@article{tiecher_pace_gatiboni_vann_hardy_fisher_2023, title={Flue-cured tobacco and Cl rates: Implications on yield, quality, and nutrient concentration}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21272}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.21272}, abstractNote={AbstractThe increase in flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) yields in recent decades due to genetic improvements of new cultivars and management technologies may increase the plant demand for Cl, and the increased dry mass may dilute Cl concentration, thereby reducing negative effects. This study evaluated the effect of increasing doses of Cl on tobacco production, quality, and chemical composition of leaves, in four growing environments located at research stations where flue‐cured tobacco is produced in North Carolina. The treatments consisted of 11 rates of Cl (0, 11, 22, 34, 45, 56, 67, 78, 90, 101, and 112 kg ha−1) in each growing environment, with four replications in a randomized complete block design. The yield and visual quality, total alkaloids, and reducing sugars concentrations of cured leaf were determined. In addition, the concentration of selected nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Cl) and nitrate (NO3−) in tobacco leaves was measured in five different periods. Rates of Cl up to 112 kg ha−1 did not reduce the productivity or quality of flue‐cured tobacco in any environment. The Cl rate required to reach the threshold of 1.0% Cl content in cured leaf was site‐specific, being surpassed even in the control treatment at one location, or with Cl rates higher than 34 and 90 kg ha−1 in two environments. In one environment, the Cl rates increased tobacco yield, probably due the direct effect of Cl as a nutrient. Although the increasing Cl rates increased the reducing sugars concentration, visual quality was not attenuated.}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Tiecher, Tales and Pace, Cara Ruth and Gatiboni, Luke and Vann, Matthew and Hardy, David and Fisher, Loren}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{foste_staples_fisher_shaheen_mayhew_rockenbach_2021, title={"Careful With Your 'We'": Worldview Minority Faculty at Sectarian Institutions}, ISSN={["1938-8934"]}, DOI={10.1037/dhe0000320}, journal={JOURNAL OF DIVERSITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION}, author={Foste, Zak and Staples, B. Ashley and Fisher, Lori E. Durako and Shaheen, Musbah and Mayhew, Matthew J. and Rockenbach, Alyssa N.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{clapp_vann_cahoon_jordan_fisher_inman_2022, title={Evaluations of S-Metolachlor in flue-cured tobacco weed management programs}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20984}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20984}, abstractNote={AbstractEffective weed control is critical to growth and development of flue‐cured tobacco; however, current herbicide options are limited in commercial production. Field experiments were conducted from 2017 to 2018 to evaluate S‐metolachlor for use in flue‐cured tobacco weed management programs. Treatments included 10 herbicide programs: pretransplanted incorporated (PTI) applications of S‐metolachlor (1.07 kg a.i. ha–1) alone or in various combinations with sulfentrazone (0.18 kg a.i. ha–1), clomazone (0.84 kg a.i. ha–1), and pendimethalin (0.79 kg a.i. ha–1). S‐metolachlor and pendimethalin were also applied posttransplanting directed to row middles (POST‐DIR) following PTI applications of sulfentrazone + clomazone. A single posttransplanting over‐the‐top (POST‐OT) application of S‐metolachlor and a non‐treated control were included for comparison. The inclusion of S‐metolachlor in PTI herbicide programs did not improve weed control beyond the combination of sulfentrazone + clomazone. However, weed control after final harvest was improved by 8%, when S‐metolachlor was applied POST‐DIR. S‐metolachlor applied POST‐OT caused injury to tobacco plants (12%), although symptoms were transient with less than 2% visual injury 6 wk after transplanting. Due to increased weed control through harvest and the low injury potential, our results suggest that POST‐DIR applications of S‐metolachlor are the best fit for flue‐cured tobacco production when used in conjunction with recommended PTI herbicide programs.}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Clapp, Andrew M. and Vann, Matthew C. and Cahoon, Charles W. and Jordan, David L. and Fisher, Loren R. and Inman, Matt D.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{vann_inman_fisher_2021, title={Flue-cured tobacco holding-ability is affected by harvest timing}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20137}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20137}, abstractNote={AbstractThe propensity for flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves to retain or improve their visual quality and value over an extended period of time is referred to as “holding‐ability.” General holding‐ability models that are specific to popular cultivars are not available to commercial farmers. Research was conducted at five locations from 2009 to 2014 to determine the effect of flue‐cured tobacco cultivar and upper‐stalk harvest timing to cured leaf yield, visual quality, price per pound, and economic value per acre. Two commercial cultivars, ‘K326’ and ‘NC196’, were evaluated within each location, with upper‐stalk leaf harvest schedule as follows: 7 d under‐ripe (Day 0), 3 d over‐ripe (Day 10), 13 d over‐ripe (Day 20), 23 d over‐ripe (Day 30), and 33 d over‐ripe (Day 40). The measured parameters were not influenced by cultivar selection, thus indicating that K326 and NC196 are likely to have similar ripening patterns and holding‐ability when produced under the same growing conditions. Quadratic responses for harvest timing were significant for cured leaf measurements. Yield and visual quality were greatest at Days 17 and 20, respectively. Cured leaf price continued to increase until Day 25, although maximum economic value per acre was obtained at Days 20 and 21 (US$3,041 acre–1). Increases in yield, quality, and value from Day 0 through 20 suggest that a 2‐wk delay in the harvest of upper‐stalk leaves may prove to be financially advantageous to farmers.