co-infection with EF resulted in decreased survival of broiler embryos compared to mono-infections (P ≤ 0.05). These data demonstrate that EF augmented APEC survival and growth under iron limiting conditions, possibly translating to the increased virulence of APEC in broiler embryos. Thus, ENT co-infections may be a previously unrecognized contributor to colibacillosis-related mortality. Further investigations into the mechanism of this interaction are warranted. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Enterococcus is frequently co-isolated with avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). Enterococcus faecalis (EF) enhances survival of APEC in iron restricted conditions. EF co-infection increases APEC virulence in broiler embryos.}, number={6}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Walker, Grayson K. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Gall, Sesny and Chen, Laura and Thakur, Siddhartha and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={589–599} }
 @article{beachler_gracz_long_borst_morgan_nebel_andrews_koipillai_frable_bailey_et al._2019, title={Allantoic Metabolites, Progesterone, and Estradiol-17 beta Remain Unchanged After Infection in an Experimental Model of Equine Ascending Placentitis}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1542-7412"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2018.11.014}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to characterize the metabolomic profile of equine allantoic fluid in the pregnant mare with and without experimentally induced ascending placentitis with the goal of identifying biomarkers of this disease. We compared the onset of metabolomic changes with common modalities for diagnosis of ascending placentitis, including measurement of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP), hormonal profiling, and measurement of serum acute phase proteins. Ten pregnant pony mares were randomly divided into two groups: five healthy control mares (CONT) and five mares induced to develop ascending placentitis (PLAC) via inoculation with Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus bacteria at Days 280–285 of gestation. Allantoic fluid, whole blood, and serum were collected from both groups at 270–275 days of gestation and at the following time points postinoculation: 4 hours, Days 2, 4, 6, and 10. Differences between groups in identified metabolites, progesterone, estradiol-17β, lactate, and serum amyloid A (SAA) were assessed using an analysis of variance with repeated measures. A total of 27 metabolites were identified in allantoic fluid. No differences were detected between groups at any time point (P > .05) for any identified metabolite, progesterone, estradiol-17β, or lactate concentrations. Significant elevations in CTUP (P = .003) and SAA (P = .0001) were detected by Days 4 and 6 postinoculation, respectively. The results of this study established a database of equine allantoic fluid metabolites and confirmed the utility of uteroplacental ultrasound for detection of placentitis before the onset of hematologic changes.}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Beachler, Theresa and Gracz, Hanna and Long, Nathan M. and Borst, Luke and Morgan, David and Nebel, Amber and Andrews, Natalie and Koipillai, Joanna and Frable, Samantha and Bailey, Stasia Bembenek and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={95–105} }
 @article{beachler_gracz_long_borst_morgan_nebel_andrews_koipillai_frable_bailey_2019, title={Allantoic Metabolites, Progesterone, and Estradiol-17β Remain Unchanged After Infection in an Experimental Model of Equine Ascending Placentitis}, volume={2}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND606255595}, journal={Journal of equine veterinary science.}, author={Beachler, T and Gracz, Hanna and Long, Nathan M. and Borst, Luke and Morgan, David and Nebel, Amber and Andrews, Natalie and Koipillai, Joanna and Frable, Samantha and Bailey, Christopher Scott}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @article{megquier_turner-maier_swofford_kim_sarver_wang_sakthikumar_johnson_koltookian_lewellen_et al._2019, title={Comparative Genomics Reveals Shared Mutational Landscape in Canine Hemangiosarcoma and Human Angiosarcoma}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1557-3125"]}, DOI={10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-19-0221}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={MOLECULAR CANCER RESEARCH}, author={Megquier, Kate and Turner-Maier, Jason and Swofford, Ross and Kim, Jong-Hyuk and Sarver, Aaron L. and Wang, Chao and Sakthikumar, Sharadha and Johnson, Jeremy and Koltookian, Michele and Lewellen, Mitzi and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={2410–2421} }
 @article{megquier_turner-maier_swofford_kim_sarver_wang_sakthikumar_johnson_koltookian_lewellen_et al._2019, title={Genomic analysis reveals shared genes and pathways in human and canine angiosarcoma}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/PPR/PPR72592}, DOI={10.1101/570879}, abstractNote={Abstract}, author={Megquier, K and Turner-Maier, J and Swofford, R and Kim, J and Sarver, AL and Wang, C and Sakthikumar, S and Johnson, J and Koltookian, M and Lewellen, M and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{tuohy_somarelli_borst_eward_lascelles_fogle_2019, title={Immune dysregulation and Osteosarcoma: Staphylococcus aureus downregulates TGF-β and heightens the inflammatory signature in human and canine macrophages suppressed by osteosarcoma.}, volume={8}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/31420936}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12529}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Veterinary and comparative oncology}, author={Tuohy, JL and Somarelli, JA and Borst, LB and Eward, WC and Lascelles, BDX and Fogle, JE}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{lee_daniel_holbrook_brownstein_da_hasapis_ma_borst_badea_kirsch_2019, title={Sensitization of Vascular Endothelial Cells to Ionizing Radiation Promotes the Development of Delayed Intestinal Injury in Mice.}, volume={7}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/31265788}, DOI={10.1667/rr15371.1}, abstractNote={Exposure of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to ionizing radiation can cause acute and delayed injury. However, critical cellular targets that regulate the development of radiation-induced GI injury remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the role of vascular endothelial cells in controlling acute and delayed GI injury after total-abdominal irradiation (TAI). To address this, we used genetically engineered mice in which endothelial cells are sensitized to radiation due to the deletion of the tumor suppressor p53. Remarkably, we found that VE-cadherin-Cre; p53FL/FL mice, in which both alleles of p53 are deleted in endothelial cells, were not sensitized to the acute GI radiation syndrome, but these mice were highly susceptible to delayed radiation enteropathy. Histological examination indicated that VE-cadherin-Cre; p53FL/FL mice that developed delayed radiation enteropathy had severe vascular injury in the small intestine, which was manifested by hemorrhage, loss of microvessels and tissue hypoxia. In addition, using dual-energy CT imaging, we showed that VE-cadherin-Cre; p53FL/FL mice had a significant increase in vascular permeability of the small intestine in vivo 28 days after TAI. Together, these findings demonstrate that while sensitization of endothelial cells to radiation does not exacerbate the acute GI radiation syndrome, it is sufficient to promote the development of late radiation enteropathy.}, journal={Radiation research}, author={Lee, CL and Daniel, AR and Holbrook, M and Brownstein, J and Da, Silva Campos L and Hasapis, S and Ma, Y and Borst, L and Badea, CT and Kirsch, DG}, year={2019}, month={Jul} }
 @article{chen_suyemoto_sarsour_cordova_oviedo-rondon_wineland_barnes_borst_2019, title={Temporal characterization of wooden breast myopathy ("woody breast") severity and correlation with growth rate and lymphocytic phlebitis in three commercial broiler strains and a random-bred broiler strain}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2019.1598541}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Wooden breast myopathy (WBM), or “woody breast” or “wooden breast” affects modern, rapidly growing, high breast-yield broiler chickens. Decreased meat quality due to undesirable organoleptic properties and condemnation of affected breast meat cause economic losses. The pathogenesis of WBM remains unknown. In this study, WBM lesion development was determined in three modern broiler strains and Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB) broilers, a 1950s unselected broiler chicken. Correlations between WBM severity and incubation temperature profile, sex, strain, body weight, and lymphocytic phlebitis were also determined. At 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age, samples of breast muscle from 10 male and 10 female birds from each strain, incubated under optimal or low-early, high-late temperatures, were scored histologically for severity of WBM and lymphocytic phlebitis. WBM lesions, identified as early as 2 weeks, became progressively more severe with age and growth in the three commercial broiler strains. WBM severity was significantly correlated with lymphocytic phlebitis and body weight. Lymphocytic phlebitis and minimal WBM were present in the ACRB broilers at all samplings, but did not progress in severity over time. There were no significant differences in severity of WBM among the commercial broiler strains, between sexes, or between incubation temperature profiles. The positive correlation between WBM severity and lymphocytic phlebitis indicates vascular injury is likely an important factor in the pathogenesis. Mild muscle lesions in ACRB birds without overt clinical signs indicate subclinical muscle disease may have been present in broilers prior to the description of WBM.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Chen, Laura R. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Sarsour, Albarra H. and Cordova, H. Alejandro and Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar O. and Wineland, Michael and Barnes, H. John and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={319–328} }
 @article{borst_suyemoto_chen_barnes_2019, title={Vaccination of breeder hens with a polyvalent killed vaccine for pathogenic Enterococcus cecorum does not protect offspring from enterococcal spondylitis}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2018.1536819}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2018.1536819}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum cause symmetrical paralysis in broilers due to infection of the free thoracic vertebra. The disease caused by pathogenic E. cecorum, known as enterococcal spondylitis or “kinky-back” continues to be responsible for significant losses to the broiler industry worldwide. In outbreaks of pathogenic E. cecorum, gut colonization and sepsis occur in the first three weeks-of-life. Since maternal antibodies are present during this period, we postulated that vaccination of breeders with a polyvalent killed vaccine would protect chicks from challenge. To test this hypothesis, representative isolates from seven genotype groups of pathogenic E. cecorum circulating in the US were chosen to produce adjuvanted killed vaccines (bacterins) and given to broiler-breeder hens. No single strain produced high titres of antibodies to all other strains; however, the combination of serologic reactivity of pathogenic isolates (designated SA3 and SA7) was sufficient to react with all genotypes. Vaccination of commercial broiler-breeder hens with a bacterin composed of SA3 and SA7 did not have any adverse effects. Vaccinated hens developed E. cecorum specific antibodies; however, no significant difference in survival was observed in infected embryos from hens in vaccine or adjuvant only groups. Chicks from vaccinated hens also failed to resist homologous or heterologous challenge during experimental infection. In a macrophage killing assay, pathogenic E. cecorum were found to evade opsinophagocytosis with elicited antibodies. These data suggest that pathogenic strains of E. cecorum possess virulence mechanisms that confound antibody-mediated opsinophagocytosis, complicating vaccine development for this pathogen of broilers.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Borst, Luke B. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Chen, Laura R. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={17–24} }
 @article{gall_suyemoto_sather_sharpton_barnes_borst_2019, title={Wooden Breast in Commercial Broilers Associated with Mortality, Dorsal Recumbency, and Pulmonary Disease}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.1637/11995-111218-Case.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Occurrence of mortality, wooden breast, and pulmonary disease in broiler chickens during the last 16 days of production in a teaching flock of 4000 commercial broilers was determined. A new syndrome was identified, in which broilers fell over for an unknown reason and were unable to right themselves (dorsal recumbency). Birds affected by dorsal recumbency were alert and responsive and showed no clinical signs except for occasional mild to moderate dyspnea. When turned over, they resumed normal behavior. Mortality (14 culls; 49 dead) during the last 16 days of production accounted for 1.6% of the flock and 36% of total mortality. Among these, 71% were heavy males, 70% had wooden breast, and 71% had pulmonary congestion and edema. Gross lesions of concurrent wooden breast and pulmonary disease occurred in 68% of the mortality, including 21 of 22 dead birds found on their backs. These findings indicate that wooden breast is associated with mortality prior to processing as a result of pulmonary disease in heavy male broilers. When birds with wooden breast fall onto their backs for unknown reason(s), they are unable to right themselves. If not found and turned over, they may not survive. Based on these findings, wooden breast is likely greater than just a problem with meat quality and should be considered an animal well-being issue.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Gall, Sesny and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Sather, Hannah M. L. and Sharpton, A. Richard and Barnes, H. John and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={514–519} }
 @article{jung_chen_suyemoto_barnes_borst_2018, title={A Review of Enterococcus cecorum Infection in Poultry.}, volume={9}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/30339512}, DOI={10.1637/11825-030618-review.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Enterococcus cecorum was initially identified as a harmless commensal of the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. However, over the past 15 yr, pathogenic strains of E. cecorum have become a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in broiler breeders, and repeated outbreaks occur, but an environmental reservoir for pathogenic E. cecorum has yet to be identified. Genetic analyses of E. cecorum demonstrate that strains with increased pathogenicity are genetically related and share several putative virulence genes. Pathogenic E. cecorum carry increased antimicrobial resistance compared to commensal strains. These pathogenic strains can be recovered from retail meat and may serve as a reservoir for further spread of antimicrobial resistance among other Enterococcus spp. This review presents the current understanding of the pathogenesis of E. cecorum and briefly discusses antimicrobial resistance in E. cecorum due to the role of Enterococcus spp. in nosocomial infections in people.}, journal={Avian diseases}, author={Jung, A and Chen, LR and Suyemoto, MM and Barnes, HJ and Borst, LB}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{tuohy_fogle_meichner_borst_petty_griffith_osborne_lascelles_2018, title={Assessment of a novel nanoparticle hyperthermia therapy in a murine model of osteosarcoma}, volume={47}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.12959}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.12959}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Vet Surg}, author={Tuohy, J.L. and Fogle, J.E. and Meichner, K. and Borst, L.B. and Petty, C.S. and Griffith, E. and Osborne, J. and Lascelles, B.D.X.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={1021–1030} }
 @article{borst_mclamb_suyemoto_chen_levy_sarsour_cordova_barnes_oviedo-rondón_2018, title={Coinfection with Eimeria spp. decreases bacteremia and spinal lesions caused by pathogenic Enterococcus cecorum}, volume={250}, ISSN={0377-8401}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.09.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.09.014}, abstractNote={Pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum (EC) escape the gut niche to infect the spine of broilers at the free thoracic vertebra (FTV) causing the disease enterococcal spondylitis or ‘kinky-back’. Intestinal barrier damage caused by coinfection with Eimeria spp. has been suggested to play a role in potentiating EC bacteremia and FTV lesion development. To test this hypothesis, 1440 broilers were experimentally infected with EC only, EC and a coinfection of E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella (EC:Cocci), and a saline only control (Sham). Birds were grown for 35 days, spleen cultures, histologic lesions in the FTV and live performance parameters were compared among groups. Coccidian coinfection significantly decreased the prevalence of EC bacteremia and histologic lesions in the FTV. Histologic evaluation of the ceca revealed significantly increased cecal mucosal height and mean inflammatory scores in the EC:Cocci group compared to EC only and sham inoculated controls. These findings indicate that the decrease in pathogenic EC bacteremia observed with coccidia coinfection may be due to increased intestinal epithelial turnover or increased immune surveillance of the intestine. In both infection groups, body weights, body weight gain and feed intake were significantly decreased and feed conversion ratios were significantly increased. These undesirable alterations in live performance parameters were exacerbated by nicarbazin treatment but not zoalene or bacitracin treatment. Further work is needed to determine the mechanism for the observed benefit of coccidian coinfection in decreasing bacteremia and FTV lesions due to pathogenic EC.}, journal={Animal Feed Science and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Borst, L.B. and McLamb, K.A. and Suyemoto, M.M. and Chen, L.R. and Levy, M.G. and Sarsour, A.H. and Cordova, H.A. and Barnes, H.J. and Oviedo-Rondón, E.O.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={59–68} }
