@article{horvath_lin_ivanican-picek_2008, title={Classification of cyclone tracks over the Apennines and the Adriatic Sea}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/2007MWR2231.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Horvath, Kristian and Lin, Yuh-Lang and Ivanican-Picek, Branka}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={2210–2227} }
 @article{reeves_lin_rotunno_2008, title={Dynamic forcing and mesoscale variability of heavy precipitation events over the Sierra Nevada mountains}, volume={136}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/2007MWR2164.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Reeves, Heather Dawn and Lin, Yuh-Lang and Rotunno, Richard}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={62–77} }
 @article{huang_lin_2008, title={The influence of mesoscale mountains on vortex tracks: shallow-water modeling study}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1436-5065"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00703-007-0284-1}, number={1-2}, journal={METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS}, author={Huang, C. -Y. and Lin, Y. -L.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={1–20} }
 @article{reeves_lin_2007, title={The effects of a mountain on the propagation of a preexisting convective system for blocked and unblocked flow regimes}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1520-0469"]}, DOI={10.1175/JAS3959.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Reeves, Heather Dawn and Lin, Yuh-Lang}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={2401–2421} }
 @article{kaplan_charney_waight_lux_cetola_huffman_riordan_slusser_kiefer_suffern_et al._2006, title={Characterizing the severe turbulence environments associated with commercial aviation accidents. A real-time turbulence model (RTTM) designed for the operational prediction of hazardous aviation turbulence environments}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0177-7971"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00703-005-0181-4}, abstractNote={In this paper, we will focus on the real-time prediction of environments that are predisposed to producing moderate-severe (hazardous) aviation turbulence. We will describe the numerical model and its postprocessing system that is designed for said prediction of environments predisposed to severe aviation turbulence as well as presenting numerous examples of its utility. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that simple hydrostatic precursor circulations organize regions of preferred wave breaking and turbulence at the nonhydrostatic scales of motion. This will be demonstrated with a hydrostatic numerical modeling system, which can be run in real time on a very inexpensive university computer workstation employing simple forecast indices. The forecast system is designed to efficiently support forecasters who are directing research aircraft to measure the environment immediately surrounding turbulence. The numerical model is MASS version 5.13, which is integrated over three different grid matrices in real-time on a university workstation in support of NASA-Langley's B-757 turbulence research flight missions. The model horizontal resolutions are 60, 30, and 15 km and the grids are centered over the region of operational NASA-Langley B-757 turbulence flight missions. The postprocessing system includes several turbulence-related products including four turbulence forecasting indices, winds, streamlines, turbulence kinetic energy, and Richardson numbers. Additionally there are convective products including precipitation, cloud height, cloud mass fluxes, lifted index, and K-index. Furthermore, soundings, sounding parameters, and Froude number plots are also provided. The horizontal cross section plot products are provided from 16,000–46,000 feet in 2,000 feet intervals. Products are available every three hours at the 60 and 30 km grid interval and every 1.5 hours at the 15 km grid interval. The model is initialized from the NWS ETA analyses and integrated two times a day.}, number={1-4}, journal={METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS}, author={Kaplan, M. L. and Charney, J. J. and Waight, K. T., III and Lux, K. M. and Cetola, J. D. and Huffman, A. W. and Riordan, A. J. and Slusser, S. D. and Kiefer, M. T. and Suffern, P. S. and et al.}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={235–270} }
 @article{lin_witcraft_kuo_2006, title={Dynamics of track deflection associated with the passage of tropical cyclones over a mesoscale mountain}, volume={134}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/MWR3263.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Lin, Yuh-Lang and Witcraft, Nicholas C. and Kuo, Ying-Hwa}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={3509–3538} }
 @article{reeves_lin_2006, title={Effect of stable layer formation over the Po valley on the development of convection during MAP IOP-8}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1520-0469"]}, DOI={10.1175/JAS3759.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Reeves, Heather Dawn and Lin, Yuh-Lang}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={2567–2584} }
 @article{hoggarth_reeves_lin_2006, title={Formation and maintenance mechanisms of the stable layer over the Po valley during MAP IOP-8}, volume={134}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/MWR3251.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Hoggarth, Allison M. and Reeves, Heather Dawn and Lin, Yuh-Lang}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={3336–3354} }
 @article{kaplan_huffman_lux_charney_riordan_lin_2005, title={Characterizing the severe turbulence environments associated with commercial aviation accidents. Part 1: A 44-case study synoptic observational analyses}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1436-5065"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00703-004-0080-0}, number={3-4}, journal={METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS}, author={Kaplan, ML and Huffman, AW and Lux, KM and Charney, JJ and Riordan, AJ and Lin, YL}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={129–152} }