}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vann, Matthew C. and Inman, Matthew D. and Fisher, Loren R.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{vann_johnson_jordan_fisher_edmisten_2022, title={Flue-cured tobacco response to sublethal rates of glufosinate}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20141}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20141}, abstractNote={AbstractGlufosinate is a broad‐spectrum, contact herbicide that is currently applied to genetically engineered row crops that tolerate exposure to the compound. Flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is susceptible to glufosinate, yet it is commonly grown in close proximity to tolerant crops in North Carolina. The impact of glufosinate drift on flue‐cured tobacco is not known. Research was conducted in North Carolina to test the effects of sublethal rates of glufosinate (0.270, 0.135, 0.067, 0.034, 0.017 lb a.i. acre–1) on flue‐cured tobacco injury, yield, visual quality, financial value, and leaf chemistry. Simulated drift was imposed approximately 5 wk after transplanting. Visual injury increased with exposure rate and ranged from 15 to 83% and from 10 to 83% 1 and 2 wk after treatment, respectively. Cured leaf yield was reduced by 45% at the highest sublethal exposure rate and exhibited a linear decline of 47 lb acre–1 for every 0.01 lb glufosinate acre–1. Visual quality and per acre financial value were not affected by glufosinate, most likely due to the loss of necrotic tissue and late‐season plant growth compensation. Residues of glufosinate in green and cured leaves were likewise not detected. Producers and commercial applicators should exercise caution when applying glufosinate around flue‐cured tobacco because of the injury and yield loss that can result from physical spray drift, as well as the inability to sell tobacco that has been exposed to a pesticide that is not labeled for application.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vann, Matthew and Johnson, Virginia Alice and Jordan, David and Fisher, Loren and Edmisten, Keith}, year={2022} }
 @article{inman_vann_fisher_gannon_jordan_jennings_2021, title={Evaluation of dicamba retention in spray tanks and its impact on flue-cured tobacco}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1550-2740"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.73}, DOI={10.1017/wet.2020.73}, abstractNote={AbstractIn recent years, there has been increased use of dicamba due to the introduction of dicamba-resistant cotton and soybean in the United States. Therefore, there is a potential increase in off-target movement of dicamba and injury to sensitive crops. Flue-cured tobacco is extremely sensitive to auxin herbicides, particularly dicamba. In addition to yield loss, residue from drift or equipment contamination can have severe repercussions for the marketability of the crop. Studies were conducted in 2016, 2017, and 2018 in North Carolina to evaluate spray-tank cleanout efficiency of dicamba using various cleaning procedures. No difference in dicamba recovery was observed regardless of dicamba formulation and cleaning agent. Dicamba residue decreased with the number of rinses. There was no difference in dicamba residue recovered from the third rinse compared with residue from the tank after being refilled for subsequent tank use. Recovery ranged from 2% to 19% of the original concentration rate among the three rinses. Field studies were also conducted in 2018 to evaluate flue-cured tobacco response to reduced rates of dicamba ranging, from 1/5 to 1/10,000 of a labeled rate. Injury and yield reductions varied by environment and application timing. When exposed to 1/500 of a labeled rate at 7 and 11 wk after transplanting, tobacco injury ranged from 39% to 53% and 10% to 16% 24 days after application, respectively. The maximum yield reduction was 62%, with a 55% reduction in value when exposed to 112 g ha−1 of dicamba. Correlations showed significant relationships between crop injury assessment and yield and value reductions, with Pearson values ranging from 0.24 to 0.63. These data can provide guidance to growers and stakeholders and emphasize the need for diligent stewardship when using dicamba technology.}, number={1}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Inman, Matthew D. and Vann, Matthew C. and Fisher, Loren R. and Gannon, Travis W. and Jordan, David L. and Jennings, Katie M.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={35–42} }
