@article{hinesley_frampton_deal_deal_2018, title={Ortet Age and Clonal Effects on Growth and Market Value of Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri) Grafts as Christmas Trees}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, DOI={10.3390/f9040182}, abstractNote={Grafting provides a means to clonally produce Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) Christmas trees that have desirable traits such as faster growth, greater crown density, increased pest resistance, or more desirable foliage attributes than seedling stock. Grafting Fraser fir to disease resistant rootstocks also provides a means to ameliorate the impact of root rot, predominantly caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. The influence of ortet age on growth and market value of grafts has not been studied for Fraser fir Christmas tree production. A field trial was established in 2004 near Independence, Virginia (USA), with the objectives of assessing (1) the effect of ortet age (stock plants = 6 to 8, 10 to 12, and 18 to 20 years) and (2) shearing regimes (fixed leader length versus variable leader length) on growth, quality, and market value of Fraser fir Christmas trees. Commercial height, Christmas tree grade (based on U. S. Dept. of Agric. standards), and net present value (US dollars) were assessed at the time of harvest. Cone damage to quality was rated after 8 years in the field. Scions from Fraser fir Christmas trees 2 m or taller produced grafts that expressed maturation, resulting in lower tree quality, heavier cone damage, and decreased market value compared to seedling stock. In contrast, the quality and market value of grafts was similar to that of seedlings when scions were collected from young Fraser fir Christmas trees. For Christmas tree production, scions should be collected from the upper whorls of trees no older than 2 to 3 years in the field (6 to 8 years from seed). The effect of age on Fraser fir clones varies so that pre-screening might identify some older selections suitable for use as scion donors. Fixed versus variable shearing regimes had little effect on tree value, although some individual clones responded better to one regime or the other.}, number={4}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Hinesley, Eric and Frampton, John and Deal, Buddy and Deal, Earl}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{hinesley_deal_deal_2018, title={Shearing Systems for Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri) Christmas Trees}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, DOI={10.3390/f9050246}, abstractNote={Plantation-grown Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) Christmas trees were subjected to nine shearing regimes over nine years in a plantation in western North Carolina (USA). Treatments differed in the year of onset as well as the length of the residual leader (25 to 46 cm). Long leaders (36 to 46 cm) yielded trees that were taller than trees sheared with short leaders (25 to 30 cm), but the gain in height was offset by a lower average U.S. Department of Agriculture grade. Late in the rotation, trees sheared with 36–46-cm leaders were 17–34% heavier than those with 25–30-cm leaders. Average wholesale price of trees sheared with long leaders was 57% greater than that of trees sheared with short leaders. Assuming good bud density on leaders and branches, and considering other factors as well, the optimum leader length for Fraser fir Christmas trees in western North Carolina appears to be 30 to 41 cm (12 to 16 inches). Depending on site quality and variation in bud density and vigor among individual trees, leader length can be reduced, if necessary, to increase crown density.}, number={5}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Hinesley, Eric and Deal, Buddy and Deal, Earl}, year={2018}, month={May} }
 @article{hibbert-frey_frampton_blazich_hundley_hinesley_2011, title={Grafting fraser fir (Abies fraseri): Effect of scion origin (crown position and branch order)}, volume={46}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hibbert-Frey, H. and Frampton, J. and Blazich, F. A. and Hundley, D. and Hinesley, L. E.}, year={2011}, pages={91–94} }
 @article{hibbert-frey_frampton_blazich_hinesley_2010, title={Grafting Fraser fir (Abies fraseri): Effect of grafting date, shade, and irrigation}, volume={45}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hibbert-Frey, H. and Frampton, J. and Blazich, F. A. and Hinesley, L. E.}, year={2010}, pages={617–620} }
 @article{rutledge_frampton_blank_hinesley_2009, title={Naphthaleneacetic acid reduces leader growth of Fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={44}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Rutledge, M. E. and Frampton, J. and Blank, G. and Hinesley, L. E.}, year={2009}, pages={345–348} }
