@article{aworh_thakur_gensler_harrell_harden_fedorka-cray_jacob_2024, title={Characteristics of antimicrobial resistance in <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolated from retail meat products in North Carolina}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0294099}, abstractNote={
Background
Escherichia coli is commonly used as an indicator for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food, animal, environment, and human surveillance systems. Our study aimed to characterize AMR in E. coli isolated from retail meat purchased from grocery stores in North Carolina, USA as part of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS).
}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Aworh, Mabel Kamweli and Thakur, Siddhartha and Gensler, Catherine and Harrell, Erin and Harden, Lyndy and Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. and Jacob, Megan}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{parzygnat_crespo_fosnaught_muyyarrikkandy_hull_harden_thakur_2024, title={Megaplasmid Dissemination in Multidrug-Resistant <i>Salmonella</i> Serotypes from Backyard and Commercial Broiler Production Systems in the Southeastern United States}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1556-7125"]}, DOI={10.1089/fpd.2023.0181}, abstractNote={Over the past decade, there has been a rise in U.S. backyard poultry ownership, raising concern for residential area antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Salmonella contamination. This study aims to lay the groundwork to better understand the persistence of AMR Salmonella in residential broiler production systems and make comparisons with commercial systems. Ten backyard and 10 commercial farms were sampled at three time points across bird production. Both fecal (n = 10) and environmental (soil, n = 5, litter/compost, n = 5, feeder, and waterer swabs, n = 6) samples were collected at each visit on days 10, 31, and 52 of production for backyard farms and days 10, 24, and 38 of production for commercial farms. AMR Salmonella was characterized phenotypically by broth microdilution and genotypically by whole-genome sequencing. Overall, Salmonella was more prevalent in commercial farm samples (52.31%) over backyard farms (19.10%). Kentucky (sequence type (ST) 152) was the most common serotype found in both backyard and commercial farms. Multidrug-resistant (MDR, resistance to ≥3 or more antimicrobial classes) isolates were found in both production systems, while ciprofloxacin- and nalidixic acid-resistant and intermediate isolates were more prevalent in commercial (33%) than backyard samples (1%). Plasmids that have been associated with MDR were found in Kentucky and Infantis isolates, particularly IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3 megaplasmid (Infantis). Our study emphasizes the need to understand the selection pressures in disseminating megaplasmids in MDR Salmonella in distinct broiler production systems.}, journal={FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE}, author={Parzygnat, Jessica L. and Crespo, Rocio and Fosnaught, Mary and Muyyarrikkandy, Muhammed and Hull, Dawn and Harden, Lyndy and Thakur, Siddhartha}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{grinevich_harden_thakur_callahan_2024, title={Serovar-level identification of bacterial foodborne pathogens from full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2379-5077"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00757-23}, DOI={10.1128/msystems.00757-23}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, journal={MSYSTEMS}, author={Grinevich, Dmitry and Harden, Lyndy and Thakur, Siddhartha and Callahan, Benjamin}, editor={Langille, Morgan G. I.Editor}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{parzygnat_crespo_koci_dunn_harden_fosnaught_thakur_2024, title={Widespread prevalence of plasmid-mediated <i>bla</i><sub>CTX-M</sub> type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase <i>Escherichia coli</i> in backyard broiler production systems in the United States}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304599}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0304599}, abstractNote={Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli ( E . coli ) is an emerging pathogen of high concern given its resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Broiler chicken, which is the number one consumed meat in the United States and worldwide, can be a reservoir of ESBL E . coli . Backyard poultry ownership is on the rise in the United States, yet there is little research investigating prevalence of ESBL E . coli in this setting. This study aims to identify the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles (phenotypically and genotypically) of ESBL E . coli in some backyard and commercial broiler farms in the U.S. For this study ten backyard and ten commercial farms were visited at three time-points across flock production. Fecal (n = 10), litter/compost (n = 5), soil (n = 5), and swabs of feeders and waterers (n = 6) were collected at each visit and processed for E . coli . Assessment of ESBL phenotype was determined through using disk diffusion with 3 rd generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime and ceftazidime, and that with clavulanic acid. Broth microdilution and whole genome sequencing were used to investigate both phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles, respectively. ESBL E . coli was more prevalent in backyard farms with 12.95% of samples testing positive whereas 0.77% of commercial farm samples were positive. All isolates contained a bla CTX-M gene, the dominant variant being bla CTX-M-1 , and its presence was entirely due to plasmids. Our study confirms concerns of growing resistance to fourth generation cephalosporin, cefepime, as roughly half (51.4%) of all isolates were found to be susceptible dose-dependent and few were resistant. Resistance to non-beta lactams, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, was also detected in our samples. Our study identifies prevalence of bla CTX-M type ESBL E . coli in U.S. backyard broiler farms, emphasizing the need for interventions for food and production safety.