 @article{cheek_vann_lewis_fisher_2021, title={Genetics influence postharvest measurements of flue-cured tobacco more than nitrogen application rate}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20565}, DOI={10.1002/agj2.20565}, abstractNote={AbstractRegulations under consideration by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization propose that nicotine concentration in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) should be lowered to non‐addictive levels (0.3 to 0.5 mg g−1). The proposed standards are 90 to 95% lower than the nicotine concentration typically documented in commercially available cultivars. Research was conducted in six environments to evaluate two cultivars with normal alkaloid levels (K326 and NC95) and four genotypes with low alkaloid levels (DH16A, DH22A, DH32, and LAFC53). Each cultivar and genotype was paired with three N application rates: 70, 85, and 100% of the recommended rate. As N application declined, so too did cured leaf yield and nicotine, anabasine, and anatabine concentration in K326 and NC95. These factors were generally not affected by N application in the low alkaloid genotypes. In contrast, LAFC53 consistently produced the lowest cured leaf quality, value, and reducing sugar concentration when compared to all other cultivars. This observation demonstrates that K326 isolines are agronomically superior to LAFC53. Despite reductions in nicotine, the lowest documented concentration was still 10‐fold greater than the proposed minimum (LAFC53). Nitrogen did not influence the measured parameters as much as genetics; therefore, additional research that involves other agronomic practices is warranted. In addition, further genetic manipulation will be required to meet the standards proposed by regulatory groups.}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cheek, Joseph A. and Vann, Matthew C. and Lewis, Ramsey S. and Fisher, Loren R.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={1020–1028} }
 @article{finch_vann_wells_fisher_brown_2020, title={Impacts of lower-leaf removal timing, number, and nitrogen application to flue-cured tobacco}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20059}, DOI={10.1002/cft2.20059}, abstractNote={AbstractThe removal and exclusion of lower‐stalk tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) from harvest continues to be encouraged by industry. Very little information addresses the timing aspect of leaf removal, specifically when it occurs near floral initiation. Research was conducted in 2016 and 2017 to evaluate each possible treatment combination of two lower‐leaf removal programs (0 and 8 leaves/plant), three removal timings (2 wk before topping, at topping, and 2 wk after topping), and two N application rates (0 and 10 lb/ac). Soil plant analysis development (SPAD) measurements consistently revealed a lighter leaf color in treatments consisting of leaf removal 2 wk before topping, regardless of N application rate. Foliar cured leaf samples from upper‐stalk positions also contained less total N when eight leaves (2.25%) were removed relative to zero leaves (2.32%). These results indicate that subsequent N fertilizer application did not supply N as efficiently as remobilization from lower, older leaves. In the 8‐leaf removal program, both cured leaf yield and value declined by 27% relative to the 0‐leaf program. Despite significant losses in yield and value, the 8‐leaf program completely eliminated lug grades of tobacco. Leaf removal timing and N application rate did not affect yield, quality, value, or grade distribution. Our results suggest that there is no agronomic or cost to removing lower leaves 2 wk before or after topping; however, commercial farmers may find this information to be of use from a time management perspective, should they decide to implement this practice.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Finch, Camden E. and Vann, Matthew C. and Wells, Randy and Fisher, Loren R. and Brown, A. Blake}, year={2020} }
 @article{finch_vann_fisher_wells_brown_2019, title={Lower-Leaf Removal and Nitrogen Application Programs for Flue-Cured Tobacco Production}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2018.10.0637}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Lower‐leaf removal will reduce cured leaf yield but can reduce the portion of lower‐demand stalk positionsNitrogen application after leaf removal is of limited value and is currently discouragedIf these programs are to find commercial success, a higher selling price should be offered by leaf purchasers
With a current global over‐supply of flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), tobacco producers in North Carolina have been encouraged to remove the lowermost leaves prior to harvest due to their low value in manufactured products. The objective of this research was to compare lower‐leaf removal programs. Research was conducted in 2016 and 2017 to quantify the agronomic effects of three lower‐leaf removal programs (0, 4, and 8 leaves plant−1) and the subsequent delivery of four N application rates (0, 5.6, 11.2, and 16.9 kg N ha−1 above base recommendation). All treatments combinations were applied during the early flowering stage of growth (8–10 wk after transplanting), when plants were approximately 120 cm tall. Programs absent of leaf removal generally produced the highest cured leaf yield. The addition of 16.9 kg N ha−1 increased yield when compared to lower N application rates within the 4‐leaf removal program. Nitrogen application did not affect yield in the 8‐leaf removal program. Cured leaf value was greatest in the 0‐leaf removal program (USD $10,131 ha−1) and was reduced in the 4‐ and 8‐leaf programs by $1611 and $2645 ha−1, respectively. Lower‐stalk positions were nearly eliminated in the 8‐leaf removal program, while the 4‐leaf removal program reduced their presence by more than 50%. Ultimately, if these programs are to be encouraged or required by industry, the removal of four leaves per plant proved to be more practical when paired with additional N, due to moderate yield reduction and lower‐stalk leaf production.}, number={4}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Finch, Camden E. and Vann, Matthew C. and Fisher, Loren R. and Wells, Randy and Brown, A. Blake}, year={2019}, pages={1933–1939} }
 @article{bennett_vann_fisher_2018, title={Application Methods of Organic Poultry Feather Meal to Flue-Cured Tobacco}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.11.0678}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
There is flexibility with poultry feather meal application methods.
