@article{jouzi_leung_nelson_2023, title={Characterizing the association between child malnutrition and protected areas in sub-Saharan Africa using unsupervised clustering}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2190-6491"]}, DOI={10.1007/s13412-023-00880-3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND SCIENCES}, author={Jouzi, Zeynab and Leung, Yu-Fai and Nelson, Stacy}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{laanisto_jaksi_harm_hallikma_kull_leung_2023, title={GetDiv - a call for a global coordinated study on plant diversity changes on nature trails}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1747-7638"]}, DOI={10.1080/14724049.2023.2191894}, abstractNote={Despite the growing popularity of nature tourism, we have limited systemic knowledge of how it a ff ects nature, from both an abiotic and biotic perspective, and what these e ff ects are in di ff erent regions, habitats or trail types. Here we propose a coordinated global experiment framework – GetDiv – for a comprehensive understanding of the e ff ects of visitor ’ s load on the vegetation of nature trails. For preliminary analysis we selected 20 trails in Estonia, and we show that plant diversity along the trails is negatively a ff ected by visito ŕ s load in both forest and open habitat. We present here the rationale for the methodological approach, and call for a coordinated global e ff ort to collect comparable and comprehensive data of diverse aspects of nature trails, with a focus on plant diversity. All the necessary guidelines and protocols to fi ll out for participating in GetDiv are included in the GetDiv webpage: https://getdiv.wordpress. com/. For participation in the fi rst GetDiv study, the deadline for contribution is December 2024.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECOTOURISM}, author={Laanisto, Lauri and Jaksi, Piia and Harm, Ly and Hallikma, Tiit and Kull, Tiiu and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{cajiao_larson_leung_reas_2023, title={Making memories that matter: how do different recollections of an Antarctic tourism experience impact future conservation behavior?}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1747-7646"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2023.2272224}, DOI={10.1080/09669582.2023.2272224}, abstractNote={Antarctic tourism is increasing and diversifying leading to different types of experiences and memories. While the journey is considered a once-in-a-lifetime experience, little empirical research exists to understand memories’ formation and their influence on pro-environmental behavior intentions (PEBI). To explore these relationships, we used a mixed-method approach to analyze surveys collected from Antarctic tourists during 2019-2020. We identified two dimensions of memories that resulted in three distinct groups of tourists: the snapshot group likely to recall specific trip components, the reflective group likely to think and share about their experience, and the reflective & transformative group likely to indicate that their experience impacted them personally. We examined the relationships of these groups with experiential outcomes and PEBI. We found significant positive relationships, with the strongest outcomes in the reflective & transformative memory group. Our results suggest that tour operators have been effective at enhancing public awareness and conservation concerns by triggering reflective memories; however, there is still a need to effectively cultivate transformative memories. Through this exploratory research, we offer insights into specific actions that operators, guides, and travelers might consider for maximizing the memory-making experience and inspiring tangible outcomes regarding Antarctic conservation which might also translate into other tourism contexts.}, journal={JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM}, author={Cajiao, Daniela and Larson, Lincoln and Leung, Yu-Fai and Reas, Julianne}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{jouzi_nelson_leung_2023, title={Spatial heterogeneity of child malnutrition, proximity to protected areas and environmental variabilities in Zimbabwe}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1572-9893"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10708-023-10842-5}, journal={GEOJOURNAL}, author={Jouzi, Zeynab and Nelson, Stacy A. C. and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{liggett_cajiao_lamers_leung_stewart_2023, title={The future of sustainable polar ship-based tourism}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.10}, DOI={10.1017/cft.2023.10}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures}, author={Liggett, Daniela and Cajiao, Daniela and Lamers, Machiel and Leung, Yu-Fai and Stewart, Emma J.}, year={2023} }
 @article{jouzi_leung_nelson_2022, title={Addressing the food security and conservation challenges: Can be aligned instead of apposed?}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2673-611X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fcosc.2022.921895}, abstractNote={This perspective article provides an overview of the interaction between food security and conservation as two of the most important challenges of our time. To provide a better understanding of the topic, a conceptual framework for the possible pathways of positive and negative impacts of protected areas (PAs) on four dimensions of food security is proposed. Considering the importance of hunting and shifting agriculture in food security and the challenges caused by them in conservation, the cases of hunting and shifting agriculture were explored. Finally, the rights-based approaches in conservation and food security, as a new approach with the potential to protect people and the planet as a synergistic approach is discussed.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE}, author={Jouzi, Zeynab and Leung, Yu-Fai and Nelson, Stacy}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{cajiao_leung_tejedo_barbosa_reck_benayas_2022, title={Behavioural responses of two penguin species to human presence at Barrientos Island, a popular tourist site in the Antarctic Peninsula region}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1365-2079"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102021000559}, DOI={10.1017/S0954102021000559}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ANTARCTIC SCIENCE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Cajiao, Daniela and Leung, Yu-Fai and Tejedo, Pablo and Barbosa, Andres and Reck, Gunter and Benayas, Javier}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{cheung_leung_larson_2022, title={Citizen science as a tool for enhancing recreation research in protected areas: Applications and opportunities}, volume={305}, ISSN={0301-4797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114353}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114353}, abstractNote={As the popularity of nature-based recreation and tourism grows, protected area (PA) managers around the world are faced with escalating monitoring and management challenges across spatial and temporal scales. Citizen science, an emerging research approach which involves active public participation and collaboration with scientists in the scientific process, is an innovative tool that could help managers address these challenges. This study applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review Recommendations (PRISMA) protocol to review published studies that utilized citizen science methods in recreation research, examining the extent and nature of such applications and identifying future opportunities. We identified 20 peer-reviewed journal articles from the Web of Science, most of which were published since 2015. These studies utilized different citizen science approaches to examine recreation patterns, behaviors, and impacts in terrestrial and marine PAs. We found that citizen science was used most often in marine PAs, with specialized recreationists (e.g., SCUBA divers) as the most frequent contributors. The types of volunteers recruited differed by their sources (i.e., general public, recreation specialists, and organizational affiliates) and roles (i.e., volunteers as agents of data collection and volunteers as research subjects), with innovative technology (e.g., participatory GIS) creating new engagement opportunities. Despite these benefits, the accuracy and reliability of citizen science data remain important considerations for managers. Our review demonstrates how citizen science can inform management and enhance public participation in PA stewardship activities, and it reveals the need for more research to explore applications of citizen science in different recreation contexts.}, journal={Journal of Environmental Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cheung, Suet Yi and Leung, Yu-Fai and Larson, Lincoln R.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={114353} }
 @inbook{cajiao_leung_2022, place={London, UK}, title={Experiencing Antarcticness: Slow tourists, fast penguins, and timeless landscapes}, url={https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781800081444}, DOI={10.14324/111.9781800081444}, abstractNote={Antarcticness joins disciplines, communication approaches and ideas to explore meanings and depictions of Antarctica. Personal and professional words in poetry and prose, plus images, present and represent Antarctica, as presumed and as imagined, alongside what is experienced around the continent and by those watching from afar. These understandings explain how the Antarctic is viewed and managed while identifying aspects which should be more prominent in policy and practice. The authors and artists place Antarctica, and the perceptions and knowledge through Antarcticness, within inspirations and imaginations, without losing sight of the multiple interests pushing the continent’s governance as it goes through rapid political and environmental changes. Given the diversity and disparity of the influences and changes, the book’s contributions connect to provide a more coherent and encompassing perspective of how society views Antarctica, scientifically and artistically, and what the continent provides and could provide politically, culturally and environmentally. Offering original research, art and interpretations of different experiences and explorations of Antarctica, explanations meld with narratives while academic analyses overlap with first-hand experiences of what Antarctica does and does not – could and could not – bring to the world.}, booktitle={Antarcticness: Inspirations and Imaginaries}, publisher={UCL Press}, author={Cajiao, D. and Leung, Y.-F.}, editor={Kelman, I.Editor}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={210–223} }
 @article{miller_blahna_morse_leung_rowland_2022, title={From recreation ecology to a recreation ecosystem: A framework accounting for social-ecological systems}, volume={38}, ISSN={["2213-0799"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100455}, DOI={10.1016/j.jort.2021.100455}, abstractNote={Recreation ecology has its foundations in the premise that recreationists have a negative impact on ecosystems, and are thus treated as an ecological stressor. However, ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and the environment, not just an organism's impacts on the environment. While we do not dispute the evidence that recreationists can negatively impact ecosystems, recreation can also have positive effects for conservation. Contextualizing interactions between recreation and ecology within broader multi-scale social-ecological systems can advance our scientific knowledge of these interactions to provide a basis for more effective management of protected areas that host recreation. In this paper, we propose the concept that recreation-ecosystem interactions are part of a system with a range of positive, negative, and neutral interactions with feedbacks of variable intensity occurring between multiple levels. We simplify this concept into a two-dimensional quadrant system to describe the spectrum of interactions within a range of social-ecological systems, which could be developed for countless natural and social systems. For example, the social portion of this system includes values such as cultural, health and well-being, tribal, and many others; examples of the ecological portion include vegetation, biodiversity, soils, and more. As an illustrative example, we develop the system for recreation-wildlife interactions. We also emphasize the importance of integrating recreation and wildlife research and management through approaches based on this framework. Future research in this area might be improved by considering this novel framework to balance the needs of humans and protect natural ecosystems in protected area management decisions. The framework aims to help outdoor recreation managers and researchers better Address existing gaps in research and management, Collaborate with those working in complementary fields , Develop more integrative recreation planning and management tools, and Resolve persistent problems in outdoor recreation management.}, journal={JOURNAL OF OUTDOOR RECREATION AND TOURISM-RESEARCH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Miller, Anna B. and Blahna, Dale J. and Morse, Wayde C. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Rowland, Mary M.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{vukomanovic_walden-schreiner_hipp_leung_2022, title={GIS&T in Recreation Planning and Management}, volume={2022}, url={https://doi.org/10.22224/gistbok/2022.1.8}, DOI={10.22224/gistbok/2022.1.8}, number={Q1}, journal={Geographic Information Science & Technology Body of Knowledge}, publisher={University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS)}, author={Vukomanovic, Jelena and Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Hipp, Aaron and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{cajiao_leung_larson_tejedo_benayas_2022, title={Tourists’ motivations, learning, and trip satisfaction facilitate pro-environmental outcomes of the Antarctic tourist experience}, volume={37}, ISSN={2213-0780}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100454}, DOI={10.1016/j.jort.2021.100454}, abstractNote={Tourism in Antarctica has been growing and diversifying. While Antarctic tourists are purported to have meaningful interactions with the Antarctic environment, little empirical research exists to understand how motivations and trip characteristics of the Antarctic journey shape tourists' experiential outputs, which may in turn influence their pro-environmental outcomes. To examine these relationships, we conducted exploratory analyses using 242 pre-and post-trip surveys collected during the 2019–2020 Antarctic season. We identified four motivation types of Antarctic tourists: experience & learning, adventure into Antarctica, social bonding, and trip of a lifetime. Following the interactional model of tourist experience, we associated this motivation typology and trip characteristics with experiential outputs (Perceived Learning, Measured Learning, and Satisfaction) and pro-environmental outcomes (Environmental Concerns, Management Preferences, and Behavior Intentions). Our results indicated most tourists traveling to Antarctica already possessed high levels of pro-environmental attitudes and behavior intentions, leading to few significant changes after the journey. However, we found that the specific inputs of motivations and trip characteristics influenced experiential outputs in different ways -especially Perceived Learning and Satisfaction-, which were strongly associated with pro-environmental outcomes. Findings reinforce the importance of meaningful and transformative Antarctic tourist experiences in promoting sustainable human-environment interactions and provide new insights regarding tourists’ learning and experiential outcomes. Tourists traveling to Antarctica hold a diversity of expectations and motivations. These motivations interact with trip characteristics to influence tourists’ experiences. Enhanced understanding of these relationships could contribute to the Antarctic tourism industry efforts to develop strategic promotion, programming, and communication strategies that produce meaningful experiences and foster pro-environmental outcomes. As tourism diversifies, we should reflect on how the Antarctic tourist experience could become more customized and participatory, effectively inspiring Antarctic tourists to serve as stewards and ambassadors for the Last Frontier.}, journal={Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cajiao, Daniela and Leung, Yu-Fai and Larson, Lincoln R. and Tejedo, Pablo and Benayas, Javier}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={100454} }