 @article{kaplan_huffman_lux_cetola_charney_riordan_lin_waight_2005, title={Characterizing the severe turbulence environments associated with commercial aviation accidents. Part 2: Hydrostatic mesoscale numerical simulations of supergradient wind flow and streamwise ageostrophic frontogenesis}, volume={88}, DOI={10.1007/s00703-004-0079-6}, number={04-Mar}, journal={Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics}, author={Kaplan, M. L. and Huffman, A. W. and Lux, K. M. and Cetola, J. D. and Charney, J. J. and Riordan, A. J. and Lin, Y. L. and Waight, K. T.}, year={2005}, pages={153–173} }
 @article{lin_chen_hill_huang_2005, title={Control parameters for the influence of a mesoscale mountain range on cyclone track continuity and deflection}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0022-4928"]}, DOI={10.1175/JAS3439.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Lin, YL and Chen, SY and Hill, CM and Huang, CY}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={1849–1866} }
 @article{witcraft_lin_kuo_2005, title={Dynamics of orographic rain associated with the passage of a tropical cyclone over a mesoscale mountain}, volume={16}, DOI={10.3319/TAO.2005.16.5.1133(A)}, abstractNote={1 Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 2 Division of Microscale and Mesoscale Meteorology, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA * Corresponding author address: Dr. Yuh-Lang Lin, Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; E-mail: yl_lin@ncsu.edu In this study, the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5) was used to simulate Supertyphoon Bilis (2000) in order to improve the prediction and the understanding of dynamics of orographic rainfall associated with the passage of typhoons over the Central Mountain Range (CMR) of Taiwan. The rainfall prediction is significantly improved by bogussing a vortex, compared to a previous study (Lin et al. 2002). We identified several common ingredients present in this case which are responsible for producing heavy rainfall. The most important ingredients appear to be the presence of convective available potential energy (CAPE), a potentially unstable layer, a very moist airstream impinging on the CMR, and the presence of a low level wind maximum associated with the outer circulation of the typhoon. A simple moisture flux model was also used to estimate rainfall, which compares well with observations. In addition, we also found that the orographic rainfall is dominated by moisture convergence and the contribution of moisture advection in the vicinity of the mountain is negligible. (}, number={5}, journal={Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences}, author={Witcraft, N. C. and Lin, Y. L. and Kuo, Y. H.}, year={2005}, pages={1133–1161} }
 @article{chen_lin_2005, title={Effects of moist froude number and CAPE on a conditionally unstable flow over a mesoscale mountain ridge}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1520-0469"]}, DOI={10.1175/JAS-3380.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Chen, SH and Lin, YL}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={331–350} }
 @article{lin_reeves_chen_chiao_2005, title={Formation mechanisms for convection over the Ligurian Sea during MAP IOP-8}, volume={133}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/MWR2970.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Lin, YL and Reeves, HD and Chen, SY and Chiao, S}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={2227–2245} }
 @article{lin_robertson_hill_2005, title={Origin and propagation of a disturbance associated with an African easterly wave as a precursor of Hurricane Alberto (2000)}, volume={133}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/MWR3035.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Lin, YL and Robertson, KE and Hill, CM}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={3276–3298} }
 @article{chen_lin_2005, title={Orographic effects on a conditionally unstable flow over an idealized three-dimensional mesoscale mountain}, volume={88}, number={02-Jan}, journal={Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics}, author={Chen, S. H. and Lin, Y. L.}, year={2005}, pages={21-} }
 @article{chiao_lin_kaplan_2004, title={Numerical study of the orographic forcing of heavy precipitation during MAP IOP-2B}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2184:NSOTOF>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract This paper investigates the local circulation associated with a heavy orographic rainfall event during 19–21 September 1999 [Mesoscale Alpine Programme Intensive Observing Period 2B (MAP IOP-2B)]. This event was simulated with a 5-km horizontal grid spacing using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). The MM5 simulation reproduced the basic features such as the timing and location of the deep trough and the associated precipitation evolution, though the total amount of precipitation is slightly higher than that measured by rain gauges (∼30% in 24 h). The near-surface flow was dominated by an easterly jet originally from the Adriatic Sea and a southerly jet from the Gulf of Genoa. A significant westward turning occurred when the southerly flow approached the south side of the Alps. This deflection was caused by boundary layer friction and rotation, as well as mountain blocking effects. Flow was generally from the south above the surface. Precipitation was ma...}, number={9}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Chiao, S and Lin, YL and Kaplan, ML}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={2184–2203} }
 @article{hill_lin_2003, title={Initiation of a mesoscale convective complex over the Ethiopian Highlands preceding the genesis of Hurricane Alberto (2000)}, volume={30}, number={5}, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, author={Hill, C. M. and Lin, Y. L.}, year={2003}, pages={1232–1} }
