James Lester

Dever, D. A., Wiedbusch, M., Park, S., Llinas, A., Lester, J., & Azevedo, R. (2024). Assessing the Complexity of Gaming Mechanics During Science Learning. GAMES AND LEARNING ALLIANCE, GALA 2023, Vol. 14475, pp. 299–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49065-1_29

Pugatch, M., Blum, N. J., Barbaresi, W. J., Rowe, J., Berna, M., Hennigan, S., … Ozer, E. (2024). Engagement of adolescents with ADHD in a narrative-centered game-based behavior change environment to reduce alcohol use. FRONTIERS IN EDUCATION, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1183994

Lester, J., Bansal, M., Biswas, G., Hmelo-Silver, C., Roschelle, J., & Rowe, J. (2024, February 14). The AI Institute for Engaged Learning. AI MAGAZINE. https://doi.org/10.1002/aaai.12161

Wiedbusch, M., Lester, J., & Azevedo, R. (2023, March 3). A multi-level growth modeling approach to measuring learner attention with metacognitive pedagogical agents. METACOGNITION AND LEARNING. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-023-09336-z

Bae, H., Feng, C., Glazewski, K., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., Chen, Y., Mott, B. W., … Lester, J. C. (2023, November 8). Co-designing a Classroom Orchestration Assistant for Game-based PBL Environments. TECHTRENDS. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-023-00903-4

Emerson, A., Min, W., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2023). Early prediction of student knowledge in game-based learning with distributed representations of assessment questions. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, 54(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13281

Mott, B., Gupta, A., GlazewskiAnne, K., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A., Hmelo-Silver, C., Scribner, A., … Lester, J. (2023). Fostering Upper Elementary AI Education: Iteratively Refining a Use-Modify-Create Scaffolding Progression for AI Planning. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2023 CONFERENCE ON INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION, ITICSE 2023, VOL. 2, pp. 647–647. https://doi.org/10.1145/3587103.3594170

Wang, N., & Lester, J. (2023, June 20). K-12 Education in the Age of AI: A Call to Action for K-12 AI Literacy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00358-x

Wang, N., & Lester, J. (2023, August 3). Preface to the Special Issue on K-12 AI Education. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00363-0

Giovanelli, A., Rowe, J., Taylor, M., Berna, M., Tebb, K. P., Penilla, C., … Ozer, E. M. (2023). Supporting Adolescent Engagement with Artificial Intelligence-Driven Digital Health Behavior Change Interventions. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH, 25. https://doi.org/10.2196/40306

Saleh, A., Phillips, T. M., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., Glazewski, K. D., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2022, February 26). A learning analytics approach towards understanding collaborative inquiry in a problem-based learning environment. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13198

Cloude, E. B., Dever, D. A., Hahs-Vaughn, D. L., Emerson, A. J., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2022). Affective Dynamics and Cognition During Game-Based Learning. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AFFECTIVE COMPUTING, 13(4), 1705–1717. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAFFC.2022.3210755

Horwitz, P., Reichsman, F., Lord, T., Dorsey, C., Wiebe, E., & Lester, J. (2022, August 5). If We Build It, Will They Learn? An Analysis of Students' Understanding in an Interactive Game During and After a Research Project. TECHNOLOGY KNOWLEDGE AND LEARNING, Vol. 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-022-09617-7

Zhang, J., Hutt, S., Ocumpaugh, J., Henderson, N., Goslen, A., Rowe, J. P., … Lester, J. (2022). Investigating Student Interest and Engagement in Game-Based Learning Environments. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, PT I, Vol. 13355, pp. 711–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11644-5_72

Park, K., Mott, B., Lee, S., Gupta, A., Jantaraweragul, K., Glazewski, K., … Lester, J. (2022). Investigating a visual interface for elementary students to formulate AI planning tasks. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES, 73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cola.2022.101157

Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A., Glazewski, K., Jeon, M., Jantaraweragul, K., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., Scribner, A., … Lester, J. (2022, September 14). Lessons Learned for AI Education with Elementary Students and Teachers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00304-3

Goslen, A., Carpenter, D., Rowe, J. P., Henderson, N., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2022). Leveraging Student Goal Setting for Real-Time Plan Recognition in Game-Based Learning. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, PT I, Vol. 13355, pp. 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11644-5_7