 @article{tejedo_benayas_cajiao_leung_de filippo_liggett_2022, title={What are the real environmental impacts of Antarctic tourism? Unveiling their importance through a comprehensive meta-analysis}, volume={308}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114634}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114634}, abstractNote={Human activities in Antarctica were increasing before the COVID-19 pandemic, and tourism was not an exception. The growth and diversification of Antarctic tourism over the last few decades have been extensively studied. However, environmental impacts associated with this activity have received less attention despite an increasing body of scholarship examining environmental issues related to Antarctic tourism. Aside from raising important research questions, the potential negative effects of tourist visits in Antarctica are also an issue discussed by Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties. This study presents the results of a meta-analysis of scholarly publications that synthesizes and updates our current knowledge of environmental impacts resulting from Antarctic tourism. A first publication database containing 233 records that focussed on this topic was compiled and subjected to a general bibliometric and content analysis. Further, an in-depth content analysis was performed on a subset of 75 records, which were focussed on showing specific research on Antarctic tourism impacts. The main topic, methods, management proposals, and research gaps highlighted by the respective authors of these 75 publications were assessed. The range of research topics addressed, the methods used - including the application of established research designs from the field of environmental impact assessment -, and the conclusions reached by the study authors are discussed. Interestingly, almost one third of the studies did not detect a direct relationship between tourism and significant negative effects on the environment. Cumulative impacts of tourism have received little attention, and long-term and comprehensive monitoring programs have been discussed only rarely, leading us to assume that such long-term programs are scarce. More importantly, connections between research and policy or management do not always exist. This analysis highlights the need for a comprehensive strategy to investigate and monitor the environmental impacts of tourism in Antarctica. A first specific research and monitoring programme to stimulate a debate among members of the Antarctic scientific and policy communities is proposed, with the ultimate goal of advancing the regulation and management of Antarctic tourism collaboratively.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tejedo, P. and Benayas, J. and Cajiao, D. and Leung, Y. -F. and De Filippo, D. and Liggett, D.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{rogers_leung_2021, title={"More Helpful than Hurtful"? Information, Technology, and Uncertainty in Outdoor Recreation}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2020.1871132}, abstractNote={Abstract As information and communication technologies approach ubiquity, the need to examine their role in leisure contexts increases. Using data generated with Appalachian Trail (AT) long-distance hikers through semi-structured interviews, this research explored outdoor recreationist views on technology and information use. Participants’ views on technology ranged from unquestioningly pro-technology to technology-resistant. Regarding information sources, hikers generally expressed satisfaction while some communicated instances of information overload. In some cases, participants evaluated uncertainty positively, indicating situations where it is “nice not to know” what lies ahead. These findings shed light on smartphones’ role in leisure and underscore the need to evaluate uncertainty as a component of outdoor recreation. Information availability and the value of uncertainty may become increasingly important topics as leisure continues into the digital age.}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Rogers, Andrew Glenn and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{cajiao_benayas_tejedo_leung_2021, title={Adaptive Management of Sustainable Tourism in Antarctica: A Rhetoric or Working Progress?}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147649}, DOI={10.3390/su13147649}, abstractNote={Growth and diversification of tourism activities in Antarctica have not been matched by proactive strategies for planning or management. Recognizing that the adaptive management approach has been effectively implemented in managing tourism in protected areas, we examine to what extent this approach has been incorporated into the Antarctic tourism research and management, and what constraints exist for its implementation. To better understand the extent of literature contributions, we conducted an appraisal of 72 peer-reviewed journal articles published from 1992 to 2020 and Antarctic management documents. From a scientific perspective, researchers have been advocating for adaptive management approaches to Antarctic tourism and have applied different elements, particularly ecological assessments, design of management measures, monitoring, and regulatory mechanisms. However, these contributions have not been necessarily translated into management policy and regulations. We acknowledge that full implementation of an adaptive management approach is not easily achievable due to the unique Antarctic regime. However, we argue that comprehensive site-specific and regional adaptive management models could be applied as the first step for a more systematic implementation. This incremental approach could contribute to enhanced stakeholder participation and improved decision-making processes, ultimately leading to a more proactive and effective management of Antarctic tourism, essential for the conservation of the continent.}, number={14}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Cajiao, Daniela and Benayas, Javier and Tejedo, Pablo and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{smith_leung_seekamp_2021, title={Assessing Geospatial Technology Implementation Capacity for Natural Resource Management Networks: A Proposed Framework}, volume={39}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2020-10548}, abstractNote={Using the U.S. National Trails System (NTS), we examined the adoption and implementation of geospatial technologies for natural resource management (NRM). Technology adoption is the decision to use geographic information systems (GIS), whereby implementation represents the delivery of that technical system. We used soft technology, or the human characteristics of user skill and experience, to understand the capacity for delivery of the technical system across the network. The inter-organizational structure of geographically dispersed network members, characteristic of the NTS, provided opportunity to evaluate and compare GIS use and users for NRM. We inventoried GIS adoption and implementation for 23 trail network groups to produce a geospatial technology profile (GTP) of the NTS. Based on the GTP, we developed a framework to calculate an implementation capacity index (ICI) for each network, and then compared network capacity to the level of user engagement (application intricacy) deployed. Results show that higher implementation capacity is not indicative of higher levels of user engagement. Outcomes demonstrate the value of geocollaborative tool evaluations, highlighting the benefits of an assessment framework based on type and use of GIS platform. As an advantage in the process of evaluation, our proposed framework assists networks with implementation strategies, balancing user abilities and mapping capabilities. Additionally, the proposed framework provides a foundation to refine GIS implementation assessment for NRM networks. Understanding the range of GIS technologies and applications used by multiple, geographically dispersed networks can further inform development and deployment strategies that mitigate barriers to successful GIS implementation in inter-organizational scenarios.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Smith, Charlynne and Leung, Yu-Fai and Seekamp, Erin}, year={2021}, pages={24–42} }
 @article{tourism in protected and conserved areas amid the covid-19 pandemic_2021, volume={3}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-sias.en}, DOI={10.2305/iucn.ch.2021.parks-27-sias.en}, abstractNote={The COVID-19 pandemic has had a global impact on the tourism sector. With tourism numbers dramatically reduced, millions of jobs could be lost, and progress made in equality and sustainable economic growth could be rolled back. Widespread reports of dramatic changes to protected and conserved1 area visitation have negative consequences for conservation finances, tourism businesses and the livelihoods of people who supply labour, goods and services to tourists and tourism businesses. This paper aims to share experiences from around the world on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on protected area tourism; and considers how to build resilience within protected area tourism as a regenerative conservation tool.}, number={27}, journal={PARKS}, publisher={IUCN}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={103–118} }
 @article{rogers_leung_2020, title={Smarter long-distance hike: How emerging technologies shape information use and spatial decisions on the Appalachian Trail}, volume={26}, url={https://ijw.org/smartphones-shape-information-use-appalachian-trail/}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Wilderness}, author={Rogers, A. and Leung, Y.-F.}, year={2020}, pages={88–103} }
 @article{jouzi_leung_nelson_2020, title={Terrestrial Protected Areas and Food Security: A Systematic Review of Research Approaches}, volume={7}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7100083}, DOI={10.3390/environments7100083}, abstractNote={Achieving food security is one of the most important sustainable development goals and is a major global concern, specifically in remote and rural areas of the developing world where high biodiversity can be found and many protected areas are located. The goals of food security and biodiversity conservation are two of the most critical challenges of our time. This study aims to better understand the state of research on protected areas and food security through a methodological lens. The literature search was conducted in the Web of Science core collection and the Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CAB) abstracts database. The search results indicate that this is an understudied topic with only nineteen articles published in various research domains. The findings reveal that studies were explanatory research rather than confirmatory and most studies had a snapshot design with no control or baseline. National parks were the main category of protected areas reported in studies. Data collection commonly employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods at a household level. We also found that spatial data and methods are important yet underutilized.}, number={10}, journal={Environments}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Jouzi, Zeynab and Leung, Yu-Fai and Nelson, Stacy}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={1–15} }
 @article{tourist use and impact monitoring in the galápagos: an evolving program with lessons learned_2020, url={https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.parks-26-2dc.en}, DOI={10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.PARKS%E2%80%9026%E2%80%902DC.en}, journal={Parks}, year={2020} }
 @article{perry_thomsen_d’antonio_morse_reigner_leung_wimpey_taff_2020, title={Toward an Integrated Model of Topical, Spatial, and Temporal Scales of Research Inquiry in Park Visitor Use Management}, volume={12}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156183}, DOI={10.3390/su12156183}, abstractNote={Parks and protected areas (PPAs) are facing complex, transboundary, social, and ecological pressures, including those related to visitor use. Effective visitor use management (VUM) in PPAs requires interdisciplinary thinking across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Yet, the majority of this VUM research is short-term and occurs at relatively discrete spatial scales. A few existing frameworks and conceptual models used in VUM encourage thinking across scales. No single, interdisciplinary conceptual model exists, however, despite longstanding recognition of the need for one. This need was highlighted as a research priority by PPA and VUM subject area experts from across the U.S. at a workshop at Clemson University in 2018. This manuscript draws from the discussions at that workshop and addresses this recognized need. We propose and describe a single multi-scalar conceptual model that integrates topical areas in PPA VUM. Thoughtful, multi-scalar research that transcends disciplines is essential to address contemporary issues across VUM topics. The proposed model and the subsequent discussion are meant to serve as a catalyst for VUM researchers to begin considering both spatial and temporal scales in their PPA-based inquiries.}, number={15}, journal={Sustainability}, author={Perry, Elizabeth E. and Thomsen, Jennifer M. and D’Antonio, Ashley L. and Morse, Wayde C. and Reigner, Nathan P. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Wimpey, Jeremy and Taff, B. Derrick}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{miller_kays_leung_2020, title={Wildlife response to recreational trail building: An experimental method and Appalachian case study}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1618-1093"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85086458988&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125815}, abstractNote={Trail networks are common infrastructure in protected areas for visitors to exercise, connect with nature, and learn about natural and cultural resources. However, there are concerns that the presence and construction of trails affect the quality of wildlife habitats, extending human disturbance into secluded areas. In this study, we developed a before-after control-impact experimental design to investigate the impacts of new trail construction on six terrestrial vertebrate species in an Appalachian protected area in the U.S. Using camera traps, we monitored animal use of the study area before, during, and after construction, on the trail, near the trail, and at a control site. Our results indicate statistically significant impacts of trail building and presence on four common species. During trail construction, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) decreased their activity on and/or near the trail, while raccoons (Procyon lotor) increased activity on the trail. These three species returned to the area at pre-building levels once trail construction was complete. After trail building, eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) showed decreased use of the trail area. We also observed altered timing of daily activity patterns for squirrels and deer, both diurnal species. Deer activity became more spread throughout the day within the near-trail zone during construction. After the trail was complete, squirrels shifted activity to earlier in the day, after sunrise and prior to the peak of recreational activity. We conclude that while trail building may alter habitat quality for some species, this mostly occurred during the construction phase, and was fairly minor for our study species. To minimize impacts, we suggest that trail building be restricted to a short time period during a season when species of concern are least sensitive. Our use of control sites allowed us to distinguish experimental effects from natural population fluctuations, and should serve as a foundation for future work investigating the effects of trails and other linear human disturbances on wildlife communities, especially in sensitive habitats and ecosystems.}, journal={JOURNAL FOR NATURE CONSERVATION}, author={Miller, Anna B. and Kays, Roland and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{smith_wilkins_leung_2019, title={Attendance trends threaten future operations of America's state park systems}, volume={116}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902314116}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1902314116}, abstractNote={This research examines how the operating expenditures of America’s state park systems will be affected by a continued growth in attendance consistent with observed trends as well as potential climate futures. We construct a longitudinal panel dataset (1984–2017) describing the operations and characteristics of all 50 state park systems. These data are analyzed with a time-varying stochastic frontier model. Estimates from the model are used to forecast operating expenditures to midcentury under four different scenarios. The first scenario assumes annual attendance within each state park system will continue to grow (or decline) at the same average annual rate that it has over the period of observation. The subsequent scenarios assume statewide annual mean temperatures will increase following the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 greenhouse gas emissions trajectories. Operating expenditures under a scenario where annual growth in attendance stays consistent with observed trends are forecasted to increase 756% by midcentury; this is an order of magnitude larger than projected expenditures under any of the climate scenarios. The future climate change scenarios yielded increases in operating expenditures between 25% (RCP2.6) and 61% (RCP8.5) by 2050. Attendance is the single largest factor affecting the operations of America’s state park systems, dwarfing the influence of climate change, which is significant and nontrivial. The future of America’s state park systems will depend upon increased support from state legislatures, as well as management actions that generate funds for the maintenance of existing infrastructure and facilities, and the provisioning of services.}, number={26}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Wilkins, Emily J. and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={12775–12780} }