 @article{chiao_lin_2003, title={Numerical modeling of an orographically enhanced precipitation event associated with Tropical Storm Rachel over Taiwan}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0882-8156"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0325:NMOAOE>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract An orographic rainfall event that occurred on 6–7 August 1999 during the passage of Tropical Storm (TS) Rachel over Taiwan is investigated by performing triply nested, nonhydrostatic numerical simulations using the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model. By examining both observational data and numerical model output, it is found that this orographic rainfall event may be separated into three distinct stages. During the first stage (0000–1200 UTC 6 August), TS Rachel was located in the South China Sea and tracked northeastward to Taiwan. Meanwhile, TS Paul was steered by the subtropical high over southwest Japan. During the second stage (1200 UTC 6 August–0000 UTC 7 August), the southwesterly monsoon current as well as the circulation of TS Rachel over southwest Taiwan strengthened and formed a low-level jet (LLJ) with high equivalent potential temperature when TS Rachel moved closer to Taiwan. In comparing the control and sensitivity...}, number={2}, journal={WEATHER AND FORECASTING}, author={Chiao, S and Lin, YL}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={325–344} }
 @article{lin_ensley_chiao_huang_2002, title={Orographic influences on rainfall and track deflection associated with the passage of a tropical cyclone}, volume={130}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2929:OIORAT>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract In this study, a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model [Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS)] was adopted to simulate Supertyphoon Bilis (2000) and investigate the dynamics of orographic rain and track deflection accompanying the storm as it passes the Central Mountain Range (CMR) of Taiwan. Both the storm track and its associated orographic rainfall distribution are well predicted by the numerical model. The intensity of the storm is underpredicted, resulting in a discontinuous track, due to the lack of specifying a “bogus” vortex at the time of model initialization. Cyclonic curvature of the storm track over the island topography track as well as major circulation features are similar to previous studies of landfalling typhoons affecting Taiwan. The model overpredicts the total amount of accumulated rainfall. Generalization of the flux model proposed in a 2001 study by Lin and coauthors is used to help predict and understand the observed rainfall distribution by calculating bo...}, number={12}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Lin, YL and Ensley, DB and Chiao, S and Huang, CY}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={2929–2950} }
 @article{lin_joyce_2001, title={A further study of the mechanisms of cell regeneration, propagation, and development within two-dimensional multicell storms}, volume={58}, ISSN={["0022-4928"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2957:AFSOTM>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The mechanisms of cell regeneration, development, and propagation within a two-dimensional multicell storm proposed by Lin, Deal, and Kulie (hereafter LDK) were further investigated by conducting a series of sensitivity tests. LDK’s advection mechanism was reexamined by performing simulations utilizing a plateau with five additional wind profiles having a wider range of shear. All five cases gave results that show that the cell regeneration period decreases with the storm-relative midlevel inflow, similar to that proposed by LDK. It was also found that a rigid lid is not an appropriate upper boundary condition for multicell storm simulations. In order to test whether the advection mechanism is responsible for cell regeneration with a different sounding, an idealized sounding was used. A multicell storm was produced along with a strong density current and gust front updraft. Investigation of this storm supports the advection mechanism within the growing mode and a gravity wave mechanism in the propagation mode, as proposed by LDK. From further investigation, the relaxation mechanism proposed by Fovell and Tan was shown to exist within these simulations yet found to be dependent on the advection mechanism to cause cell regeneration. To avoid some problems that occurred when using a plateau, a prescribed heat sink was used to produce a more realistic density current. This experiment demonstrates that the advection mechanism is responsible for cell regeneration and the gravity wave mechanism is responsible for cell propagation within the storm. It was found that without precipitation loading, an individual cell is still able to split. In this case, the compensating downdraft produced by vertical differential advection is responsible for cell splitting and merging.}, number={20}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Lin, YL and Joyce, LE}, year={2001}, pages={2957–2988} }
 @article{koch_zhang_kaplan_lin_weglarz_trexler_2001, title={Numerical simulations of a gravity wave event over CCOPE. Part III: The role of a mountain-plains solenoid in the generation of the second wave episode}, volume={129}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0909:NSOAGW>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Mesoscale model simulations have been performed of the second episode of gravity waves observed in great detail in previous studies on 11–12 July 1981 during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment. The dominant wave simulated by the model was mechanically forced by the strong updraft associated with a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS). As this updraft impinged upon a stratified shear layer above the deep, well-mixed boundary layer that developed due to strong sensible heating over the Absaroka Mountains, the gravity wave was created. This wave rapidly weakened as it propagated eastward. However, explosive convection developed directly over the remnant gravity wave as an eastward-propagating density current produced by a rainband generated within the MPS leeside convergence zone merged with a westward-propagating density current in eastern Montana. The greatly strengthened cool pool resulting from this new convection then generated a bore wave that appeared to be continuous with the move...}, number={5}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Koch, SE and Zhang, FQ and Kaplan, ML and Lin, YL and Weglarz, R and Trexler, CM}, year={2001}, pages={909–933} }