Fahid, F. M., Acosta, H., Lee, S., Carpenter, D., Mott, B., Bae, H., … Lester, J. (2022). Multimodal Behavioral Disengagement Detection for Collaborative Game-Based Learning. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION: POSTERS AND LATE BREAKING RESULTS, WORKSHOPS AND TUTORIALS, INDUSTRY AND INNOVATION TRACKS, PRACTITIONERS AND DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM, PT II, Vol. 13356, pp. 218–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11647-6_38

Fahid, F. M., Rowe, J. P., Spain, R. D., Goldberg, B. S., Pokorny, R., & Lester, J. (2022). Robust Adaptive Scaffolding with Inverse Reinforcement Learning-Based Reward Design. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION: POSTERS AND LATE BREAKING RESULTS, WORKSHOPS AND TUTORIALS, INDUSTRY AND INNOVATION TRACKS, PRACTITIONERS AND DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM, PT II, Vol. 13356, pp. 204–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11647-6_35

Spain, R., Rowe, J., Smith, A., Goldberg, B., Pokorny, R., Mott, B., & Lester, J. (2021, July 23). A reinforcement learning approach to adaptive remediation in online training. JOURNAL OF DEFENSE MODELING AND SIMULATION-APPLICATIONS METHODOLOGY TECHNOLOGY-JDMS, Vol. 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/15485129211028317

Fahid, F. M., Rowe, J. P., Spain, R. D., Goldberg, B. S., Pokorny, R., & Lester, J. (2021). Adaptively Scaffolding Cognitive Engagement with Batch Constrained Deep Q-Networks. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION (AIED 2021), PT I, Vol. 12748, pp. 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78292-4_10

Park, K., Mott, B., Lee, S., Glazewski, K., Scribner, J. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A., … Lester, J. (2021). Designing a Visual Interface for Elementary Students to Formulate AI Planning Tasks. 2021 IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON VISUAL LANGUAGES AND HUMAN-CENTRIC COMPUTING (VL/HCC 2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/VL/HCC51201.2021.9576163

Park, K., Sohn, H., Mott, B. W., Min, W., Saleh, A., Glazewski, K. D., … Lester, J. C. (2021). Detecting Disruptive Talk in Student Chat-Based Discussion within Collaborative Game-Based Learning Environments. LAK21 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS: THE ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LEARNING ANALYTICS & KNOWLEDGE, pp. 405–415. https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448178

Dever, D. A., Wiedbusch, M. D., Cloude, E. B., Lester, J., & Azevedo, R. (2021, August 27). Emotions and the Comprehension of Single versus Multiple Texts during Game-based Learning. DISCOURSE PROCESSES. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2021.1950450

Henderson, N., Min, W., Rowe, J., & Lester, J. (2021). Enhancing Multimodal Affect Recognition with Multi-Task Affective Dynamics Modeling. 2021 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AFFECTIVE COMPUTING AND INTELLIGENT INTERACTION (ACII). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACII52823.2021.9597432

Cloude, E. B., Carpenter, D., Dever, D. A., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2021). Game-Based Learning Analytics for Supporting Adolescents' Reflection. JOURNAL OF LEARNING ANALYTICS, 8(2), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2021.7371

Carpenter, D., Cloude, E., Rowe, J., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2021). Investigating Student Reflection during Game-Based Learning in Middle Grades Science. LAK21 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS: THE ELEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LEARNING ANALYTICS & KNOWLEDGE, pp. 280–291. https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448166

Tian, X., Wiggins, J. B., Fahid, F. M., Emerson, A., Bounajim, D., Smith, A., … Lester, J. (2021). Modeling Frustration Trajectories and Problem-Solving Behaviors in Adaptive Learning Environments for Introductory Computer Science. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION (AIED 2021), PT II, Vol. 12749, pp. 355–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78270-2_63

Rachmatullah, A., Reichsman, F., Lord, T., Dorsey, C., Mott, B., Lester, J., & Wiebe, E. (2021). Modeling Secondary Students' Genetics Learning in a Game-Based Environment: Integrating the Expectancy-Value Theory of Achievement Motivation and Flow Theory. JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY, 30(4), 511–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-020-09896-8

Min, W., Spain, R., Saville, J. D., Mott, B., Brawner, K., Johnston, J., & Lester, J. (2021). Multidimensional Team Communication Modeling for Adaptive Team Training: A Hybrid Deep Learning and Graphical Modeling Framework. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION (AIED 2021), PT I, Vol. 12748, pp. 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78292-4_24