 @article{guo_guo_lin_lin_leung_chen_2019, title={Managing congestion at visitor hotspots using park-level use level data: Case study of a Chinese World Heritage Site}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85070103557&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0215266}, abstractNote={Tourist congestion at hot spots has been a major management concern for UNESCO World Heritage Sites and other iconic protected areas. A growing number of heritage sites employ technologies, such as cameras and electronic ticket-checking systems, to monitor user levels, but data collected by these monitoring technologies are often under-utilize. In this study, we illustrated how to integrate data from hot spots by camera-captured monitoring and entrance counts to manage use levels at a World Heritage Site in southeastern China. 6,930 photos of a congestion hotspot (scenic outlook on a trail) were collected within the park at a 10-minute interval over 105 days from January to November 2017. The entrance counts were used to predict daily average and maximum use level at the hotspot Average use level at the congestion hotspot did not exceed the use limit mandated by the Chinese park administration agency. However, from 9:20 am to 12:00 pm, the use level at hotspots exceeded visitor preferred use level. Visitor use level was significantly higher at the hotspot during a major Chinese “golden week” holiday. The daily entrance counts significantly predicted the average and maximum use level at the hotspot. Based on our findings, we recommend that the number of visitors entering the gate on each day should be less than 28,764 for the hotspots to meet use level mandates, while less than 6,245 to meet visitor preference. The gap manifested the complexity in visitor capacity management at high-use World Heritage Sites and other protected areas and calls for innovative monitoring and management strategies.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Guo, Jin-Hui and Guo, Tian and Lin, Kai-Miao and Lin, Dan-Dan and Leung, Yu-Fai and Chen, Qiu-Hua}, year={2019}, month={Jul} }
 @book{magro-lindenkamp_leung_2019, title={Research Agenda for Sustainable Tourism}, ISBN={["978-1-78-811709-8"]}, DOI={10.4337/9781788117104}, journal={RESEARCH AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM}, author={Magro-Lindenkamp, Teresa Cristina and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2019}, pages={1–255} }
 @article{walden-schreiner_leung_tateosian_2018, title={Digital footprints: Incorporating crowdsourced geographic information for protected area management}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1873-7730"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85036565276&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.11.004}, abstractNote={Biodiversity loss driven by anthropogenic pressures highlights the importance of conservation efforts in protected areas globally. Protected areas are also locations providing myriad ecosystem services, including recreation and tourism. Advancements in mobile and web technologies have expanded the capabilities and accessibility of crowdsourced spatial content increasingly leveraged for research. This study explores the use of crowdsourced geographic information to model, at varying temporal scales, spatial patterns of visitor use and identify factors contributing to distribution patterns in a dynamic landscape, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Hawaii, USA). Specifically, this study integrated geotagged photo metadata publicly shared on Flickr with raster data about infrastructure and natural environmental using MaxEnt modelling. Infrastructure designated for visitor use (i.e., roads, trails) contributed most to models of visitor distribution for all years and seasons. During the spring months, elevation was also a top contributing variable to the model. Crowdsourced data provided empirical assessments of covariates associated with visitor distributions, highlighting how changes in infrastructure and environmental factors may influence visitor use, and therefore resource pressures, to help researchers, managers, and planners with efforts to mitigate negative impacts.}, journal={APPLIED GEOGRAPHY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Leung, Yu-Fai and Tateosian, Laura}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={44–54} }
 @article{walden-schreiner_leung_kuhn_newburger_2018, title={Integrating direct observation and GPS tracking to monitor animal behavior for resource management}, volume={190}, ISSN={["1573-2959"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85041270000&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10661-018-6463-3}, abstractNote={Monitoring the behavior of pack animals in protected areas informs management about use patterns and the potential associated negative impacts. However, systematic assessments of behavior are uncommon due to methodological and logistical constraints. This study integrated behavior mapping with GPS tracking, and applied behavior change point analysis, as an approach to monitor the behaviors of pack animals during overnight periods. The integrated approach identified multiple grazing patterns (i.e., locally intense grazing, ambulatory grazing) not feasible through a single methodology alone. Monitoring behavior and corresponding environmental conditions aid managers in implementing strategies designed to mitigate impacts associated with pack animals in natural areas. Results also contrast the influence of temporal scale on behavior segmentation to inform decisions for further monitoring and management of domestic animal use and impacts in natural areas. This integrated approach reduced time and logistical constraints of each method individually to promote ongoing monitoring and highlight how multiple management tactics could reduce impacts to sensitive habitats.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Leung, Yu-Fai and Kuhn, Tim and Newburger, Todd}, year={2018}, month={Feb} }
 @article{ng_leung_cheung_fang_2018, title={Land degradation effects initiated by trail running events in an urban protected area of Hong Kong}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1099-145X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85044431117&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/ldr.2863}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={LAND DEGRADATION & DEVELOPMENT}, author={Ng, Sai-Leung and Leung, Yu-Fai and Cheung, Suet-Yi and Fang, Wei}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={422–432} }
 @article{tsai_mchale_jennings_marquet_hipp_leung_floyd_2018, title={Relationships between Characteristics of Urban Green Land Cover and Mental Health in U.S. Metropolitan Areas}, volume={15}, ISSN={1660-4601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020340}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph15020340}, abstractNote={Urbanization increases risk for depression and other mental disorders. A growing body of research indicates the natural environment confers numerous psychological benefits including alleviation of mental distress. This study examined land cover types and landscape metrics in relation to mental health for 276 U.S. counties within metropolitan areas having a population of 1 million or more. County Health Rankings and Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) provided a measure of mental health. The 2011 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) provided data on green land cover types, from which seven landscape metrics were generated to characterize landscape patterns. Spearman’s rho correlation and stepwise logistic regression models, respectively, were employed to examine bivariate and multivariate relationships. Models were adjusted for county population and housing density, region, race, and income to account for potential confounding. Overall, individual measures of landscape patterns showed stronger associations with mental health than percent total cover alone. Greater edge contrast was associated with 3.81% lower odds of Frequent Mental Distress (FMD) (Adjusted Odd’s Ratio (AOR) = 0.9619, 95% CI = 0.9371, 0.9860). Shrubland cohesion was associated with greater odds of FMD (AOR = 1.0751, 95% CI = 1.0196, 1.1379). In addition, distance between shrubland cover was associated with greater odds of FMD (AOR = 1.0027, 95% CI = 1.0016, 1.0041). Although effect sizes were small, findings suggest different types of landscape characteristics may have different roles in improving mental health.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Tsai, Wei-Lun and McHale, Melissa and Jennings, Viniece and Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Floyd, Myron}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={340} }
 @article{tsai_leung_mchale_floyd_reich_2018, title={Relationships between urban green land cover and human health at different spatial resolutions}, volume={22}, ISSN={1083-8155 1573-1642}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0813-3}, DOI={10.1007/s11252-018-0813-3}, number={2}, journal={Urban Ecosystems}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Tsai, Wei-Lun and Leung, Yu-Fai and McHale, Melissa R. and Floyd, Myron F. and Reich, Brian J.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={315–324} }
 @book{tourism and visitor management in protected areas: guidelines for sustainability (iucn best practice protected area guidelines series no. 27)_2018, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2018.pag.27.en}, DOI={10.2305/iucn.ch.2018.pag.27.en}, abstractNote={IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges.IUCN's work focuses on valuing and conserving nature, ensuring effective and equitable governance of its use, and deploying nature-based solutions to global challenges in climate, food and development.IUCN supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world, and brings governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice.Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world's largest and most diverse environmental network, with more than 1,300 government and NGO Members and over 13,000 volunteer experts.IUCN's work is supported by almost 1,000 staff in more than 50 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world.www.iucn.orgIUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) The WCPA is the world's premier network of protected area expertise.It is supported by IUCN's Programme on Protected Areas and has over 1,400 members, spanning 140 countries.IUCN WCPA works by helping governments and others plan protected areas and integrate them into all sectors; by providing strategic advice to policy makers; by strengthening capacity and investment in protected areas; and by convening the diverse constituency of protected area stakeholders to address challenging issues.For more than 50 years, IUCN and WCPA have been at the forefront of global action on protected areas.www.iucn.org/wcpaGermany is engaged in intensive development cooperation with the international community to combat poverty, shape globalisation in an equitable manner, safeguard peace, freedom, democracy and human rights, and protect the environment and natural resources.The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) develops the guidelines and concepts of German development policy, determines the long-term strategies for cooperation with the various actors and defines the rules for implementation.The most important pillar of the German government's development cooperation work involves bilateral cooperation with the governments of other countries.BMZ develops joint projects and programmes with partner countries of German development cooperation which dovetail with national development strategies.The implementing organisations are responsible for the actual implementation of development policy concepts and strategies.In addition, BMZ works with actors from civil society, churches, foundations, the private sector and other areas.www.bmz.deThe France-IUCN partnership aims to contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals and to the implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.It supports projects in countries of particular interest for France, in European overseas territories, and at the global scale.It provides technical expertise, both in mobilizing French organizations and experts, and by seconding senior staff to IUCN.The Partnership includes the ministries of Europe and Foreign Affairs, Ecological and Inclusive Transition, Agriculture and Food, and Overseas territories, as well as the French Development Agency (AFD).Created in 2005, the partnership builds on results achieved over time.From 2017 to 2020, it will reach nearly 9 Million Euros.www.iucn.org/fr/partenariat-france-uicnDepartment of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management (PRTM) is one of the three departments within the College of Natural Resources at}, journal={International Union for Conservation of Nature}, year={2018} }
 @article{walden-schreiner_dario rossi_barros_pickering_leung_2018, title={Using crowd-sourced photos to assess seasonal patterns of visitor use in mountain-protected areas}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1654-7209"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85041910351&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s13280-018-1020-4}, abstractNote={Managing protected areas effectively requires information about patterns of visitor use, but these data are often limited. We explore how geotagged photos on Flickr, a popular photo-sharing social-media site, can generate hotspot maps and distribution models of temporal and spatial patterns of use in two mountain-protected areas of high conservation value. In Aconcagua Provincial Park (Argentina), two routes to the summit of Aconcagua were used in summer, but most visitors stayed close to the main road, using formal and informal walking trails and the Visitor Centre, while in winter, there was very limited visitation. In Kosciuszko National Park (Australia), alpine walking trails were popular in summer, but in winter, most visitors stayed in the lower altitude ski resorts and ski trails. Results demonstrate the usefulness of social-media data alone as well as a complement for visitor monitoring, providing spatial and temporal information for site-specific and park-level management of visitors and potential impacts in conservation areas.}, number={7}, journal={AMBIO}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Dario Rossi, Sebastian and Barros, Agustina and Pickering, Catherine and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={781–793} }
 @article{miller_leung_kays_2017, title={Coupling visitor and wildlife monitoring in protected areas using camera traps}, volume={17}, ISSN={2213-0780}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2016.09.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.jort.2016.09.007}, abstractNote={The global rise in nature-based recreation and tourism brings an increasing need for research on visitor activity in protected areas. Understanding the nature, distribution, and intensity of visitor activity can lead to better management of protected areas, potentially improving visitor experience while reducing impacts on the environment. Although passive infrared cameras (i.e., “camera traps”) are now a standard monitoring tool for wildlife researchers, they are less commonly applied by recreation social scientists for visitor monitoring in natural areas. Because study objectives differ between these two applications, protocols for camera placement also vary. In this study we optimized camera traps to quantify human trail-based activity while meeting established wildlife-oriented protocols. The method streamlines the data collection process, thus making visitor monitoring data more accessible. We first determined the wildlife-appropriate camera position optimal for capturing human trail use through a field test, in which we varied the speed of biker movement, camera angle, and distance to the trail. The optimized camera protocol was 1–2 m from the trail edge, oriented 20° to the direction of movement, where the target is moving slower than 8 kph. We then experimentally tested this optimized camera protocol in a field setting along an unpaved, multi-use trail typical of many outdoor recreation locations. Two pairs of cameras were set following the optimized protocol while two pairs were set with a randomized protocol as the control. Compared with field observations, optimized camera traps recorded 82% of pedestrians (p<0.05) and 75% of mountain bikers (p>0.05). There was also a difference in performance between camera models, with the best model recording 86% and 97% of pedestrians and bikers, respectively. We conclude that camera traps can accurately quantify human trail-based activity while being set to wildlife science standards, reducing the cost of collecting visitor use data and producing high-resolution human-wildlife interaction data. Motion-triggered camera traps can be used to efficiently collect data on humans and wildlife through a single data collection process. Camera traps should be calibrated with field-based observation and positioned according to the following guidelines: located where traffic moves slower than 8 kph, oriented at a shallow angle to the direction of movement, and placed at knee-height on trees within 1-2m of the trail edge. It should be noted that camera traps might under-sample quickly moving visitors such as bicyclists. This cost-effective method can provide long-term data useful for monitoring both human trail-based activity and wildlife presence.}, journal={Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Miller, Anna B. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Kays, Roland}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={44–53} }