 @article{lin_chiao_wang_kaplan_weglarz_2001, title={Some common ingredients for heavy orographic rainfall}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0882-8156"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0633:SCIFHO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The purpose of this paper is to synthesize some common synoptic and mesoscale environments conducive to heavy orographic rainfall. Previous studies of U.S. and Alpine cases and new analyses of some Alpine and east Asian cases have shown the following common synoptic and mesoscale environments are conducive to heavy orographic rainfall: 1) a conditionally or potentially unstable airstream impinging on the mountains, 2) a very moist low-level jet (LLJ), 3) a steep mountain, and 4) a quasi-stationary synoptic system to slow the convective system over the threat area. A deep short-wave trough is found to approach the threat area in the U.S. and European cases, but is not found in the east Asian cases. On the other hand, a high convective available potential energy (CAPE) value is observed in east Asian cases, but is not consistently observed in the U.S. and European cases. The enhancement of low-level upward motion and the increase of instability below the trough by the approaching deep short-wave tr...}, number={6}, journal={WEATHER AND FORECASTING}, author={Lin, YL and Chiao, S and Wang, TA and Kaplan, ML and Weglarz, RP}, year={2001}, pages={633–660} }
 @article{kaplan_lin_charney_pfeiffer_ensley_decroix_weglarz_2000, title={A terminal area PBL prediction system at Dallas-Fort Worth and its application in simulating diurnal PBL jets}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0003-0007"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<2179:ATAPPS>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A state–of–the–science meso–b–scale numerical weather prediction model is being employed in a prototype forecast system for potential operational use at the Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport (DFW). The numerical model is part of a unique operational forecasting system being developed to support the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Terminal Area Productivity Program. This operational forecasting system will focus on meso–b–scale aviation weather problems involving planetary boundary layer (PBL) turbulence, and is named the Terminal Area PBL Prediction System (TAPPS). TAPPS (version 1) is being tested and developed for NASA in an effort to improve 1–6–h terminal area forecasts of wind, vertical wind shear, temperature, and turbulence within both stable and convective PBLs at major airport terminal areas. This is being done to enhance terminal area productivity, that is, aircraft arrival and departure throughput, by using the weather forecasts as part of the Aircraft Vort...}, number={9}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY}, author={Kaplan, ML and Lin, YL and Charney, JJ and Pfeiffer, KD and Ensley, DB and DeCroix, DS and Weglarz, RP}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={2179–2204} }
 @article{doyle_durran_chen_colle_georgelin_grubisic_hsu_huang_landau_lin_et al._2000, title={An intercomparison of model-predicted wave breaking for the 11 January 1972 Boulder windstorm}, volume={128}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0901:AIOMPW>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Two-dimensional simulations of the 11 January 1972 Boulder, Colorado, windstorm, obtained from 11 diverse nonhydrostatic models, are intercompared with special emphasis on the turbulent breakdown of topographically forced gravity waves, as part of the preparation for the Mesoscale Alpine Programme field phase. The sounding used to initialize the models is more representative of the actual lower stratosphere than those applied in previous simulations. Upper-level breaking is predicted by all models in comparable horizontal locations and vertical layers, which suggests that gravity wave breaking may be quite predictable in some circumstances. Characteristics of the breaking include the following: pronounced turbulence in the 13–16-km and 18–20-km layers positioned beneath a critical level near 21-km, a well-defined upstream tilt with height, and enhancement of upper-level breaking superpositioned above the low-level hydraulic jump. Sensitivity experiments indicate that the structure of the wave bre...}, number={3}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Doyle, JD and Durran, DR and Chen, C and Colle, BA and Georgelin, M and Grubisic, V and Hsu, WR and Huang, CY and Landau, D and Lin, YL and et al.}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={901–914} }
 @article{chu_lin_2000, title={Effects of orography on the generation and propagation of mesoscale convective systems in a two-dimensional conditionally unstable flow}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0022-4928"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(2001)057<3817:EOOOTG>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Effects of orography, cold-air outflow, and gravity waves on the generation and propagation of convective systems in a conditionally unstable airstream over a mesoscale mountain are studied using a two-dimensional cloud model. Based on the propagation of convective systems, three regimes are identified: (I) an upstream propagating convective system, (II) a quasi-stationary convective system, and (III) quasi-stationary and downstream propagating systems. In regime I [low moist Froude number (Fw)], the convective cells are generated by upstream deceleration associated with orographic forcing, by gravity waves associated with convective cells over the upslope area at earlier stages, and by the upstream propagating density current at later stages when the density current is fully developed. In this flow regime, quasi-continuous and heavy rainfall is produced over the upslope and plain areas as individual convective cells develop farther upstream at the head of the density current and then propagate d...}, number={23}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Chu, CM and Lin, YL}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={3817–3837} }
