@article{drohan_lindbo_richardson_2016, title={Hydric soils and wetlands in riverine systems}, journal={Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification, 2nd edition}, author={Drohan, P. J. and Lindbo, D. L. and Richardson, J. L.}, year={2016}, pages={325–345} }
 @article{humphrey_o'driscoll_deal_lindbo_2014, title={Fate and transport of phosphate from an onsite wastewater system in Beaufort County, North Carolina}, volume={76}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Environmental Health}, author={Humphrey, C. and O'Driscoll, M. and Deal, N. and Lindbo, D.}, year={2014}, pages={28–33} }
 @article{stall_amoozegar_lindbo_graves_rashash_2014, title={Transport of E. coli in a sandy soil as impacted by depth to water table}, volume={76}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Environmental Health}, author={Stall, C. and Amoozegar, A. and Lindbo, D. and Graves, A. and Rashash, D.}, year={2014}, pages={92–100} }
 @article{humphrey_o'driscoll_deal_lindbo_thieme_zarate-bermudez_2013, title={Onsite wastewater system nitrogen contributions to groundwater in coastal North Carolina}, volume={76}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Environmental Health}, author={Humphrey, C. P. and O'Driscoll, M. A. and Deal, N. E. and Lindbo, D. L. and Thieme, S. C. and Zarate-Bermudez, M. A.}, year={2013}, pages={16–22} }
 @article{amoozegar_niewoehner_lindbo_2008, title={Water flow from trenches through different soils}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2008)13:8(655)}, abstractNote={It is often assumed that soils are homogeneous when designing septic systems or modeling wastewater flow from their trenches. The main objective of this study was to assess water infiltration and movement from the trenches similar to the ones commonly used for on-site wastewater dispersal by septic systems. Four separate experiments, each using a small drainfield with four parallel trenches, were conducted at three sites with different soils. In two experiments the trenches were in the coarse-textured soil above a clayey Bt horizon. In the other two experiments the trenches were in the Bt horizon. For each experiment, 50 L of a solution containing potassium bromide and brilliant blue FCF (as a tracer dye) were applied once a day to each trench for 14 or 15 days. A sampling pit was dug perpendicular to the trenches after the tracer solution application, and the distribution of the tracer dye and Br− around the trenches on the two walls of the pit were assessed. Tracer solution infiltration from the trenche...}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Hydrologic Engineering}, author={Amoozegar, Aziz and Niewoehner, C. and Lindbo, D.}, year={2008}, pages={655–664} }
 @article{severson_lindbo_vepraskas_2008, title={Hydropedology of a coarse-loamy catena in the lower Coastal Plain, NC}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0341-8162"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.catena.2007.09.001}, abstractNote={The identification of the depth of seasonal saturation in soils is critical for a multitude of land uses including the siting and design of septic systems and delineation of wetlands. Often 2 chroma redox depletions are used to make this determination; however, other redoximorphic features are also related to saturation. With increasing land use intensities and environmental concerns it is important to understand exactly how redoximorphic features (RMFs) relate to saturation. The objective of this research is to relate RMFs to saturation in a coarse-loamy catena in the lower coastal plain in North Carolina. A relatively undisturbed site in eastern NC was identified and three transects were instrumented with recording wells, redox probes and thermocouples. A rain gauge was also located at the site. In all the soils investigated, ≤ 2 chroma redox depletions related to an average cumulative annual saturation percentage (CSP) of 15%. However, the ≤ 2 chroma redox depletions indicated a larger CSP in the MWD soils (19%) as compared to the SWPD soils (11%). This suggests that ≤ 2 chroma redox depletions do not mean the same thing in all soils. Regulations that rely on this single feature may be identifying different degrees of saturation and thus may have a varying implication to wastewater treatment and water quality.}, number={2}, journal={CATENA}, author={Severson, E. D. and Lindbo, D. L. and Vepraskas, M. J.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={189–196} }
 @article{vepraskas_he_lindbo_skaggs_2004, title={Calibrating hydric soil field indicators to long-term wetland hydrology}, volume={68}, ISSN={["0361-5995"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2004.1461}, abstractNote={Jurisdictional wetlands are required to be saturated to the surface for 5% or more of the growing season in 5 out of 10 yr, but practical field methods for confirming this are lacking. This study determined whether hydric soil field indicators were related to wetland hydrology requirements. Water table levels were monitored daily for 2.5 yr in a toposequence of nine soil plots that included well to poorly drained members (Oxyaquic Paleudults and Typic Albaqualfs). Monitoring data were used to calibrate a hydrologic model that simulated water table levels from inputs of hourly rainfall data. Forty years of rainfall data were then used with the model to compute long‐term daily water‐table levels in each plot. These data were summarized as “saturation events”, which are the frequency that water tables were at or above preselected depths for