 @article{chastagner_hinesley_owen_2008, title={Effect of two fire retardants on postharvest drying and flammability of Douglas fir and fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={43}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Chastagner, G. and Hinesley, L. E. and Owen, J.}, year={2008}, pages={203–205} }
 @article{rutledge_frampton_hinesley_blank_2008, title={Top-stop nipper reduces leader growth in fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Rutledge, M. E. and Frampton, J. and Hinesley, L. E. and Blank, G.}, year={2008}, pages={256–260} }
 @article{rutledge_frampton_hinesley_blank_2008, title={Using a bud volume index with the top-stop nipper to control leader growth of Fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={18}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Rutledge, M. E. and Frampton, J. and Hinesley, L. E. and Blank, G.}, year={2008}, pages={583–587} }
 @article{chastagner_hinesley_riley_2007, title={Effectiveness of I-V watering devices in maintaining postharvest freshness and quality of cut Christmas trees}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0925-5214"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.08.011}, abstractNote={Experiments were carried out with cut Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziezii (Mirb.) Franco) and Leyland cypress [x Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. & Dallim.)] Christmas trees to evaluate postharvest water uptake, moisture status, needle loss, and tree quality when water was supplied to displayed trees either by an I–V device or a traditional method of placing the base in water. In both experiments, trees consumed about 4× as much water with the traditional method. Based on measurements of twig moisture content, xylem pressure potential (Ψ), needle loss, and total water consumption, tree freshness and quality was adequately maintained by the traditional method, but not the I–V device.}, number={1}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Chastagner, Gary A. and Hinesley, Eric and Riley, Kathy}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={178–181} }
 @article{derby_hinesley_2005, title={Fertilizing containerized Atlantic white cedar seedlings}, volume={23}, ISBN={0738-2898}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Horticulture}, author={Derby, S. A. and Hinesley, L. E.}, year={2005}, pages={97} }
 @article{derby_hinesley_2005, title={Growth of containerized Atlantic white cedar seedlings as affected by container volume, substrate, fertilizer, and irrigation}, volume={40}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Derby, S. A. and Hinesley, L. E.}, year={2005}, pages={1755–1759} }
 @article{derby_hinesley_2005, title={Water table and temperature regime affect growth of potted Atlantic white cedar}, journal={Atlantic white cedar : ecology, restoration, and management : proceedings of the Arlington Echo Symposium, Millersville, Maryland, June 2-4, 2003}, publisher={Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station}, author={Derby, S. A. and Hinesley, L. E.}, year={2005} }
 @article{hinesley_derby_2004, title={Growth of fraser fir christmas trees in response to annual shearing}, volume={39}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Derby, S. A.}, year={2004}, pages={1644–1646} }
 @article{hinesley_derby_2004, title={Shearing date affects growth and quality of fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={39}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Derby, S. A.}, year={2004}, pages={1020–1024} }
 @article{hinesley_frampton_2002, title={Grafting Fraser fir onto rootstocks of selected Abies species}, volume={37}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, E. and Frampton, J.}, year={2002}, pages={815–818} }
 @article{hinesley_smith_wicker_2001, title={Fertilization of container-grown baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.)}, volume={19}, ISBN={0738-2898}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Environmental Horticulture}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Smith, S. A. and Wicker, A. M.}, year={2001}, pages={109} }
 @article{hinesley_parker_benson_2000, title={Evaluation of seedlings of Fraser momi, and Siberian fir for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi}, volume={35}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Parker, K. C. and Benson, D. M.}, year={2000}, pages={87–88} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_campbell_roten_hartzog_2000, title={Nitrogen increases fresh weight and retail value of fraser fir christmas trees}, volume={35}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K. and Campbell, C. R. and Roten, D. K. and Hartzog, J.}, year={2000}, pages={860–862} }