 @article{wang_lin_2000, title={Effects of shear and sharp gradients in static stability on two-dimensional flow over an isolated mountain ridge}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0177-7971"]}, DOI={10.1007/s007030070017}, number={1-2}, journal={METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS}, author={Wang, TA and Lin, YL}, year={2000}, pages={69–99} }
 @article{han_lin_schowalter_arya_2000, title={Large eddy simulation of aircraft wake vortices within homogeneous turbulence: Crow instability}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0001-1452"]}, DOI={10.2514/2.956}, abstractNote={Ambient atmospheric turbulence effects on aircraft wake vortices are studied using a validated large eddy simulationmodel. Our results conŽ rm that the most ampliŽ ed wavelength of the Crow instability and the lifetime of wake vortices are signiŽ cantly in uenced by ambient turbulence (Crow, S. C., “Stability Theory for a Pair of TrailingVortices,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 12, 1970,pp. 2172–2179). The Crow instabilitybecomeswell developed in most atmospheric turbulence levels, but in strong turbulence the vortex pair deforms more irregularly due to turbulence advection. The most ampliŽ ed wavelength of the instability decreases with increasing dimensionless turbulence intensity , although it increases with increasing turbulence integral length scale. The vortex lifespan is controlled primarily by and decreases with increasing , whereas the effect of integral scale of turbulence on vortex lifespan is of minor importance. The lifespan is estimated to be about 40% larger than Crow and Bate’s predicted value (Crow, S. C., and Bate, E. R., “Lifespan of Trailing Vortices on a Turbulent Atmosphere,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 13, No. 7, 1976, pp. 476–482) but in agreement with Sarpkaya’s recent modiŽ cation (Sarpkaya, T., “Decay of Wake Vortices of Large Aircraft,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 9, 1998, pp. 1671–1679) to Crow and Bate’s theory. This larger lifespan is also supported by data from water tank experiments and direct numerical simulations. There appears to be a possibility that the scatter in vortex lifespans due to ambient turbulence alone decreases with increasing Reynoldsnumber, whereas larger scatter of lifespans in  ight tests may result from other factors such as stratiŽ cation, wind shear, and inhomogeneous ambient turbulence.}, number={2}, journal={AIAA JOURNAL}, author={Han, JG and Lin, YL and Schowalter, DG and Arya, SP}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={292–300} }
 @article{egentowich_kaplan_lin_riordan_2000, title={Mesoscale simulations of dynamical factors discriminating between a tornado outbreak and non-event over the southeast US - Part I: 84-48 hour precursors}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0177-7971"]}, DOI={10.1007/s007030070030}, number={1-4}, journal={METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS}, author={Egentowich, JM and Kaplan, ML and Lin, YL and Riordan, AJ}, year={2000}, pages={129–157} }
 @article{egentowich_kaplan_lin_riordan_2000, title={Mesoscale simulations of dynamical factors discriminating between a tornado outbreak and non-event over the southeast US - Part II: 48-6 hour precursors}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0177-7971"]}, DOI={10.1007/s007030070031}, number={1-4}, journal={METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS}, author={Egentowich, JM and Kaplan, ML and Lin, YL and Riordan, AJ}, year={2000}, pages={159–187} }
 @article{egentowich_kaplan_lin_riordan_2000, title={Mesoscale simulations of dynamical factors discriminating between a tornado outbreak and non-event over the southeast US - Part III: 6 hour precursors}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0177-7971"]}, DOI={10.1007/s007030070032}, number={1-4}, journal={METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS}, author={Egentowich, JM and Kaplan, ML and Lin, YL and Riordan, AJ}, year={2000}, pages={189–215} }
 @article{han_lin_arya_proctor_2000, title={Numerical study of wake vortex decay and descent in homogeneous atmospheric turbulence}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1533-385X"]}, DOI={10.2514/2.1006}, abstractNote={Numerical simulations are performed to isolate the effect of ambient turbulence on the wake vortex decay rate within a neutrally stratified atmosphere. Simulations are conducted for a range of turbulence intensities by injecting wake vortex pairs into an approximately homogeneous and isotropic turbulence field. Consistent with field observations, the decay rate of the vortex circulation increases clearly with increasing levels of ambient turbulence. Based on the results from the numerical simulations, simple decay models for the vortex pair are proposed as functions of nondimensional ambient turbulence intensity, nondimensional radial distance, and nondimensional time. For strong atmospheric turbulence, the model predictions are in reasonable agreement with the observational data. For weak turbulence with stable stratification, the model, based on turbulence dissipation alone, underestimates circulation decay with consistent overestimation of vortex descent, unless stratification effects are included}, number={4}, journal={AIAA JOURNAL}, author={Han, J and Lin, YL and Arya, SP and Proctor, FH}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={643–656} }
 @article{shen_lin_1999, title={Effects of critical levels on two-dimensional back-sheared flow over an isolated mountain ridge on an f plane}, volume={56}, number={18}, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, author={Shen, B. W. and Lin, Y. L.}, year={1999}, pages={3286–3302} }