Emerson, A., Henderson, N., Min, W., Rowe, J., Minogue, J., & Lester, J. (2021). Multimodal Trajectory Analysis of Visitor Engagement with Interactive Science Museum Exhibits. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION (AIED 2021), PT II, Vol. 12749, pp. 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78270-2_27

Geden, M., Emerson, A., Carpenter, D., Rowe, J., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2021). Predictive Student Modeling in Game-Based Learning Environments with Word Embedding Representations of Reflection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, 31(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-020-00220-4

Rowe, J. P., & Lester, J. C. (2020). [Review of Artificial Intelligence for Personalized Preventive Adolescent Healthcare]. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH, 67(2), 552–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.02.021

Saleh, A., Chen, Y., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., Glazewski, K. D., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2020). Coordinating scaffolds for collaborative inquiry in a game-based learning environment. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, 57(9), 1490–1518. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21656

Ozer, E. M., Rowe, J., Tebb, K. P., Berna, M., Penilla, C., Giovanelli, A., … Lester, J. C. (2020). Fostering Engagement in Health Behavior Change: Iterative Development of an Interactive Narrative Environment to Enhance Adolescent Preventive Health Services. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH, 67(2), S34–S44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.022

Ozer, E. M., & Lester, J. C. (2020, August). Innovative Digital Technologies to Improve Adolescent and Young Adult Health. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH, Vol. 67, pp. S3–S3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.015

Emerson, A., Cloude, E. B., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2020). Multimodal learning analytics for game-based learning. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, 51(5), 1505–1526. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12992

Taub, M., Sawyer, R., Lester, J., & Azevedo, R. (2020). The Impact of Contextualized Emotions on Self-Regulated Learning and Scientific Reasoning during Learning with a Game-Based Learning Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, 30(1), 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-019-00191-1

Henderson, N. L., Rowe, J. P., Mott, B. W., Brawner, K., Baker, R., & Lester, J. C. (2019). 4D Affect Detection: Improving Frustration Detection in Game-Based Learning with Posture-Based Temporal Data Fusion. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION (AIED 2019), PT I, Vol. 11625, pp. 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23204-7_13

Smith, A., Leeman-Munk, S., Shelton, A., Mott, B., Wiebe, E., & Lester, J. (2019). A Multimodal Assessment Framework for Integrating Student Writing and Drawing in Elementary Science Learning. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 12(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2018.2799871

Saleh, A., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., Glazewski, K. D., Mott, B., Chen, Y., Rowe, J. P., & Lester, J. C. (2019). Collaborative inquiry play A design case to frame integration of collaborative problem solving with story-centric games. INFORMATION AND LEARNING SCIENCES, 120(9/10), 547–566. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-03-2019-0024

Geden, M., Smith, A., Campbell, J., Spain, R., Amos-Binks, A., Mott, B. W., … Lester, J. (2019). Construction and Validation of an Anticipatory Thinking Assessment. FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02749

Mott, B. W., Taylor, R. G., Lee, S. Y., Rowe, J. P., Saleh, A., Glazewski, K. D., … Lester, J. C. (2019). Designing and Developing Interactive Narratives for Collaborative Problem-Based Learning. INTERACTIVE STORYTELLING, ICIDS 2019, Vol. 11869, pp. 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33894-7_10

Ozer, E. M., Rowe, J. P., Tebb, K. P., Berna, M. S., Jasik, C. B., Penilla, C., … Lester, J. C. (2019). ENGAGING ADOLESCENTS IN A SELF-ADAPTIVE PERSONALIZED BEHAVIOR CHANGE SYSTEM FOR ADOLESCENT PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH, 64(2), S60–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.132

Ozer, E. M., Penilla, C., Spain, R. D., Mott, B. W., Woodson, D., & Lester, J. C. (2019, February). HEALTH QUEST: PROMOTING ADOLESCENTS' HEALTH SCIENCE CAREER INTERESTS THROUGH TECHNOLOGY-RICH LEARNING EXPERIENCES. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH, Vol. 64, pp. S134–S134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.279