Broadcast application before planting initiates N release earlier.
Sidedress application is more efficient in high rainfall growing seasons.
Optimal application methods of organic poultry feather meal for flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production are unknown. Research was conducted in 2012 and 2013 to quantify the effects of two poultry feather meal sources, 13–0–0 Nature Safe and 12–1–0 Nutrimax, applied using three different methods: 100% broadcast before transplanting, 50% broadcast before transplanting + 50% sidedress, 10 d after transplanting, and 100% sidedress 10 d after transplanting. A conventional N treatment comprised of 28% liquid urea–ammonium nitrate (UAN) was split‐applied 10 d after transplanting and at layby. Leaf yield was similar between each individual organic N treatment and UAN. Nature Safe applied 100% sidedress resulted in leaf N concentration and cured leaf quality similar to UAN. In the absence of the UAN treatment, application method typically had a greater impact on measurements than feather meal source. Leaf N concentration was generally increased with the 100% sidedress application, most likely due to closer nutrient proximity relative to roots. Increased N assimilation from 100% sidedress treatments also produced a slightly darker leaf color as quantified by Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) measurements and a higher total alkaloid concentration in cured leaves. Leaf yield was similar among application methods in 2012, but was highest in the 100% sidedress treatment in 2013 due to high early season rainfall. Results from this study demonstrate the effectiveness of both feather meal sources and that 100% sidedress applications may prove ideal under a range of environmental conditions commonly encountered in North Carolina.}, number={5}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Bennett, Nathan and Vann, Matthew and Fisher, Loren}, year={2018}, pages={1874–1882} }
 @article{mason_vann_fisher_mcginnis_2018, title={Late-Season Nitrogen Application to Tobacco Produced in Fine-Textured Soils}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2018.02.0007}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Nitrogen is key to maximum leaf yield and quality.
Nitrogen management is currently based upon expected conditions.
Alternative strategies could improve N management.
Alternative strategies are not suitable for fine‐textured soil types.
Late‐season nitrogen (N) assimilation can greatly impact the yield and quality of flue‐cured tobacco, particularly in the fine‐textured Piedmont soils of North Carolina. Research was conducted in 2015 to 2016 to evaluate the effects of N application rate and number of N applications to the yield, quality, value, and leaf chemistry of flue‐cured tobacco. Liquid N (28% urea ammonium nitrate) was applied at 50, 70, and 90 lb N/acre. Each rate was either applied in two splits (0.5 rate 7–10 days after transplanting and 0.5 rate at layby) or three (0.5 rate 7–10 days after transplanting, a 0.25 rate at layby, and a 0.25 rate 2 weeks after layby) after transplanting. Cured leaf N concentration was similar at 50 and 70 lb N/acre (2.58 and 2.61%, respectively) but was increased in treatments receiving 90 lb N/acre (2.77%). Additionally, three N applications (2.73%) increased cured leaf N relative to two N applications (2.58%). The same treatment parameters did not impact yield or value but reduced cured leaf quality in one growing environment due to prolonged N assimilation. Results indicate that current recommendations for N application rates (50 lb/acre) and timings (split‐applied twice in equal portions) are adequate to obtain maximum yield, quality, and value on fine‐textured soils similar to those evaluated in this study.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Mason, J. Hunter and Vann, Matthew C. and Fisher, Loren R. and McGinnis, Michelle S.}, year={2018}, month={Jul} }
 @article{vann_fisher_wells_jordan_heitman_2017, title={Alternative Ridging Practices for Flue-Cured Tobacco Production in North Carolina}, volume={3}, ISSN={2374-3832}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/cftm2017.02.0016}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2017.02.0016}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Alternative ridging methods could prove beneficial for tobacco producers.
Conservation tillage efforts have demonstrated little success.
Fine‐textured soils will require special management considerations.
Soil resistance is considered to be a limiting production factor.
Coarse‐textured soils appear to be better suited than fine‐textured soils.