 @article{lin_han_hamilton_huang_1999, title={Orographic influence on a drifting cyclone}, volume={56}, ISSN={["0022-4928"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0534:OIOADC>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract In this study, a primitive equation numerical model is adopted to investigate the orographic influence on a drifting cyclone over an idealized topography similar to that of Taiwan. For a cyclone propagating from the east and impinging on the central portion of the mountain, a northerly surface jet tends to form upstream of the mountain between the primary cyclone and the mountain due to blocking and channeling effects. Two pressure ridges and one trough are also produced. When the cyclone approaches the mountain, the low-level vorticity and low pressure centers decelerate and turn southward upstream of the mountain due to orographic blocking. At the same time, the upstream low-level vorticity is blocked by the mountain. The abrupt increase of surface vorticity and the contraction of cyclone scale on the lee side are explained by the generation of new potential vorticity (PV) due to wave breaking associated with the severe downslope wind and hydraulic jump. The generation of this new PV is evidenc...}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Lin, YL and Han, JG and Hamilton, DW and Huang, CY}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={534–562} }
 @article{wang_lin_1999, title={Wave ducting in a stratified shear flow over a two-dimensional mountain. Part I: General linear criteria}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1520-0469"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0412:WDIASS>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A linear theory for wave ducting is developed by solving a three-layer, steady-state nonrotating flow over a two-dimensional mountain analytically. The reflection coefficient (Ref), transmission coefficient, and the strongest horizontal wind speed at the surface are calculated based on the linear theory as functions of the Richardson number (Ri) and the depth of the lowest layer, with uniform wind speed. The relationship between the low-level response and reflectivity is also investigated. Based on this linear theory, a more general linear criteria is proposed for wave ducting, with the case considered by R. Lindzen and K.-K. Tung being only its subset. The linear theory is then applied to investigate the wave-ducting mechanism for long-lasting propagating waves in the atmosphere through a series of nonlinear numerical simulations. In the presence of a critical level, wave ducting may occur over a relatively wider range of Ri, once Ref is close to 1. That is, it is not necessary to have Ri < 0.25...}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Wang, TA and Lin, YL}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={412–436} }
 @article{wang_lin_1999, title={Wave ducting in a stratified shear flow over a two-dimensional mountain. Part II: Implications for the development of high-drag states for severe downslope windstorms}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1520-0469"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0437:WDIASS>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract In this study, it is found that the discrepancies among earlier studies of severe downslope windstorms are caused by the use of the critical level height (zc), instead of the low-level uniform flow–layer depth (z1), as an indicator to determine the optimal conditions for the occurrence of high-drag states. It is determined that once the wave breaking occurs, it induces a critical level and establishes a flow configuration favorable for wave ducting in the lower uniform wind layer, which determines the phase of reflected waves. Flow regimes of high- and low-drag states for a two-dimensional, nonrotating flow with uniform static stability and a basic-state critical level over a mountain were also determined as functions of nondimensional mountain height (h), Richardson number (Ri), and nondimensional z1 in the terrain-following coordinates (σ1). The authors found that 1) the critical h for high-drag state increases as Ri increases when σ1 is fixed, 2) the critical h for high-drag state increas...}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Wang, TA and Lin, YL}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={437–452} }
 @article{lee_park_lin_1998, title={A numerical modeling study of mesoscale cyclogenesis to the east of the Korean peninsula}, volume={126}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2305:ANMSOM>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Numerical simulations and the analysis of observational data are employed to understand the mesoscale cyclogenesis in a polar airstream that occurred over the sea to the east of the Korean peninsula on 28‐29 January 1995. The observational analysis shows that a mesoscale low develops over the southeastern East Sea (Japan Sea) on 29 January 1995. Satellite imagery also indicates that a meso-b-scale vortex forms on the lee side of the northern Korean mountain complex (KMC), which is located in the northern Korean peninsula, and that a meso-a-scale cyclone develops over the southeastern East Sea at a later time. The mesoscale cyclone forms in the lower troposphere with strong baroclinicity and cyclonic circulation under the influence of an upper-level synoptic-scale cold vortex. Numerical simulation has captured major features of the observed cyclogenesis very well. The cyclogenesis occurs in a progressive manner. Basically, four distinctive stages of the cyclogenesis are identified. 1) First, a surface pressure trough forms on the lee side of the KMC under a northwesterly synoptic-scale flow that is deflected anticyclonically over the KMC. 2) Second, the lee trough deepens further into a strong convergence zone and a meso-b-scale vortex. 3) Next, the meso-b-scale vortex develops into a meso-a-scale vortex as the vortex and the trough begin to move southeastward from the lee of the KMC. 4) Finally, the surface trough deepens into a closed low and the meso-a-scale vortex becomes collocated with this deepening surface low to form a meso-a-scale cyclone over the southeastern East Sea. Several sensitivity experiments are performed to isolate the effects of a topography, warmer sea surface, diurnal thermal forcing, and latent heat release. During stages 1 and 2, it is found that the KMC and low-level baroclinicity are responsible for generating the strong lee trough and vortex. During stage 3, the development of the meso-a-scale vortex is brought on by the tilting of horizontal vorticity and vertical stretching in a synopticscale cyclonic circulation. In the final stage, the condensational heating plays the key role for the development of the meso-a-scale cyclone under the influence of an upper-level synoptic-scale cold vortex. The presence of the warm sea surface is found to be a necessary condition for the development of a polar air convergence zone and the mesoscale cyclone. It is also found that the low-level baroclinicity is essential for the present case of mesoscale cyclogenesis.}, number={9}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Lee, TY and Park, YY and Lin, YL}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={2305–2329} }