 @article{hinesley_wicker_1999, title={Atlantic white-cedar wetland restoration project at Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge}, number={-27}, journal={Atlantic white-cedar : ecology and management symposium}, publisher={Asheville, NC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station}, author={Hinesley, E. and Wicker, M.}, editor={T. Shear and Summerville, K. O.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={27} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_pierce_1999, title={Effect of peat, shade, and seedling size on growth of Atlantic white cedar transplants}, volume={23}, number={1}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K. and Pierce, G. L.}, year={1999}, pages={5–10} }
 @article{hinesley_warren_snelling_1998, title={Effect of uniconazole on shoot growth and budset of containerized Fraser fir}, volume={33}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Warren, S. L. and Snelling, L. K.}, year={1998}, pages={82–84} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_1997, title={Basal pruning Fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K.}, year={1997}, pages={324–326} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_1997, title={Drying and rehydration of Atlantic white cedar, Arizona cypress, eastern white pine, leyland cypress, and Virginia pine Christmas trees}, volume={32}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K.}, year={1997}, pages={1252} }
 @book{mckinley_frampton_hinesley_1997, title={Drying rates for Eastern Christmas tree species}, journal={NCSU Christmas Tree Research Note 001}, author={McKinley, C. R. and Frampton, J. and Hinesley, E.}, year={1997} }
 @article{benson_hinesley_frampton_parker_1997, title={Evaluation of six Abies spp. to Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi}, volume={13}, journal={Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases}, author={Benson, D. M. and Hinesley, L. E. and Frampton, J. and Parker, K. C.}, year={1997}, pages={57} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_1997, title={Rooting stem cuttings of Atlantic white cedar outdoors in containers}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K.}, year={1997}, pages={315–317} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_1995, title={Correcting loss of the terminal bud in Fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={30}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K.}, year={1995}, pages={260} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_1995, title={Postharvest drying of Leyland cypress, eastern red cedar, and Fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={30}, number={7}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K.}, year={1995}, pages={1427} }
 @article{hinesley_blazich_snelling_1994, title={Propagation of Atlantic white cedar by stem cuttings}, volume={29}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Blazich, F. A. and Snelling, L. K.}, year={1994}, pages={217} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_goodman_1993, title={'Crop-Life' does not slow postharvest drying of Fraser fir and eastern red cedar Christmas trees}, volume={28}, number={10}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K. and Goodman, S.}, year={1993}, pages={1054} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_1993, title={Gamma radiation unpromising as an insect quarantine treatment for Fraser fir branches}, volume={28}, number={11}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K.}, year={1993}, pages={1109} }
 @article{hinesley_campbell_1992, title={CROOKED LEADERS AND NUTRITION IN FRASER FIR CHRISTMAS TREES}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x92-067}, abstractNote={ Current-year foliage from the upper crown of Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) Christmas trees with normal and abnormally spiraled or crooked leaders was sampled monthly between July and November over a 3-year period. Bark, wood, and small roots were also collected in November 1988, and foliage was collected from the upper whorl and leader on two dates in 1989. Concentrations of several nutrients varied significantly between crooked and straight trees in some years, but not across all years. With several elements, changes in concentration during the growing season were inconsistent across years. Some differences were too small to be of practical significance; others favored trees with crooked leaders when compared with nutritional guidelines. Concentrations of all elements varied considerably among trees, and nearly all nutrients exhibited significant temporal changes in concentration during the growing season. Concentrations also varied by sampling position. Nitrogen concentration tended to be higher in the foliage of crooked trees. Because there was no consistent pattern of deficiency, excess, or imbalance for any particular nutrient, the crooked leader problem in Fraser fir appears to have no distinct nutritional basis. }, number={4}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={HINESLEY, LE and CAMPBELL, CR}, year={1992}, month={Apr}, pages={513–520} }
