@article{smutko_klimek_perrin_danielson_2002, title={Involving watershed stakeholders: An issue attribute approach to determine willingness and need}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1752-1688"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb05540.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: The development of effective solutions for addressing nonpoint source pollution on a watershed basis often involves watershed stakeholders. However, success in engaging stakeholders in collaborative decision making processes varies, as watershed managers are faced with the challenges inherent to finding the right process for the decisions needed and in successfully engaging stakeholders in that process. Two characteristics that may provide guidance for determining the appropriateness of applying a collaborative process to a watershed problem are the need to collaborate and the willingness of stakeholders to engage in a collaborative decision making process. By examining seven attributes of the issues confronted by stakeholders in a collaborative process, the consequences of these attributes on the need for collaboration and stakeholders' willingness to engage can be estimated. The issue attributes include: level of uncertainty, balance of information, risk, time horizon of effects, urgency of decision, distribution of effects, and clarity of problem. The issue attribute model was applied to two collaborative decision making processes conducted by the same watershed stakeholder group in a North Carolina coastal watershed. Need and willingness to engage did not coincide for either issue; that is, stakeholders were more willing to engage on the issue that required less need for their involvement.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Smutko, LS and Klimek, SH and Perrin, CA and Danielson, LE}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={995–1006} }
 @article{wefering_danielson_white_2000, title={Using the AMOEBA approach to measure progress toward ecosystem sustainability within a shellfish restoration project in North Carolina}, volume={130}, ISSN={["0304-3800"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00205-2}, abstractNote={Sustainable development, a concept of concern today in the political decision-making arena, captures and combines the need for economic development and the urgency of ecosystem protection. Sustainability indicators not only describe the environmental situation and the current burden on it; they also show what environmental burden the ecosystem is able to withstand in the long-run. Sustainability indicators tell us if, and to what degree, we are making progress toward the goal of sustainable development. This paper examines the purposes and requirements of sustainability indicators, using the AMOEBA approach as its main focus. AMOEBA, in the Dutch language, stands for ‘general method of ecosystem description and assessment’. In the AMOEBA approach, quantitative and verifiable objectives are developed that allow for a quantitative description and assessment of ecosystems. The AMOEBA approach is a tool in aiding political decision makers to better understand the ecological status of an area of concern. AMOEBA is described both in general terms and with respect to its application at Jumping Run Creek shellfish restoration project in North Carolina. The project seeks to mitigate impacts to watershed hydrology due to land use changes that contribute to excessive bacterial loading and bed closure. Parameters being studied are indicators of bacterial stores, hydrologic modification and building density. An altered AMOEBA was developed which graphically presents the selected indicators and allows for an assessment of ecosystem impairments.}, number={1-3}, journal={ECOLOGICAL MODELLING}, author={Wefering, FM and Danielson, LE and White, NM}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={157–166} }