With increasing farm size and the necessity for timely field preparation, flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) producers in North Carolina would benefit from alternatives to current ridging practices. Research was conducted in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate the effects of differing ridging methods on soil physical properties and the growth and development of flue‐cured tobacco. In each environment, two alternative ridging methods were compared with the grower standard of spring ridging (SR): fall ridging (FR) and rotary ridging (RR) in the Piedmont, and FR and no ridging (NR) in the Coastal Plain. In the Piedmont, FR reduced leaf yield and value when compared with RR and SR systems. Reduced yield and value were a result of high soil resistance that inhibited plant growth. In the Coastal Plain, treatments imposed did not affect the soil physical properties or tobacco yield and quality. Results indicate that FR and NR systems are acceptable alternative ridging methods for the production of flue‐cured tobacco in the sandy Coastal Plain growing region. Alternatively, FR should not be used in the Piedmont growing region due to the fine soil texture that is prone to high resistance.}, number={1}, journal={Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vann, Matthew C. and Fisher, Loren R. and Wells, Randy and Jordan, David L. and Heitman, Joshua L.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={cftm2017.02.0016} }
 @article{vann_fisher_whitley_2017, title={Cyantraniliprole and spinosad residues in flue-cured tobacco}, volume={54}, journal={Tobacco Science}, author={Vann, M. and Fisher, L. and Whitley, S.}, year={2017}, pages={1–3} }
 @article{vann_bennett_fisher_reberg-horton_burrack_2017, title={Poultry Feather Meal Application in Organic Flue-Cured Tobacco Production}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/aj/articles/109/6/2800?highlight=&search-result=1}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.05.0287}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Poultry feather meal is acceptable in organic flue‐cured tobacco production.
Application rates of organic N should reflect those in conventional production.
Soil moisture is critical for N mineralization and assimilation.
Information on N management in organic flue‐cured tobacco production is limited. Research was conducted from 2012–2013 to determine the effects of two certified organic N sources applied at three rates on the yield, quality, and chemical constituents of flue‐cured tobacco. These organic N sources included Nature Safe 13–0–0 (NS) and Nutrimax 12–1–0 (NM), both of which consisted of hydrolyzed poultry feather meal. Application rates for both fertilizer sources were 17 kg N ha−1 above recommendation (B+), at recommendation (B), and 17 kg N ha−1 below recommendation (B–). A conventional control containing urea‐ammonium‐nitrate (UAN) was applied at the B application rate. Tobacco yield and quality were similar among conventional and organic N programs. Leaf N concentration, SPAD measurements at flowering, and total alkaloid concentration of cured leaves responded positively to increased N application rates, regardless of organic fertilizer source. The largest increases in nitrogenous‐based leaf constituents were observed in this study where B+ treatments were applied; however, those increases did not translate into increased leaf yield or quality and could delay the initiation of leaf senescence in growing seasons with low soil moisture. Results from this study demonstrate the acceptability of poultry feather meal sources for organic tobacco production, and confirm that application rates of organic N sources should follow conventional recommendations.}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Vann, Matthew and Bennett, Nathan and Fisher, Loren and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Burrack, Hannah}, year={2017}, pages={2800–2807} }
 @article{vann_fisher_2017, title={Verification of nitrogen and phosphorus application rates to flue-cured tobacco}, volume={54}, journal={Tobacco Science}, author={Vann, M. and Fisher, L.}, year={2017}, pages={4–5} }
 @article{wells_eickholt_lewis_vann_fisher_2016, title={Heat Unit Accumulation and Days to Anthesis Relationship in Tobacco Genotypes with an Introgressed QTL Affecting Leaf Number}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84990194504&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2016.04.0278}, abstractNote={Plant breeders and crop managers would benefit from an increased ability to predict the requirements for onset of anthesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). This study was performed to determine the relationship in the field between heat unit (HU) accumulation and the onset of anthesis in tobacco genotypes varying for the zygosity of an introgressed quantitative trait loci (QTL) designated as Many Leaves (Ml) affecting flowering team and leaf number. Three commercially important cultivars or breeding lines (Speight 168, K326, and NCTG‐61), their nearly isogenic homozygous (MlMl) and heterozygous (Mlml) counterparts, and three BC6F3 null‐segregant (mlml) lines, were evaluated at three locations and over 2 yr. Days to anthesis (DTA) and HU accumulation were determined. In each environment, the MlMl, Mlml, and mlml genotypes were found to be grouped according to the zygosity of the Ml trait, with the mlml genotypes flowering first followed by Mlml and MlMl genotypes, respectively. An exception to this trend was Speight 168 MlMl, which consistently fell within the Mlml grouping for DTA. No consistent relationships were observed between HU and DTA, which was highly variable among environments. Integrated HU (area under the HU curve) during the 28 d after transplanting (DAT) was positively associated (R2 = 0.98; P = 0.0001) with the range of DTA among all genotypes. Integrated HU was a better indicator of the pattern of HU attainment than merely the amount. Early HU exposure seemed important in determining the range in DTA amongst the genotypes examined.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Wells, Randy and Eickholt, David P. J. and Lewis, Ramsey and Vann, Matthew C. and Fisher, Loren R.}, year={2016}, pages={3228–3236} }