 @article{hamilton_lin_weglarz_kaplan_1998, title={Jetlet formation from diabatic forcing with applications to the 1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak}, volume={126}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2061:JFFDFW>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The three-dimensional responses of simple stably stratified barotropic and baroclinic flows to prescribed diabatic forcing are investigated using a dry, hydrostatic, primitive equation numerical model (the North Carolina State University Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Model). A time-dependent diabatic forcing is utilized to isolate the effects of latent heat release in a midlatitude convective system. Examination of the mass-momentum adjustments to the diabatic forcing is performed with a focus on the development of an isolated midlevel wind maximum. The results of both cases suggest the formation of a midlevel wind maximum in the form of a perturbation meso-β-scale cyclone, which later propagates downstream as the heating is decreased. The scale of the perturbation cyclone remains at a sub-Rossby radius of deformation length scale. Therefore, the mass perturbations adjust to the wind perturbations as the mesocyclone propagates downstream. Transverse vertical circulations, which favor ascent on the r...}, number={8}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Hamilton, DW and Lin, YL and Weglarz, RP and Kaplan, ML}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={2061–2089} }
 @article{lin_deal_kulie_1998, title={Mechanisms of cell regeneration, development, and propagation within a two-dimensional multicell storm}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0022-4928"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<1867:MOCRDA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={In this study, mechanisms of cell regeneration, development, and propagation within a two-dimensional multicell storm are investigated using a numerical cloud model. The cell regeneration is explained by the advection mechanism. The following processes occur periodically during cell regeneration: (i) Near the edge of the gust front, the gust front updraft is formed by low-level convergence ahead of the gust front near the surface. (ii) The upper portion of the gust front updraft grows by midlevel inflow since the gust front propagates faster than the basic wind. (iii) The growing cell tends to produce and is flanked by strong compensating downdrafts. The upstream downdraft tends to cut off the growing cell from the gust front updraft. It is found that the period of cell regeneration is inversely proportional to the midlevel, strong relative wind speed. This advection mechanism is different from that proposed by Yang and Houze, which views the rearward propagating cell as gravity waves generated by the quasi-steady updraft moving through the ambient flow. Cell development and propagation within a two-dimensional multicell storm may be described in terms of two distinctive modes: (i) a growing mode and (ii) a propagating mode. When a growing cell reaches its maximum intensity, it splits and then propagates downstream without amplification. The dynamics of cell development and propagation is explained here by critical level argument. For the growing mode there is growth because of a conditionally unstable environment leading to steering level propagation, while for the propagating mode there is no growth because of a more stable environment leading to propagation relative to the flow (i.e., absence of critical level). It is found that the phase relationship between w9 and u9 (w9 and u9) in the growing mode is different from that in the propagating mode and can be explained by the dominance of latent heating in the thermodynamic equation. The propagating mode is dominated by horizontal advection. The propagating mode exhibits gravity wave properties and propagates faster than the growing mode.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Lin, YL and Deal, RL and Kulie, MS}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={1867–1886} }
 @article{weglarz_lin_1998, title={Nonlinear adjustment of a rotating homogeneous atmosphere to zonal momentum forcing}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0280-6495"]}, DOI={10.1034/j.1600-0870.1998.t01-4-00004.x}, number={5}, journal={TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY}, author={Weglarz, RP and Lin, YL}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={616–636} }
 @article{kaplan_lin_hamilton_rozumalski_1998, title={The numerical simulation of an unbalanced jetlet and its role in the Palm Sunday 1994 tornado outbreak in Alabama and Georgia}, volume={126}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2133:TNSOAU>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Meso-beta-scale numerical model simulations and observational data are synthesized in an effort to develop a multistage paradigm for use in forecasting tornadic convection in the southeastern United States. The case study to be utilized as an example of the multistage sequence of events is the Palm Sunday 1994 outbreak, which culminates with the development of an unbalanced mesoscale jet streak or jetlet that focuses a given region for significant values of low-level vertical wind shear, low-level confluence and vertical vorticity, midtropospheric cooling, and storm-relative helicity. The five-stage paradigm includes 1) the existence of a jet exit region accompanying a deep balanced thermally indirect circulation south of the outbreak and a return branch ageostrophic low-level southerly jet, both typically accompanying the subtropical jet stream and the leading edge of hot continental air; 2) the existence of a jet entrance region accompanying a deep balanced thermally direct circulation north of...}, number={8}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Kaplan, ML and Lin, YL and Hamilton, DW and Rozumalski, RA}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={2133–2165} }