 @article{walden-schreiner_leung_kuhn_newburger_tsai_2017, title={Environmental and managerial factors associated with pack stock distribution in high elevation meadows: Case study from Yosemite National Park}, volume={193}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85011933791&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.076}, abstractNote={Parks and protected areas are integral strategies for biological diversity conservation, and their management often involves balancing visitor use with resource protection. Effectively balancing these objectives requires data about how use is distributed within areas of interest and how management strategies and environmental conditions interact to minimize negative impacts. This study examined which environmental and managerial factors most influenced the distribution of domestic pack stock animals, a common visitor use-related activity, when released to graze in high elevation meadows. Using a species distribution modelling approach, MaxEnt, managerial factors were found to be among the top contributors to models. Pack stock animals concentrated use near the locations where they were released as well as portable enclosure fencing confining the lead animal even though the remainder were allowed to roam freely. Elevation was the environmental factor contributing most, with animals remaining at similar elevations to the meadow even if moving into nearby understory. Results highlight the importance of release point and fence locations to overall pack stock animal distribution and rotational or strategic placement can be a tactic for mitigating impacts to sensitive habitats.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Leung, Yu-Fai and Kuhn, Tim and Newburger, Todd and Tsai, Wei-Lun}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={52–63} }
 @article{hockett_marion_leung_2017, title={The efficacy of combined educational and site management actions in reducing off-trail hiking in an urban-proximate protected area}, volume={203}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85026505336&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.073}, abstractNote={Park and protected area managers are tasked with protecting natural environments, a particularly daunting challenge in heavily visited urban-proximate areas where flora and fauna are already stressed by external threats. In this study, an adaptive management approach was taken to reduce extensive off-trail hiking along a popular trail through an ecologically diverse and significant area in the Chesapeake and Ohio National Historical Park near Washington DC. Substantial amounts of off-trail hiking there had created an extensive 16.1 km network of informal (visitor-created) trails on a 39 ha island in the Potomac Gorge. A research design with additive treatments integrating educational and site management actions was applied and evaluated using self-reported behavior from an on-site visitor survey and unobtrusive observations of off-trail hiking behavior at two locations along the trail. Study treatments included: 1) trailhead educational signs developed using attribution theory and injunctive-proscriptive wording, 2) symbolic "no hiking" prompter signs attached to logs placed across all informal trails, 3) placement of concealing leaf litter and small branches along initial sections of informal trails, 4) restoration work on selected trails with low fencing, and 5) contact with a trail steward to personally communicate the trailhead sign information. The final, most comprehensive treatment reduced visitor-reported intentional off-trail hiking from 70.3% to 43.0%. Direct observations documented reduction in off-trail hiking from 25.9% to 2.0%. The educational message and site management actions both contributed to the decline in off-trail travel and the two evaluation methods enhanced our ability to describe the efficacy of the different treatments in reducing off-trail travel.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Hockett, Karen S. and Marion, Jeffrey L. and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={17–28} }
 @article{trail drainage features: development and testing of an assessment tool_2017, url={https://www.nps.gov/articles/parkscience33-1_42-49_burroughs_et_al_3854.htm}, journal={Park Science}, year={2017} }
 @misc{marion_leung_eagleston_burroughs_2016, title={A Review and Synthesis of Recreation Ecology Research Findings on Visitor Impacts to Wilderness and Protected Natural Areas}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84969579906&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5849/jof.15-498}, abstractNote={The 50th anniversary of the US Wilderness Act of 1964 presents a worthy opportunity to review our collective knowledge on how recreation visitation affects wilderness and protected natural area resources. Studies of recreation impacts, examined within the recreation ecology field of study, have spanned 80 years and generated more than 1,200 citations. This article examines the recreation ecology literature most relevant to wilderness and backcountry, with a focus on visitor impacts to vegetation, soil, wildlife, and water resources. We also review relationships with influential factors, such as the amount of use, visitor behavior, and vegetation type. An understanding of these impacts and their relationships with influential factors is necessary for land managers seeking to identify acceptable limits of impact or selecting management actions that will effectively avoid or minimize resource impacts.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Marion, Jeffrey L. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Eagleston, Holly and Burroughs, Kaitlin}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={352–362} }
 @article{xu_leung_barbieri_2016, title={Characterizing Themed Touring Routes: A Geospatial and Tourism Evaluation of Wine Trails}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2156-8324"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84958913617&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/21568316.2015.1074096}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Wine trails have been the most commonly developed type of Themed Touring Routes (TTRs) around the world during the past decade. Despite such development, limited studies have examined their geospatial or tourism characteristics reducing marketing and managerial efficacy. To address this gap, this study measured six geospatial and tourism attributes of nine wine trails in North Carolina (USA) toward a characterization of TTRs. Results indicated a shared low Connectivity and good Accessibility among study wine trails regardless of their spatial patterns. Tourism-wise, services provided were Comprehensive within wine trails and Complementary across wineries. Results provided managerial intelligence to existing wine trails, such as the need to enhance local road network density and outbalance tourism dominance within trails. Results were also used to develop a geospatial-tourism classification of wine trails which provide managerial intelligence to optimize resources allocation and to shed light on characterizing other types of TTRs.}, number={2}, journal={TOURISM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT}, author={Xu, Shuangyu and Leung, Yu-Fai and Barbieri, Carla}, year={2016}, pages={168–184} }
 @article{pickering_leung_2016, title={Editorial for the Special issue of the Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism on mountain biking}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2213-0799"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84994582564&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/s2213-0780(16)30064-0}, abstractNote={Trails are discussed as geomorphic entities and the geomorphic nature of mountain bike impacts is evaluated. This project documented landscape changes from inception of trail design until after three mountain bike races were completed. The research location was a short-track trail that was purpose-built for a small race series in Austin, TX. The geomorphic alterations that occurred are generally in line with and supported by the published literature. This project sought to monitor the forcing mechanisms (mountain bikers) which would cause the change in trail morphology. A novel aspect of this research is the utilization of accelerometers to understand the forces placed by the rider on the trail surface. Additionally, this paper documents soil impacts on trails at relatively low use rates, as such, it begins to bridge the gap between experimental trampling studies and soil impact studies on established trails. This project presents a protocol to monitor change on trails, presents a novel method for documenting rider forcing, and supports the idea that mountain bikers are geomorphic agents. Understanding and documenting these forces are key to building and maintaining more sustainable trail systems, as such trail builders and land managers would benefit from this and further research.This research has several management implications. This paper discusses the impact of a small race series and has implication for trail layout for similar races. Race promoters should be aware of soil compact and impacts to vegetation. Cyclocross races often occupy a park or other area where a trail is not desired in the long term, therefore those types of events should be particularly concerned with compaction and erosion. It presents a novel method, with accelerometers, which may be used to map and analyze how mountain bikers distribute forces on the landscape. Additionally, this paper presents a sampling plan that can be reproduced at various scales to document morphological change on trails over time.}, journal={JOURNAL OF OUTDOOR RECREATION AND TOURISM-RESEARCH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Pickering, Catherine and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={III-IV} }
 @article{xu_barbieri_anderson_leung_rozier-rich_2016, title={Residents' perceptions of wine tourism development}, volume={55}, ISSN={0261-5177}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2016.02.016}, DOI={10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2016.02.016}, abstractNote={Wine trails have been studied insufficiently within the tourism literature despite of their recent rapid development worldwide. In response, this study examines residents' perceptions of wine tourism development in terms of personal benefits and community impacts. It also explores whether residents' socio-demographics and levels of wine enthusiasm, and wine trails' tourism characterization influence residents' perceptions. Following a stratified random sampling procedure, residents living along two wine trails in the Piedmont region of North Carolina (U.S.) were surveyed. Results indicate that residents are neutral in their perceptions of the Piedmont wineries in terms of both personal benefits and community impacts. Residents' socio-demographics and level of wine enthusiasm, as well as the comprehensiveness of wine trails' tourism amenities were significantly associated with residents' perceptions. Results also indicate that personal benefits mediate residents' perceptions of community impacts. In addition to the oretical and methodological contributions, this paper outlines management implications for wine trails.}, journal={Tourism Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Xu, Shuangyu and Barbieri, Carla and Anderson, Dorothy and Leung, Yu-Fai and Rozier-Rich, Samantha}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={276–286} }
 @article{leung_smith_seekamp_conlon_mayer_guo_walden-schreiner_adams_keane_2016, title={The Effects of 2D and 3D Imagery and an Educational Message on Perceptions of Trail Impacts}, volume={36}, ISSN={0885-8608}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3375/043.036.0115}, DOI={10.3375/043.036.0115}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: The method of experiencing recreational resources, whether it be through on-site participation in an activity or viewing an image of the resource, might directly affect an individual's preference for, and evaluation of, those resources. In this research note, we explore the effect of three-dimensional (3D) displays, which are now widely available to consumer markets, on an individual's perceptions of degraded trail conditions. We also explore the hypothesis that viewing an educational message about responsible hiking behavior influences perceptions of trail conditions. The effects of imagery type and the educational message were tested through experimentally varying types of trail impacts (muddiness and erosion) and impact severity (minimal and severe) across 20 images presented to individuals in a controlled laboratory setting on a 60-inch, 3D capable LCD monitor. Results indicate neither the use of 3D imagery nor the presence of an educational message had a significant main effect on perceptions of trail degradation, but significant two-way interaction effects between image type and impact type on perceptions were identified. Perceptions of trail impacts were significantly different across impact type and severity level. These findings suggest the utility of 3D imagery in perception studies might be restricted to certain impact types (e.g., erosion); the findings also raise concerns over the efficacy of educational materials.}, number={1}, journal={Natural Areas Journal}, publisher={Natural Areas Journal}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Smith, J.W. and Seekamp, E. and Conlon, K. and Mayer, J. and Guo, T. and Walden-Schreiner, C. and Adams, B. and Keane, R.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={88–92} }
 @article{tsai_floyd_leung_mchale_reich_2016, title={Urban Vegetative Cover Fragmentation in the US Associations With Physical Activity and BMI}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1873-2607"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961144121&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.022}, abstractNote={Introduction Urban vegetative cover provides a range of ecosystem services including contributions to human health and well-being. Urbanization exerts tremendous pressure on this natural resource, causing fragmentation and loss of urban greenspace. This study aimed to examine associations between vegetative cover fragmentation and physical activity and BMI at the county scale in the U.S. metropolitan statistical areas greater than 1 million in population. Methods National Land Cover Database 2006 and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2008 provided land cover and human health data, respectively. Analyses were performed in 2013 at the county scale where the health data were reported. Spearman rank correlation and stepwise and hierarchical regression models were applied to estimate relationships between land cover and health variables. Results After controlling for median household income and race, greater forest edge density (β=0.272, p<0.05) and larger size of herbaceous patches (β=0.261, p<0.01) were associated with a higher percentage of participation in physical activity within counties. More connections between forest and developed area (β=0.37, p<0.01) and greater edge density of shrubland (β=0.646, p<0.001) were positively associated with a higher percentage of normal BMI (<25) within counties. Conclusions Forest land cover and some degree of fragmentation are associated with population physical activity. Future studies should examine how built environments and varying land cover configurations influence physical activity and weight status.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE}, author={Tsai, Wei-Lun and Floyd, Myron F. and Leung, Yu-Fai and McHale, Melissa R. and Reich, Brian J.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={509–517} }