}, number={6}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Parzygnat, Jessica L. and Crespo, Rocio and Koci, Matthew D. and Dunn, Robert R. and Harden, Lyndy and Fosnaught, Mary and Thakur, Siddhartha}, editor={Trueba, GabrielEditor}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hull_harrel_harden_thakur_2023, title={Detection of resistance and virulence plasmids in Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from North Carolina food animal production, 2018-2019}, volume={116}, ISSN={["1095-9998"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.fm.2023.104348}, abstractNote={Campylobacter remains the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the U.S. and worldwide. Campylobacter plasmids may play a significant role in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence factor distribution, and potentially drive rapid adaptation. C. coli (n = 345) and C. jejuni (n = 199) isolates collected from live cattle, swine, turkey, and chickens, poultry carcasses at production, and retail meat in N.C. were analyzed to determine plasmid prevalence, extrachromosomal virulence and AMR genes, and the phylogeny of assembled plasmids. Putative plasmids ranging from <2 kb to 237kb were identified with virulence factors present in 66.1% (228/345) C. coli and 88.4% (176/199) C. jejuni plasmids (promoting adherence, invasion, exotoxin production, immune modulation, chemotaxis, mobility, and the type IV secretion system). AMR genes were identified in 21.2% (73/345) C. coli and 28.1% C. jejuni plasmids (conferring resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, nucleosides, and lincosamides). Megaplasmids (>100 kb) were present in 25.7% (140/544) of the isolates and carried genes previously recognized to be involved with interspecies recombination. Our study highlights the extensive distribution and diversity of Campylobacter plasmids in food animal production and their role in the dissemination of biomedically important genes. Characterizing Campylobacter plasmids within the food animal production niche is important to understanding the epidemiology of potential emerging strains.}, journal={FOOD MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Hull, Dawn M. and Harrel, Erin and Harden, Lyndy and Thakur, Siddhartha}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{walker_harden_suyemoto_thakur_jacob_borst_2023, title={Draft Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis Coisolated from Polymicrobial Extraintestinal Infections of Chickens and Turkeys}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2576-098X"]}, DOI={10.1128/mra.01163-22}, abstractNote={
            Coinfections by avian pathogenic
            Escherichia coli
            (APEC) and
            Enterococcus faecalis
            in poultry with colisepticemia have become increasingly recognized. Here, we report draft genome sequences of 18 APEC and 18
            E. faecalis
            strains coisolated from lesions of diseased poultry.
          }, journal={MICROBIOLOGY RESOURCE ANNOUNCEMENTS}, author={Walker, Grayson K. and Harden, Lyndy and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Thakur, Siddhartha and Jacob, Megan and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{walker_harden_suyemoto_thakur_jacob_borst_2023, title={Draft genome sequences of 12 Escherichia coli co-isolated with Enterococcus spp. from dogs with polybacterial bacteriuria at a veterinary hospital}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2576-098X"]}, DOI={10.1128/MRA.00262-23}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, journal={MICROBIOLOGY RESOURCE ANNOUNCEMENTS}, author={Walker, Grayson K. and Harden, Lyndy and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Thakur, Siddhartha and Jacob, Megan and Borst, Luke B.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{atlaw_keelara_correa_foster_gebreyes_aidara-kane_harden_thakur_fedorka-cray_2022, title={Evidence of sheep and abattoir environment as important reservoirs of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli}, volume={363}, ISSN={["1879-3460"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109516}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109516}, abstractNote={The increase in antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) foodborne pathogens, including E. coli and Salmonella in animals, humans, and the environment, is a growing public health concern. Among animals, cattle, pigs, and chicken are reservoirs of these pathogens worldwide. There is a knowledge gap on the prevalence and AMR of foodborne pathogens in small ruminants (i.e., sheep and goats). This study investigates the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli and Salmonella from sheep and their abattoir environment in North Carolina. We conducted a year-round serial cross-sectional study and collected a total of 1128 samples from sheep (n = 780) and their abattoir environment (n = 348). Sheep samples consisted of feces, cecal contents, carcass swabs, and abattoir resting area feces. Environmental samples consisted of soil samples, lairage swab, animal feed, and drinking water for animals. We used CHROMAgar EEC with 4 μg/ml of Cefotaxime for isolating ESBL E. coli, and ESBL production was confirmed by double-disk diffusion test. Salmonella was isolated and confirmed using standard methods. All of the confirmed isolates were tested against a panel of 14 antimicrobials to elucidate susceptibility profiles. The prevalence of ESBL E. coli and Salmonella was significantly higher in environmental samples (47.7% and 65.5%) compared to the sheep samples (19.5% and 17.9%), respectively (P < 0.0001). We recovered 318 ESBL E. coli and 368 Salmonella isolates from sheep and environmental samples. More than 97% (310/318) of ESBL E. coli were multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistant to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials). Most Salmonella isolates (77.2%, 284/368) were pansusceptible, and 10.1% (37/368) were MDR. We identified a total of 24 different Salmonella serotypes by whole genome sequencing (WGS). The most common serotypes were Agona (19.8%), Typhimurium (16.2%), Cannstatt (13.2%), Reading (13.2%), and Anatum (9.6%). Prevalence and percent resistance of ESBL E. coli and Salmonella isolates varied significantly by season and sample type (P < 0.0001). The co-existence of ESBL E. coli in the same sample was associated with increased percent resistance of Salmonella to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Sulfisoxazole, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline. We presumed that the abattoir environment might have played a great role in the persistence and dissemination of resistant bacteria to sheep as they arrive at the abattoir. In conclusion, our study reaffirms that sheep and their abattoir environment act as important reservoirs of AMR ESBL E. coli and MDR Salmonella in the U.S. Further studies are required to determine associated public health risks.}, journal={International Journal of Food Microbiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Atlaw, N.A. and Keelara, S. and Correa, M. and Foster, D. and Gebreyes, W. and Aidara-Kane, A. and Harden, L. and Thakur, S. and Fedorka-Cray, P.J.}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={109516} }
 @article{dieye_hull_wane_harden_fall_sambe-ba_seck_fedorka-cray_thakur_2022, title={Genomics of human and chicken Salmonella isolates in Senegal: Broilers as a source of antimicrobial resistance and potentially invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis infections}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0266025}, abstractNote={Salmonella entericais the most common foodborne pathogen worldwide. It causes two types of diseases, a self-limiting gastroenteritis and an invasive, more threatening, infection.Salmonellagastroenteritis is caused by several serotypes and is common worldwide. In contrast, invasive salmonellosis is rare in high-income countries (HIC) while frequent in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), especially in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). Invasive NontyphoidalSalmonella(iNTS), corresponding to serotypes other than Typhi and Paratyphi, have emerged in sSA and pose a significant risk to public health. We conducted a whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis of 72 strains ofSalmonellaisolated from diarrheic human patients and chicken meat sold in multipurpose markets in Dakar, Senegal. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing combined with WGS data analysis revealed frequent resistance to fluoroquinolones and the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination that are among the most used treatments for invasiveSalmonella. In contrast, resistance to the historical first-line drugs chloramphenicol and ampicillin, and to cephalosporins was rare. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was lower in clinical isolates compared to chicken strains pointing to the concern posed by the excessive use of antimicrobials in farming. Phylogenetic analysis suggested possible transmission of the emerging multidrug resistant (MDR) Kentucky ST198 and serotype Schwarzengrund from chicken to human. These results stress the need for active surveillance ofSalmonellaand AMR in order to address invasive salmonellosis caused by nontyphoidalSalmonellastrains and other important bacterial diseases in sSA.