at least 21 d. Twenty‐one days was the average period needed for Fe reduction to begin in these saturated soils. This condition must occur for hydric soil field indicators to form. Regression equations were developed to relate saturation events to percentages of redoximorphic features. The r2 values for relationships between percentages of redoximorphic features and saturation events were >0.80 for depths of 15 cm, and >0.90 for depths between 30 and 90 cm. Results showed that the depleted matrix field indicator, in which redox depletions occupy >60% of the horizon, occurred in soils that were saturated for 21 d or longer at least 9 yr out of 10. This indicated the depleted matrix indicator occurred in soils that were saturated nearly twice as long, and more frequently, than the minimum requirements needed to meet wetland hydrology requirements.}, number={4}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Vepraskas, MJ and He, X and Lindbo, DL and Skaggs, RW}, year={2004}, pages={1461–1469} }
 @article{he_vepraskas_lindbo_skaggs_2003, title={A method to predict soil saturation frequency and duration from soil color}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0361-5995"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2003.0961}, abstractNote={Saturation frequency and duration must be estimated to determine if a site is a jurisdictional wetland, and such data also aid in assessing sites for on-site waste disposal. This study developed a method to estimate saturation frequency and duration by calibrating redoximorphic features to a 40-yr record of water table simulations in a catena of Atlantic Coastal Plain soils in North Carolina. Thirteen plots were established along a toposequence with moderately well-drained (Aquic Paleudults) and very poorly drained soils (Umbric Paleaquults) as end members. A hydrologic model (DRAINMOD) was calibrated for each plot. Redox potential measurements showed that an average of 21 consecutive days of continuous saturation was sufficient for Fe reduction to occur in the soils. Historic rainfall data were used in the DRAINMOD model to estimate the number of times each plot was saturated for 21 consecutive days or longer in each year of a 40-yr period. Redoximorphic features were significantly correlated with average number of saturation events computed to have occurred at depths of 45, 60, 75, and 90 cm across all soils. Relationships were linear and varied by depth when all soils were analyzed as a single population. The r2 values for relationships between redox depletions and saturation events were >0.85 for saturation occurring during the growing season, and were >0.75 for saturation events occurring at any time during the year. These relationships allow prediction of the likelihood that a soil will saturate for ≥21 d by simply estimating the percentage of redoximorphic features at a given depth.}, number={3}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={He, X and Vepraskas, MJ and Lindbo, DL and Skaggs, RW}, year={2003}, pages={961–969} }
 @article{he_vepraskas_skaggs_lindbo_2002, title={Adapting a drainage model to simulate water table levels in coastal plain soils}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2002.1722}, abstractNote={Seasonal saturation in soils is expensive and time consuming to document, but the information is needed for land use assessments. Hydrologic models can be used to assess saturation occurrence quickly if the models are calibrated for individual sites. This study determined whether a drainage model (DRAINMOD) could predict water table levels in soils with and without a perimeter ditch. Water table levels were monitored for up to 3 yr at two toposequences that contained a total of 21 soil plots (3 m by 3 m). Soils included Typic Paleudults, Aquic Paleudults, and Umbric Paleaquults. Each plot was instrumented with a recording well to monitor daily water table levels. DRAINMOD was calibrated for each soil plot using measurements of in situ saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water characteristic, depth to impermeable layer, depth of rooting, and rainfall. A plot's water table fluctuation was simulated by a system of virtual drains whose distance and depth were adjusted to produce simulated water table fluctuations in line with those actually measured. Further calibration adjusted drainable porosity in the upper 20 cm of the soil, depressional storage, evapotranspiration rate, and depth to impermeable layer. Adjustments were made by iteration to minimize the absolute average deviation between simulated and measured water table levels. Calibration had to be done by plot. Average absolute deviations were generally <20 cm for periods ranging from 1 to 3 yr. The results showed that DRAINMOD could be adapted to simulate water table levels in landscapes that do not contain a network of parallel drains.}, number={5}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={He, X and Vepraskas, MJ and Skaggs, RW and Lindbo, DL}, year={2002}, pages={1722–1731} }