 @article{foote_edmisten_wells_collins_roberson_jordan_fisher_2016, title={Influence of nitrogen and mepiquat chloride on cotton canopy reflectance measurements}, volume={20}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Cotton Science}, author={Foote, W. and Edmisten, K. and Wells, R. and Collins, G. and Roberson, G. and Jordan, D. and Fisher, L.}, year={2016}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{drake_vann_fisher_2015, title={INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN APPLICATION RATE ON THE YIELD, QUALITY, AND CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO, PART II: APPLICATION METHOD}, volume={52}, DOI={10.3381/14-043}, abstractNote={Research was conducted in 2012 and 2013 to determine the effect of nitrogen application timing and method on the yield, quality, and leaf chemistry of flue-cured tobacco. Liquid urea–ammonium–nitrate supplied 100% of the total nitrogen and was applied in differing combinations of rates, timings, and methods. Nitrogen rates above, at, and below recommendation for specific locations were split into two, three, or four application timings depending on treatment. Nitrogen application was initiated at transplanting and concluded before or at topping. Applications of nitrogen were either soil applied at each interval or were soil applied until topping where application occurred over top to promote stalk rundown. Leaf tissue samples were collected at layby and topping to evaluate total nitrogen content throughout the growing season. Composite cured leaf tissue samples from all four stalk positions were analyzed for total alkaloid and reducing-sugar content. Yield data were collected and leaf quality was determin...}, journal={Tobacco Science}, publisher={Tobacco Science}, author={Drake, M.P and Vann, M.C and Fisher, L.R}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={26–34} }
 @article{vann_fisher_2014, title={Azoxystrobin, butralin, and flumetralin residues in flue-cured tobacco}, volume={51}, journal={Tobacco Science}, author={Vann, M.C and Fisher, L.R.}, year={2014}, pages={23–28} }
 @article{vann_fisher_stewart_2013, title={Bifenthrin, clothianidin, and flubendiamide residues in flue-cured tobacco}, volume={50}, journal={Tobacco Science}, author={Vann, M.C. and Fisher, L.R. and Stewart, A.M.}, year={2013}, pages={25–30} }
 @article{vann_fisher_jordan_smith_hardy_stewart_2013, title={Potassium Rate and Application Effect on Flue-Cured Tobacco}, volume={105}, ISSN={["0002-1962"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875203584&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2012.0259}, abstractNote={Research was conducted at two locations in 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the effect of various K rates and application methods on the yield and quality of flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Treatments included five rates of K from sulfate of potash magnesia (0–0–22): 0, 84, 140, 196, and 252 kg K2O ha−1 that were applied: broadcast 1 mo before transplanting, broadcast 1 wk before transplanting, banded at transplanting, and a split application with one‐half rate banded at transplanting followed by one‐half rate banded at layby. Tissue samples were collected throughout the season at three separate growth stages: layby, topping, and after curing. Tissue samples were analyzed for total alkaloid and reducing sugars, N, P, K, and Mg content. Soil samples were collected the same day as K fertilizer application from plots not receiving supplemental K. Data were subjected to ANOVA using the PROC GLM procedure in SAS. Treatment means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at p ≤ 0.05. Application method and timing had no effect on any measured parameters; furthermore, crop yield and quality was not affected by K rates >0 kg K2O ha−1 at three of four locations. It is likely that early broadcast applications of K2O with current rate recommendations would only be of concern with combinations of conditions that included coarse soil textures, low K indices, and/or excessive leaching rainfall.}, number={2}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Vann, Matthew C. and Fisher, Loren R. and Jordan, David L. and Smith, W. David and Hardy, David H. and Stewart, Alexander M.}, year={2013}, pages={304–310} }