 @article{fletcher_mansell_martin_borst_barnes_gonzalez_2018, title={Gross Morphometry, Histomorphometry, and Immunohistochemistry Confirm Early and Persistent Jejunal Crypt Hyperplasia in Poults with Enteritis and Depressed Growth}, volume={62}, ISSN={0005-2086 1938-4351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/11759-101717-reg.1}, DOI={10.1637/11759-101717-Reg.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Phosphorylated histone 3 (PH3) and cleaved caspase 3 (CCASP3) were used to detect proliferating and apoptotic cells, respectively, in the jejunums of female sibling poults, with and without enteritis and depressed growth, from hatch to day 35. Poults that developed enteritis and depressed growth (SIB flock) were raised on a commercial farm in eastern North Carolina, whereas poults with normal growth and no enteritis (TAU flock) were raised in the Teaching Animal Unit at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Beginning on day 5 through day 35 and at processing, TAU poults were significantly heavier than SIB poults. Jejunal weights, relative jejunal weights, and jejunal densities were greater in SIB poults from day 10 through 35. Jejunal efficiency (body weight /jejunal length) was higher in TAU poults at day 5 and days 10 through 35. Mucosal thickness was greater in SIB poults between days 7 and 21 but greater in TAU poults at days 28 and 35. From day 7 to 35, villus-to-crypt ratios were higher for TAU poults and lower for SIB poults because hyperplastic crypts formed a greater percentage of the mucosa in SIB poults. By day 7, PH3- and CCASP3-positive cells were increased in SIB poults, showing that mucosal changes resulted from combined crypt epithelial hyperplasia and increased apoptosis of villous enterocytes. Findings in this study confirm that enteritis, in the absence of clinical signs, and depressed growth in turkey poults begins by day 7, can be identified microscopically, persists for at least 35 days, is associated with lower processing weights, and has a profound negative effect on turkey growth.}, number={2}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)}, author={Fletcher, O. J. and Mansell, R. and Martin, M. P. and Borst, L. B. and Barnes, H. John and Gonzalez, L. M.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={163–170} }
 @misc{cohen_shive_borst_almeida_2018, title={Lameness in a 3-year-old backyard chicken Response}, volume={252}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Cohen, E. B. and Shive, H. R. and Borst, L. B. and Almeida, S. M. B.}, year={2018}, pages={648–648} }
 @article{lennon_borst_edwards_moeser_2018, title={Mast Cells Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects in an IL10-/- Model of Spontaneous Colitis.}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/29849494}, DOI={10.1155/2018/7817360}, abstractNote={Mast cells are well established as divergent modulators of inflammation and immunosuppression, but their role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains to be fully defined. While previous studies have demonstrated a proinflammatory role for mast cells in acute models of chemical colitis, more recent investigations have shown that mast cell deficiency can exacerbate inflammation in spontaneous colitis models, thus suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory role of mast cells in IBD. Here, we tested the hypothesis that in chronic, spontaneous colitis, mast cells are protective. We compared colitis and intestinal barrier function in IL10−/−mice to mast cell deficient/IL10−/−(double knockout (DKO): KitWsh/Wsh × IL10−/−) mice. Compared with IL10−/−mice, DKO mice exhibited more severe colitis as assessed by increased colitis scores, mucosal hypertrophy, intestinal permeability, and colonic cytokine production. PCR array analyses demonstrated enhanced expression of numerous cytokine and chemokine genes and downregulation of anti-inflammatory genes (e.g.,Tgfb2,Bmp2,Bmp4,Bmp6, andBmp7) in the colonic mucosa of DKO mice. Systemic reconstitution of DKO mice with bone marrow-derived mast cells resulted in significant amelioration of IL10−/−-mediated colitis and intestinal barrier injury. Together, the results presented here demonstrate that mast cells exert anti-inflammatory properties in an established model of chronic, spontaneous IBD. Given the previously established proinflammatory role of mast cells in acute chemical colitis models, the present findings provide new insight into the divergent roles of mast cells in modulating inflammation during different stages of colitis. Further investigation of the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory role of the mast cells may elucidate novel therapies.}, journal={Mediators of inflammation}, author={Lennon, EM and Borst, LB and Edwards, LL and Moeser, AJ}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{lennon_woodrow_thomason_borst_edwards_moeser_2018, title={Mast Cells Play a Protective Role in Spontaneous Colitis}, volume={200}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={Journal of Immunology}, publisher={American Association of Immunologists}, author={Lennon, Elizabeth M. and Woodrow, Jane S. and Thomason, Courtney A. and Borst, Luke B. and Edwards, Laura E. and Moeser, Adam James}, year={2018}, month={May} }
 @article{lennon_borst_edwards_moeser_2018, title={Mast cells exert anti-inflammatory effects in an IL10(-/-) model of spontaneous colitis}, journal={Mediators of Inflammation}, author={Lennon, E. M. and Borst, L. B. and Edwards, L. L. and Moeser, A. J.}, year={2018} }
 @article{royal_hunt_borst_gerard_2018, title={Sleep hygiene among veterinary medical students.}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/29693028}, DOI={10.4103/jehp.jehp_114_17}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to better understand veterinary medical students’ sleep hygiene and identify the extent to which sleep hygiene behaviors may result in consequences (either positive or negative) for students. SAMPLE: A total of 187 doctor of veterinary medicine (DVM) program students at a large College of Veterinary Medicine in the United States. METHODS: The Epworth Sleep Scale and Daytime Sleepiness Scale were administered to 393 students enrolled in the DVM program. RESULTS: About 55.1% of students reported <7 h of sleep per night, 28.9% reported having trouble sleeping, and 50.3% reported feeling sleepy all day. With respect to sleep quality, 5.3% described it as excellent, 52.4% as good, 34.2% as fair, and 8.0% as poor. CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of veterinary medical students exhibit poor sleep hygiene habits that may be detrimental to both their health and academic endeavors.}, journal={Journal of education and health promotion}, author={Royal, KD and Hunt, SA and Borst, LB and Gerard, M}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{almeida_shive_harvey_borst_cohen_2018, title={What Is your diagnosis? Gallus gallus domesticus}, volume={252}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85040519711&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2460/javma.252.2.173}, abstractNote={On clinical examination, the dog was bright, alert and responsive with a body weight of 17.2kg and a body condition score of 5/9. The mucous membranes were pink and moist, with a capillary refill time of one second. The heart rate was 140 beats/min but the dog was quite nervous. The dog was panting but no adventitious lung sounds were auscultated. A clear abdominal fluid thrill was detected but there were no other specific finding on palpation. The rectal temperature was normal at 38.9°C.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Almeida, M. B. and Shive, H. R. and Harvey, J. B. and Borst, Luke and Cohen, Eli}, year={2018}, pages={173–175} }
 @article{kreilmeier_sampl_deloria_walter_reifinger_hauck_borst_holzmann_kleiter_2017, title={Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres Does Exist in Various Canine Sarcomas}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1098-2744"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/27585244}, DOI={10.1002/mc.22546}, abstractNote={Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) found in some human tumors such as sarcomas. Canine tumors are not characterized for ALT and the study aim was to identify if the ALT phenotype exists in canine sarcomas. Sixty‐four canine sarcoma samples (20 snap‐frozen, 44 FFPE) as well as six canine sarcoma cell lines were screened for ALT by C‐circle assay. ALT was further evaluated by measuring telomere length via qPCR and telomere restriction‐fragments including pulsed‐field electrophoresis. ALT‐associated proteins were validated by immunohistochemistry. Further, telomerase activity (TA) and gene expression were analyzed by TRAP and qPCR. DNA from 20 human neuroblastomas and 8 sarcoma cell lines served as comparative controls. ALT was detected in 9.4% (6/64) canine sarcomas including aggressive subtypes as hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and histiocytic sarcoma. C‐circle levels were comparable with human ALT‐positive controls. All ALT tumors demonstrated loss of ATRX expression and 5/6 showed strong p53 expression. TA was detected in 93% (14/15) snap‐frozen samples including a sarcoma with ALT activity. This tumor showed long heterogeneous telomeres, and a high level of colocalization of DAXX with telomeres. One sarcoma was ALT and TA negative. All canine and human sarcoma cell lines were ALT negative. In this study, we demonstrated that canine sarcomas use ALT. As in humans, ALT was identified in aggressive sarcomas subtypes and coexisted with TA in one tumor. Overall, canine sarcomas seem to share many similarities with their human counterparts and appear an attractive model for comparative telomere research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS}, author={Kreilmeier, Theresa and Sampl, Sandra and Deloria, Abigail J. and Walter, Ingrid and Reifinger, Martin and Hauck, Marlene and Borst, Luke B. and Holzmann, Klaus and Kleiter, Miriam}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={923–935} }
 @article{suyemoto_barnes_borst_2017, title={Culture methods impact recovery of antibiotic-resistant Enterococci including Enterococcus cecorum from pre- and postharvest chicken}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1472-765X"]}, DOI={10.1111/lam.12705}, abstractNote={Pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum (EC) expressing multidrug resistance have emerged. In National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) data, EC is rarely recovered from chickens. Two NARMS methodologies (FDA and USDA) were compared with standard culture (SC) techniques for recovery of EC. NARMS methods failed to detect EC in 58 caecal samples, 20 chicken breast or six whole broiler samples. EC was recovered from 1 of 38 (2·6%) and 2 of 38 (5·2%) preharvest spinal lesions (USDA and FDA method, respectively). In contrast, using the SC method, EC was recovered from 44 of 53 (83%) caecal samples, all 38 (100%) spinal lesions, 14 of 20 (70%) chicken breast samples, and all three spinal lesions identified in whole carcasses. Compared with other Enterococcus spp., EC isolates had a higher prevalence of resistance to macrolides. The NARMS methods significantly affected recovery of enterococcal species other than EC. When the postharvest FDA method was applied to preharvest caecal samples, isolates of Enterococcus faecium were preferentially recovered. All 11 E. faecium isolates were multidrug resistant, including resistance to penicillin, daptomycin and linezolid. These findings confirm that current methodologies may not accurately identify the amount and range of antimicrobial resistance of enterococci from chicken sources.}, number={3}, journal={LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Suyemoto, M. M. and Barnes, H. J. and Borst, L. B.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={210–216} }
 @article{jacobi_xi_maltecca_borst_smith_odle_2017, title={Dietary Prebiotics and Arachidonic Acid (ARA) Modulate Intestinal Injury and Microbial Taxa Following Acute Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Formula-Fed Piglets}, volume={31}, number={1_supplement}, journal={The FASEB Journal}, author={Jacobi, Sheila K. and Xi, Lin and Maltecca, Christian and Borst, Luke and Smith, Andrew and Odle, Jack}, year={2017}, pages={324–324} }
 @article{thomas_demeter_kennedy_borst_singh_valli_le boedec_breen_2017, title={Integrated immunohistochemical and DNA copy number profiling analysis provides insight into the molecular pathogenesis of canine follicular lymphoma}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12227}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Thomas, R. and Demeter, Z. and Kennedy, K. A. and Borst, L. and Singh, K. and Valli, V. E. and Le Boedec, K. and Breen, M.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={852–867} }
 @article{chen_suyemoto_sarsour_cordova_oviedo-rondon_barnes_borst_2017, title={Prevalence and severity of osteochondrosis of the free thoracic vertebra in three modern broiler strains and the Athens Canadian Random Bred control broiler}, volume={47}, ISSN={0307-9457 1465-3338}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2017.1388499}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2017.1388499}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Osteochondrosis (OCD) results from a disturbance of endochondral ossification in articular cartilage and is an important cause of lameness in several animal species, including chickens. OCD lesions in the free thoracic vertebra (FTV) of chickens are essential to the pathogenesis of pathogenic Enterococcus cecorum. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of OCD in the FTV among three modern broiler chicken crosses (strains A/A, A/B, and C/C) and Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB) chickens, which served as the control group. The effect of sex, age, strain, body weight, and incubation temperature profile on OCD severity for each group was determined. At 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age, the FTV of 10 male and 10 female birds from each strain exposed to either optimal or low-early, high-late incubation temperature profiles were collected and scored histologically for OCD lesion severity. OCD spectrum lesions were detected in >70% of all strain/sex combinations, including the ACRB controls. No association was observed between mean OCD score and broiler strain, incubation temperature profile, sex, age, or body weight. These findings indicate that OCD of the FTV is common in broiler chickens with similar prevalence observed in broilers with modern genetics and the ACRB broilers which represent 1950s broiler genetics. As the parameters examined did not have a statistical correlation with OCD, additional work is needed to understand factors that contribute to development of OCD in chickens.}, number={2}, journal={Avian Pathology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Chen, L.R. and Suyemoto, M.M. and Sarsour, A.H. and Cordova, H.A. and Oviedo-Rondon, E.O. and Barnes, H.J. and Borst, L.B.}, year={2017}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{royal_flammer_borst_huckle_barter_neel_2016, title={A Comprehensive Wellness Program for Veterinary Medical Education: Design and Implementation at North Carolina State University}, volume={6}, ISSN={1927-6052 1927-6044}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n1p74}, DOI={10.5430/ijhe.v6n1p74}, abstractNote={Research in veterinary medical education has illustrated the challenges students face with respect to mental and emotional wellness, lack of attention to physical health, and limited opportunities to meaningfully engage with persons from different backgrounds. In response, the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine has adopted a comprehensive wellness program available to all members of the college community. The wellness program is based on a ‘house system’ learning community model and focuses on five broad outcome categories: intellectual growth; mental and emotional health; social distance reduction; cultural competence; and physical health. This case study paper describes the development and implementation of the model at this institution.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Higher Education}, publisher={Sciedu Press}, author={Royal, Kenneth D. and Flammer, Keven and Borst, Luke and Huckle, Jeffrey and Barter, Hillary and Neel, Jennifer}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={74} }
 @article{li_hansen_borst_spears_moeser_2016, title={Dietary Iron Deficiency and Oversupplementation Increase Intestinal Permeability, Ion Transport, and Inflammation in Pigs}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, DOI={10.3945/jn.116.231621}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Understanding the influence of dietary iron deficiency and dietary iron oversupplementation on intestinal health is important for both animal production and human health.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary iron concentration influences intestinal physiology, morphology, and inflammation in the porcine duodenum.