 @article{rhoton_bigham_lindbo_2002, title={Properties of iron oxides in streams draining the Loess Uplands of Mississippi}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1872-9134"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00112-3}, abstractNote={Iron oxide precipitates are abundant in small stream systems of NW Mississippi, USA especially during the wet winter months. The properties of these specific materials are unknown even though they have the potential to influence soil physical properties and adsorb chemical pollutants in sediment environments. Streamwater and associated precipitates were collected from 4 representative streams at Cedar Creek (CC), Lee's Creek (LC), Spring Creek (SC), and Toby Creek (TC) during winter flow periods. Precipitate specimens were characterized for mineralogy, color, and solubility in oxalate (o), dithionite (d), and HNO3. Chemical composition of the water was dominated by Ca, Na, Mg, and K, in that order, at an average pH of 7.0. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) data indicated that the precipitates were primarily poorly ordered ferrihydrite (CC, TC) and lepidocrocite (LC, SC). The Feo/Fed ratios were 0.40 (CC), 0.68 (LC), 0.66 (SC), and 0.67 (TC). Organic C contents were 80.6, 38.0, 63.0, and 51.3 g kg−1 for the same samples. Precipitate color was uniform among sites, averaging 6.7 YR 4.8/6.2. After oxalate extraction, redness increased slightly in the CC and SC specimens, and decreased in the others. Extraction with dithionite depleted the red color in all specimens, but had less effect on the CC and SC samples which retained hues at 7.9 and 7.3 YR, respectively. Dithionite extractable P equaled 1.02 (CC), 0.72 (LC), 0.56 (SC), and 0.99 (TC) g kg−1. The results from this study indicated that: (1) the precipitates are either primarily poorly ordered ferrihydrite or lepidocrocite; (2) the solubility of ferrihydrite in both oxalate and dithionite is influenced by C contents; and (3) the redder, ferrihydrite specimens contain the greatest P concentrations.}, number={4}, journal={APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY}, author={Rhoton, FE and Bigham, JM and Lindbo, DL}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={409–419} }
 @article{rhoton_shipitalo_lindbo_2002, title={Runoff and soil loss from midwestern and southeastern US silt loam soils as affected by tillage practice and soil organic matter content}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0167-1987"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00005-3}, abstractNote={No-till practices generally reduce runoff (RO) and soil loss (SL) by contributing to accumulations of soil organic matter (SOM) in the near-surface zone. This research was conducted to determine the effects of SOM contents on RO and SL from two highly erodible soils using crops that produce a wide range of residue, in the context of long-term tillage studies in widely separated climatic regions. Rainfall simulator plots, measuring 6.1m×0.9m, were imposed on a 9-year-old corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) conservation tillage study at Senatobia, Mississippi, and on a similar 34-year-old corn study at Coshocton, Ohio. All RO was collected from two replications of conventional (CT) and no-till (NT) treatments following application of simulated rainfall at an intensity of 50 mm h−1 for 1 h. Soil samples collected in depth increments of 0–1, 1–3, 3–7.6 and 7.6–15.2 cm were characterized for SOM content, aggregate stability (AS), water dispersible clay (WDC) and particle size distribution. Bulk density (BD) samples were collected in increments of 0–3.8, 3.8–7.6, 7.6–15.2 and 15.2–30.5 cm. Overall, RO from the CT and NT treatments averaged 27.8 and 16.5 mm, respectively. SL loss from the CT treatments averaged 3.9 Mg ha−1 and 0 for the NT. BDs in the surface 3.8 cm averaged 1.34 Mg m−3 for CT and 1.26 Mg m−3 for NT. Correlation coefficients (r) for SOM content versus AS, WDC and BD were 0.92, −0.90 and −0.64, respectively. Regression models indicated that BD, as a single-variable, explained 87% of the variability in RO from the NT treatments. BD alone was less effective in accounting for the variability in RO from CT treatments, but contributed to a three-variable model with AS and WDC to produce an R2 of 0.97. These results indicate that as SOM contents gradually increase in NT treatments, RO decreases due to the development of greater porosity in the near-surface zone attributable to enhanced AS at the soil surface. Thus, surface sealing tendencies are diminished which promotes an increase in infiltration rates.}, number={1}, journal={SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH}, author={Rhoton, FE and Shipitalo, MJ and Lindbo, DL}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{lindbo_vepraskas_rhoton_2001, title={A field method for determing percentage of coated sand grains}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2001.653949x}, abstractNote={Several USDA‐NRCS hydric soil field indicators require estimation of the percentage of organic‐coated sand grains (black grains). For example, to meet the Dark Surface field indicator the soil layer must contain at least 70% coated (black) grains. Field experience has shown that the estimation of the percentage of coated sand grains is often subjective and highly variable from one soil scientist to another. In order to overcome this variability a set of standards was created using a mixture of black and light gray (representing uncoated grains) sand grains. Weighing out each component for the desired ratio and mixing them in a 47‐mm‐diam. petri dish we made a set of three standards consisting of 50, 70, and 90% black grains. To test the effectiveness of these standards, soil scientists estimated the percentage of coated grains from similarly prepared samples first without the use of the standards and then with the use of the standards for comparison. Individuals improved the accuracy of their estimates by 10 to 60% and their hydric soil identification by 16%. The standards are easily prepared, easy to use, and portable.}, number={3}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Lindbo, DL and Vepraskas, MJ and Rhoton, FE}, year={2001}, pages={949–953} }
