@article{scull_aligwekwe_rey_koch_nellenbach_sheridan_pandit_sollinger_pierce_flick_et al._2024, title={Fighting fibrin with fibrin: Vancomycin delivery into coagulase-mediated <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> biofilms via fibrin-based nanoparticle binding}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1552-4965"]}, DOI={10.1002/jbm.a.37760}, abstractNote={Abstract Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infection is a common ailment placing a large burden upon global healthcare infrastructure. These bacteria are growing increasingly recalcitrant to frontline antimicrobial therapeutics like vancomycin due to the prevalence of variant populations such as methicillin‐resistant and vancomycin‐resistant strains, and there is currently a dearth of novel antibiotics in production. Additionally, S. aureus has the capacity to hijack the host clotting machinery to generate fibrin‐based biofilms that confer protection from host antimicrobial mechanisms and antibiotic‐based therapies, enabling immune system evasion and significantly reducing antimicrobial efficacy. Emphasis is being placed on improving the effectiveness of therapeutics that are already commercially available through various means. Fibrin‐based nanoparticles (FBNs) were developed and found to interact with S. aureus through the clumping factor A (ClfA) fibrinogen receptor and directly integrate into the biofilm matrix. FBNs loaded with antimicrobials such as vancomycin enabled a targeted and sustained release of antibiotic that increased drug contact time and reduced the therapeutic dose required for eradicating the bacteria, both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these findings suggest that FBN‐antibiotic delivery may be a novel and potent therapeutic tool for the treatment of S. aureus biofilm infections.}, journal={JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A}, author={Scull, Grant and Aligwekwe, Adrian and Rey, Ysabel and Koch, Drew and Nellenbach, Kimberly and Sheridan, Ana and Pandit, Sanika and Sollinger, Jennifer and Pierce, Joshua G. and Flick, Matthew J. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{moatti_connard_de britto_dunn_rastogi_rai_schnabel_ligler_hutson_fitzpatrick_et al._2024, title={Surgical procedure of intratympanic injection and inner ear pharmacokinetics simulation in domestic pigs}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1663-9812"]}, DOI={10.3389/fphar.2024.1348172}, abstractNote={Introduction: One major obstacle in validating drugs for the treatment or prevention of hearing loss is the limited data available on the distribution and concentration of drugs in the human inner ear. Although small animal models offer some insights into inner ear pharmacokinetics, their smaller organ size and different barrier (round window membrane) permeabilities compared to humans can complicate study interpretation. Therefore, developing a reliable large animal model for inner ear drug delivery is crucial. The inner and middle ear anatomy of domestic pigs closely resembles that of humans, making them promising candidates for studying inner ear pharmacokinetics. However, unlike humans, the anatomical orientation and tortuosity of the porcine external ear canal frustrates local drug delivery to the inner ear.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Moatti, Adele and Connard, Shannon and De Britto, Novietta and Dunn, William A. and Rastogi, Srishti and Rai, Mani and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Ligler, Frances S. and Hutson, Kendall A. and Fitzpatrick, Douglas C. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hallowell_dembek_horne_knych_messenger_schnabel_2024, title={Systemic absorption of triamcinolone acetonide is increased from intrasynovial versus extrasynovial sites and induces hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2024.1388470}, abstractNote={Steroid-associated laminitis remains a major concern with use of corticosteroids in horses. Individual case factors such as joint pathology, pre-existing endocrinopathies, or corticosteroid type, dose, and timing influencing steroid-induced laminitis risk have not been investigated. This study aimed to determine if systemic absorption of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) varies between intrasynovial (antebrachiocarpal) and extrasynovial (sacroiliac) injection sites, and to determine the effects of TA absorption on glucose, insulin, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Twenty adult horses were randomized into antebrachiocarpal or sacroiliac joint injection groups, and each horse received bilateral injections with a total dose of 18 mg triamcinolone. Blood was collected prior to injection and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h post-injection. Peak TA absorption occurred at 8 h in both groups, and was significantly higher in the intrasynovial group compared to the extrasynovial group (1.397 ng/mL, 0.672 ng/mL,}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Hallowell, Kimberly L. and Dembek, Katarzyna and Horne, Caitlyn R. and Knych, Heather K. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Schnabel, Lauren V.}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{nellenbach_mihalko_nandi_koch_shetty_moretti_sollinger_moiseiwitsch_sheridan_pandit_et al._2024, title={Ultrasoft platelet-like particles stop bleeding in rodent and porcine models of trauma}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1946-6242"]}, DOI={10.1126/scitranslmed.adi4490}, abstractNote={Uncontrolled bleeding after trauma represents a substantial clinical problem. The current standard of care to treat bleeding after trauma is transfusion of blood products including platelets; however, donated platelets have a short shelf life, are in limited supply, and carry immunogenicity and contamination risks. Consequently, there is a critical need to develop hemostatic platelet alternatives. To this end, we developed synthetic platelet-like particles (PLPs), formulated by functionalizing highly deformable microgel particles composed of ultralow cross-linked poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) with fibrin-binding ligands. The fibrin-binding ligand was designed to target to wound sites, and the cross-linking of