 @article{li_whitlow_bitsura-meszaros_leung_barbieri_2015, title={A preliminary evaluation of World Heritage tourism promotion: comparing websites from Australia, China, and Mexico}, volume={13}, ISSN={2156-8316 2156-8324}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2015.1101393}, DOI={10.1080/21568316.2015.1101393}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT World Heritage Sites (WHS), recognized for their remarkable natural and cultural values, are prime destinations for domestic and international tourists. Despite such values, limited information is available on the efficacy of promotion strategies to reach their markets. This note reports an instrument developed to evaluate WHS websites and the results from its application on government websites of Australia, China, and Mexico. These countries were selected based on their geographic location, perceived activeness in WHS promotion, and strong international tourism receipts. The evaluation instrument captured 33 attributes representing 5 dimensions: Communication, Site Attractiveness, Marketing Effectiveness, Technical Setup, and World Heritage Specifics. Results reveal significant variability in website quality, with areas identified for improvement, especially promoting specific World Heritage information. Besides sharing a validated instrument to evaluate WHS websites, this note discusses issues that need to be addressed to strengthen the web-based promotion of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's World Heritage Program.}, number={3}, journal={Tourism Planning & Development}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Li, Jing and Whitlow, Matthew and Bitsura-Meszaros, Karly and Leung, Yu-Fai and Barbieri, Carla}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={370–376} }
 @article{leung_walden-schreiner_conlon_miller_2015, title={A simple method for monitoring dog leash compliance behavior in parks and natural areas}, volume={9}, ISSN={2213-0780}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JORT.2015.03.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.JORT.2015.03.001}, abstractNote={This article presents a monitoring protocol for dog leash compliance designed with public participation, mobile technology and flexible platforms in mind. We describe the protocol development and illustrate data utility by comparing results across three trail surface types. Implemented at an urban nature park in North Carolina, pilot tests indicated a high level of inter-observer reliability (>86%) for all variables. The consistency was improved further by refining the measures and the observation procedure. A total of 169 dogs were observed during the study period with an overall compliance rate of 87%. Significantly lower compliance was found on the woodchip and unpaved trail sections (71–74%) than the paved section (99%). Our results suggest this approach may serve as a reliable protocol for monitoring a common and important impact issue. Lessons learned are shared to stimulate further advancements and applications of technology in participatory monitoring of this and other indicators of sustainable recreation.}, journal={Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Leung, Yu-Fai and Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Conlon, Katharine and Miller, Anna B.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={11–16} }
 @article{guo_smith_leung_seekamp_moore_2015, title={Determinants of Responsible Hiking Behavior: Results from a Stated Choice Experiment}, volume={56}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0513-1}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-015-0513-1}, abstractNote={This research examined the determinants of responsible hiking behavior through a lab-based experiment in which two managerial factors believed to influence individuals' behavior (the presentation of an educational message and the method of displaying degraded trail conditions) were varied across four experimental treatments in a 2 × 2 between subjects factorial design. The effect of trail degradation type (muddiness and erosion) and severity (moderate or severe) of trail degradation were also examined within each of the 4 treatment groups. Analyses revealed neither the educational message nor the method of displaying the image had a consistent and expected impact on individuals' behavioral intentions. In fact, participants who viewed the educational message were more likely to indicate they would hike off the trail. The effects of both trail degradation type and severity were consistent and significant with muddiness and more severe levels of degradation having a greater influence on individuals' intent to hike on the edge of or off the trail. The analyses also revealed both gender and hiking frequency had significant effects on behavioral intentions. Female participants were more likely to indicate they would turn around than males when they encountered degraded trail sections. Women were also less likely to indicate they would hike off the trail than men. Collectively, these findings highlight a variety of ways recreation resource managers can more efficiently inform recreationists about the impacts of off-trail hiking and prioritize trail management needs.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Guo, Tian and Smith, Jordan W. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Seekamp, Erin and Moore, Roger L.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={765–776} }
 @article{serenari_peterson_leung_stowhas_wallace_sills_2015, title={Private development-based forest conservation in Patagonia: comparing mental models and revealing cultural truths}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1708-3087"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84943186727&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5751/es-07696-200304}, abstractNote={Private protected area (PPA) conservation agents (CA) engaging in development-based conservation in southern Chile have generated conflict with locals. Poor fit of dominant development-based conservation ideology in rural areas is commonly to blame. We developed and administered a cultural consensus survey near the Valdivian Coastal Reserve (RCV) and Huilo Huilo Reserve (HH) to examine fit of CA cultural truths with local residents. Cultural consensus analysis (CCA) of 23 propositions reflecting CA cultural truths confirmed: (1) a single CA culture exists, and (2) RCV communities were more aligned with this culture than HH communities. Inadequate communication, inequitable decision making, divergent opinions about livelihood impacts and trajectories, and PPA purpose may explain differences between CAs and communities. Meanwhile, variability in response between and within communities may reflect differing environmental histories. Private protected area administrations might use CCA to confront cultural differences and thereby improve their community interactions.}, number={3}, journal={ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY}, author={Serenari, Christopher and Peterson, M. Nils and Leung, Yu-Fai and Stowhas, Paulina and Wallace, Tim and Sills, Erin O.}, year={2015} }
 @article{smith_leung_seekamp_walden-schreiner_miller_2015, title={Projected impacts to the production of outdoor recreation opportunities across US state park systems due to the adoption of a domestic climate change mitigation policy}, volume={48}, ISSN={1462-9011}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.013}, abstractNote={Numerous empirical and simulation-based studies have documented or estimated variable impacts to the economic growth of nation states due to the adoption of domestic climate change mitigation policies. However, few studies have been able to empirically link projected changes in economic growth to the provision of public goods and services. In this research, we couple projected changes in economic growth to US states brought about by the adoption of a domestic climate change mitigation policy with a longitudinal panel dataset detailing the production of outdoor recreation opportunities on lands managed in the public interest. Joining empirical data and simulation-based estimates allow us to better understand how the adoption of a domestic climate change mitigation policy would affect the provision of public goods in the future. We first employ a technical efficiency model and metrics to provide decision makers with evidence of specific areas where operational efficiencies within the nation's state park systems can be improved. We then augment the empirical analysis with simulation-based changes in gross state product (GSP) to estimate changes to the states’ ability to provide outdoor recreation opportunities from 2014 to 2020; the results reveal substantial variability across states. Finally, we explore two potential solutions (increasing GSP or increasing technical efficiency) for addressing the negative impacts on the states’ park systems operating budgets brought about by the adoption of a domestic climate change mitigation policy; the analyses suggest increasing technical efficiency would be the most viable solution if/when the US adopts a greenhouse gas reduction policy.}, journal={Environmental Science & Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Seekamp, Erin and Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Miller, Anna B.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={77–88} }
 @article{walden-schreiner_leung_floyd_2014, title={Incorporating Physical Activity Measures Into Environmental Monitoring of National Parks: An Example From Yosemite}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84920622592&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2012-0361}, abstractNote={Background:To address increasing prevalence of obesity and associated chronic disease, recent national initiatives have called upon federal agencies to promote healthy lifestyles and provide opportunities for physical activity. In response, the U.S. National Park Service has developed strategies promoting health through physical activity in addition to its well-established biodiversity and landscape conservation mission. Incorporating physical activity measures with routine environmental monitoring would help identify areas where parks can promote active pursuits with minimal environmental impact. This study provides one example of how protocols developed for visitor and environmental monitoring can generate data to evaluate physical activity.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Leung, Yu-Fai and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={1284–1290} }
 @article{leung_walden-schreiner_matisoff_naber_robinson_2013, title={A two-pronged approach to evaluating environmental concerns of disc golf as emerging recreation in urban natural areas}, volume={18}, ISSN={1360-6719 1466-450X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2013.809181}, DOI={10.1080/13606719.2013.809181}, abstractNote={Urban natural areas offer a multitude of environmental and social benefits including recreation. As new forms of recreation quickly emerge, managers often make decisions with limited knowledge about the activities, participants, and environmental implications. We illustrate a two-pronged approach to evaluating environmental concerns of disc golf as an emerging recreational activity, which is conceptually similar to traditional golf, but clubs and balls are replaced with discs that go into baskets instead of holes. A media content analysis was conducted to assess public concerns about disc golf between 1995 and 2010, while a biophysical assessment measured disc-golf-related impacts at four courses in central North Carolina, USA. Results of the media analysis suggest growing environmental concerns associated with disc golf, while the biophysical assessment revealed evidence of tree and ground impacts. Managers could use such contextual public opinion and onsite physical data to inform decisions on permitting emerging activities and adopting sustainable practices, to gauge potential conflicts, and to frame communication to the public in ways so as to increase acceptance and compliance.}, number={4}, journal={Managing Leisure}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Leung, Yu-Fai and Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Matisoff, Craig and Naber, Michael and Robinson, Jessica}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={273–285} }
 @article{walden-schreiner_leung_2013, title={Spatially Characterizing Visitor Use and Its Association with Informal Trails in Yosemite Valley Meadows}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1432-1009"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84879826402&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-013-0066-0}, abstractNote={Ecological impacts associated with nature-based recreation and tourism can compromise park and protected area goals if left unrestricted. Protected area agencies are increasingly incorporating indicator-based management frameworks into their management plans to address visitor impacts. Development of indicators requires empirical evaluation of indicator measures and examining their ecological and social relevance. This study addresses the development of the informal trail indicator in Yosemite National Park by spatially characterizing visitor use in open landscapes and integrating use patterns with informal trail condition data to examine their spatial association. Informal trail and visitor use data were collected concurrently during July and August of 2011 in three, high-use meadows of Yosemite Valley. Visitor use was clustered at statistically significant levels in all three study meadows. Spatial data integration found no statistically significant differences between use patterns and trail condition class. However, statistically significant differences were found between the distance visitors were observed from informal trails and visitor activity type with active activities occurring closer to trail corridors. Gender was also found to be significant with male visitors observed further from trail corridors. Results highlight the utility of integrated spatial analysis in supporting indicator-based monitoring and informing management of open landscapes. Additional variables for future analysis and methodological improvements are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={163–178} }
 @article{leung_catts_2013, title={The joy of bioresources: Sustainable forest-recreation connections}, volume={8}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876112475&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.15376/biores.8.1.1-2}, abstractNote={Forests have long-standing relationships with humanity beyond the material aspects. Recreation is an essential human need, and forests possess intrinsic values to support such a need in direct, authentic, and emotional ways. Quality recreation experiences can lead to a greater appreciation of bioresources and deeper support for forest conservation. The forest-recreation connections should be celebrated and sustained in this age of rapid social, environmental, and technological changes.}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Leung, Yu-Fai and Catts, G.}, year={2013}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{siderelis_moore_leung_smith_2012, title={A nationwide production analysis of state park attendance in the United States}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862815761&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.005}, abstractNote={This study examined the production of U.S. states' park visits from 1984 to 2010 by state. In specifying the production equation in terms of the influences of the states' parklands, labor, and capital investments on the annual attendances, we found that state governments will experience an ongoing need for more labor to maintain their parklands if attendance is to increase in the future. Results also indicated that more capital expenditures are not likely to increase park utilization rates. Post-estimation procedures involved the application of the response residuals to identify the capacity utilization rates of the states' park systems over the past 27 years. Past utilization rates revealed operators met or exceeded capacity utilization expectations from 1984 through 1990. However, beginning in 1991, the annual mean utilization rate for the nation's supply of states' parks signaled a trend toward excess capacity. Our forecast revealed the mean utilizations over the next three years will vary between 90% and 95%. Post-estimation procedures also examined the relationship between state park management orientations (towards either public-lands preservation or recreational development) and projected annual capacity utilization rates. Results indicate that the quantity of added facilities to broaden their appeal to the public (i.e., a recreation orientation) was not important in explaining utilization capacities. However, an orientation toward public-lands preservation related significantly to greater utilization rates. In our view, the public will continue to accept current cost structures for continued operations of the states' parks on the compelling need for access to outdoor recreation to contribute to the visitor well-being.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Siderelis, Christos and Moore, Roger L. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={18–26} }