 @article{lindbo_rhoton_hudnall_smeck_bigham_tyler_2000, title={Fragipan degradation and nodule formation in Glossic Fragiudalfs of the lower Mississippi River Valley}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0361-5995"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2000.6451713x}, abstractNote={Glossic Fragiudalfs comprise several million hectares of agronomically important soils within the silty uplands of the lower Mississippi River Valley (Major Land Resource Area [MLRA] 134). These soils are typified by a fragipan within 100 cm of the surface overlain by a 5‐cm‐thick, or more, glossic horizon containing bleached coatings (albic material) along primary ped faces, indicating fragipan degradation. Concentrations of Fe–Mn nodules also occur in horizons above the fragipan. There is limited documentation regarding the in situ morphology of the nodules or their relationship to the underlying fragipan. The objectives of this study were to document (i) the profile distribution of nodules, (ii) variations in nodule morphology with depth, and (iii) the role of fragipans in nodule formation. Nodules were most common and largest directly above the fragipan horizons. Field and micromorphological observations suggested the nodules formed in remnants of the brittle fragipan matrix as a result of the conversion of Btx material to E′ material (albic material) that isolated and surrounded brittle fragipan peds. The brittle peds that are the precursors to nodules appeared to decrease in size and became more highly impregnated with Fe and Mn oxides with distance above the fragipan. Spatial relationships of Fe concentrations and argillans within the nodules illustrated that the nodules were being formed in place and were not transported despite having distinct borders. With time the glossic horizon expands at the expense of the fragipan, resulting in a horizon consisting of Fe–Mn nodules and a few isolated brittle peds in a matrix of albic material.}, number={5}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Lindbo, DL and Rhoton, FE and Hudnall, WH and Smeck, NE and Bigham, JM and Tyler, DD}, year={2000}, pages={1713–1722} }
 @inproceedings{hoover_arenovski_daly_lindbo_1998, title={A risk-based approach to on-site system siting, design and management}, booktitle={On-site wastewater treatment: Proceedings of the eighth national symposium on individual and small community sewage systems, March 8-10, 1998, Orlando, Florida}, publisher={St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Hoover, M. T. and Arenovski, A. and Daly, D. and Lindbo, D.}, year={1998}, pages={66–78} }
 @article{rhoton_lindbo_romkens_1998, title={Iron oxides erodibility interactions for soils of the Memphis catena}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0361-5995"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060030x}, abstractNote={AbstractIn the Memphis catena, the well‐drained Memphis (fine silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludalfs) is more erodible than the moderately well‐drained Loring (fine silty, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs) and Grenada (fine silty, mixed, active, thermic Glossic Fragiudalfs). We hypothesized that soil wetness and Fe oxide status affects the erodibility of these soils. Samples (<2 mm) of A‐ and B‐horizons, collected from representative pedons at five locations, were characterized for standard physical and chemical properties. Simulated rainfall was applied (64 mm h‐1) to additional samples (<8 mm) in a rainfall simulator pan that had a 0.6 m × 0.6 m test area. Water dispersible clay (WDC) and soil loss averaged 7.2% and 9.21 Mg ha‐1 for Memphis, 6.8% and 8.85 Mg ha‐1 for Loring, and 6.1% and 8.71 Mg ha‐1 for Grenada. Sediment Feo, Fed, and Feo/Fed ratios were about 0.80, 1.5, and 0.50 times that of the soil, respectively. Correlation coefficients (r) for WDC and soil loss vs. Fe oxide variables exceeded 0.90 in some horizons, whereas, organic C (OC) and % clay were generally <0.60. However, OC vs. % sediment <53 µm had r values of 0.87 compared to 0.59 for some Fe oxide variables. Regression models derived for WDC and soil loss had Fe oxide parameters as principal variables in the best fit models and coefficients of determination that ranged from 0.208 to 0.922 (significant at P ≤ 0.01). Results suggest that Fe oxides are more important than OC and clay content for determining the erodibility of these soils, particularly Feo/Fed ratios which are negatively correlated with WDC and soil loss.}, number={6}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Rhoton, FE and Lindbo, DL and Romkens, MJM}, year={1998}, pages={1693–1703} }
 @inproceedings{lindbo_campbell_deal_hollowell_1998, title={Performance of sand lined trench and conventional systems within a management entity}, booktitle={On-site wastewater treatment: Proceedings of the eighth national symposium on individual and small community sewage systems, March 8-10, 1998, Orlando, Florida}, publisher={St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers}, author={Lindbo, D. L. and Campbell, T. M. and Deal, N. and Hollowell, R.}, year={1998}, pages={177–185} }
 @article{rhoton_lindbo_1997, title={A soil depth approach to soil quality assessment}, volume={52}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Soil & Water Conservation}, author={Rhoton, F. E. and Lindbo, D. L.}, year={1997}, pages={66–72} }