METHODS
Twenty-four male pigs (21 d old) were fed diets containing either 20 mg Fe/kg [low dietary iron (L-Fe)], 120 mg Fe/kg [adequate dietary iron (A-Fe); control], or 520 mg Fe/kg [high dietary iron (H-Fe)] by FeSO4 supplement (dry matter basis). After 32-36 d, the duodenum was harvested from pigs and mounted in Ussing chambers for the measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), short-circuit current, and (3)H-mannitol permeability. Intestinal morphology and inflammation were assessed by histologic examination, and proinflammatory gene expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.


RESULTS
Compared with A-Fe-fed pigs, pigs fed L-Fe diets exhibited reduced TER (by 30%; P < 0.05). Compared with that of A-Fe-fed controls, the paracellular flux of (3)H-mannitol across the duodenal mucosa was higher (P < 0.05) in L-Fe-fed (>100%) and H-Fe-fed (∼4-fold) pigs; the L-Fe-fed and H-Fe-fed groups did not differ significantly from one another. Compared with the L-Fe-fed pigs, the A-Fe-fed and H-Fe-fed pigs had malondialdehyde concentrations 1.4- and 2.5-fold higher in the duodenum and 4.4- and 6.6-fold higher in the liver, respectively (P < 0.05). Neutrophil counts were higher in both the L-Fe-fed (by 3-fold) and H-Fe-fed (by 3.3-fold) groups than in the A-Fe-fed group; the L-Fe-fed and H-Fe-fed groups did not significantly differ from one another. Duodenal mucosal tumor necrosis factor α (TNFA), interleukin (IL) 1β, and IL6 relative gene expression was upregulated by 36%, 28%, and 45%, respectively, in H-Fe pigs (P < 0.05), but not in L-Fe pigs, compared with A-Fe pigs.


CONCLUSION
These data suggest that adequate but not oversupplementation of dietary iron in pigs is required to maintain intestinal barrier health and function.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Li, Yihang and Hansen, Stephanie L. and Borst, Luke B. and Spears, Jerry W. and Moeser, Adam J.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={1499–1505} }
 @article{meichner_kraszeski_durrant_grindem_breuhaus_moore_neel_linder_borst_fogle_et al._2016, title={Extreme lymphocytosis with myelomonocytic morphology in a horse with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma}, volume={46}, ISSN={0275-6382}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12435}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12435}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Meichner, Kristina and Kraszeski, Blaire H. and Durrant, Jessica R. and Grindem, Carol B. and Breuhaus, Babetta A. and Moore, Peter F. and Neel, Jennifer A. and Linder, Keith E. and Borst, Luke B. and Fogle, Jonathan E. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={64–71} }
 @inbook{ramos-vara_borst_2016, title={Immunohistochemistry}, ISBN={9781119181200 9780813821795}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119181200.ch3}, DOI={10.1002/9781119181200.ch3}, abstractNote={In many laboratories, immunohistochemistry (IHC) has become a routine supplement to the classic morphologic approach of investigational pathology. The specificity of the IHC test is largely dependent on the ability of the primary antibody to bind to epitopes on the target antigen without cross-reacting to epitopes on off-target antigens. The development of a new IHC test begins with the optimization of each of the steps in the analytical phase (phase 2) of the IHC test including: antigen retrieval, blocking nonspecific activities, and the binding and selection of primary antibody. This chapter discusses the use of some intermediate filaments (IFs) in IHC of neoplastic diseases. Cancer of unknown primary site (CUPS) includes all cancers in which the tissue or organ of origin cannot be determined by clinicopathologic analysis. Following the human oncology approach for IHC to identify CUPS, the main tumor categories are carcinoma, melanoma, leukocytic tumors (including histiocytic) and sarcoma.}, booktitle={Tumors in Domestic Animals}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, author={Ramos-Vara, José A. and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={44–87} }
 @article{yin_tang_cai_tong_sternberg_yang_dobrucki_borst_kamstock_song_et al._2016, title={Pamidronate functionalized nanoconjugates for targeted therapy of focal skeletal malignant osteolysis}, volume={113}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1603316113}, abstractNote={Significance}, number={32}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Yin, Qian and Tang, Li and Cai, Kaimin and Tong, Rong and Sternberg, Rachel and Yang, Xujuan and Dobrucki, Lawrence W. and Borst, Luke B. and Kamstock, Debra and Song, Ziyuan and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={E4601–E4609} }
 @article{borst_suyemoto_sarsour_harris_martin_strickland_oviedo_barnes_2016, title={Pathogenesis of Enterococcal Spondylitis Caused by Enterococcus cecorum in Broiler Chickens}, volume={54}, ISSN={0300-9858 1544-2217}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985816658098}, DOI={10.1177/0300985816658098}, abstractNote={ Enterococcal spondylitis (ES) is a disease of commercial broiler chickens, with a worldwide distribution. Symmetrical hind limb paralysis typical of ES results from infection of the free thoracic vertebra (FTV) by pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum . To determine the pathogenesis of ES, birds with natural and experimental ES were studied over time. In natural disease, case birds (n = 150) from an affected farm and control birds (n = 100) from an unaffected farm were evaluated at weeks 1–6. In control birds, intestinal colonization by E. cecorum began at week 3. In case birds, E. cecorum was detected in intestine and spleen at week 1, followed by infection of the FTV beginning at week 3. E. cecorum isolates recovered from intestine, spleen, and FTV of case birds had matching genotypes, confirming that intestinal colonization with pathogenic strains precedes bacteremia and infection of the FTV. Clinical intestinal disease was not required for E. cecorum bacteremia. In 1- to 3-week-old case birds, pathogenic E. cecorum was observed within osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) lesions in the FTV. To determine whether OCD of the FTV was a risk factor for ES, 214 birds were orally infected with E. cecorum, and the FTV was evaluated histologically at weeks 1–7. Birds without cartilage clefts of OCD in the FTV did not develop ES; while birds with OCD scores ≥3 were susceptible to lesion development. These findings suggest that intestinal colonization, bacteremia, and OCD of the FTV in early life are crucial to the pathogenesis of ES. }, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Pathology}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Borst, L. B. and Suyemoto, M. M. and Sarsour, A. H. and Harris, M. C. and Martin, M. P. and Strickland, J. D. and Oviedo, E. O. and Barnes, H. J.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={61–73} }
 @article{meichner_montgomery_borst_murphy_grindem_2016, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={249}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.249.9.1023}, abstractNote={
In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists}, number={9}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Meichner, Kristina and Montgomery, Stephanie A. and Borst, Luke B. and Murphy, K. Marcia and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1023–1026} }
 @article{holl_shumansky_borst_burnette_sample_ramsburg_sullenger_2016, title={Scavenging nucleic acid debris to combat autoimmunity and infectious disease}, volume={113}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1607011113}, abstractNote={Significance}, number={35}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Holl, Eda K. and Shumansky, Kara L. and Borst, Luke B. and Burnette, Angela D. and Sample, Christopher J. and Ramsburg, Elizabeth A. and Sullenger, Bruce A.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={9728–9733} }
 @article{lee_castle_moding_blum_williams_luo_ma_borst_kim_kirsch_et al._2015, title={Acute DNA damage activates the tumour suppressor p53 to promote radiation-induced lymphoma.}, volume={9}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26399548}, DOI={10.1038/ncomms9477}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Nature communications}, author={Lee, CL and Castle, KD and Moding, EJ and Blum, JM and Williams, N and Luo, L and Ma, Y and Borst, Luke and Kim, Y and Kirsch, DG and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @article{jacobi_adam_borst_lin_odle_2015, title={Acute Dextran Sodium Sulfate Dose-Dependently Induces Colitis in Formula-Fed Piglets}, volume={29}, number={Supplement 1}, journal={The FASEB Journal}, author={Jacobi, Sheila and Adam, Moeser and Borst, Luke and Lin, Xi and Odle, Jack}, year={2015}, pages={755–758} }
 @article{jackson_kariyawasam_borst_frye_barrett_hiott_woodley_2015, title={Antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants and genetic profiles of clinical and nonclinical Enterococcus cecorum from poultry}, volume={60}, DOI={10.1111/lam.12374}, abstractNote={Enterococcus cecorum has been implicated as a possible cause of disease in poultry. However, the characteristics that contribute to pathogenesis of Ent. cecorum in poultry have not been defined. In this study, Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates (n = 75) and diseased broilers and broiler breeders (n = 30) were compared based upon antimicrobial resistance phenotype, the presence of virulence determinants and genetic relatedness using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Of the 16 antimicrobials tested, Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates and clinical cases were resistant to ten and six of the antimicrobials, respectively. The majority of Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates was resistant to lincomycin (54/75; 72%) and tetracycline (46/75; 61·3%) while the highest level of resistance among clinical Ent. cecorum was to tetracycline (22/30; 73·3%) and erythromycin (11/30; 36·7%). Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥2 antimicrobials) was identified in Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates (53/75; 70·7%) and diseased poultry (18/30; 60%). Of the virulence determinants tested, efaAfm was present in almost all of the isolates (104/105; 99%). Using PFGE, the majority of clinical isolates clustered together; however, a few clinical isolates grouped with Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates. These data suggest that distinguishing the two groups of isolates is difficult based upon the characterization criteria used.}, number={2}, journal={Letters in Applied Microbiology}, author={Jackson, C. R. and Kariyawasam, S. and Borst, Luke and Frye, J. G. and Barrett, J. B. and Hiott, L. M. and Woodley, T. A.}, year={2015}, pages={111–119} }
 @article{coyle_rassnick_borst_rodriguez_northrup_fan_garrett_2015, title={Biological behaviour of canine mandibular osteosarcoma. A retrospective study of 50 cases (1999-2007)}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1476-5829"]}, DOI={10.1111/vco.12020}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY AND COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY}, author={Coyle, V. J. and Rassnick, K. M. and Borst, L. B. and Rodriguez, C. O., Jr. and Northrup, N. C. and Fan, T. M. and Garrett, L. D.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={89–97} }
 @article{borst_suyemoto_scholl_fuller_barnes_2015, title={Comparative Genomic Analysis Identifies Divergent Genomic Features of Pathogenic Enterococcus cecorum Including a Type IC CRISPR-Cas System, a Capsule Locus, an epa-Like Locus, and Putative Host Tissue Binding Proteins}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0121294}, abstractNote={Enterococcus cecorum (EC) is the dominant enteric commensal of adult chickens and contributes to the gut consortia of many avian and mammalian species. While EC infection is an uncommon zoonosis, like other enterococcal species it can cause life-threating nosocomial infection in people. In contrast to other enterococci which are considered opportunistic pathogens, emerging pathogenic strains of EC cause outbreaks of musculoskeletal disease in broiler chickens. Typical morbidity and mortality is comparable to other important infectious diseases of poultry. In molecular epidemiologic studies, pathogenic EC strains were found to be genetically clonal. These findings suggested acquisition of specific virulence determinants by pathogenic EC. To identify divergent genomic features and acquired virulence determinants in pathogenic EC; comparative genomic analysis was performed on genomes of 3 pathogenic and 3 commensal strains of EC. Pathogenic isolates had smaller genomes with a higher GC content, and they demonstrated large regions of synteny compared to commensal isolates. A molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrated sequence divergence in pathogenic EC genomes. At a threshold of 98% identity, 414 predicted proteins were identified that were highly conserved in pathogenic EC but not in commensal EC. Among these, divergent CRISPR-cas defense loci were observed. In commensal EC, the type IIA arrangement typical for enterococci was present; however, pathogenic EC had a type IC locus, which is novel in enterococci but commonly observed in streptococci. Potential mediators of virulence identified in this analysis included a polysaccharide capsular locus similar to that recently described for E. faecium, an epa-like locus, and cell wall associated proteins which may bind host extracellular matrix. This analysis identified specific genomic regions, coding sequences, and predicted proteins which may be related to the divergent evolution and increased virulence of emerging pathogenic strains of EC.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Borst, Luke B. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Scholl, Elizabeth H. and Fuller, Fredrick J. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2015}, month={Apr} }