 @article{miller_leung_lu_2012, title={Community-based monitoring of tourism resources as a tool for supporting the convention on biological diversity targets: A preliminary global assessment}, volume={18}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84921976491&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2305/IUCN.CH.2012.PARKS-18-2.AM.en}, abstractNote={Tourism can play a significant role in contributing to multiple Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Targets. Monitoring tourism resources and impacts is crucial in gauging the performance of tourism in support of the CBD Targets. Community-based monitoring (CBM) offers a viable solution to the concerns about costs and longevity of monitoring programmes, allowing for the continuation of monitoring plans on a lower budget while creating a venue for civic engagement and capacity building. This paper provides a preliminary global assessment and typology of CBM programmes with a focus on tourism resources (CBM-T). Twenty-nine CBM-T programmes with two primary monitoring approaches were identified based on an extensive literature review, including an infrastructure-based approach focusing on tourism facilities, and an ecosystem-based approach focusing on natural resources that support the tourism experience. These programmes are further differentiated by spatial scale, goals, biome, and resources, as illustrated by 10 representative programmes. Two case examples, one on trail monitoring in Taiwan and another on wildlife monitoring in Namibia, are used to illustrate design and implementation of each CBMT approach. Lessons learned, such as criteria for communities with potential for sustainable CBM-T programmes, are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={Parks}, author={Miller, A.B. and Leung, Y.-F. and Lu, D.-J.}, year={2012}, pages={121–132} }
 @article{walden-schreiner_leung_newburger_woiderski_2012, title={Developing an accessible methodology for monitoring visitor use patterns in open landscapes of Yosemite National Park}, volume={29}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84866421159&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Park Science}, author={Walden-Schreiner, C. and Leung, Y.-F. and Newburger, T. and Woiderski, B.}, year={2012} }
 @misc{leung_2012, title={Recreation ecology research in East Asia's protected areas: Redefining impacts?}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1618-1093"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84868367392&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnc.2012.07.005}, abstractNote={Recreation ecology, the scientific study of visitor impacts and their effective management, has been developed largely in North America, Europe, and more recently in Australia, in response to growing impacts of visitor use to protected area resources. A body of literature has been accumulated that contributes to sustainable visitor management in protected areas. This paper traces the development of recreation ecology research in East Asia and examines the field's relevance to East Asia's protected natural areas which endure both a long history of human utilisation and contemporary recreation and tourism pressure, much of which originates from surrounding densely populated urban areas. The formative, expanding and strengthening stages of recreation ecology research in this region were identified through an extensive review of literature published in English and East Asian languages. Each of these three developmental stages was illustrated with examples and compared with the general state of research during the same period. Key challenges and opportunities for future recreation ecology research in the region are discussed in light of this review.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL FOR NATURE CONSERVATION}, author={Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={349–356} }
 @article{newsome_dowling_leung_2012, title={The nature and management of geotourism: A case study of two established iconic geotourism destinations}, volume={2-3}, ISSN={2211-9736}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2011.12.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.tmp.2011.12.009}, abstractNote={Regional and global geopark networks are rapidly expanding internationally. A key impetus for their establishment is local community development through geotourism, or tourism that is based on sites of geological interest. Geotourism can be a powerful tool for sustainable development but, if not managed effectively, can constitute a direct threat to geoheritage resources. This paper articulates the characteristics and challenges of geotourism by examining two iconic geosites in Taiwan and Australia. Management challenges of Yehliu Geopark (Taiwan) are many, the most prominent ones being congestion, depreciative visitor behaviour and excessive management footprint. Depreciative behaviour is also a significant challenge to Pinnacles Desert (Australia), though congestion is not yet an imminent problem. These two cases illustrate that achieving sustainable visitor use at iconic geosites can be challenging despite the presence of infrastructure, site hardening and interpretation. The importance of visitor management at geoparks and implications for geotourism are discussed.}, journal={Tourism Management Perspectives}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Newsome, David and Dowling, Ross and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={19–27} }
 @article{serenari_leung_attarian_franck_2012, title={Understanding environmentally significant behavior among whitewater rafting and trekking guides in the Garhwal Himalaya, India}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0966-9582"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861512853&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/09669582.2011.638383}, abstractNote={Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India, is planning for large-scale sustainable mountain tourism. However, current tourism practices have resulted in waste accumulation and vegetation loss. This paper explores the possibility of increasing the role of whitewater rafting and adventure tour guides to reduce tourists’ environmental impacts. Earlier studies on guides acquiescent with this role have found it to be effective in altering client behavior and minimizing environmentally destructive behavior. However, only limited research focuses on guides from developing countries outside an ecotourism context. This exploratory research in Garhwal, India, helps explain adventure guide intentions to perform pro-environmental behavior. The theory of planned behavior was applied to identify factors leading to a sample of 68 whitewater and trekking guides to perform three environmentally significant behaviors – packing out rubbish, burying their human waste and cutting living trees for firewood. Results suggest that the theoretical antecedents of the theory of planned behavior can predict intentions to perform pro-environmental behavior among non-western guides. Possible impediments to consistent performance of pro-environmental behavior among guides were noted, including lack of social pressure to change, abhorrence of contact with excreta, caste issues, effort expended to dig burial holes, etc. Managerial possibilities to encourage change are discussed.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM}, author={Serenari, Christopher and Leung, Yu-Fai and Attarian, Aram and Franck, Chris}, year={2012}, pages={757–772} }
 @article{moore_leung_matisoff_dorwart_parker_2012, title={Understanding users' perceptions of trail resource impacts and how they affect experiences: An integrated approach}, volume={107}, ISSN={["0169-2046"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865304051&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.06.016}, abstractNote={This exploratory study employed an integrated methodological approach to examine the relationships among trail resource impacts, users' perceptions of such impacts, and how those perceptions affected users' recreation experiences. The study was conducted using a convenience sample of 75 undergraduate students on a 1-km hiking trail that contained a variety of recreation-related resource impacts. The extent of impacts was objectively measured before study participants walked the trail. Participants then completed a questionnaire focusing on what impacts they noticed and the effects those impacts might have had on their experiences. The top 3 measured impacts, in terms of lineal extent of the study trail segment impacted, were exposed roots, parallel trails, and soil erosion. Users' reports of which trail impacts they perceived varied according to the form of the questions in the questionnaire. Initial open-ended responses indicated that trail erosion, litter, and mud were noticed most often, while mud, exposed roots, and standing water were most apparent based on subsequent closed-ended responses which prompted respondents about particular impacts. All but 1 impact type had an overall negative effect on user experience, with mud, standing water, and litter having the most detrimental effects on hikers' experiences. The results suggest the value of an integrated research design in understanding impact perceptions and effects. These findings have potential implications for trail design and maintenance priorities as well as for designing and guiding future studies. Other implications for research and management are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Moore, Roger L. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Matisoff, Craig and Dorwart, Catherine and Parker, Alan}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={343–350} }
 @article{leung_newburger_jones_kuhn_woiderski_2011, title={Developing a Monitoring Protocol for Visitor-Created Informal Trails in Yosemite National Park, USA}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0364-152X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79151474398&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-010-9581-4}, abstractNote={Informal trails created or perpetuated by visitors is a management challenge in many protected natural areas such as Yosemite National Park. This is a significant issue as informal trail networks penetrate and proliferate into protected landscapes and habitats, threatening ecological integrity, aesthetics, and visitor experiences. In order to develop effective strategies for addressing this problem under an adaptive management framework, indicators must be developed and monitoring protocol must be established to gather timely and relevant data about the condition, extent, and distribution of these undesired trail segments. This article illustrates a process of developing and evaluating informal trail indicators for meadows in Yosemite Valley. Indicator measures developed in past research were reviewed to identify their appropriateness for the current application. Information gaps in existing indicator measures were addressed by creating two new indices to quantify the degree of informal trailing based on its land fragmentation effects. The selected indicator measures were applied to monitoring data collected between 2006 and 2008. The selected measures and indices were evaluated for their ability to characterize informal trail impacts at site and landscape scales. Results demonstrate the utility of indicator measures in capturing different characteristics of the informal trail problem, though several metrics are strongly related to each other. The two fragmentation indices were able to depict fragmentation without being too sensitive to changes in one constituent parameter. This study points to the need for a multiparameter approach to informal trail monitoring and integration with other monitoring data. Implications for monitoring programs and research are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Leung, Yu-Fai and Newburger, Todd and Jones, Marci and Kuhn, Bill and Woiderski, Brittany}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={93–106} }
 @article{chiou_tsai_leung_2010, title={A GIS-dynamic segmentation approach to planning travel routes on forest trail networks in Central Taiwan}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956262555&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.06.004}, abstractNote={Information about park infrastructure such as trail networks is not only useful for visitors to plan trips that meet their own needs, but it is also important for park and open space managers to monitor their assets and direct trail use patterns to achieve management objectives. This study aims at applying and evaluating dynamic segmentation and network analysis techniques in a GIS to gather elevation data on trail routes and generate travel time and energy consumption information. The method was applied to a network of 16 trails in a well-visited forest recreational area in central Taiwan Island. Results show that it is feasible and efficient to use GIS methods to integrate multiple data sets and derive advanced trail information. Optimal routes based on the least time cost and the most energy cost were identified. Combining indoor, GIS-based and outdoor field work of trail surveys is likely to produce information that is reliable and useful for visitors and managers to make travel and management decisions.}, number={4}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Chiou, Chyi-Rong and Tsai, Wei-Lun and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={221–228} }
 @book{leung_siderelis_serenari_2010, title={Annual Information Exchange -- Statistical Report of State Park Operations: 2008-2009}, institution={Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Siderelis, C. and Serenari, C.}, year={2010} }
 @misc{pickering_hill_newsome_leung_2010, title={Comparing hiking, mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-72149118204&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.025}, abstractNote={Hiking, horse riding and mountain biking are popular in protected areas in Australia and the United States of America. To help inform the often contentious deliberations about use of protected areas for these three types of activities, we review recreation ecology research in both countries. Many impacts on vegetation, soils and trails are similar for the three activities, although there can be differences in severity. Impacts include damage to existing trails, soil erosion, compaction and nutrification, changes in hydrology, trail widening, exposure of roots, rocks and bedrock. There can be damage to plants including reduction in vegetation height and biomass, changes in species composition, creation of informal trails and the spread of weeds and plant pathogens. Due to differences in evolutionary history, impacts on soil and vegetation can be greater in Australia than in the USA. There are specific social and biophysical impacts of horses such as those associated with manure and urine, grazing and the construction and use of tethering yards and fences. Mountain bike specific impacts include soil and vegetation damage from skidding and the construction of unauthorised trails, jumps, bridges and other trail technical features. There are gaps in the current research that should be filled by additional research: (1) on horse and mountain bike impacts to complement those on hiking. The methods used need to reflect patterns of actual usage and be suitable for robust statistical analysis; (2) that directly compares types and severity of impacts among activities; and (3) on the potential for each activity to contribute to the spread of weeds and plant pathogens. Additional research will assist managers and users of protected areas in understanding the relative impacts of these activities, and better ways to manage them. It may not quell the debates among users, managers and conservationists, but it will help put it on a more scientific footing.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Pickering, Catherine Marina and Hill, Wendy and Newsome, David and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2010}, pages={551–562} }
 @book{hockett_clark_leung_marion_park_2010, title={Deterring Off-Trail Hiking in Protected Natural Areas: Evaluating Options with Surveys and Unobtrusive Observations}, institution={Blacksburg, VA: USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Virginia Tech Field Unit}, author={Hockett, K. S. and Clark, A. and Leung, Y.-F and Marion, J. L. and Park, L. O.}, year={2010} }
 @inbook{supak_leung_stewart_2010, title={Geotourism Potential in North Carolina: Perspectives from Interpretation at State Parks}, ISBN={9781906884093}, booktitle={Geotourism: The Tourism of Geology and Landscape}, publisher={Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers Ltd.}, author={Supak, S. and Leung, Y.F. and Stewart, K.}, year={2010} }