 @article{vann_fisher_jordan_hardy_smith_stewart_2012, title={THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM RATE ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO (NICOTIANA TABACUM L.)}, volume={49}, DOI={10.3381/12-019r.1}, abstractNote={Research was conducted at 2 locations in 2009 and 2010 to determine the effect of potassium rate on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Treatments included 8 rates of potassium from sulfate of potash magnesia (K-Mag, 0–0–22): 0, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 224, and 252 kg K2O ha−1. A complete (N–P–K) fertilizer that supplied 134 kg K2O ha−1 was also included as a control treatment. All fertilizer was applied in a single band application within 10 days after transplanting. Yield was measured and samples were assigned an official U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) grade. Crop value was determined based on yield and grade. Tissue samples were collected throughout the season at 3 separate times: at layby, at topping, and after curing. Tissue samples were analyzed for total alkaloid and reducing sugar content as well as N, P, K, and Mg content at North Carolina State University. Soil samples were also collected at transplanting, which corresponded with potassium fertilizer application, and were analyze...}, journal={Tobacco Science}, publisher={Tobacco Science}, author={Vann, M. C. and Fisher, L. R. and Jordan, D. L. and Hardy, D. H. and Smith, W. D. and Stewart, A. M.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={14–20} }
 @article{lewis_hoyle_fisher_yelverton_richardson_2011, title={Effect of Simulated Aminocyclopyrachlor Drift on Flue-Cured Tobacco}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/wt-d-11-00037.1}, abstractNote={Flue-cured tobacco is sensitive to foliar and soil residues of off-target synthetic auxin drift. Aminocyclopyrachlor is a newly developed synthetic auxin herbicide that may be used in right-of-way applications for broadleaf weed and brush control. Aminocyclopyrachlor is considered a reduced-risk alternative in rights-of-way compared with similar compounds because of its low application rate and volatility risk. However, no research is available on the response of field-grown, flue-cured tobacco to aminocyclopyrachlor drift exposure. Research was conducted in 2009 and 2010 at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station in Whiteville, NC, to determine the response of ‘NC 71’ flue-cured tobacco to five simulated drift rates of aminocyclopyrachlor (0.31, 1.6, 3.1, 15.7, and 31.4 g ae ha−1) and one aminopyralid (6.1 g ae ha−1) simulated drift rates applied pretransplant incorporated, pretransplant unincorporated, 3 wk after transplant, and 6 wk after transplant. All herbicide rates and application timings caused significant visual tobacco injury, ranging from slight to severe with increasing herbicide drift rates. Tobacco plant heights and fresh weights were reduced at all application timings receiving ≥ 15.7 g ha−1aminocyclopyrachlor and the comparative aminopyralid rate.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Lewis, D. F. and Hoyle, S. T. and Fisher, L. R. and Yelverton, F. H. and Richardson, R. J.}, year={2011}, pages={609–615} }
 @article{troxer_fisher_smith_wilcut_2007, title={Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied trifloxysulfuron in tobacco}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1614/WT-06-126.1}, number={2}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Troxer, S. C. and Fisher, L. R. and Smith, W. D. and Wilcut, J. W.}, year={2007}, pages={421–425} }
 @article{fisher_burke_price_smith_wilcut_2006, title={Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of root absorbed sulfentrazone and sulfentrazone plus clomazone in flue-cured tobacco transplants}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-05-182.1}, abstractNote={Research was conducted to evaluate root uptake, translocation, and metabolism of14C-sulfentrazone alone or in a mixture with clomazone in solution in flue-cured tobacco transplants. Uptake and translocation of sulfentrazone was rapid and was not affected by the addition of clomazone. Fifty-nine and 65% of the14C absorbed by the plant was translocated to the leaves within 24 h with sulfentrazone alone and in the clomazone plus sulfentrazone mixture, respectively. Differences in plant metabolism were observed between sulfentrazone alone and sulfentrazone plus clomazone. After 3 h, 66% of the14C recovered from the leaves was metabolized when sulfentrazone was applied alone, compared to 91% when sulfentrazone was applied with clomazone. The difference could indicate that metabolism of sulfentrazone by tobacco transplants was enhanced by the presence of clomazone.}, number={4}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Fisher, Loren R. and Burke, Ian C. and Price, Andrew J. and Smith, W. David and Wilcut, John W.}, year={2006}, pages={898–902} }
 @article{jordan_barnes_bogle_marshall_corbett_crozier_mclawhorn_fisher_2005, title={Influence of cultural practices and crop rotation on kenaf yield in North Carolina}, ISBN={1543-7833}, DOI={10.1094/cm-2005-0913-01-rs}, abstractNote={Kenaf is a relatively new crop to North Carolina and its impact on cropping systems has not been clearly determined. The impacts of crop rotation on kenaf, as well as the impacts of kenaf on rotation crops were examined. Crops preceding kenaf included corn, soybean, cotton, and peanut while crops following kenaf or corn included corn, soybean, cotton, peanut, and tobacco. Experiments were also conducted to define interactions among kenaf planting dates, row width/plant population systems, and cultivars. In one of two years, kenaf yield was lower when kenaf followed peanut or soybean compared to following cotton. Peanut and soybean yield were similar when following either corn and kenaf. However, corn and cotton yield was lower in one of two years when following corn compared to kenaf. Tobacco yield was similar when planted following either corn or kenaf. The interaction of planting date, row width/plant population, and cultivar was not significant for kenaf yield. No yield differences were observed between kenaf cultivars Everglade 41 and Tainung 2. Kenaf yield was higher when planted May 15 rather than June 15 and when kenaf was planted in rows spaced 8 inches apart (total plant population of 261,000 plants per acre) compared to rows spaced 36 inches apart (total plant population of 174,000 plants per acre).