Min, W., Park, K., Wiggins, J., Mott, B., Wiebe, E., Boyer, K. E., & Lester, J. (2019). Predicting Dialogue Breakdown in Conversational Pedagogical Agents with Multimodal LSTMs. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, AIED 2019, PT II, Vol. 11626, pp. 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23207-8_37

Wiggins, J. B., Kulkarni, M., Min, W., Boyer, K. E., Mott, B., Wiebe, E., & Lester, J. (2019). Take the Initiative: Mixed Initiative Dialogue Policies for Pedagogical Agents in Game-Based Learning Environments. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, AIED 2019, PT II, Vol. 11626, pp. 314–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23207-8_58

Cloude, E. B., Taub, M., Lester, J., & Azevedo, R. (2019). The Role of Achievement Goal Orientation on Metacognitive Process Use in Game-Based Learning. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, AIED 2019, PT II, Vol. 11626, pp. 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23207-8_7

Loderer, K., Pekrun, R., & Lester, J. C. (2018). Beyond cold technology: A systematic review and meta-analysis on emotions in technology-based learning environments. Learning and Instruction, 101162. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LEARNINSTRUC.2018.08.002

DeFalco, J. A., Rowe, J. P., Paquette, L., Georgoulas-Sherry, V., Brawner, K., Mott, B. W., … Lester, J. C. (2018). Detecting and Addressing Frustration in a Serious Game for Military Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, 28(2), 152–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-017-0152-1

Emerson, A., Sawyer, R., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2018). Gaze-Enhanced Student Modeling for Game-based Learning. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 26TH CONFERENCE ON USER MODELING, ADAPTATION AND PERSONALIZATION (UMAP'18), pp. 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1145/3209219.3209238

Mudrick, N. V., Sawyer, R., Price, M. J., Lester, J., Roberts, C., & Azevedo, R. (2018). Identifying How Metacognitive Judgments Influence Student Performance During Learning with MetaTutorIVH. INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEMS, ITS 2018, 10858, 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91464-0_14

Sawyer, R., Mudrick, N. V., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2018). Impact of Learner-Centered Affective Dynamics on Metacognitive Judgements and Performance in Advanced Learning Technologies. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 312–316). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93846-2_58

Catete, V., Lytle, N., Dong, Y., Boulden, D., Akram, B., Houchins, J., … Boyer, K. (2018). Infusing Computational Thinking into Middle Grade Science Classrooms: Lessons Learned. WIPSCE'18: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 13TH WORKSHOP IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COMPUTING EDUCATION, pp. 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1145/3265757.3265778

Buffum, P. S., Ying, K. M., Zheng, X., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E. N., Mott, B. W., … Lester, J. C. (2018). Introducing the Computer Science Concept of Variables in Middle School Science Classrooms. Proceedings of the 49th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education - SIGCSE '18, 906–911. https://doi.org/10.1145/3159450.3159545

Sottilare, R. A., Baker, R. S., Graesser, A. C., & Lester, J. C. (2018, June). Special Issue on the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT): Creating a Stable and Flexible Platform for Innovations in AIED Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, Vol. 28, pp. 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-017-0149-9

Geden, M., Smith, A., Campbell, J., Amos-Binks, A., Mott, B., Feng, J., & Lester, J. (2018). Towards Adaptive Support for Anticipatory Thinking. PROCEEDINGS OF THE TECHNOLOGY, MIND, AND SOCIETY CONFERENCE (TECHMINDSOCIETY'18). https://doi.org/10.1145/3183654.3183665

Taub, M., Azevedo, R., Bradbury, A. E., Millar, G. C., & Lester, J. (2018). Using sequence mining to reveal the efficiency in scientific reasoning during STEM learning with a game-based learning environment. LEARNING AND INSTRUCTION, 54, 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.08.005

Pezzullo, L. G., Wiggins, J. B., Frankosky, M. H., Min, W., Boyer, K. E., Mott, B. W., … Lester, J. C. (2017). "Thanks Alisha, Keep in Touch": Gender Effects and Engagement with Virtual Learning Companions. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, AIED 2017, Vol. 10331, pp. 299–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61425-0_25

Ocumpaugh, J., Andres, J. M., Baker, R., DeFalco, J., Paquette, L., Rowe, J., … Sottilare, R. (2017). Affect Dynamics in Military Trainees Using vMedic: From Engaged Concentration to Boredom to Confusion. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 238–249). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61425-0_20