 @article{monz_cole_leung_marion_2010, title={Sustaining Visitor Use in Protected Areas: Future Opportunities in Recreation Ecology Research Based on the USA Experience}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1432-1009"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77952095023&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-009-9406-5}, abstractNote={Recreation ecology, the study of environmental consequences of outdoor recreation activities and their effective management, is a relatively new field of scientific study having emerged over the last 50 years. During this time, numerous studies have improved our understanding of how use-related, environmental and managerial factors affect ecological conditions and processes. Most studies have focused on vegetation and soil responses to recreation-related trampling on trails and recreation sites using indicators such as percent vegetation cover and exposed mineral soil. This applied approach has and will continue to yield important information for land managers. However, for the field to advance, more attention needs to be given to other ecosystem attributes and to the larger aspects of environmental conservation occurring at landscape scales. This article is an effort at initiating a dialog on needed advances in the field. We begin by reviewing broadly generalizable knowledge of recreation ecology, to separate what is known from research gaps. Then, based on the authors' perspective of research in the USA and North America, several research directions are suggested as essential for continued progress in this field including theoretical development, broadening scale, integration with other disciplines, and examination of synergistic effects.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Monz, Christopher A. and Cole, David N. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Marion, Jeffrey L.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={551–562} }
 @article{siderelis_naber_leung_2010, title={The Influence of Site Design and Resource Conditions on Outdoor Recreation Demand: A Mountain Biking Case Study}, volume={42}, ISSN={0022-2216 2159-6417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2010.11950219}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2010.11950219}, abstractNote={Abstract We investigated the influence of several choice variables on the demand for six mountain biking sites in the Research Triangle area, North Carolina. In combining on-site data collected from users and land survey data from the sites, mixed logit analyses revealed both trail condition and site layouts significantly influenced users' site choices. Specifically, users favored sites with higher quality trail conditions and routes that were more challenging. The welfare benefits delivered to users ranged from $1.12 to $7.73 per-user per-outing depending on the site. We also applied a generalized estimating equation to the demand data for use in estimating the annual outings and in calculating the consumer surplus of mountain biking activity in the Research Triangle area, North Carolina. Overall, the case study findings have direct implication for high-priority trail assessments, site monitoring, and resource protection.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Siderelis, Christos and Naber, Michael and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={573–590} }
 @article{dorwart_moore_leung_2010, title={Visitors' Perceptions of a Trail Environment and Effects on Experiences: A Model for Nature-Based Recreation Experiences}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0149-0400"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77949337802&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400903430863}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study is to examine visitors' perceptions and to determine how these perceptions affect their recreation experiences along a segment of the Appalachian Trail in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The study consisted of two parts—a visitor employed photography exercise and a posttrip interview. Analysis of the photographs and photograph logs show that participants noticed both negative and positive aspects of the trail environment. Five perceptual themes emerged from the interviews: nature-oriented details, scenic values, management influences, presence of other people, and depreciative behavior. Analyses indicate that these elements did not detract from participants' overall outdoor experiences. A model based on the study's findings is proposed to guide future visitor behavior research.}, number={1}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Dorwart, Catherine E. and Moore, Roger L. and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2010}, pages={33–54} }
 @book{leung_siderelis_hoffbeck_2009, title={Annual Information Exchange -- Statistical Report of State Park Operations: 2007-08}, institution={Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Siderelis, C. and Hoffbeck, D.}, year={2009} }
 @article{tien_leung_lu_2009, title={Developing a quality evaluation tool for monitoring protocols of natural recreation areas [in Chinese]}, volume={42}, number={3}, journal={Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry}, author={Tien, S.-H and Leung, Y.-F and Lu, D.-J}, year={2009}, pages={457–464} }
 @article{lin_leung_hsu_sheu_2009, title={Factors that influence the effectiveness of trail surfacing in minimizing recreational impact: A sudy in Yangmingshan National Park [in Chinese]}, volume={19}, number={4}, journal={Journal of National Parks (Taiwan)}, author={Lin, H.-C and Leung, Y.-F and Hsu, S.-I and Sheu, J.-E}, year={2009}, pages={65–79} }
 @inproceedings{hsu_leung_wang_2009, title={VERP project in Yu-Shan National Park: Research and application}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Leave No Trace and Recreational Impacts Conference}, publisher={Taipei, Taiwan: Forestry Bureau}, author={Hsu, Y.-C and Leung, Y.-F and Wang, C.-P}, year={2009}, pages={20–37} }
 @book{leung_siderelis_hoffbeck_2008, title={Annual Information Exchange -- Statistical Report of State Park Operations: 2006-07}, institution={Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Siderelis, C. and Hoffbeck, D.}, year={2008} }
 @inbook{leung_marion_farrell_2008, title={Recreation ecology in sustainable tourism and ecotourism: a strengthening role}, DOI={10.1079/9781845934705.0019}, booktitle={Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability: Linking Culture and the Environment, 2nd Ed.}, publisher={Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing}, author={Leung, Yu-Fai and Marion, J. L. and Farrell, T. A.}, editor={S. F. McCool and Neil, M. R.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={19–37} }
 @inbook{leung_marion_farrell_2008, title={Recreation ecology insustainable tourism andecotourism: A strengtheningrole}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80054699266&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability: Linking Culture and the Environment: Second Edition}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Marion, J.L. and Farrell, T.A.}, year={2008}, pages={19–37} }
 @inproceedings{leung_2008, title={Research foundations of the VERP framework: A synopsis}, booktitle={Recreational Use and Resource Protection in National Parks: Conference Proceedings}, publisher={Hualien, Taiwan: National Dong Hwa University, Institute of Tourism and Recreation Management}, author={Leung, Y.-F}, year={2008}, pages={i-} }
 @book{leung_siderelis_chelf_2007, title={Annual Information Exchange -- Statistical Report of State Park Operations: 2005-06}, institution={Raleigh, NC: National Association of State Park Directors}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Siderelis, C. and Chelf, S.}, year={2007} }
 @article{clark_leung_2007, title={Getting out, going green: Outdoor recreation is linked to pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors}, volume={42}, number={8}, journal={Parks & Recreation}, author={Clark, A. and Leung, Y.-F.}, year={2007}, pages={26–31} }
 @article{kline_cardenas_leung_sanders_2007, title={Sustainable farm tourism: Understanding and managing environmental impacts of visitor activities}, volume={45}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34247572470&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={Kline, C. and Cardenas, D. and Leung, Y.-F. and Sanders, S.}, year={2007} }
 @inproceedings{dorwart_moore_leung_2007, title={Visitor employed photography (VEP): An examination of its potential and use in evaluating visitors' perceptions of resource impacts in trail and park settings (General technical report, NRS-P-14)}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, April 9-11, 2006, the Sagamore}, publisher={Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Research Station}, author={Dorwart, C. and Moore, R. L. and Leung, Y.-F.}, year={2007}, pages={307–315} }
 @inbook{leung_marafa_chau_2006, title={Embracing or overstretching the concept of urban ecotourism: The case of Hong Kong}, booktitle={Sustainable Management of Protected Areas for Future Generations}, publisher={Hong Kong: Cosmos Books Ltd.}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Marafa, L. M. and Chau, K.-C}, editor={C. Y. Jim and Corlett, R. T.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={389–400} }
 @inproceedings{robinson_leung_eagles_2006, title={Making your visitors count: Collecting and archiving visitation data in U.S. protected areas}, booktitle={People, Places, and Parks: Proceedings of 2005 George Wright Conference on Protected Areas}, publisher={Hancock, MI: George Wright Society}, author={Robinson, J. A. and Leung, Y.-F and Eagles, P. F. J.}, year={2006}, pages={236–241} }
 @article{monz_leung_2006, title={Meaningful measures: Developing indicators of visitor impact in the National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring program}, volume={23}, number={2}, journal={George Wright Forum}, author={Monz, C. and Leung, Y.-F.}, year={2006}, pages={17–27} }
 @article{newman_monz_leung_theobald_2006, title={Monitoring campsite proliferation and conditions: Recent methodological considerations}, volume={23}, number={2}, journal={George Wright Forum}, author={Newman, P. and Monz, C. and Leung, Y.-F. and Theobald, D.}, year={2006}, pages={28–35} }
 @article{marion_leung_nepal_2006, title={Monitoring trail conditions: New methodological considerations}, volume={23}, number={2}, journal={George Wright Forum}, author={Marion, J. and Leung, Y.-F. and Nepal, S. K.}, year={2006}, pages={36–49} }
 @article{naber_leung_2006, title={Technology lends a helping hand: Recreation managers are learning the benefits of using geospatial technologies in resource management}, volume={41}, number={7}, journal={Parks & Recreation}, author={Naber, M. D. and Leung, Y.-F}, year={2006}, pages={24–30} }
 @article{leung_monz_2006, title={Visitor impact monitoring: Old issues, new challenges}, volume={23}, number={2}, journal={George Wright Forum}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Monz, C.}, year={2006}, pages={7–10} }
 @article{manning_leung_budruk_2005, title={Research to support management of visitor carrying capacity of Boston Harbor Islands}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1938-5307"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-24644477540&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1656/1092-6194(2005)12[201:RTSMOV]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Visitor carrying capacity has been a long-standing issue in management of parks and protected areas. Contemporary carrying capacity frameworks rely on formulation of indicators and standards of quality to define and manage carrying capacity. This paper describes a program of research to support management of carrying capacity of the Boston Harbor Islands national park area, a recent addition to the national park system. Research included: (1) an inventory and analysis of recreation-related resource impacts on selected islands, and (2) surveys of visitors to islands open to public use. Study findings are being incorporated into a visitor carrying capacity management plan through formulation of indicators and standards of quality for the park's natural resources and visitor experience.}, number={3}, journal={NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Manning, R and Leung, YF and Budruk, M}, year={2005}, pages={201–220} }
 @inbook{marion_leung_2004, title={Environmentally sustainable trail management}, DOI={10.1079/9780851998107.0229}, abstractNote={This chapter outlines and reviews the essential ingredients of trail management programmes from a resource protection perspective. This begins with planning considerations for selecting and developing a sustainable system of trails, decision frameworks for balancing resource protection and recreation provision objectives, trail construction and maintenance, and visitor management. All aspects are considered important to avoid common trail impact problems, including unacceptable impacts from poorly located trails, deficient construction or trail maintenance, and lack of trail condition standards and monitoring.}, booktitle={Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism}, publisher={Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing}, author={Marion, J. L. and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2004}, pages={229–243} }
 @inproceedings{bloyer_gustke_leung_2004, title={Indicators for sustainable tourism development: Crossing the divide from definitions to actions}, booktitle={Sustainable tourism}, publisher={Southampton, UK: Wessex Institute of Technology Press}, author={Bloyer, J. and Gustke, L. and Leung, Y.-F}, editor={F. D. Pineda and Brebbia, C. A.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={109–115} }
 @article{leung_2004, title={Leisure matters to the environment: the era of ecoleisure}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={Australasian Parks and Leisure}, author={Leung, Y.-F.}, year={2004} }
 @inbook{leung_marion_2004, title={Managing impacts of camping}, DOI={10.1079/9780851998107.0245}, booktitle={Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism}, publisher={Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing}, author={Leung, Yu-Fai and Marion, J. L.}, year={2004}, pages={245–258} }
 @article{dorwart_leung_moore_2004, title={Managing visitors' perceptions}, volume={39}, number={5}, journal={Parks & Recreation}, author={Dorwart, C. E. and Leung, Y.-F. and Moore, R. L.}, year={2004}, pages={24–31} }
 @inproceedings{monz_young_leung_2004, title={Monitoring the impacts of visitors to shorebird populations in the NPS Coastal and Barrier Islands Network areas}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2004 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium}, publisher={Bolton Landing, NY: Newtown Square, PA: USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station}, author={Monz, C. and Young, E. and Leung, Y.-F}, year={2004}, pages={373–377} }
 @book{leung_meyer_2004, title={Research to Support Development of Resource Indicators and Standards for Implementing Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) Framework at Boston Harbor Islands National Park Area}, institution={Raleigh, NC: NCSU-PRTM}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Meyer, K.}, year={2004} }
 @book{leung_attarian_2003, title={Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Leave No Trace Program in the City of Durango, Colorado}, volume={Final Report}, institution={Boulder, CO: The Leave No Trace, Inc.}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Attarian, A.}, year={2003} }
 @article{leung_attarian_2003, title={Frontcountry visitor information/education programs: Are there lessons for wilderness?}, volume={9}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Wilderness}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Attarian, A.}, year={2003}, pages={32–33} }
 @article{leung_ivy_2003, title={How useful are course websites? A study of students' perceptions}, volume={2}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Ivy, M.}, year={2003}, pages={15–24} }
 @inproceedings{ingle_leung_monz_bauman_2003, title={Monitoring visitor impacts in coastal national parks: A review of techniques}, booktitle={Protecting Our Diverse Heritage: The Role of Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites -- Proceedings of the George Wright Society/National Park Service Joint Conference}, publisher={Hancock, MI: The George Wright Society}, author={Ingle, M. C. and Leung, Y.-F and Monz, C. and Bauman, H.}, editor={D. Harmon, B. M. Kilgore and Vietzke, G. E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={228–233} }
 @article{leung_lee_2003, title={Recreation ecology and visitor carrying capacity management: Implications for protected areas in East Asia}, volume={26}, DOI={10.5141/jefb.2003.26.2.053}, abstractNote={Ever-growing recreation, tourism and ecotourism worldwide have become a significant factor of resource degradation in many protected areas. Managers of these areas are increasingly challenged to implement policies, strategies and actions that would protect the resource base while providing quality visitor experience. One major issue in managing protected area visitations is that of carrying capacity, or the question of "how much use is too much\ulcorner". Scientific studies of visitor impacts, often known as recreation ecology, has generated a knowledge base that provides valuable input to the visitor carrying capacity management process adopted by the U.S. National Park Service. This paper aims at (a) providing an overview of recreation ecology research and its application in managing visitor carrying capacity, and (b) examining the relevance of recreation ecology to East Asian protected areas with special reference to the visitor capacity issue.ity issue.}, number={2}, journal={Korean Journal of Ecology}, author={Leung, Yu-Fai and Lee, J. H.}, year={2003}, pages={53–58} }