 @article{poorman_borst_moroff_roy_labelle_motsinger-reif_breen_2015, title={Comparative cytogenetic characterization of primary canine melanocytic lesions using array CGH and fluorescence in situ hybridization}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1573-6849"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10577-014-9444-6}, abstractNote={Melanocytic lesions originating from the oral mucosa or cutaneous epithelium are common in the general dog population, with up to 100,000 diagnoses each year in the USA. Oral melanoma is the most frequent canine neoplasm of the oral cavity, exhibiting a highly aggressive course. Cutaneous melanocytomas occur frequently, but rarely develop into a malignant form. Despite the differential prognosis, it has been assumed that subtypes of melanocytic lesions represent the same disease. To address the relative paucity of information about their genomic status, molecular cytogenetic analysis was performed on the three recognized subtypes of canine melanocytic lesions. Using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis, highly aberrant distinct copy number status across the tumor genome for both of the malignant melanoma subtypes was revealed. The most frequent aberrations included gain of dog chromosome (CFA) 13 and 17 and loss of CFA 22. Melanocytomas possessed fewer genome wide aberrations, yet showed a recurrent gain of CFA 20q15.3–17. A distinctive copy number profile, evident only in oral melanomas, displayed a sigmoidal pattern of copy number loss followed immediately by a gain, around CFA 30q14. Moreover, when assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), copy number aberrations of targeted genes, such as gain of c-MYC (80 % of cases) and loss of CDKN2A (68 % of cases), were observed. This study suggests that in concordance with what is known for human melanomas, canine melanomas of the oral mucosa and cutaneous epithelium are discrete and initiated by different molecular pathways.}, number={2}, journal={CHROMOSOME RESEARCH}, author={Poorman, Kelsey and Borst, Luke and Moroff, Scott and Roy, Siddharth and Labelle, Philippe and Motsinger-Reif, Alison and Breen, Matthew}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={171–186} }
 @article{fry_leblanc_suter_borst_reed_2015, title={Cytologic Characteristics and World Health Organization Classification in 45 Dogs With Lymphoma}, volume={44}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, author={Fry, M. and LeBlanc, C. and Suter, S. and Borst, L. and Reed, G.}, year={2015} }
 @article{boyer_s. d'costa_edwards_milloway_susick_borst_thakur_campbell_crenshaw_polo_et al._2015, title={Early-life dietary spray-dried plasma influences immunological and intestinal injury responses to later-life Salmonella typhimurium challenge}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1475-2662"]}, DOI={10.1017/s000711451400422x}, abstractNote={Increasing evidence supports the concept that early-life environmental influences, including nutrition and stress, have an impact on long-term health outcomes and disease susceptibility. The objective of the present study was to determine whether dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP), fed during the first 2 weeks post-weaning (PW), influences subsequent immunological and intestinal injury responses toSalmonellatyphimuriumchallenge. A total of thirty-two piglets (age 16–17 d) were weaned onto nursery diets containing 0, 2·5 % SDP (fed for 7 d PW) or 5 % SDP (fed for 14 d PW), and were then fed control diets (without SDP), for the remainder of the experiment. At 34 d PW (age 50 d), pigs were challenged with 3 × 109colony-forming units ofS. typhimurium. A control group (non-challenged) that was fed 0 % SDP in the nursery was included. At 2 d post-challenge, the distal ileum was harvested for the measurement of inflammatory, histological and intestinal physiological parameters.S.typhimuriumchallenge induced elevated ileal histological scores, myeloperoxidase (MPO), IL-8 and TNF, and increased intestinal permeability (indicated by reduced transepithelial voltage (potential difference) and elevated 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD4) flux rates). Compared withS.typhimurium-challenged controls (0 % SDP), pigs fed the 5 % SDP-14 d diet exhibited reduced ileal histological scores, MPO levels, IL-8 levels and FD4 flux rates. Pigs fed the 5 % SDP-14 d nursery diet exhibited increased levels of plasma and ileal TNF-α in response to the challenge, compared with the other treatments. These results indicate that inclusion of SDP in PW diets can have an influence on subsequent immunological and intestinal injury responses induced by later-lifeS.typhimuriumchallenge.}, number={5}, journal={BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Boyer, P. E. and S. D'Costa and Edwards, L. L. and Milloway, M. and Susick, E. and Borst, L. B. and Thakur, S. and Campbell, J. M. and Crenshaw, J. D. and Polo, J. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={783–793} }
 @article{maharshak_huh_paiboonrungruang_shanahan_thurlow_herzog_djukic_orlando_pawlinski_ellermann_et al._2015, title={Enterococcus faecalis Gelatinase Mediates Intestinal Permeability via Protease-Activated Receptor 2}, volume={83}, ISSN={["1098-5522"]}, DOI={10.1128/iai.00425-15}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={7}, journal={INFECTION AND IMMUNITY}, author={Maharshak, Nitsan and Huh, Eun Young and Paiboonrungruang, Chorlada and Shanahan, Michael and Thurlow, Lance and Herzog, Jeremy and Djukic, Zorka and Orlando, Roy and Pawlinski, Rafal and Ellermann, Melissa and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={2762–2770} }
 @article{mariani_jennings_olby_borst_brown_robertson_seiler_mackillop_2015, title={Histiocytic Sarcoma with Central Nervous System Involvement in Dogs: 19 Cases (2006-2012)}, volume={29}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12554}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12554}, abstractNote={BackgroundReports of histiocytic sarcoma (HS) involving the central nervous system (CNS) are sparse and consist mainly of case reports describing 1–3 animals.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, C.L. and Jennings, M.K. and Olby, N.J. and Borst, L.B. and Brown, J.C., Jr and Robertson, I.D. and Seiler, G.S. and MacKillop, E.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={607–613} }
 @article{tang_tong_coyle_yin_pondenis_borst_cheng_fan_2015, title={Targeting Tumor Vasculature with Aptamer-Functionalized Doxorubicin - Polylactide Nanoconjugates for Enhanced Cancer Therapy}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1936-086X"]}, DOI={10.1021/acsnano.5b00166}, abstractNote={An A10 aptamer (Apt)-functionalized, sub-100 nm doxorubicin-polylactide (Doxo-PLA) nanoconjugate (NC) with controlled release profile was developed as an intravenous therapeutic strategy to effectively target and cytoreduce canine hemangiosarcoma (cHSA), a naturally occurring solid tumor malignancy composed solely of tumor-associated endothelium. cHSA consists of a pure population of malignant endothelial cells expressing prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and is an ideal comparative tumor model system for evaluating the specificity and feasibility of tumor-associated endothelial cell targeting by A10 Apt-functionalized NC (A10 NC). In vitro, A10 NCs were selectively internalized across a panel of PSMA-expressing cancer cell lines, and when incorporating Doxo, A10 Doxo-PLA NCs exerted greater cytotoxic effects compared to nonfunctionalized Doxo-PLA NCs and free Doxo. Importantly, intravenously delivered A10 NCs selectively targeted PSMA-expressing tumor-associated endothelial cells at a cellular level in tumor-bearing mice and dramatically increased the uptake of NCs by endothelial cells within the local tumor microenvironment. By virtue of controlled drug release kinetics and selective tumor-associated endothelial cell targeting, A10 Doxo-PLA NCs possess a desirable safety profile in vivo, being well-tolerated following high-dose intravenous infusion in mice, as supported by the absence of any histologic organ toxicity. In cHSA-implanted mice, two consecutive intravenous infusions of A10 Doxo-PLA NCs exerted rapid and substantial cytoreductive activities within a period of 7 days, resulting in greater than 70% reduction in macroscopic tumor-associated endothelial cell burden as a consequence of enhanced cell death and necrosis.}, number={5}, journal={ACS NANO}, author={Tang, Li and Tong, Rong and Coyle, Virginia J. and Yin, Qian and Pondenis, Holly and Borst, Luke B. and Cheng, Jianjun and Fan, Timothy M.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={5072–5081} }
 @article{swisher_grunkemeyer_savage_durrant_borst_2015, title={What’s your diagnosis? Purulent upper respiratory discharge in a rabbit}, url={https://www.dvm360.com/view/whats-your-diagnosis-purulent-upper-respiratory-discharge-rabbit}, journal={DVM 360}, author={Swisher, Samantha D. and Grunkemeyer, Vanessa L. and Savage, Mason Y. and Durrant, Jessica R. and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @article{borst_suyemoto_keelara_dunningan_guy_barnes_2014, title={A Chicken Embryo Lethality Assay for Pathogenic Enterococcus cecorum}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.1637/10687-101113-reg.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum cause outbreaks of arthritis and osteomyelitis in chickens worldwide. Enterococcal spondylitis (ES) is a specific manifestation of E. cecorum-associated disease of broilers and broiler breeders characterized by increased flock mortality, resulting from unresolved infection of the free thoracic vertebra by pathogenic E. cecorum. A study of 22 ES outbreaks in the southeast United States revealed that pathogenic E. cecorum strains isolated from spinal lesions were genetically clonal. Here, we compare the virulence of previously genotyped pathogenic strains (n  =  8) isolated from spinal lesions and nonpathogenic strains (n  =  9) isolated from ceca of unaffected birds in a chicken embryo lethality model. Strains were inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 12-day-old broiler and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) layer embryos; embryo survival was determined by candling eggs daily for 4 days. Significantly decreased survival occurred in both broiler and SPF embryos inoculated with pathogenic genotype strains compared with embryos inoculated with nonpathogenic genotype strains (broiler embryos, 23% vs. 60%; SPF embryos, 9% vs. 61%). Embryos infected with pathogenic strains were unable to control infection and consistently showed gross changes typical of sepsis, including hemorrhage and edema. After 48 hr, similar changes were not observed in embryos infected with nonpathogenic strains. This embryo lethality assay provides a useful tool for understanding the genetic basis of E. cecorum virulence. RESUMEN Ensayo de letalidad en embriones de pollo para cepas de Enterococcus cecorum patogénicas. Las cepas patógenas de Enterococcus cecorum causan brotes de artritis y osteomielitis en pollos a nivel mundial. La espondilitis enterococócica (ES) es una manifestación específica de la enfermedad asociada con E. cecorum en pollos de engorde y en reproductoras pesadas que es caracterizada por alta mortalidad de la parvada, como resultado de la infección no resuelta en la vértebra torácica móvil causada por cepas de E. cecorum patógenas. Un estudio de 22 brotes de espondilitis enterococócica en el sureste de los Estados Unidos reveló que las cepas patógenas de E. cecorum aisladas de lesiones de la médula eran genéticamente provenientes de un clon. En este estudio, se comparó mediante un modelo de letalidad del embrión de pollo, la virulencia de las cepas patógenas previamente genotipificadas (n = 8) aisladas de lesiones de la columna vertebral y cepas no patógenas (n = 9) aisladas del ciego de las aves no afectadas. Las cepas fueron inoculadas en la cavidad alantoidea de embriones de pollo de 12 días de edad, de pollos de engorde y en aves libres de patógenos específicos (SPF); la supervivencia de los embriones se determinó por ovoscopía diariamente por cuatro días. De manera significativa se presentó una disminución en la supervivencia en ambos tipo embriones de pollos de engorde y de aves libres de patógenos específicos inoculados con cepas de genotipo patógeno en comparación con los embriones inoculados con cepas de genotipo no patógeno (embriones de pollos de engorde, 23% contra 60%; y en los embriones libres de patógenos específicos, 9% frente a 61%). Los embriones infectados con cepas patógenas fueron incapaces de controlar la infección y mostraron consistentemente cambios macroscópicos típicos de sepsis, incluyendo hemorragia y edema. Después de 48 horas, no se observaron cambios similares en los embriones infectados con cepas no patógenas. Este ensayo de letalidad del embrión proporciona una herramienta útil para la comprensión de la base genética de la virulencia de E. cecorum.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Borst, Luke B. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Keelara, Shivaramu and Dunningan, Sarah E. and Guy, James S. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={244–248} }