 @article{kulie_lin_1998, title={The structure and evolution of a numerically simulated high-precipitation supercell thunderstorm}, volume={126}, ISSN={["0027-0644"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2090:TSAEOA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The structure and evolution of a high-precipitation (HP) supercell thunderstorm is investigated using a threedimensional, nonhydrostatic, cloud-scale numerical model (TASS). The model is initialized with a sounding taken from a mesoscale modeling study of the environment that produced the 28 November 1988 Raleigh tornadic thunderstorm. TASS produces a long-lived convective system that compares favorably with the observed Raleigh tornadic thunderstorm. The simulated storm evolves from a multicell-type storm to a multiple-updraft supercell storm. The storm complex resembles a hybrid multicell-supercell thunderstorm and is consistent with the conceptual model of cool season strong dynamic HP supercells that are characterized by shallow mesocyclones. The origin of rotation in this type of storm is often in the lowest levels. Interactions between various cells in the simulated convective system are responsible for the transition to a supercellular structure. An intense low-level updraft core forms on the southwest flank of the simulated storm and moves over a region that is rich in vertical vorticity. The stretching of this preexisting vertical vorticity in the storm’s lowest levels is the most important vertical vorticity production mechanism during the initial stages of the main updraft’s development. Interactions with an extensive cold pool created by the storm complex are also important in producing vertical vorticity as the main updraft grows. Overall, the development of vorticity associated with the main updraft appears similar to nonsupercellular tornadic storms. However, classic supercell signatures are seen early in the simulation associated with other updrafts (e.g., formation of vortex couplet due to tilting of ambient horizontal vorticity, storm splitting, etc.) and are deemed important. In the storm’s supercell stage, rotation is sustained in the lowest levels of the storm despite large amounts of precipitation located near and within the main mesocyclone. Pulsating downdrafts periodically invigorate the storm and the gust front never occludes, thus allowing the main updraft to persist for a prolonged period of time. The storm’s intensity is also maintained by frequent updraft mergers.}, number={8}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Kulie, MS and Lin, YL}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={2090–2116} }
 @article{weglarz_lin_1997, title={A linear theory for jet streak formation due to zonal momentum forcing in a stably stratified atmosphere}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0022-4928"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0908:ALTFJS>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A perturbation potential vorticity (PV) theory is developed to investigate the three-dimensional, time-dependent, linear geostrophic adjustment of a stably stratified, Boussinesq atmosphere that is disturbed from (i) quiescent equilibrium due to a localized, unbalanced, zonal wind anomaly and (ii) geostrophic equilibrium of the uniform zonal flow due to an isolated couplet of acceleration–deceleration forcing. This prescribed zonal momentum forcing propagates downstream at a speed c that is less than the basic-state zonal flow speed U and physically represents the parameterized effects of nonlinear inertial advection. Transient, dispersive inertia–gravity waves in all fields are essentially removed during the early stage of the response associated with the initial value problem. The steady-state equilibrium that conserves the initial perturbation PV is a localized, geostrophic zonal jet with meridionally confluent (diffluent) flow in its entrance (exit) region. This jet is supported by a couplet ...}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES}, author={Weglarz, RP and Lin, YL}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={908–932} }
 @article{decroix_lin_schowalter_1997, title={Cellular convection embedded in the convective planetary boundary layer surface layer}, volume={67-68}, number={1997 Apr./June}, journal={Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author={DeCroix, D. S. and Lin, Y. L. and Schowalter, D. G.}, year={1997}, pages={387–401} }
 @article{kaplan_koch_lin_weglarz_rozumalski_1997, title={Numerical simulations of a gravity wave event over CCOPE .1. The role of geostrophic adjustment in mesoscale jetlet formation}, volume={125}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<1185:NSOAGW>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Mesoscale model simulations are performed in order to provide insight into the complex role of jet streak adjustments in establishing an environment favorable to the generation of gravity waves on 11–12 July 1981. This wave event was observed in unprecedented detail downstream of the Rocky Mountains in Montana during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment. The high-resolution model simulations employ a variety of terrain treatments in the absence of the complicating effects of precipitation physics in order to examine the complex interactions between orography and adiabatic geostrophic adjustment processes. Results indicate that prior to gravity wave formation, a four-stage geostrophic adjustment process modified the structure of the mid- to upper-tropospheric jet streak by creating secondary mesoscale jet streaks (jetlets) to the southeast of the polar jet streak in proximity to the gravity wave generation region (WGR). During stage I, a strong rightward-directed ageostrophic flow i...}, number={6}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Kaplan, ML and Koch, SE and Lin, YL and Weglarz, RP and Rozumalski, RA}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={1185–1211} }