 @inbook{leung_2003, title={Resource management}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of leisure and outdoor recreation}, publisher={London ; New York: Routledge}, author={Leung, Y.-F.}, editor={J. M. Jenkins and Pigram, J. J.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={434–435} }
 @inproceedings{leung_meyer_2003, title={Soil compaction as indicated by penetration resistance: A comparison of two types of penetrometers}, booktitle={Protecting Our Diverse Heritage: The Role of Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites -- Proceedings of the George Wright Society/National Park Service Joint Conference}, publisher={Hancock, MI: The George Wright Society}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Meyer, K.}, editor={D. Harmon, B. M. Kilgore and Vietzke, G. E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={370–375} }
 @article{wirsching_leung_a._2003, title={Swatting little bugs: What agencies can do to decrease depreciative visitor behavior}, volume={38}, number={11}, journal={Parks & Recreation}, author={Wirsching, A. and Leung, Y.-F. and A., Attarian}, year={2003}, pages={16–22} }
 @inproceedings{monz_leung_ingle_bauman_2003, title={Visitor impact monitoring in the Coastal and Barrier Island Network}, booktitle={Protecting Our Diverse Heritage: The Role of Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites -- Proceedings of the George Wright Society/National Park Service Joint Conference}, publisher={Hancock, MI: The George Wright Society}, author={Monz, C. and Leung, Y.-F and Ingle, M. C. and Bauman, H.}, editor={D. Harmon, B. M. Kilgore and Vietzke, G. E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={135–139} }
 @article{leung_shaw_johnson_duhaime_2002, title={More than a database: integrating GIS data with the Boston Harbor Islands Visitor Carrying Capacity Study}, volume={19}, number={1}, journal={George Wright Forum}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Shaw, N. and Johnson, K. and Duhaime, R.}, year={2002}, pages={69–78} }
 @inproceedings{leung_marion_cole_2002, title={Visitor impact assessment and monitoring systems: evolution and
current development}, number={2002}, booktitle={Managing protected areas in a changing world: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Science and Management of Protected Areas; May 14-19, 2000}, publisher={Waterloo, Ont.: The Science and Management of Protected Areas Association}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Marion, J. L. and Cole, D. N.}, year={2002}, pages={213–220} }
 @inproceedings{leung_farrell_2002, title={Visitor impact knowledge is basic}, booktitle={Portfolio of Statements and Presentations -- The World Ecotourism Summit (CD-ROM)}, publisher={Paris, France and Madrid, Spain: United Nations Environment Programme and World Tourism Organization}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Farrell, T. A.}, year={2002} }
 @article{leung_2001, title={Environmental impacts of tourism at China's World Heritage sites}, volume={26}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84979743319&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/02508281.2001.11081186}, abstractNote={Continued growth of tourism at World Heritage (WH) sites in China has generated undesirable impacts to the environment. This paper examines the issue by reviewing the published scientific literature and by providing case examples from two WH sites. Environmental impacts of tourism have been documented only at a few of China’s 27 WH sites. Construction and operation of tourism facilities as well as tourist activities and behavior seem to be the major impact forces. The two case examples from Mount Huangshan and Mountain Resort of Chengde revealed specific types of resource impacts such as soil compaction, erosion, over-consumption of water, littering, and vandalism. This paper argues for an urgent need for impact research and monitoring and more effective enforcement of laws at China’s WH sites.}, number={1}, journal={Tourism Recreation Research}, author={Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2001}, pages={117–122} }
 @inbook{leung_marion_farrell_2001, title={The role of recreation ecology in sustainable tourism and ecotourism}, DOI={10.1079/9780851995052.0021}, booktitle={Tourism, recreation, and sustainability: Linking culture and the environment}, publisher={New York: CABI Pub.}, author={Leung, Yu-Fai and Marion, J. L. and Farrell, T. A.}, editor={S. F. McCool and Moisey, R. N.Editors}, year={2001}, pages={21–39} }
 @article{marion_leung_2001, title={Trail resource impacts and an examination of alternative assessment techniques}, volume={19}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Marion, J. L. and Leung, Y.-F.}, year={2001}, pages={17–37} }
 @inproceedings{leung_marion_2000, title={Recreation impacts and management in wilderness: A state-of-knowledge review}, booktitle={Wilderness science in a time of change conference: Missoula, Montana, May 23-27, 1999: Vol. 5, Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management (Proceedings RMRS ; P-15)}, publisher={Ogden, UT: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Marion, J. L.}, year={2000}, pages={23–48} }
 @inproceedings{leung_marion_2000, title={Wilderness campsite conditions under an unregulated camping policy: An Eastern example}, booktitle={Wilderness science in a time of change conference: Missoula, Montana, May 23-27, 1999: Vol. 5, Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management (Proceedings RMRS ; P-15)}, publisher={Ogden, UT: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Marion, J. L.}, year={2000}, pages={148–152} }
 @article{leung_marion_1999, title={Assessing trail conditions in protected areas: application of a problem-assessment method in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0376-8929"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033367469&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1017/S0376892999000399}, abstractNote={The degradation of trail resources associated with expanding recreation and tourism visitation is a growing management problem in protected areas worldwide. In order to make judicious trail and visitor management decisions, protected area managers need objective and timely information on trail resource conditions. This paper introduces a trail survey method that efficiently characterizes the location and lineal extent of common trail problems. The method was applied to a large sample of trails within Great Smoky Mountains National Park, a high-use protected area in the USA. The Trail Problem-Assessment Method (TPAM) employs a continuous search for multiple indicators of pre-defined tread problems, yielding census data documenting the location, occurrence and extent of each problem. The present application employed 23 different indicators in three categories to gather inventory, resource condition, and design and maintenance data of each surveyed trail. Seventy-two backcountry hiking trails (528 km), or 35% of the Park's total trail length, were surveyed. Soil erosion and wet soil were found to be the two most common impacts on a lineal extent basis. Trails with serious tread problems were well distributed throughout the Park, although trails with wet muddy treads tended to be concentrated in areas where horse use was high. The effectiveness of maintenance features installed to divert water from trail treads was also evaluated. Water bars were found to be more effective than drainage dips. The TPAM was able to provide Park managers with objective and quantitative information for use in trail planning, management and maintenance decisions, and is applicable to other protected areas elsewhere with different environmental and impact characteristics.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION}, author={Leung, YF and Marion, JL}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={270–279} }
 @article{leung_marion_1999, title={Characterizing backcountry camping impacts in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033372965&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1006/jema.1999.0303}, abstractNote={This study investigates resource impacts on backcountry campsites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Study objectives were to enhance our understanding of camping impacts and to improve campsite impact assessment procedures by means of multivariate techniques. Three-hundred and eight campsites at designated backcountry campgrounds, and 69 additional unofficial campsites were assessed. Factor analysis of 195 established campsites on eight impact indicator variables revealed three dimensions of campsite impact: area disturbance, soil and groundcover damage, and tree-related damage. Four distinctive backcountry campsite types were identified, three of which were derived from cluster analyses of factor scores. These four backcountry campsite types characterize the intensity and areal extent of resource impacts, and they vary in locational and environmental attributes. At an aggregate level, different campsite types contributed unequally to the cumulative level of impact. The dimensional structure and typology developed in this study demonstrates that campsite impacts can be viewed and examined holistically with the use of multivariate methods. Implications for assessment procedures, management and further research are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Leung, YF and Marion, JL}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={193–203} }
 @article{leung_marion_1999, title={Spatial strategies for managing visitor impacts in national parks}, volume={17}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Marion, J. L.}, year={1999}, pages={20–38} }
 @article{leung_marion_1999, title={The influence of sampling interval on the accuracy of trail impact assessment}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0169-2046"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033601708&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00110-8}, abstractNote={Trail impact assessment and monitoring (IA&M) programs have been growing in importance and application in recreation resource management at protected areas. This paper addresses a fundamental issue in designing trail IA&M surveys: the choice of sampling interval. Specifically, the influence of sampling interval on the accuracy of estimates for selected trail impact problems was examined using a resampling simulation method. A complete census of four impact-types on 70 backcountry trails in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was utilized as the base dataset for the analyses. The census data were resampled at increasing intervals to create a series of simulated point datasets. At each sampling interval level, the accuracy of simulated datasets was evaluated by comparing the estimates of frequency of occurrence and lineal extent for each impact-type with actual census values. Simulation results indicate that increasing sampling intervals are associated with an overall increase in accuracy loss for all four impact-types. The direction of accuracy loss for lineal extent estimates is mixed, while frequency of occurrence estimates are consistently and substantially lower than the actual values. Responses of accuracy loss to increasing sampling intervals vary across impact-types on extent estimates, but are consistent on the frequency estimates. These findings suggest that systematic point sampling can be an appropriate method for estimating lineal extent but not the frequency of trail impacts. Sample intervals of less than 100 m appear to yield an excellent level of estimate accuracy for the four impact-types evaluated. The census-based trail survey and the resampling simulation method developed in this study can be a valuable first step in establishing long-term trail IA&M programs, in which an optimal sampling interval range with acceptable accuracy is determined before investing efforts in data collection.}, number={4}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Leung, YF and Marion, JL}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={167–179} }
 @book{leung_marion_1998, title={A Survey of Whitewater Recreation Sites on Fiver West Virginia Rivers}, institution={Blacksburg, VA: USGS Biological Resources Division, Cooperative Park Studies Unit}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Marion, J. L.}, year={1998} }
 @inbook{marion_leung_1998, title={Campsite survey implications for managing designated campsites at Great Smoky Mountains National Park}, booktitle={Wilderness and Natural Areas in Eastern North America: Research, Management and Planning}, publisher={Nacogdoches, TX :Stephen F. Austin State University, Center for Applied Studies in Forestry}, author={Marion, J. L. and Leung, Y.-F}, editor={D. L. Kulhavy and Legg, M. H.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={146–155} }
 @article{leung_marion_1998, title={Evaluating spatial qualities of visitor impacts on recreation resources: An index approach}, volume={23}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Applied Recreation Research}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Marion, J.L.}, year={1998}, pages={367–389} }
 @article{leung_1998, title={Using the Internet for natural resources research: Results from an online user survey}, volume={27}, journal={Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education}, author={Leung, Y.-F}, year={1998}, pages={8–12} }
 @book{marion_leung_1997, title={An Assessment of Campsite Conditions in Great Smoky Mountains National Park}, journal={Research/Resources Management Report}, institution={Atlanta, GA: USDI National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office}, author={Marion, J. L. and Leung, Y.-F}, year={1997} }
 @article{leung_1997, title={Natural resources research on the internet: Possibilities and pitfalls}, volume={17}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030966763&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Natural Areas Journal}, author={Leung, Y.-F.}, year={1997}, pages={69–74} }
 @article{lam_leung_yao_1997, title={Nutrient fluxes in the Shenchong Basin, Deqing County, South China}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0341-8162"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00056-2}, abstractNote={In the severely eroded granitic areas of south China, the hillslopes are the source areas of, and the valleys are the sinks for, nutrients, water and sediments. Overall, the amount of nutrient loss is limited, since the nutrient pool in the upland soils is small. Nutrient losses are generally higher on cultivated fields than on barren or wooded slopes. A substantial proportion of the nutrients is transported in the solid phase. Because of the selective process of deposition with regard to particle size, nutrients are relatively more enriched in the soils and around the wetlands than on the alluvial fans. Soils developed on the alluvial fans are highly acidic and deficient in available nitrogen and phosphorus. The hydrochemical environment in the wetlands favours the dissolution of iron-bearing clay minerals in the subsurface water. High levels of iron and acidity may complex nutrients present in the soil and inhibit plant growth. Agricultural activities in the area thus require revegetation of the hillslopes and soil amelioration in the lowlands through fertilizer application and soil structure improvement.}, number={2}, journal={CATENA}, author={Lam, KC and Leung, YF and Yao, QY}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={191–210} }
 @inproceedings{leung_marion_1996, title={River recreation impacts: A survey of day and overnight whitewater use sites along five West Virginia rivers}, booktitle={Beyond the Banks: Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial RMS Symposium on River Management and Planning}, publisher={Missoula, MT: River Management Society}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Marion, J. L.}, year={1996}, pages={135–143} }
 @article{leung_marion_1996, title={Trail degradation as influenced by environmental factors: A state-of-the-knowledge review}, volume={51}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029730905&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Soil and Water Conservation}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Marion, J.L.}, year={1996}, pages={130–136} }
 @book{leung_marion_1995, title={A Survey of Campsite Conditions in Eleven Wilderness Areas of the Jefferson National Forest}, institution={Blacksburg, VA: USDI National Biological Service, Virginia Tech Cooperative Park Studies Unit}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Marion, J. L.}, year={1995} }
 @article{leung_neller_1995, title={Trail degradation along the Pat Sin Range: An example of environmental geomorphology}, volume={1}, number={Autumn}, journal={Hong Kong Geologist}, author={Leung, Y.-F and Neller, R. J.}, year={1995}, pages={79–87} }
 @inbook{global dimensions: trends, lessons, and collaborative learning (in: igniting research for outdoor recreation: linking science, policy, and action) (edited by selin, s., cerveny, l. k., blahna, d. j., & miller, a.), url={https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/59715} }