 @article{botham_fan_im_borst_dirikolu_hergenrother_2014, title={Dual Small-Molecule Targeting of Procaspase-3 Dramatically Enhances Zymogen Activation and Anticancer Activity}, volume={136}, ISSN={["0002-7863"]}, DOI={10.1021/ja4124303}, abstractNote={Combination anticancer therapy typically consists of drugs that target different biochemical pathways or those that act on different targets in the same pathway. Here we demonstrate a new concept in combination therapy, that of enzyme activation with two compounds that hit the same biological target, but through different mechanisms. Combinations of procaspase-3 activators PAC-1 and 1541B show considerable synergy in activating procaspase-3 in vitro, stimulate rapid and dramatic maturation of procaspase-3 in multiple cancer cell lines, and powerfully induce caspase-dependent apoptotic death to a degree well exceeding the additive effect. In addition, the combination of PAC-1 and 1541B effectively reduces tumor burden in a murine lymphoma model at dosages for which the compounds alone have minimal or no effect. These data suggest the potential of PAC-1/1541B combinations for the treatment of cancer and, more broadly, demonstrate that differentially acting enzyme activators can potently synergize to give a significantly heightened biological effect.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY}, author={Botham, Rachel C. and Fan, Timothy M. and Im, Isak and Borst, Luke B. and Dirikolu, Levent and Hergenrother, Paul J.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={1312–1319} }
 @article{thomas_borst_rotroff_motsinger-reif_lindblad-toh_modiano_breen_2014, title={Genomic profiling reveals extensive heterogeneity in somatic DNA copy number aberrations of canine hemangiosarcoma}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1573-6849"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10577-014-9406-z}, abstractNote={Canine hemangiosarcoma is a highly aggressive vascular neoplasm associated with extensive clinical and anatomical heterogeneity and a grave prognosis. Comprehensive molecular characterization of hemangiosarcoma may identify novel therapeutic targets and advanced clinical management strategies, but there are no published reports of tumor-associated genome instability and disrupted gene dosage in this cancer. We performed genome-wide microarray-based somatic DNA copy number profiling of 75 primary intra-abdominal hemangiosarcomas from five popular dog breeds that are highly predisposed to this disease. The cohort exhibited limited global genomic instability, compared to other canine sarcomas studied to date, and DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) were predominantly of low amplitude. Recurrent imbalances of several key cancer-associated genes were evident; however, the global penetrance of any single CNA was low and no distinct hallmark aberrations were evident. Copy number gains of dog chromosomes 13, 24, and 31, and loss of chromosome 16, were the most recurrent CNAs involving large chromosome regions, but their relative distribution within and between cases suggests they most likely represent passenger aberrations. CNAs involving CDKN2A, VEGFA, and the SKI oncogene were identified as potential driver aberrations of hemangiosarcoma development, highlighting potential targets for therapeutic modulation. CNA profiles were broadly conserved between the five breeds, although subregional variation was evident, including a near twofold lower incidence of VEGFA gain in Golden Retrievers versus other breeds (22 versus 40 %). These observations support prior transcriptional studies suggesting that the clinical heterogeneity of this cancer may reflect the existence of multiple, molecularly distinct subtypes of canine hemangiosarcoma.}, number={3}, journal={CHROMOSOME RESEARCH}, author={Thomas, Rachael and Borst, Luke and Rotroff, Daniel and Motsinger-Reif, Alison and Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin and Modiano, Jaime F. and Breen, Matthew}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={305–319} }
 @article{steinbach_kobayashi_russo_sheikh_gipson_kennedy_uno_mishima_borst_liu_et al._2014, title={Innate PI3K p110 delta Regulates Th1/Th17 Development and Microbiota-Dependent Colitis}, volume={192}, ISSN={["1550-6606"]}, DOI={10.4049/jimmunol.1301533}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Steinbach, Erin C. and Kobayashi, Taku and Russo, Steven M. and Sheikh, Shehzad Z. and Gipson, Gregory R. and Kennedy, Samantha T. and Uno, Jennifer K. and Mishima, Yoshiyuki and Borst, Luke B. and Liu, Bo and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={3958–3968} }
 @article{tang_yang_yin_cai_wang_chaudhury_yao_zhou_kwon_hartman_et al._2014, title={Investigating the optimal size of anticancer nanomedicine}, volume={111}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1411499111}, abstractNote={Significance}, number={43}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Tang, Li and Yang, Xujuan and Yin, Qian and Cai, Kaimin and Wang, Hua and Chaudhury, Isthier and Yao, Catherine and Zhou, Qin and Kwon, Mincheol and Hartman, James A. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={15344–15349} }
 @article{lennon_edwards_borst_moeser_2014, title={Mo1722 Mast Cells Play a Protective Role in Spontaneous Colitis}, volume={146}, ISSN={0016-5085}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(14)62339-8}, DOI={10.1016/s0016-5085(14)62339-8}, abstractNote={Background: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) constitute a family of 18 cell signaling enzymes which are involved in the regulation of DNA-binding proteins and DNA repair.These enzymes catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose units from NAD + to a number of acceptor proteins and can also interact directly with their target proteins.Among the PARPs, PARP1 is the most abundant isoform and regulates the expression of diverse proinflammatory mediators, through its interaction with and modification of numerous transcription factors.Recent observations (including our group's) suggest that PARP1 is a cofactor for NF-κBdependent gene expression.Several studies in PARP1 KO mice have shown decreased expression of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, as well as reduced immune tissue infiltration in various models of inflammation, including streptomycin-induced diabetes and LPS-induced septic shock.Interestingly, in vivo studies have demonstrated that genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of PARP1 ameliorates the pathophysiological changes of experimental colitis.However, these studies failed to characterize the mechanism by which PARP1 inhibition is protective in colitis or the cell type in which Parp1 deletion has the most significant impact in IBD.Aim: Considering the essential role of PARP1 in the regulation of inflammation in IBD, we evaluated the effect of Parp1 deletion in T cellmediated colitis.Methods: The effect of Parp1 deficiency was evaluated in different models of colitis: (1) Adoptive T cell transfer: WT or Parp1-deficient CD4 + CD45RB High T-cells were transferred into Rag2 -/-mice, or Rag2 -/-x Parp1 -/-double knockout (DKO) mice and (2) DSS-induced colitis in WT, Parp1 -/-, Rag2 -/-, and Rag2 -/-x Parp1 -/-DKO mice.In all models, we evaluated body weight loss, colonic morphology and expression of major pro-inflammatory cytokines.Results: In comparison to WT mice, Parp1 -/-were protected from the effects of DSS, with significantly lower weight loss, and greatly reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression.However, Parp1 deficiency in T cells was not protective in the CD4 + CD45RB High T cell transfer model.Unexpectedly, Rag2 -/-x Parp1 -/-DKO showed only marginal improvement in both the WT CD4 + CD45RB High T cell transfer and DSS models.Conclusions: Our preliminary data obtained with the adoptive T-cell transfer model of colitis indicate that Parp1 is dispensable in Naive and effector T-cells.While Parp1 -/-mice are protected from colitis resulting from DSS-induced epithelial damage, the lack of significant protection in the T cell transfer or DSS models of innate colitis in Rag2 -/-x Parp1 -/-DKO mice suggests that the pathogenic role of Parp1 in colitis may involve modulating interactions of more than one cell type, presumably innate immune cells (including colonic epithelial cells) and regulatory T cells.}, number={5}, journal={Gastroenterology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lennon, Elizabeth M. and Edwards, Laura and Borst, Luke B. and Moeser, Adam J.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={S-644} }
 @article{kobayashi_steinbach_russo_matsuoka_nochi_maharshak_borst_hostager_garcia-martinez_rothman_et al._2014, title={NFIL3-Deficient Mice Develop Microbiota-Dependent, IL-12/23-Driven Spontaneous Colitis}, volume={192}, ISSN={["1550-6606"]}, DOI={10.4049/jimmunol.1301819}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Kobayashi, Taku and Steinbach, Erin C. and Russo, Steven M. and Matsuoka, Katsuyoshi and Nochi, Tomonori and Maharshak, Nitsan and Borst, Luke B. and Hostager, Bruce and Garcia-Martinez, J. Victor and Rothman, Paul B. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={1918–1927} }
 @article{portela_fadl-alla_pondenis_byrum_garrett_wycislo_borst_fan_2014, title={Pro-tumorigenic Effects of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 in Canine Osteosarcoma}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12348}, abstractNote={BackgroundTransforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is a pleiotropic cytokine that contributes to reparative skeletal remodeling by inducing osteoblast proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Organic bone matrix is the largest bodily reservoir for latent TGFβ1, and active osteoblasts express cognate receptors for TGFβ1 (TGFβRI and TGFβRII). During malignant osteolysis, TGFβ1 is liberated from eroded bone matrix and promotes local progression of osteotropic solid tumors by its mitogenic and prosurvival activities.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Portela, R. F. and Fadl-Alla, B. A. and Pondenis, H. C. and Byrum, M. L. and Garrett, L. D. and Wycislo, K. L. and Borst, L. B. and Fan, T. M.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={894–904} }
 @article{campos_borst_cotter_2013, title={B Characterization of BcaA, a putative classical autotransporter protein in Burkholderia pseudomallei}, volume={81}, DOI={10.1128/iai.01453-12}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={Infection and Immunity}, author={Campos, C. G. and Borst, Luke and Cotter, P. A.}, year={2013}, pages={1121–1128} }
 @article{d'costa_borst_kim_2013, title={Bone marrow-derived cells participate in the formation of normal and neoplastic lung stroma.}, volume={3}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/23482751}, number={3}, journal={Anticancer research}, author={D'Costa, S and Borst, L and Kim, Y}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={831–836} }
 @article{onyiah_sheikh_maharshak_steinbach_russo_kobayashi_mackey_hansen_moeser_rawls_et al._2013, title={Carbon Monoxide and Heme Oxygenase-1 Prevent Intestinal Inflammation in Mice by Promoting Bacterial Clearance}, volume={144}, ISSN={["1528-0012"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.025}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND & AIMS
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and its metabolic by-product, carbon monoxide (CO), protect against intestinal inflammation in experimental models of colitis, but little is known about their intestinal immune mechanisms. We investigated the interactions among CO, HO-1, and the enteric microbiota in mice and zebrafish.


METHODS
Germ-free, wild-type, and interleukin (Il)10(-/-) mice and germ-free zebrafish embryos were colonized with specific pathogen-free (SPF) microbiota. Germ-free or SPF-raised wild-type and Il10(-/-) mice were given intraperitoneal injections of cobalt(III) protoporphyrin IX chloride (CoPP), which up-regulates HO-1, the CO-releasing molecule Alfama-186, or saline (control). Colitis was induced in wild-type mice housed in SPF conditions by infection with Salmonella typhimurium.


RESULTS
In colons of germ-free, wild-type mice, SPF microbiota induced production of HO-1 via activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-, IL-10-, and Toll-like receptor-dependent pathways; similar observations were made in zebrafish. SPF microbiota did not induce HO-1 in colons of germ-free Il10(-/-) mice. Administration of CoPP to Il10(-/-) mice before transition from germ-free to SPF conditions reduced their development of colitis. In Il10(-/-) mice, CO and CoPP reduced levels of enteric bacterial genomic DNA in mesenteric lymph nodes. In mice with S typhimurium-induced enterocolitis, CoPP reduced the numbers of live S typhimurium recovered from the lamina propria, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Knockdown of HO-1 in mouse macrophages impaired their bactericidal activity against E coli, E faecalis, and S typhimurium, whereas exposure to CO or overexpression of HO-1 increased their bactericidal activity. HO-1 induction and CO increased acidification of phagolysosomes.