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Dieye, Yakhya and Hull, Dawn M. and Wane, Abdoul Aziz and Harden, Lyndy and Fall, Cheikh and Sambe-Ba, Bissoume and Seck, Abdoulaye and Fedorka-Cray, Paula J. and Thakur, Siddhartha}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{medugu_aworh_iregbu_nwajiobi-princewill_abdulraheem_hull_harden_singh_obaro_egwuenu_et al._2022, title={Molecular characterization of multi drug resistant Escherichia coli isolates at a tertiary hospital in Abuja, Nigeria}, volume={12}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19289-z}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-022-19289-z}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Medugu, Nubwa and Aworh, Mabel Kamweli and Iregbu, Kenneth and Nwajiobi-Princewill, Philip and Abdulraheem, Khadija and Hull, Dawn M. and Harden, Lyndy and Singh, Pallavi and Obaro, Stephen and Egwuenu, Abiodun and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{hull_harrell_harden_thakur_2022, title={Multidrug resistance and virulence genes carried by mobile genomic elements in Salmonella enterica isolated from live food animals, processed, and retail meat in North Carolina, 2018-2019}, volume={378}, ISSN={["1879-3460"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109821}, abstractNote={An estimated 1000,000 domestic salmonellosis cases are attributed to food as a vehicle of exposure. Among Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)-regulated products, approximately 360,000 salmonellosis cases are associated with consumption of meat, poultry, and egg products. Salmonella vaccination programs instituted in U.S. poultry, cattle, and swine production have effectively reduced the prevalence of common Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Choleraesuis (swine), and Dublin (cattle) in the past several years, with some evidence of cross-immunity to other serovars. This study investigated S. enterica (n = 741) from live food animals, meat carcasses at production, and retail meat in North Carolina collected January 2018 to December 2019. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics were used to molecularly characterize and compare AMR profiles, virulence, and phylogeny of Salmonella at three stages of food processing. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) plasmids identified also contained the integrase recombinase virulence factor int associated with mobile integrons, qacE conferred quaternary ammonia resistance, and diverse AMR profiles. MDR Plasmid IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3_JN233704, with virulence factor int had 51 different AMR profiles within poultry S. enterica Infantis isolates. Plasmid-mediated virulence factors also appear to provide a fitness advantage, as the dominant S. enterica serotype Kentucky in chicken retail meat held the greatest diversity of plasmid-mediated colicin virulence genes which are often upregulated by environmental stressors and confer a competitive advantage. Mobile genetic element recombination is increasing pathogen fitness in the food chain through the dissemination of virulence factors and resistance genes to clinically important antibiotics, posing a significant threat to human health.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Hull, Dawn M. and Harrell, Erin and Harden, Lyndy and Thakur, Siddhartha}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{meredith_kularatna_nagaro_nagahawatte_bodinayake_kurukulasooriya_wijesingha_harden_piyasiri_hammouda_et al._2021, title={Colonization with multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among infants: an observational study in southern Sri Lanka}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2047-2994"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13756-021-00938-3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND INFECTION CONTROL}, author={Meredith, Hannah R. and Kularatna, Sarath and Nagaro, Kristin and Nagahawatte, Ajith and Bodinayake, Champica and Kurukulasooriya, Ruvini and Wijesingha, Nishadhi and Harden, Lyndy B. and Piyasiri, Bhagya and Hammouda, Amr and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{atlaw_keelara_correa_foster_gebreyes_aidara-kane_harden_thakur_fedorka-cray_2021, title={Identification of CTX-M type ESBL E. coli from sheep and their abattoir environment using whole-genome sequencing}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2076-0817"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111480}, DOI={10.3390/pathogens10111480}, abstractNote={Widespread dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli (E. coli) in animals, retail meats, and patients has been reported worldwide except for limited information on small ruminants. Our study focused on the genotypic characterization of ESBL E. coli from healthy sheep and their abattoir environment in North Carolina, USA. A total of 113 ESBL E. coli isolates from sheep (n = 65) and their abattoir environment (n = 48) were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the WGS data. Multiple CTX-M-type beta-lactamase genes were detected, namely blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-32, blaCTX-M-55, and blaCTX-M-65. Other beta-lactamase genes detected included blaCMY-2, blaTEM-1A/B/C, and blaCARB-2. In addition, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and/or point mutations that confer resistance to quinolones, aminoglycosides, phenicols, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, and folate-pathway antagonists were identified. The majority of the detected plasmids were shared between isolates from sheep and the abattoir environment. Sequence types were more clustered around seasonal sampling but dispersed across sample types. In conclusion, our study reported wide dissemination of ESBL E. coli in sheep and the abattoir environment and associated AMR genes, point mutations, and plasmids. This is the first comprehensive AMR and WGS report on ESBL E. coli from sheep and abattoir environments in the United States.}, number={11}, journal={Pathogens}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Atlaw, N.A. and Keelara, S. and Correa, M. and Foster, D. and Gebreyes, W. and Aidara-Kane, A. and Harden, L. and Thakur, S. and Fedorka-Cray, P.J.}, year={2021}, pages={1480} }