}, journal={Crop Management}, author={Jordan, D. L. and Barnes, J. S. and Bogle, C. R. and Marshall, T. M. and Corbett, T. and Crozier, C. R. and McLawhorn, B. and Fisher, L.}, year={2005}, pages={1} }
 @article{porterfield_fisher_wilcut_smith_2005, title={Tobacco response to residual and in-season treatments of CGA-362622}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1614/wt-02-006}, abstractNote={Experiments were conducted to determine tobacco tolerance to CGA-362622 applied pretransplant (PRE-T) and postemergence (POST) to tobacco and applied the previous year preemergence (PRE) and POST to cotton. CGA-362622 applied at 3.75 or 7.5 g ai/ha PRE-T injured ‘K326’ flue-cured tobacco 1%, whereas POST treatments resulted in 4 to 5% injury. Tobacco injury was transient with no mid- or late-season injury noted. Tobacco yields from all CGA-362622 POST treatments were not different from the nontreated weed-free check. Tobacco treated with 7.5 g/ha CGA-362622 PRE-T yielded greater than nontreated weed-free tobacco or tobacco treated with CGA-362622 POST. When grown in rotation, tobacco was not injured, and yields were not influenced by CGA-362622 applied PRE or POST to cotton the previous year. Nomenclature: CGA-362622; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. Additional index words: Carryover, crop injury, sulfonylurea herbicide. Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase; LAYBY, late POST-directed; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; PRE-T, pretransplant.}, number={1}, journal={Weed Technology}, author={Porterfield, D. and Fisher, L. R. and Wilcut, J. W. and Smith, W. D.}, year={2005}, pages={05-} }
 @article{thomas_troxler_smith_fisher_wilcut_2005, title={Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of sulfentrazone in peanut, prickly sida (Sida spinosa), and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa)}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1550-2759"]}, DOI={10.1614/WS-04-085R2}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to evaluate uptake, translocation, and metabolism of root-absorbed14C-sulfentrazone in peanut, prickly sida, and pitted morningglory. Peanut absorbed more than five and three times greater14C-sulfentrazone than pitted morningglory and prickly sida, respectively. All plant species translocated appreciable amounts (≥ 39%) of radioactivity to the leaves. The three plant species had some capacity to metabolize14C-sulfentrazone. At 3 h after treatment, 7, 29, and 71% of the radioactivity in the shoots of peanut, prickly sida, and pitted morningglory, respectively, was sulfentrazone. Sulfentrazone levels in the shoots at 3 and 6 h after treatment correspond to reported tolerance levels, with peanut being the most tolerant of the three species, whereas prickly sida and pitted morningglory are moderately tolerant and completely susceptible to sulfentrazone, respectively. Levels of metabolites varied among species, plant part, and harvest timing. On the basis of these data, tolerance in peanut is largely due to its ability to rapidly metabolize sulfentrazone.}, number={4}, journal={WEED SCIENCE}, author={Thomas, WE and Troxler, SC and Smith, WD and Fisher, LR and Wilcut, JW}, year={2005}, pages={446–450} }
 @article{burke_thomas_pline-srnic_fisher_smith_wilcut_2005, title={Yield and physiological response of flue-cured tobacco to simulated glyphosate drift}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0890-037X"]}, DOI={10.1614/WT-03-219R}, abstractNote={Field trials were conducted in 2001 at the Tobacco Research Station near Oxford, NC, and in 2002 at the Lower Coastal Plains Research Station near Kinston, NC, to determine tobacco yield, injury, and shikimic acid accumulation in response to simulated glyphosate drift. Glyphosate was applied to 12- to 13-cm-high tobacco ‘K326’ early postemergence at 0, 9, 18, 35, 70, 140, 280, 560, and 1,120 (1×) g ai/ha. Crop injury was rated 7 and 35 d after treatment (DAT) and shikimic acid accumulation in leaves at 7 DAT, tobacco yield, and leaf grade index (whole-plant index of harvest interval leaf value) were also assessed. Shikimic acid accumulation and injury symptoms increased similarly as glyphosate rate increased. Glyphosate rates of 140 g/ha (0.125 of recommended rate) or higher resulted in significant crop injury, reduced tobacco yield, and decreased leaf grade index. Shikimic acid accumulation at 7 DAT was inversely related to tobacco yield. Shikimic acid accumulation was found to be an effective diagnostic tool to determine glyphosate drift in tobacco; however, in-season data are needed to correlate shikimic acid accumulation with yield loss.}, number={2}, journal={WEED TECHNOLOGY}, author={Burke, IC and Thomas, WE and Pline-Srnic, WA and Fisher, LR and Smith, WD and Wilcut, JW}, year={2005}, pages={255–260} }