 @article{hinesley_pharr_snelling_funderburk_1992, title={Foliar raffinose and sucrose in four conifer species: Relationship to seasonal temperature}, volume={117}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Pharr, D. M. and Snelling, L. K. and Funderburk, S. R.}, year={1992}, pages={852} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_goodman_1992, title={Rehydration of Fraser fir Christmas trees: Effect of time since cutting}, volume={27}, number={8}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K. and Goodman, S.}, year={1992}, pages={930} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_1992, title={Yield of decoration greenery from Fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={27}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K.}, year={1992}, pages={107} }
 @article{hinesley_blankenship_1991, title={Attributes of water additives affect postharvest needle retention of Fraser fir}, volume={26}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Blankenship, S. M.}, year={1991}, pages={569} }
 @article{hinesley_blankenship_1991, title={Effect of water additives on Fraser fir needle retention}, volume={1}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.1.1.90}, abstractNote={Several floral and tree preservatives were evaluated to determine their effect on postharvest needle retention of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.], an important Christmas tree species. Clorox (sodium hypochlorite) and aspirin (salicylic acid) caused massive needle loss, and three of the six commercial additives increased needle loss significantly, No treatment was better than water alone.}, number={1}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Blankenship, S. M.}, year={1991}, pages={90} }
 @article{hinesley_snelling_1991, title={Vapor pressure deficit, temperature, and light affect postharvest drying of Fraser fir and eastern white pine}, volume={26}, number={4}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Snelling, L. K.}, year={1991}, pages={402} }
 @article{hinesley_nelson_switzer_1991, title={Weight and nutrient content of litter during secondary succession on well-drained uplands of the East Gulf Coastal Plain in Mississippi}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1139/x91-119}, abstractNote={ Production of forest litter was examined over 2 years in a chronosequence of stands representing four stages of secondary succession on well-drained uplands of the East Gulf Coastal Plain in Mississippi. Average age for these stands was from 22 to 207 years. Early succession was dominated by dense pine stands, whereas mature forests were about 75% hardwood. Litter mass was greatest early in succession, when productivity was highest, and decreased as stands matured. Foliage was approximately 70% of the litter throughout succession. The remaining 30% was mostly large woody material in young pine stands, but a heavy reproductive component in mature stands. Stands dominated by pines produced litter throughout the year, whereas hardwood stands were more cyclic. In young pine stands, the N and P content of litter was already 80–90% of the maximum value realized later in succession, whereas Ca and Mg accumulated in proportion to hardwood basal area. Nutrient concentrations in litter varied by season, component, and stage of succession. Foliar litter that fell in the spring and summer had higher N and P concentrations than that that fell in the fall. Seasonal patterns of litter production, as well as variations in nutrient concentration, made the monthly variation of nutrients returned to the forest floor less extreme than that of foliar litter fall weights. }, number={6}, journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Nelson, L. E. and Switzer, G. L.}, year={1991}, pages={848} }
 @article{hinesley_1990, title={Latex colorant slows drying of redcedar Christmas trees}, volume={25}, number={6}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E.}, year={1990}, pages={673} }
 @article{hinesley_wright_1989, title={Biomass and nutrient accumulation in Fraser-fir Christmas trees}, volume={24}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Wright, R. D.}, year={1989}, pages={280} }
 @article{hinesley_wright_1988, title={Budset and growth of eastern white pine following application of 6-benzylaminopurine to seedlings fertilized with different levels of nitrogen}, volume={6}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Environmental Horticulture}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Wright, R. D.}, year={1988}, pages={33} }
 @article{hinesley_1988, title={Water relations of cut eastern redcedar Christmas trees}, volume={23}, number={3}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E.}, year={1988}, pages={589} }
 @article{hinesley_blazich_1980, title={Vegetative propagation of Abies fraseri by stem cuttings}, volume={15}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinesley, L. E. and Blazich, F. A.}, year={1980}, pages={96–97} }