Sawyer, R., Rowe, J., & Lester, J. (2017). Balancing Learning and Engagement in Game-Based Learning Environments with Multi-objective Reinforcement Learning. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 323–334). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61425-0_27

Pruden, M., Kerkhoff, S. N., Spires, H. A., & Lester, J. (2017). Enhancing Writing Achievement Through a Digital Learning Environment: Case Studies of Three Struggling Adolescent Male Writers. READING & WRITING QUARTERLY, 33(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2015.1059780

Min, W., Frankosky, M. H., Mott, B. W., Wiebe, E. N., Boyer, K. E., & Lester, J. C. (2017). Inducing Stealth Assessors from Game Interaction Data. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, AIED 2017, Vol. 10331, pp. 212–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61425-0_18

Sawyer, R., Smith, A., Rowe, J., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2017). Is More Agency Better? The Impact of Student Agency on Game-Based Learning. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 10331 LNAI (pp. 335–346). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61425-0_28

Rowe, J. P., Lobene, E. V., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2017). Play in the Museum: Design and Development of a Game-Based Learning Exhibit for Informal Science Education. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GAMING AND COMPUTER-MEDIATED SIMULATIONS, 9(3), 96–113. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijgcms.2017070104

Mudrick, N. V., Taub, M., Azevedo, R., Rowe, J., & Lester, J. (2017). Toward affect-sensitive virtual human tutors: The influence of facial expressions on learning and emotion. International conference on affective computing and intelligent, 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1109/acii.2017.8273598

Taub, M., Mudrick, N. V., Azevedo, R., Millar, G. C., Rowe, J., & Lester, J. (2017). Using multi-channel data with multi-level modeling to assess in-game performance during gameplay with CRYSTAL ISLAND. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 76, 641–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.038

Wang, P., Rowe, J., Mott, B., & Lester, J. (2016). Decomposing Drama Management in Educational Interactive Narrative: A Modular Reinforcement Learning Approach. In Interactive Storytelling (pp. 270–282). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48279-8_24

Ozer, E. M., Jasik, C. B., Tebb, K. P., Erenrich, R. K., Berna, M., Rowe, J. P., … Lester, J. C. (2016). Development of a Self-Adaptive Personalized Behavior Change System for Adolescent Preventive Healthcare. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(2), S70. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2015.10.152

Wiggins, J. B., Grafsgaard, J. F., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E. N., & Lester, J. C. (2016). Do You Think You Can? The Influence of Student Self-Efficacy on the Effectiveness of Tutorial Dialogue for Computer Science. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 27(1), 130–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-015-0091-7

Shelton, A., Smith, A., Wiebe, E., Behrle, C., Sirkin, R., & Lester, J. (2016). Drawing and Writing in Digital Science Notebooks: Sources of Formative Assessment Data. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 25(3), 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10956-016-9607-7

Johnson, W. L., & Lester, J. C. (2016). Face-to-Face Interaction with Pedagogical Agents, Twenty Years Later. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, 26(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-015-0065-9

Spires, H. A., & Lester, J. C. (2016). Game-based learning: creating a multidisciplinary community of inquiry. ON THE HORIZON, 24(1), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1108/oth-08-2015-0052

Smith, A., Aksit, O., Min, W., Wiebe, E., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2016). Integrating Real-Time Drawing and Writing Diagnostic Models: An Evidence-Centered Design Framework for Multimodal Science Assessment. In A. Micarelli, J. Stamper, & K. Panourgia (Eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems (Vol. 9684, pp. 165–175). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39583-8_16

Smith, A., Aksit, O., Min, W., Wiebe, E., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2016). Integrating real-time drawing and writing diagnostic models: An evidence-centered design framework for multimodal science assessment. Intelligent tutoring systems, its 2016, 0684, 165–175.