CONCLUSIONS
Colonic HO-1 prevents colonic inflammation in mice. HO-1 is induced by the enteric microbiota and its homeostatic function is mediated, in part, by promoting bactericidal activities of macrophages.}, number={4}, journal={GASTROENTEROLOGY}, author={Onyiah, Joseph C. and Sheikh, Shehzad Z. and Maharshak, Nitsan and Steinbach, Erin C. and Russo, Steven M. and Kobayashi, Taku and Mackey, Lantz C. and Hansen, Jonathan J. and Moeser, Adam J. and Rawls, John F. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={789–798} }
 @article{moore_mariani_van wettere_borst_2013, title={Chronic Compressive Myelopathy and Progressive Neurologic Signs Associated with Melarsomine Dihydrochloride Administration in a Dog}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5911}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-5911}, abstractNote={A 7 yr old castrated male Great Dane presented with a history of progressive myelopathy following the intramuscular injection of melarsomine dihydrochloride 8 wk previously. MRI revealed paraspinal and epidural abscesses at the 13th thoracic (T13) and first lumbar (L1) disc space. The dog’s condition worsened despite medical management, necessitating surgical decompression. Surgical decompression resulted in rapid improvement of the patient’s clinical signs. Histopathologic evaluation of the lesions revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation. Cultures of fluid and tissue within the lesions were negative for bacterial growth, and no infectious organisms were visualized histologically. Melarsomine-associated neurologic signs can be chronic and progressive in nature, presumably secondary to ongoing sterile inflammation that may result in spinal cord compression.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Moore, Sarah A. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Van Wettere, Arnaud and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2013}, pages={389–393} }
 @article{mcclenahan_scherba_borst_fredrickson_uhlenhaut_2013, title={Discovery of a bovine enterovirus in alpaca.}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/23950875}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0068777}, abstractNote={A cytopathic virus was isolated using Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells from lung tissue of alpaca that died of a severe respiratory infection. To identify the virus, the infected cell culture supernatant was enriched for virus particles and a generic, PCR-based method was used to amplify potential viral sequences. Genomic sequence data of the alpaca isolate was obtained and compared with sequences of known viruses. The new alpaca virus sequence was most similar to recently designated Enterovirus species F, previously bovine enterovirus (BEVs), viruses that are globally prevalent in cattle, although they appear not to cause significant disease. Because bovine enteroviruses have not been previously reported in U.S. alpaca, we suspect that this type of infection is fairly rare, and in this case appeared not to spread beyond the original outbreak. The capsid sequence of the detected virus had greatest homology to Enterovirus F type 1 (indicating that the virus should be considered a member of serotype 1), but the virus had greater homology in 2A protease sequence to type 3, suggesting that it may have been a recombinant. Identifying pathogens that infect a new host species for the first time can be challenging. As the disease in a new host species may be quite different from that in the original or natural host, the pathogen may not be suspected based on the clinical presentation, delaying diagnosis. Although this virus replicated in MDBK cells, existing standard culture and molecular methods could not identify it. In this case, a highly sensitive generic PCR-based pathogen-detection method was used to identify this pathogen.}, journal={PloS one}, author={McClenahan, SD and Scherba, G and Borst, L and Fredrickson, RL and Uhlenhaut, C}, year={2013}, month={Aug} }
 @article{gilor_gilor_graves_borst_labelle_ridge_santoro_dossin_2013, title={Distribution of K and L cells in the feline intestinal tract.}, volume={7}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/23751572}, DOI={10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.04.004}, abstractNote={Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 are hormones secreted from specialized K cells (GIP) and L cells (GLP-1, GLP-2) in the intestinal mucosa. These hormones play major roles in health and disease by modulating insulin secretion, satiety, and multiple intestinal functions. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of K cells and L cells in the intestines of healthy cats. Samples of duodenum, mid-jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon were collected from 5 cats that were euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study and had no gross or histologic evidence of gastrointestinal disease. Samples stained with rabbit-anti-porcine GIP, mouse-anti-(all mammals) GLP-1, or rabbit-anti-(all mammals) GLP-2 antibodies were used to determine the number of cells in 15 randomly selected 400× microscopic fields. In contrast to other mammals (eg, dogs) in which K cells are not present in the ileum and aborally, GIP-expressing cells are abundant throughout the intestines in cats (>6/high-power field in the ileum). Cells expressing GLP-1 or GLP-2 were most abundant in the ileum (>9/high-power field) as in other mammals, but, although GLP-1–expressing cells were abundant throughout the intestines, GLP-2–expressing cells were rarely found in the duodenum. In conclusion, the distribution of GIP-secreting K cells in cats is different from the distribution of K cells that is described in other mammals. The difference in distribution of GLP-2– and GLP-1–expressing cells suggests that more than 1 distinct population of L cells is present in cats.}, journal={Domestic animal endocrinology}, author={Gilor, C and Gilor, S and Graves, TK and Borst, LB and Labelle, P and Ridge, TK and Santoro, D and Dossin, O}, year={2013}, month={May} }
 @article{lennon_maharshak_elloumi_borst_plevy_moeser_2013, title={Early Life Stress Triggers Persistent Colonic Barrier Dysfunction and Exacerbates Colitis in Adult IL-10(-/-) Mice}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1078-0998"]}, DOI={10.1097/mib.0b013e3182802a4e}, abstractNote={Background:It has become increasingly evident that disease flares in the human inflammatory bowel diseases are influenced by life stress. It is known that life stress can trigger disturbances in intestinal barrier function and activate proinflammatory signaling pathways, which are important contributors to intestinal inflammation and clinical disease; however, the exact mechanisms of stress-induced inflammatory bowel disease exacerbations remain to be elucidated. Here, we presented a model of early life stress–induced exacerbation of colitis in interleukin (IL)-10−/− mice. Methods:C57Bl/6 wild-type and IL-10−/− mice were exposed to neonatal maternal separation (NMS) stress on postnatal days 1 to 18 and reared under normal conditions until 10 to 12 weeks of age. At this time, histopathology, colitis scores, intestinal barrier function, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and mast cell activity were evaluated. Results:NMS increased the severity of colitis IL-10−/− mice indicated by greater colitis scores and colonic proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. NMS and IL-10−/− increased colonic permeability; however, NMS alone did not induce colitis. Increased mast cell activation and colonic tryptase release were observed in IL-10−/− mice exposed to NMS, indicating mast cell activation. Conclusions:This study demonstrates that colitis in IL-10−/− mice can be exacerbated by NMS stress. The precise mechanisms of enhanced colitis severity in NMS IL10−/− mice are unclear but persistent defects in intestinal barrier function likely play a contributing role. NMS serves as a novel model to investigate the mechanisms by which early life stress influences the development and course of inflammatory bowel disease in adulthood.}, number={4}, journal={INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES}, author={Lennon, E. M. and Maharshak, Nitsan and Elloumi, H. and Borst, L. and Plevy, S. E. and Moeser, Adam J.}, year={2013}, pages={712–719} }
 @article{bailey_hempstead_tobias_borst_clode_posner_2013, title={Evaluation of the effects of tricaine methanesulfonate on retinal structure and function in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)}, volume={242}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.11.1578}, DOI={10.2460/javma.242.11.1578}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Bailey, Kate M. and Hempstead, Julie E. and Tobias, Jeremy R. and Borst, Luke B. and Clode, Alison B. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={1578–1582} }
 @article{suyemoto_hamrick_spears_horton_washington_havell_borst_orndorff_2013, title={Extrauterine Listeriosis in the Gravid Mouse Influences Embryonic Growth and Development}, volume={8}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072601}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0072601}, abstractNote={Gravid mice and other rodents inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes typically fail to clear an intrauterine infection and either succumb or expel their intrauterine contents. We took advantage of this property to investigate the effects of an extrauterine infection on parameters of pregnancy success. Pregnant mice were selected for our study if they showed no clinical signs of listeriosis following oral inoculation at 7.5 gestational days (gd), and had no detectable intrauterine colony forming units (cfu) at near term (18.5 gd). The range of oral doses employed was 106-108 cfu per mouse for two listerial serotype strains (4nonb and 1/2a). At all doses, inoculation resulted in a decrease in average near-term (18.5 gd) fetal weight per litter compared to sham inoculated controls. Additionally, embryonic death (indicated by intrauterine resorptions) was exhibited by some inoculated mice but was absent in all sham inoculated animals. In parallel experiments designed to detect possible loss of placental function, gravid uteruses were examined histopathologically and microbiologically 96 h after oral inoculation. Placental lesions were associated with high (> 106), but not low (< 102) or absent intrauterine cfu. In vitro, mouse embryonic trophoblasts were indistinguishable from mouse enterocytes in terms of their sensitivity to listerial exposure. A model consistent with our observations is one in which products (host or bacterial) generated during an acute infection enter embryos transplacentally and influences embryonic survival and slows normal growth in utero.}, number={8}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Hamrick, Terri S. and Spears, Patricia A. and Horton, John R. and Washington, Ida M. and Havell, Edward A. and Borst, Luke B. and Orndorff, Paul E.}, editor={Roop II, Roy MartinEditor}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={e72601} }
 @article{ghosh_borst_stauffer_suyemoto_moisan_zurek_gookin_2013, title={GI-9 Mortality In Foster-Age Kittens Is Associated With A Shift From Ileum Mucosa-Associated Enterococcus Hirae to Colonization By E. Faecalis and Enteropathogenice E. Coli}, volume={27}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Ghosh, A. and Borst, L. and Stauffer, S. and Suyemoto, M. and Moisan, P. and Zurek, L. and Gookin, J.}, year={2013}, pages={698} }
 @article{richards_motsinger-reif_chen_fedoriw_fan_nielsen_small_thomas_smith_dave_et al._2013, title={Gene Profiling of Canine B-Cell Lymphoma Reveals Germinal Center and Postgerminal Center Subtypes with Different Survival Times, Modeling Human DLBCL}, volume={73}, ISSN={0008-5472 1538-7445}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-3546}, DOI={10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3546}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={16}, journal={Cancer Research}, publisher={American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)}, author={Richards, K. L. and Motsinger-Reif, A. A. and Chen, H.-W. and Fedoriw, Y. and Fan, C. and Nielsen, D. M. and Small, G. W. and Thomas, R. and Smith, C. and Dave, S. S. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={5029–5039} }
 @article{hempstead_clode_salmon_gilger_2013, title={Histopathologic features of equine superficial, nonhealing, corneal ulcers}, volume={17}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12117}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12117}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={s1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hempstead, J.H. and Clode, A.C. and Salmon, B.H. and Gilger, B.C.}, year={2013}, pages={46–52} }
 @article{thalheim_williams_borst_fogle_suter_2013, title={Lymphoma Immunophenotype of Dogs Determined by Immunohistochemistry, Flow Cytometry, and Polymerase Chain Reaction for Antigen Receptor Rearrangements}, volume={27}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12185}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12185}, abstractNote={BackgroundImmunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry (FC), and PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) are 3 widely utilized tests to determine immunophenotype in dogs with lymphoma (LSA).}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Thalheim, L. and Williams, L.E. and Borst, L.B. and Fogle, J.E. and Suter, S.E.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1509–1516} }
 @article{culver_ito_borst_bell_modiano_breen_2013, title={Molecular characterization of canine BCR-ABL-positive chronic myelomonocytic leukemia before and after chemotherapy}, volume={42}, ISSN={0275-6382}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12055}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12055}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Culver, Sarah and Ito, Daisuke and Borst, Luke and Bell, Jerold S. and Modiano, Jaime F. and Breen, Matthew}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={314–322} }
 @article{ghosh_borst_stauffer_suyemoto_moisan_zurek_gookin_2013, title={Mortality in Kittens Is Associated with a Shift in Ileum Mucosa-Associated Enterococci from Enterococcus hirae to Biofilm-Forming Enterococcus faecalis and Adherent Escherichia coli}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1098-660X"]}, DOI={10.1128/jcm.00481-13}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Ghosh, Anuradha and Borst, Luke and Stauffer, Stephen H. and Suyemoto, Mitsu and Moisan, Peter and Zurek, Ludek and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={3567–3578} }