 @article{king_schmidt_thakur_fedorka-cray_keelara_harden_essack_2021, title={Resistome of a carbapenemase-producing novel ST232 Klebsiella michiganensis isolate from urban hospital effluent in South Africa}, volume={24}, ISSN={["2213-7173"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jgar.2021.01.004}, abstractNote={Klebsiella michiganensis is an emerging pathogen implicated in nosocomial infections. Here we report on the resistome, virulome and mobilome of a carbapenemase-producing K. michiganensis isolate from urban hospital effluent in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Klebsiella sp. isolate KP124 was originally isolated from the final effluent of an urban tertiary hospital in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal.Following phenotypic characterisation and antibiotic susceptibility testing, the genome of carbapenemase-producing isolate KP124 was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform, de novo assembled and analysed using established bioinformatics tools.The draft genome of strain KP124 was 6 544 586 bp in length, comprising 203 contigs >200 bp. Following confirmation of isolate KP124 as K. michiganensis using reference genomes, the blaOXA-181 carbapenemase gene as well as 11 additional genes encoding resistance against β-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides were detected. Virulence factors enabling iron acquisition and cell adherence, capsule locus type and plasmid replicon types were identified.This study represents the first report of an OXA-181 carbapenemase-producing K. michiganensis isolate from hospital effluent in South Africa. The presence of such a strain in the environment owing to the absence of hospital effluent treatment presents a potential risk to informal communities that may use contaminated surface water domestically.}, journal={JOURNAL OF GLOBAL ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE}, author={King, T. L. and Schmidt, S. and Thakur, S. and Fedorka-Cray, P. and Keelara, S. and Harden, L. and Essack, S. Y.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={321–324} }
 @article{glaize_young_harden_gutierrez-rodriguez_thakur_2021, title={The effect of vegetation barriers at reducing the transmission of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from animal operations to fresh produce}, volume={347}, ISSN={["1879-3460"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109196}, abstractNote={Due to the recent outbreaks of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in fresh produce in the United States, the transfer of foodborne pathogens between animal feeding operations and fresh produce continues to be a considerable risk. The purpose of this study was to determine if the establishment of a vegetation barrier (VB) on small-scale sustainable farms could prevent the transmission of Salmonella and E. coli to nearby fresh produce fields. A 5-layer VB (31 × 49 m) was constructed between a dairy farm, a poultry farm, and a nearby produce field. Fresh produce (i.e., romaine lettuce and tomato), animal feces, and environmental (i.e., air, soil, and barrier) samples were collected for 15 months from 2018 to 2019. Four replicates of soil and fresh produce samples were taken from three plots located 10 m, 61 m, and 122 m away from the respective animal locations and processed for Salmonella and E. coli. Air and vegetative strip samples were sampled at 15-day intervals. Multiple colonies were processed from each positive sample, and a total of 143 positive Salmonella (n = 15) and E. coli (n = 128) isolates were retrieved from the soil, produce, air, and fecal samples. Interestingly, 18.2% of the Salmonella and E. coli isolates (n = 26) were recovered from fresh produce (n = 9) samples. Surprisingly, Salmonella isolates (n = 9) were only found in fecal (n = 3) samples collected from the dairy pasture. Data analysis suggests that the VB is an effective tool at reducing the transmission of E. coli and Salmonella from animal farms to fresh produce fields. However, based on phenotypic and genotypic testing, it is clear that fecal samples from animal farms are not the only source of pathogen contamination. This indicates that the environment (e.g., soil and wind), as well as the initial setup of the farm (e.g., proximity to service roads and produce plot placement), can contribute to the contamination of fresh produce. Our study recommends the need for more effective bioremediation and prevention control measures to use in conjunction with VBs to reduce pathogen transmission.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Glaize, Ayanna and Young, Morgan and Harden, Lyndy and Gutierrez-Rodriguez, Eduardo and Thakur, Siddhartha}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{stevens_frantz_orlando_griffith_harden_gruen_sherman_2016, title={Efficacy of a single dose of trazodone hydrochloride given to cats prior to veterinary visits to reduce signs of transport- and examination-related anxiety}, volume={249}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.249.2.202}, DOI={10.2460/javma.249.2.202}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Stevens, Brenda J. and Frantz, Eva and Orlando, Jillian M. and Griffith, Emily and Harden, Lyndy and Gruen, Margaret E. and Sherman, Barbara L.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={202–207} }