Vail, A. K., Grafsgaard, J. F., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E. N., & Lester, J. C. (2016). Predicting Learning from Student Affective Response to Tutor Questions. INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEMS, ITS 2016, Vol. 9684, pp. 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39583-8_15

Tebb, K. P., Erenrich, R. K., Jasik, C. B., Berna, M., Lester, J. C., & Ozer, E. M. (2016). Use of Theory in Computer-Based Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(2), S69–S70. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2015.10.151

Tebb, K. P., Erenrich, R. K., Jasik, C. B., Berna, M. S., Lester, J. C., & Ozer, E. M. (2016). Use of theory in computer-based interventions to reduce alcohol use among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3183-x

Taub, M., Mudrick, N. V., Azevedo, R., Millar, G. C., Rowe, J., & Lester, J. (2016). Using Multi-level Modeling with Eye-Tracking Data to Predict Metacognitive Monitoring and Self-regulated Learning with CRYSTAL ISLAND. INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEMS, ITS 2016, Vol. 9684, pp. 240–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39583-8_24

Min, W., Frankosky, M. H., Mott, B. W., Rowe, J. P., Wiebe, E., Boyer, K. E., & Lester, J. C. (2015). DeepStealth: Leveraging Deep Learning Models for Stealth Assessment in Game-Based Learning Environments. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, AIED 2015, Vol. 9112, pp. 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_28

Smith, A., Min, W., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2015). Diagrammatic Student Models: Modeling Student Drawing Performance with Deep Learning. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 9146, pp. 216–227). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20267-9_18

Rowe, J. P., & Lester, J. C. (2015). Improving Student Problem Solving in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments: a Modular Reinforcement Learning Framework. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 419–428). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_42

Buffum, P. S., Frankosky, M., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E., Mott, B., & Lester, J. (2015). Leveraging collaboration to improve gender equity in a game-based learning environment for middle school computer science. 2015 Research in Equity and Sustained Participation in Engineering, Computing, and Technology (RESPECT). https://doi.org/10.1109/respect.2015.7296496

Buffum, P. S., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E. N., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2015). Mind the Gap: Improving Gender Equity in Game-Based Learning Environments with Learning Companions. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, AIED 2015, Vol. 9112, pp. 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_7

Grafsgaard, J. F., Lee, S. Y., Mott, B. W., Boyer, K. E., & Lester, J. C. (2015). Modeling Self-Efficacy Across Age Groups with Automatically Tracked Facial Expression. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 582–585). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_67

Vail, A. K., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E. N., & Lester, J. C. (2015). The Mars and Venus Effect: The Influence of User Gender on the Effectiveness of Adaptive Task Support. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 265–276). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20267-9_22

Vail, A. K., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E. N., & Lester, J. C. (2015). The Mars and Venus effect: The influence of user gender on the effectiveness of adaptive task support. User modeling, adaptation and personalization, 9146, 265–276.

Leeman-Munk, S., Smith, A., Mott, B., Wiebe, E., & Lester, J. (2015). Two Modes Are Better Than One: A Multimodal Assessment Framework Integrating Student Writing and Drawing. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION, AIED 2015, Vol. 9112, pp. 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_21

Lee, S. Y., Rowe, J. P., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2014). A Supervised Learning Framework for Modeling Director Agent Strategies in Educational Interactive Narrative. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND AI IN GAMES, 6(2), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1109/tciaig.2013.2292010

Sabourin, J. L., & Lester, J. C. (2014). Affect and Engagement in Game-Based Learning Environments. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AFFECTIVE COMPUTING, 5(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/t-affc.2013.27

Lester, J. C., Spires, H. A., Nietfeld, J. L., Minogue, J., Mott, B. W., & Lobene, E. V. (2014). Designing game-based learning environments for elementary science education: A narrative-centered learning perspective. INFORMATION SCIENCES, 264, 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2013.09.005

Baikadi, A., Rowe, J., Mott, B., & Lester, J. (2014). Generalizability of goal recognition models in narrative-centered learning environments. User modeling, adaptation, and personalization, umap 2014, 8538, 278–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08786-3_24

Min, W., Mott, B. W., Rowe, J. P., & Lester, J. C. (2014). Leveraging semi-supervised learning to predict student problem-solving performance in narrative-centered learning environments. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) (pp. 664–665). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07221-0_99

Rowe, J. P., Lobene, E. V., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2014). Serious games go informal: a museum-centric perspective on intelligent game-based learning. Intelligent tutoring systems, its 2014, 8474, 410–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07221-0_51

Mitchell, C. M., Boyer, K. E., & Lester, J. C. (2013). A Markov Decision Process Model of Tutorial Intervention in Task-Oriented Dialogue. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 828–831). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39112-5_123