 @article{wagner_lin_borst_miller_2013, title={YaxAB, a Yersinia enterocolitica Pore-Forming Toxin Regulated by RovA}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1098-5522"]}, DOI={10.1128/iai.00781-13}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={11}, journal={INFECTION AND IMMUNITY}, author={Wagner, Nikki J. and Lin, Carolina P. and Borst, Luke B. and Miller, Virginia L.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={4208–4219} }
 @article{borst_patterson_lanka_suyemoto_maddox_2013, title={Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Screen for Attenuation of Lancefield Group C Streptococci and a Model for Streptococcal Pathogenesis}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1177/0300985811424731}, abstractNote={ Group C streptococci are highly contagious pyogenic bacteria responsible for respiratory tract, lymph node, urogenital tract, and wound infections. Wild-type strains of Streptococcus equi ssp equi ( S. equi) and Streptococcus equi ssp zooepidemicus ( S. zoo) as well as a commercially available modified live vaccine strain of S. equi were evaluated for virulence in zebrafish. Survival times, histologic lesions, and relative gene expression were compared among groups. Based on the intramuscular route of infection, significantly shorter survival times were observed in fish infected with wild-type strain when compared to modified live vaccine and S. zoo strains. Histologically, S. zoo–infected fish demonstrated a marked increase in inflammatory infiltrates (predominantly macrophages) at the site of infection, as well as increased cellularity in the spleen and renal interstitium. In contrast, minimal cellular immune response was observed in S. equi–injected fish with local tissue necrosis and edema predominating. Based on whole comparative genomic hybridization, increased transcription of positive acute-phase proteins, coagulation factors, and antimicrobial peptides were observed in S. equi–injected fish relative to S. zoo–injected fish, while mediators of cellular inflammation, including CXC chemokines and granulin, were upregulated in S. zoo–injected fish relative to S. equi–injected fish. In a screen of 11 clinical isolates, S. equi strains with a single nucleotide deletion in the upstream region of szp, a known virulence factor of streptococci, were found to be significantly attenuated in zebrafish. These collective findings underscore the value of the zebrafish as a model of streptococcal pathogenesis. }, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Borst, L. B. and Patterson, S. K. and Lanka, S. and Suyemoto, M. M. and Maddox, C. W.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={457–467} }
 @article{kobayashi_russo_matsuoka_nochi_borst_garcia_rothman_kashiwada_plevy_2012, title={867 NFIL3 Deficient Mice Develop Severe Innate Immune Mediated Spontaneous Colitis}, volume={142}, ISSN={0016-5085}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(12)60563-0}, DOI={10.1016/s0016-5085(12)60563-0}, number={5}, journal={Gastroenterology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kobayashi, Taku and Russo, Steven and Matsuoka, Katsuyoshi and Nochi, Tomonori and Borst, Luke B. and Garcia, J Victor and Rothman, Paul B. and Kashiwada, Masaki and Plevy, Scott E.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={S-149} }
 @article{robbins_suyemoto_lyman_martin_barnes_borst_2012, title={An Outbreak and Source Investigation of Enterococcal Spondylitis in Broilers Caused by Enterococcus cecorum}, volume={56}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/10253-052412-case.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Enterococcus cecorum was isolated from spondylitis lesions in broilers from two flocks in North Carolina that were experiencing increased mortality. Affected birds showed paresis and paralysis, clinical signs characteristic of enterococcal spondylitis (ES). Affected birds rested on their hocks and caudal abdomens with legs extended forward and were unable to stand or walk. Necropsy examination of affected birds revealed firm to hard inflammatory masses involving the vertebral bodies at the level of the free thoracic vertebra that bulged dorsally and compressed the spinal cord. When opened, lesions contained pale, tan to yellow caseonecrotic material. Microscopically, necrosis and fibrinoheterophilic spondylitis with intralesional gram-positive bacteria were seen. Heavy growth of E. cecorum recovered from vertebral lesions confirmed the diagnosis of ES. To investigate possible sources of the organism for one of the flocks bacterial cultures were made from the environment, water lines, mice trapped on the farm, cecal/cloacal swabs from one of the parent broiler breeder flocks, egg residue, hatching eggs, and the hatchery environment. Except for cecal/cloacal swabs from the breeders, E. cecorum was not isolated from any of these samples. When compared phenotypically and genotypically, cecal/cloacal isolates of E. cecorum from the breeders differed from isolates from spondylitis lesions in the broilers. The source of E. cecorum for the broiler flocks was not determined, but vertical transmission appears unlikely.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Robbins, Kabel M. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Lyman, Roberta L. and Martin, Michael P. and Barnes, H. John and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={768–773} }
 @article{bailey_heitzman_buchanan_bare_sper_borst_macpherson_archibald_whitacre_2012, title={B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in pony mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis}, volume={44}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00658.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Bailey, C. S. and Heitzman, J. M. and Buchanan, C. N. and Bare, C. A. and Sper, R. B. and Borst, L. B. and Macpherson, M. and Archibald, K. and Whitacre, M.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={88–94} }
 @article{schmit_pondenis_barger_borst_garrett_wypij_neumann_fan_2012, title={Cathepsin K Expression and Activity in Canine Osteosarcoma}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00834.x}, abstractNote={BackgroundCathepsin K (CatK) is a lysosomal protease with collagenolytic activity, and its secretion by osteoclasts is responsible for degrading organic bone matrix. People with pathologic bone resorption have higher circulating CatK concentrations.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Schmit, J. M. and Pondenis, H. C. and Barger, A. M. and Borst, L. B. and Garrett, L. D. and Wypij, J. M. and Neumann, Z. L. and Fan, T. M.}, year={2012}, pages={126–134} }
 @article{boozer_davis_borst_zseltvay_olby_mariani_2012, title={Characterization of Immune Cell Infiltration Into Canine Intracranial Meningiomas}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811417249}, DOI={10.1177/0300985811417249}, abstractNote={Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumors in dogs. A variety of inflammatory cells have been shown to invade these tumors in people, but little is known about interactions between the immune system and naturally occurring brain tumors in dogs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of a variety of immune cell subsets within canine intracranial meningiomas. Twenty-three formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples were evaluated using immunohistochemistry with antibodies specific for CD3, CD79a, CD18, CD11d (αD), CD45RA, forkhead box P3, and Toll-like receptors 4 and 9. Immune cell infiltration was evident in all samples, with a predominance of CD3+T cells. Large numbers of CD18+microglia and macrophages were noted surrounding and infiltrating the tumors, and a subset of these cells within the tumor appeared to be CD11d+. Scattered macrophages at the tumor–brain interface were TLR4+and TLR9+. Rare CD79a+B cells were noted in only a small subset of tumors. Lesser numbers of lymphocytes that were CD11d+, CD45RA+, or FoxP3+were noted in a number of the meningiomas. Although the function of these cells is not yet clear, work in other species suggests that evaluation of this immune cell infiltrate may provide important prognostic information and may be useful in the design of novel therapies.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Boozer, L. B. and Davis, T. W. and Borst, L. B. and Zseltvay, K. M. and Olby, N. J. and Mariani, C. L.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={784–795} }
 @article{moeser_borst_overman_pittman_2012, title={Defects in small intestinal epithelial barrier function and morphology associated with peri-weaning failure to thrive syndrome (PFTS) in swine}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1532-2661"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.01.003}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to investigate intestinal function and morphology associated with peri-weaning failure to thrive syndrome (PFTS) in swine. Jejunum and distal ileum from control and pigs exhibiting PFTS was harvested at weaning, 4 and 11 days post-weaning (PW) for intestinal barrier function studies and histological analyses (n = 6 pigs per group). Marked disturbances in intestinal barrier function was observed in PFTS pigs, compared with controls, indicated by lower (p < 0.05) TER and increased (p < 0.01) permeability to FITC dextran (4 kDa). Intestines from weaned pigs, subjected to a 4-day fast, exhibited minor disturbances in intestinal barrier function. Villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia were observed in the PFTS intestine compared with control and fasted pigs. These data demonstrate that PFTS is associated with profound disturbances in intestinal epithelial barrier function and alterations in mucosal and epithelial morphology in which anorexia is not the sole factor.}, number={2}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Moeser, Adam J. and Borst, Luke B. and Overman, Beth L. and Pittman, Jeremy S.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={975–982} }
 @article{stoermer_burrack_oko_montgomery_borst_gill_morrison_2012, title={Genetic Ablation of Arginase 1 in Macrophages and Neutrophils Enhances Clearance of an Arthritogenic Alphavirus}, volume={189}, ISSN={["0022-1767"]}, DOI={10.4049/jimmunol.1201240}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Stoermer, Kristina A. and Burrack, Adam and Oko, Lauren and Montgomery, Stephanie A. and Borst, Luke B. and Gill, Ronald G. and Morrison, Thomas E.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={4047–4059} }
 @article{borst_suyemoto_robbins_lyman_martin_barnes_2012, title={Molecular epidemiology of Enterococcus cecorum isolates recovered from enterococcal spondylitis outbreaks in the southeastern United States}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2012.718070}, abstractNote={Enterococcus cecorum, a normal intestinal inhabitant, is increasingly responsible for outbreaks of arthritis and osteomyelitis in chickens worldwide. Enterococcal spondylitis (ES) is a specific manifestation of E. cecorum-associated disease in which increased flock morbidity and mortality result from chronic infection involving the free thoracic vertebra. In this study the genetic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance of isolates recovered from ES-affected flocks in the southeastern United States were determined. ES outbreaks from 2007 to 2011 were investigated in North Carolina (15 flocks, 13 farms, four integrators), South Carolina (one flock, one farm, one integrator) and Alabama (six flocks, six farms, one integrator). From these 22 epidemiologically distinct outbreaks, 326 isolates of E. cecorum were recovered. Isolates from spinal lesions and caeca of affected birds (cases) and caeca of unaffected birds (controls) were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; phenotyped using both GenIII MicroPlate™ (Biolog; Hayward, CA, USA) microbial identification plates and antimicrobial sensitivity testing; and compared with each other. Isolates from spinal lesions were incapable of mannitol metabolism and the majority of these isolates were genetically clonal. In contrast, caecal isolates from control birds varied in their ability to metabolize mannitol and were genetically diverse. Isolates from both case and control birds had high levels of antimicrobial resistance. These findings indicate that the increase in E. cecorum-associated disease in the southeast United States is due to the emergence of new clones with increased pathogenicity and multidrug resistance.}, number={5}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Borst, Luke B. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Robbins, Kabel M. and Lyman, Roberta L. and Martin, Michael P. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2012}, pages={479–485} }
 @article{jain_pitoc_holl_zhang_borst_leong_lee_sullenger_2012, title={Nucleic acid scavengers inhibit thrombosis without increasing bleeding}, volume={109}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1204928109}, abstractNote={
            Development of effective, yet safe, antithrombotic agents has been challenging because such agents increase the propensity of patients to bleed. Recently, naturally occurring polyphosphates such as extracellular DNA, RNA, and inorganic polyphosphates have been shown to activate blood coagulation. In this report, we evaluate the anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity of nucleic acid-binding polymers in vitro and in vivo. Such polymers bind to DNA, RNA, and inorganic polyphosphate molecules with high affinity and inhibit RNA- and polyphosphate-induced clotting and the activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation in vitro. Moreover, [NH
            2
            (CH
            2
            )
            2
            NH
            2
            ]∶(G = 3);dendri PAMAM(NH
            2
            )
            32
            (PAMAM G-3) prevents thrombosis following carotid artery injury and pulmonary thromboembolism in mice without significantly increasing blood loss from surgically challenged animals. These studies indicate that nucleic acid-binding polymers are able to scavenge effectively prothrombotic nucleic acids and other polyphosphates in vivo and represent a new and potentially safer class of antithrombotic agents.