Grafsgaard, J. F., Wiggins, J. B., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E. N., & Lester, J. C. (2013). Automatically Recognizing Facial Indicators of Frustration: A Learning-Centric Analysis. 2013 HUMAINE ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE ON AFFECTIVE COMPUTING AND INTELLIGENT INTERACTION (ACII), pp. 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1109/acii.2013.33

Sabourin, J., Mott, B., & Lester, J. (2013). Discovering Behavior Patterns of Self-Regulated Learners in an Inquiry-Based Learning Environment. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 209–218). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39112-5_22

Grafsgaard, J. F., Wiggins, J. B., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E. N., & Lester, J. C. (2013). Embodied Affect in Tutorial Dialogue: Student Gesture and Posture. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 1–10). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39112-5_1

Min, W., Rowe, J. P., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2013). Personalizing Embedded Assessment Sequences in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments: A Collaborative Filtering Approach. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 369–378). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39112-5_38

Lester, J. C., Ha, E. Y., Lee, S. Y., Mott, B. W., Rowe, J. P., & Sabourin, J. L. (2013). Serious Games Get Smart: Intelligent Game-Based Learning Environments. AI MAGAZINE, 34(4), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v34i4.2488

Sabourin, J. L., Shores, L. R., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2013). Understanding and Predicting Student Self-Regulated Learning Strategies in Game-Based Learning Environments. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 23(1-4), 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40593-013-0004-6

Sabourin, J., Mott, B., & Lester, J. (2013). Utilizing Dynamic Bayes Nets to Improve Early Prediction Models of Self-regulated Learning. In User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization (pp. 228–241). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38844-6_19

Meluso, A., Zheng, M., Spires, H. A., & Lester, J. (2012). Enhancing 5th graders’ science content knowledge and self-efficacy through game-based learning. Computers & Education, 59(2), 497–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.019

Sabourin, J., Rowe, J., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2012). Exploring Inquiry-Based Problem-Solving Strategies in Game-Based Learning Environments. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 470–475). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30950-2_60

Grafsgaard, J. F., Fulton, R. M., Boyer, K. E., Wiebe, E. N., & Lester, J. C. (2012). Multimodal analysis of the implicit affective channel in computer-mediated textual communication. ICMI '12: Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1145/2388676.2388708

Sabourin, J., Shores, L. R., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2012). Predicting Student Self-regulation Strategies in Game-Based Learning Environments. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 141–150). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30950-2_19

Lee, S. Y., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2012). Real-Time Narrative-Centered Tutorial Planning for Story-Based Learning. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 476–481). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30950-2_61

Shores, L. R., Hoffmann, K. F., Nietfeld, J. L., & Lester, J. C. (2012). The Role of Sub-problems: Supporting Problem Solving in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 464–469). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30950-2_59

Grafsgaard, J. F., Boyer, K. E., & Lester, J. C. (2012). Toward a Machine Learning Framework for Understanding Affective Tutorial Interaction. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 52–58). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30950-2_7

Lester, J. C. (2011). Affect, Learning, and Delight. In S. D'Mello, A. Graesser, B. Schuller, & J. C. Martin (Eds.), Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction. ACII 2011 (pp. 2–2). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24600-5_2

Lee, S. Y., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2011). Director Agent Intervention Strategies for Interactive Narrative Environments. In Interactive Storytelling (pp. 140–151). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25289-1_15

Shores, L. R., Rowe, J. P., & Lester, J. C. (2011). Early Prediction of Cognitive Tool Use in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 320–327). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21869-9_42

Sabourin, J., Mott, B., & Lester, J. C. (2011). Generalizing Models of Student Affect in Game-Based Learning Environments. In Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (pp. 588–597). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24571-8_73

Grafsgaard, J. F., Boyer, K. E., Phillips, R., & Lester, J. C. (2011). Modeling Confusion: Facial Expression, Task, and Discourse in Task-Oriented Tutorial Dialogue. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 98–105). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21869-9_15

Sabourin, J., Mott, B., & Lester, J. C. (2011). Modeling Learner Affect with Theoretically Grounded Dynamic Bayesian Networks. In Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (pp. 286–295). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24600-5_32

Lee, S. Y., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2011). Modeling Narrative-Centered Tutorial Decision Making in Guided Discovery Learning. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 163–170). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21869-9_23

Grafsgaard, J. F., Boyer, K. E., & Lester, J. C. (2011). Predicting Facial Indicators of Confusion with Hidden Markov Models. In Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (pp. 97–106). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24600-5_13

Sabourin, J., Rowe, J. P., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2011). When Off-Task is On-Task: The Affective Role of Off-Task Behavior in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 534–536). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21869-9_93

Boyer, K. E., Phillips, R., Ingram, A., Ha, E. Y., Wallis, M., Vouk, M., & Lester, J. (2010). Characterizing the Effectiveness of Tutorial Dialogue with Hidden Markov Models. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 55–64). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13388-6_10

Robison, J., McQuiggan, S., & Lester, J. (2010). Developing Empirically Based Student Personality Profiles for Affective Feedback Models. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 285–295). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13388-6_33

Rowe, J. P., Shores, L. R., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2010). Integrating Learning and Engagement in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 166–177). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13437-1_17

Lee, S. Y., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2010). Optimizing Story-Based Learning: An Investigation of Student Narrative Profiles. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 155–165). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13437-1_16

Boyer, K. E., Phillips, R., Wallis, M. D., Vouk, M. A., & Lester, J. C. (2009). Investigating the role of student motivation in computer science education through one-on-one tutoring. Computer Science Education, 19(2), 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993400902937584

Robison, J., Rowe, J., McQuiggan, S., & Lester, J. (2009). Predicting User Psychological Characteristics from Interactions with Empathetic Virtual Agents. In Intelligent Virtual Agents (pp. 330–336). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04380-2_36

McQuiggan, S. W., Robison, J. L., & Lester, J. C. (2008). Affective Transitions in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 490–499). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69132-7_52

Rowe, J. P., Ha, E. Y., & Lester, J. C. (2008). Archetype-Driven Character Dialogue Generation for Interactive Narrative. In Intelligent Virtual Agents (pp. 45–58). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85483-8_5

Boyer, K. E., Phillips, R., Wallis, M., Vouk, M., & Lester, J. (2008). Balancing Cognitive and Motivational Scaffolding in Tutorial Dialogue. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 239–249). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69132-7_28

McQuiggan, S. W., Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2008). Modeling self-efficacy in intelligent tutoring systems: An inductive approach. USER MODELING AND USER-ADAPTED INTERACTION, 18(1-2), 81–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-007-9040-y

McQuiggan, S. W., Rowe, J. P., Lee, S., & Lester, J. C. (2008). Story-Based Learning: The Impact of Narrative on Learning Experiences and Outcomes. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 530–539). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69132-7_56

McQuiggan, S. W., Goth, J., Ha, E., Rowe, J. P., & Lester, J. C. (2008). Student Note-Taking in Narrative-Centered Learning Environments: Individual Differences and Learning Effects. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 510–519). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69132-7_54

McQuiggan, S. W., Lee, S., & Lester, J. C. (2007). Early Prediction of Student Frustration. In Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (pp. 698–709). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74889-2_61

Lee, S., McQuiggan, S. W., & Lester, J. C. (2007). Inducing User Affect Recognition Models for Task-Oriented Environments. In User Modeling 2007 (pp. 380–384). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73078-1_49

McQuiggan, S. W., & Lester, J. C. (2007, April). Modeling and evaluating empathy in embodied companion agents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES, Vol. 65, pp. 348–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.11.015

McQuiggan, S. W., & Lester, J. C. (2006). Diagnosing self-efficacy in intelligent tutoring systems: An empirical study. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, (4053), 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/11774303_56

Mott, B. W., & Lester, J. C. (2006). Narrative-centered tutorial planning for inquiry-based learning environments. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, (4053), 675–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/11774303_67

Branting, K., Lester, J., & Mott, B. (2004). Dialogue Management for Conversational Case-Based Reasoning. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 77–90). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28631-8_7

Frasson, C., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Conati, C., Gouarderes, G., Johnson, L., Pain, H., … de Vicente, A. (2004). Workshop on Social and Emotional Intelligence in Learning Environments. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 913–913). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30139-4_125

Callaway, C. B., & Lester, J. C. (2002, August). Narrative prose generation. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, Vol. 139, pp. 213–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-3702(02)00230-8

Moreno, R., Mayer, R. E., Spires, H. A., & Lester, J. C. (2001). The case for social agency in computer-based teaching: Do students learn more deeply when they interact with animated pedagogical agents? COGNITION AND INSTRUCTION, 19(2), 177–213. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532690XCI1902_02

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