          }, number={32}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Jain, Shashank and Pitoc, George A. and Holl, Eda K. and Zhang, Ying and Borst, Luke and Leong, Kam W. and Lee, Jaewoo and Sullenger, Bruce A.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={12938–12943} }
 @article{bailey_fallon_wang_borst_timoney_2012, title={Serum and Colostral Antibody Responses of Pregnant Mares to Salmonella Bacterins and Colostral Antibody Transfer to Their Foals}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0737-0806"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND44713884}, DOI={10.1016/j.jevs.2012.02.001}, abstractNote={Salmonella spp. are well-recognized foal pathogens. However, prevention of neonatal salmonellosis by vaccinating pregnant mares has not been reported previously. A formalinized adjuvanted bacterin of Salmonella enterica, serovar typhimurium (S typhimurium) and serovar newport (S newport), was given to pregnant mares to determine its safety (study 1) and potency in enhancing Salmonella-specific antibody for colostral transfer to foals (study 2). Antibody levels to S typhimurium (lysate and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and S newport (lysate) were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay and reported as optical density measures. The mares in study 1 (n = 16) exhibited minimal reactions to the bacterin, and pregnancy was maintained in all mares throughout the study period. In study 2, serum antibody levels to both S typhimurium and S newport increased significantly in vaccinated mares (mean OD increase: 0.83 ± 0.58 [lysate of S typhimurium], 1.27 ± 0.82 [LPS of S typhimurium], and 0.67 ± 0.74 [lysate of S newport], respectively; n = 28). Elevated serum antibody levels on day 28 correlated with high antibody levels in colostrum (r2 = 0.62-0.75; P < .0001) and in serum samples of foals (r2 = 0.5-0.73; P < .001).}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Bailey, Christopher Scott and Fallon, Luke and Wang, Wei and Borst, Luke and Timoney, John}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={575–578} }
 @article{tang_fan_borst_cheng_2012, title={Synthesis and Biological Response of Size-Specific, Monodisperse Drug-Silica Nanoconjugates}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1936-0851"]}, DOI={10.1021/nn300149c}, abstractNote={Drug-containing nanoparticles (NPs) with monodisperse, controlled particle sizes are highly desirable for drug delivery. Accumulating evidence suggests that NPs with sizes less than 50 nm demonstrate superior performance in vitro and in vivo. However, it is difficult to fabricate monodisperse, drug-containing NPs with discrete sizes required for studying and characterizing existing relationships among particle size, biologic processing, and therapeutic functionality. Here, we report a scalable process of fabricating drug-silica conjugated nanoparticles, termed drug-silica nanoconjugates (drug-NCs), which possess monodisperse size distributions and desirable particle sizes as small as 20 nm. We find that 20 nm NCs are superior to their 50 and 200 nm NC analogues by 2-5- and 10-20-fold, respectively, with regard to tumor accumulation and penetration and cellular internalization. These fundamental findings underscore the importance and necessity of further miniaturizing nanomedicine size for optimized drug delivery applications.}, number={5}, journal={ACS NANO}, author={Tang, Li and Fan, Timothy M. and Borst, Luke B. and Cheng, Jianjun}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={3954–3966} }
 @article{neihaus_locke_barger_borst_goring_2011, title={A Novel Method of Core Aspirate Cytology Compared to Fine-Needle Aspiration for Diagnosing Canine Osteosarcoma}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-5676}, abstractNote={There is little information in veterinary literature regarding the diagnostic accuracy of aspirate cytology for the diagnosis of canine osteosarcoma (OSA). The authors compared the diagnostic accuracy of a novel method of cytologic collection, termed core aspirate cytology (CA), with fine needle aspiration (FNA) and histopathology in 27 dogs with lytic and/or proliferative bone lesions. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining was performed to confirm the diagnosis of OSA cytologically. OSA was accurately diagnosed in 85% and 95% of FNA and CA, respectively. ALP staining was 100% sensitive for the diagnosis of OSA. CA using a bone marrow biopsy needle allowed for penetration of cortical bone and aspirate cytology with a larger bore needle than FNA; however, there was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between techniques. Aspirate cytology with ALP staining was a safe, accurate, and minimally invasive diagnostic test for the evaluation of suspected OSA lesions in dogs.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Neihaus, Steven A. and Locke, Jennifer E. and Barger, Anne M. and Borst, Luke B. and Goring, Robert L.}, year={2011}, pages={317–323} }
 @article{ardente_christian_borst_lewbart_2011, title={CLINICAL CHALLENGE}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0028.1}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Ardente, Amanda J. and Christian, Larry S. and Borst, Luke B. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={770–773} }
 @article{borst_patterson_lanka_barger_fredrickson_maddox_2011, title={Evaluation of a commercially available modified-live Streptococcus equi subsp equi vaccine in ponies}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.72.8.1130}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Borst, Luke B. and Patterson, Sheila K. and Lanka, Saraswathi and Barger, Anne M. and Fredrickson, Richard L. and Maddox, Carol W.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={1130–1138} }
 @article{thomas_seiser_motsinger-reif_borst_valli_kelley_suter_argyle_burgess_bell_et al._2011, title={Refining tumor-associated aneuploidy through ‘genomic recoding’ of recurrent DNA copy number aberrations in 150 canine non-Hodgkin lymphomas}, volume={52}, ISSN={1042-8194 1029-2403}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2011.559802}, DOI={10.3109/10428194.2011.559802}, abstractNote={Identification of the genomic regions most intimately associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) pathogenesis is confounded by the genetic heterogeneity of human populations. We hypothesize that the restricted genetic variation of purebred dogs, combined with the contrasting architecture of the human and canine karyotypes, will increase the penetrance of fundamental NHL-associated chromosomal aberrations in both species. We surveyed non-random aneuploidy in 150 canine NHL cases, revealing limited genomic instability compared to their human counterparts and no evidence for CDKN2A/B deletion in canine B-cell NHL. ‘Genomic recoding’ of canine NHL data into a ‘virtual human’ chromosome format showed remarkably few regions of copy number aberration (CNA) shared between both species, restricted to regions of dog chromosomes 13 and 31, and human chromosomes 8 and 21. Our data suggest that gene discovery in NHL may be enhanced through comparative studies exploiting the less complex association between CNAs and tumor pathogenesis in canine patients.}, number={7}, journal={Leukemia & Lymphoma}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Thomas, Rachael and Seiser, Eric L. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison and Borst, Luke and Valli, Victor E. and Kelley, Kathryn and Suter, Steven E. and Argyle, David and Burgess, Kristine and Bell, Jerold and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={1321–1335} }
 @article{lanka_borst_patterson_maddox_2010, title={A multiphasic typing approach to subtype Streptococcus equi subspecies equi}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1040-6387"]}, DOI={10.1177/104063871002200612}, abstractNote={ The objective of the present investigation was to differentiate between strains of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi implicated in abscess formation in vaccinated horses. Streptococcus equi isolates recovered from clinical specimens associated with equine strangles cases submitted to the University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory were compared with S. equi isolates representing at least 12 lots of a commercial modified live vaccine (MLV) to determine whether the isolates obtained from the abscesses were vaccine or wild type. Genotyping techniques evaluated included enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR), repetitive extragenic palindrome PCR, BOX element PCR, ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Phenotypic evaluations were performed using the Biolog GP2 Microplate (hereafter, Biolog). In cases where Biolog and PFGE results did not coincide, a single nucleotide polymorphism located in the upstream regulatory region of szp gene was used to identify the S. equi strains. PFGE and Biolog successfully differentiated wild-type S. equi strains isolated from clinical submissions from isolates of the MLV. PFGE genotyping enabled further subtyping of the wild-type strains, whereas Biolog combined with szp sequencing was useful in differentiating the MLV strain from its wild-type progenitor. Deletion of a single guanine residue located in the upstream regulatory region of the szp gene appears to be conserved among vaccine isolates, and shows a 98.5% correlation to Biolog identification. This multiphasic approach can be used to answer specific diagnostic questions pertaining to the source of infection and/or outbreak, or to address quarantine concerns. }, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Lanka, Saraswathi and Borst, Luke B. and Patterson, Sheila K. and Maddox, Carol W.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={928–936} }
 @article{hillman_garrett_lorimier lp_charney_borst_fan_2010, title={Biological behavior of oral and perioral mast cell tumors in dogs: 44 cases (1996-2006).}, volume={10}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/20946081}, DOI={10.2460/javma.237.8.936}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hillman, LA and Garrett, LD and Lorimier LP and Charney, SC and Borst, LB and Fan, TM}, year={2010}, month={Oct} }
 @article{tennent-brown_solis_foreman_goetz_fredrickson_borst_flaminio_2010, title={Common variable immunodeficiency in a horse with chronic peritonitis}, volume={22}, number={8}, journal={Equine Veterinary Education}, author={Tennent-Brown, B. S. and Solis, C. N. and Foreman, J. H. and Goetz, T. E. and Fredrickson, R. L. and Borst, L. B. and Flaminio, M. J. B. F.}, year={2010}, pages={393–399} }
 @inproceedings{robbins_borst_martin_jay_suyemoto_barnes_2010, place={Schaumburg, IL}, title={Phenotypic analysis of Enterococcus cecorum field isolates associated with vertebral osteoarthritis}, booktitle={AAAP Scientific Program}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Robbins, Kabel and Borst, Luke and Martin, Michael P. and Jay, Paula and Suyemoto, Mitsu and Barnes, H.John}, year={2010} }
 @phdthesis{borst_2009, title={Investigations into a rationally designed modified live vaccine for equine strangles}, school={University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, author={Borst, Luke B.}, year={2009} }
 @article{clark_ness_baldrighi_borst_maddox_payne_2008, title={10 INOCULATION OF CULTURE-NEGATIVE PORCINE SEMEN WITH NOVEL BIOFILM-FORMING BACTERIA}, volume={20}, ISSN={1031-3613}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab10}, DOI={10.1071/rdv20n1ab10}, abstractNote={ With the growing number of boar studs having semen analysis performed by reproductive specialists, a growing number of diagnostic challenges are encountered. Semen analysis classically involves evaluation of sperm cell motility, morphology, and concentration; however, culture of the extended semen sample for bacterial contamination has become routine. Two isolates, Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Ralstonia pickettii, have recently been identified in the water distillation system of a boar stud facility that uses this water to extend the raw semen in various semen extenders. Insemination of sows with contaminated semen has resulted in severe pyometras diagnosed on necropsy. The effect of these bacteria on sperm motility has not been examined in a controlled setting. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of A. xylosoxidans (AX) and R. pickettii (RP) on pH and motility in culture-negative semen samples over a 7-day period at 16�C. Banked clinical isolates of AX and RP were plated on Columbia blood agar and incubated for 48 h at 37�C. For each isolate, a single colony was selected and transferred to 10 mL of Luria broth. The broth was then incubated for 24 h at 37�C. Optical density measurements were performed at 24 and 48 h of growth, followed by quantification of bacteria by plate counts of serially diluted broth cultures (colony forming units). At 24 h, AX and RP reached levels of 1 � 108 and 1 � 107 [colony-forming units (cfu) mL–1], respectively. Concentration of bacteria in clinical infection was determined to be approximately 1 � 104 and 102 for AX and RP, respectively. In order to attain concentrations similar to those in clinical infection, dilution of the bacteria was necessary. Centrifugation of broth culture at 4000 rpm for 5 min was performed and the bacterial pellet was re-suspended in culture-negative semen in Modena (SGI, LTD, Cambridge, IA, USA) extender to concentrations mimicking those in clinical infection. The samples were then incubated at 16�C and rotated once daily. Motility and morphology, viewed using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA: Spermvision; Minitube of America, Verona, WI, USA), and pH (Accumet AB15, Fisher Scientific, Hanover Park, IL, USA) were measured daily for each sample at 25�C. Data from 4 replicates were used in the analysis. For motility, ANOVA revealed no significant differences (P < 0.05) between the control and inoculated samples. A PROX MIXED analysis (SAS, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) revealed no treatment-by-time interaction with sperm motility after inoculation. For sample pH, statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were noted between all of the samples, primarily contributed by a treatment-by-time effect. The pH of the control sample became more basic over the 7-day period (from 6.94 to 7.32). This phenomenon was also observed in all of samples; however, semen inoculated with AX appeared to remain closer to neutral pH than did the RP samples. Although statistically significant differences were noted in pH, the addition of biofilm bacteria did not negatively affect the motility of extended porcine semen during this time period. Further experiments need to be performed in relation to different concentrations, time period of bacterial growth, and determination of final cfu mL–1. }, number={1}, journal={Reproduction, Fertility and Development}, publisher={CSIRO Publishing}, author={Clark, S. and Ness, A. and Baldrighi, J. and Borst, L. and Maddox, C. and Payne, B.}, year={2008}, pages={85} }
 @article{lowe_campbell_barger_schaeffer_borst_2008, title={Clinical, clinicopathological and histological changes observed in 14 cats treated with glucocorticoids.}, volume={6}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/18552328}, DOI={10.1136/vr.162.24.777}, abstractNote={Fourteen cats were given immunosuppressive doses of either prednisolone (4·4 mg/kg/day) or dexamethasone (0·55 mg/kg/day) for 56 days. Complete blood counts, serum biochemistry profiles and urinalyses were performed on days 0 and 56, and liver biopsies were taken laparoscopically on day 56, because of evidence of hepatic disease on the serum biochemistry profiles. There were significant increases in the cats' mean white blood cell counts, neutrophil counts and monocyte counts, and significant decreases in their mean lymphocyte counts and eosinophil counts. There were consistent increases in the serum concentrations of albumin, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. Glycogen deposition, consistent with a steroid hepatopathy, was present to varying degrees in all the liver biopsies. One of the cats developed adverse clinical signs including anorexia, icterus, pruritus and medial curling of the pinnae, some of which were suspected to be related to the glucocorticoid therapy.}, journal={The Veterinary record}, author={Lowe, AD and Campbell, KL and Barger, A and Schaeffer, DJ and Borst, L}, year={2008}, month={Jun} }
 @article{clark_ness_payne_borst_maddox_2007, title={DESCRIPTION OF GROWTH DYNAMICS OF BIOFILM BACTERIA FOUND IN EXTENDED PORCINE SEMEN}, volume={77}, ISSN={0006-3363 1529-7268}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolreprod/77.s1.84c}, DOI={10.1093/biolreprod/77.s1.84c}, number={Suppl_1}, journal={Biology of Reproduction}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Clark, Sherrie and Ness, Amanda and Payne, Brian and Borst, Luke and Maddox, Carol}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={84–85} }
 @article{krug_manfra marretta_lorimier_white_borst_2006, title={Diagnosis and management of Wegener's granulomatosis in a dog}, volume={23}, ISSN={["2470-4083"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/17286129}, DOI={10.1177/089875640602300406}, abstractNote={ A four-year-old male/neutered mixed-breed dog was presented for severe, multifocal, proliferative gingivitis. Histopathologic examination of incisional biopsies supported a diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis, an autoimmune vasculitis previously unreported in the veterinary literature. Diagnostic investigations for infectious, neoplastic, or other inflammatory conditions all provided negative results. Management with a combination of immunosuppressive agents resulted in complete resolution and remission of the presenting lesions and associated clinical signs. }, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY}, author={Krug, William and Manfra Marretta, Sandra and Lorimier, Louis-Philippe and White, Dean K. and Borst, Luke}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={231–236} }