fibrin polymers was designed to enhance clot formation. The ultralow cross-linking of the microgels allows the particles to undergo large shape changes that mimic platelet shape change after activation; when coupled to fibrin-binding ligands, this shape change facilitates clot retraction, which in turn can enhance clot stability and contribute to healing. Given these features, we hypothesized that synthetic PLPs could enhance clotting in trauma models and promote healing after clotting. We first assessed PLP activity in vitro and found that PLPs selectively bound fibrin and enhanced clot formation. In murine and porcine models of traumatic injury, PLPs reduced bleeding and facilitated healing of injured tissue in both prophylactic and immediate treatment settings. We determined through biodistribution experiments that PLPs were renally cleared, possibly enabled by ultrasoft particle properties. The performance of synthetic PLPs in the preclinical studies shown here supports future translational investigation of these hemostatic therapeutics in a trauma setting.}, number={742}, journal={SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE}, author={Nellenbach, Kimberly and Mihalko, Emily and Nandi, Seema and Koch, Drew W. and Shetty, Jagathpala and Moretti, Leandro and Sollinger, Jennifer and Moiseiwitsch, Nina and Sheridan, Ana and Pandit, Sanika and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{pezzanite_chow_dow_goodrich_gilbertie_schnabel_2023, title={Antimicrobial Properties of Equine Stromal Cells and Platelets and Future Directions}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1558-4224"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2023.06.005}, abstractNote={Increasing antimicrobial resistance in veterinary practice has driven the investigation of novel therapeutic strategies including regenerative and biologic therapies to treat bacterial infection. Integration of biological approaches such as platelet lysate and mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy may represent adjunctive treatment strategies for bacterial infections that minimize systemic side effects and local tissue toxicity associated with traditional antibiotics and that are not subject to antibiotic resistance. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms by which biological therapies exert antimicrobial effects, as well as potential applications and challenges in clinical implementation in equine practice.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE}, author={Pezzanite, Lynn M. and Chow, Lyndah and Dow, Steven W. and Goodrich, Laurie R. and Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Schnabel, Lauren V}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={565–578} }
 @article{schnabel_2023, title={Considerations for the Use of Biologic and Regenerative Therapies in Equine Practice}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1558-4224"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2023.07.001}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE}, author={Schnabel, Lauren V.}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={XIII-XIV} }
 @article{smith_berglund_robertson_schnabel_mcmullen_gilger_oh_2023, title={Effect of gentamicin on <scp>CD3</scp>+ T‐lymphocyte proliferation for treatment of equine recurrent uveitis: An in vitro study}, volume={26}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.13098}, DOI={10.1111/vop.13098}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, Hannah L. and Berglund, Alix K. and Robertson, James B. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and McMullen, Richard J., Jr and Gilger, Brian C. and Oh, Annie}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={347–354} }
 @article{koch_schnabel_reynolds_berry_2023, title={Pneumatic compression therapy using the EQ Press accelerates lymphatic flow in healthy equine forelimbs as determined by lymphoscintigraphy}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.22.12.0214}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Koch, Drew W. and Schnabel, Lauren V and Reynolds, Justin and Berry, Clifford R.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{v. schnabel_koch_2023, title={Use of mesenchymal stem cells for tendon healing in veterinary and human medicine: getting to the "core" of the problem through a one health approach}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.23.07.0388}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={V. Schnabel, Lauren and Koch, Drew W.}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={1435–1442} }
 @article{gilbertie_schaer_engiles_seiler_deddens_schubert_jacob_stefanovski_ruthel_hickok_et al._2022, title={A Platelet-Rich Plasma-Derived Biologic Clears Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms While Mitigating Cartilage Degeneration and Joint Inflammation in a Clinically Relevant Large Animal Infectious Arthritis Model}, volume={12}, ISSN={2235-2988}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.895022}, DOI={10.3389/fcimb.2022.895022}, abstractNote={The leading cause of treatment failure in Staphylococcus aureus infections is the development of biofilms. Biofilms are highly tolerant to conventional antibiotics which were developed against planktonic cells. Consequently, there is a lack of antibiofilm agents in the antibiotic development pipeline. To address this problem, we developed a platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-derived biologic, termed BIO-PLY (for the BIOactive fraction of Platelet-rich plasma LYsate) which has potent in vitro bactericidal activity against S. aureus synovial fluid free-floating biofilm aggregates. Additional in vitro studies using equine synoviocytes and chondrocytes showed that BIO-PLY protected these cells of the joint from inflammation. The goal of this study was to test BIO-PLY for in vivo efficacy using an equine model of infectious arthritis. We found that horses experimentally infected with S. aureus and subsequently treated with BIO-PLY combined with the antibiotic amikacin (AMK) had decreased bacterial concentrations within both synovial fluid and synovial tissue and exhibited lower systemic and local inflammatory scores compared to horses treated with AMK alone. Most importantly, AMK+BIO-PLY treatment reduced the loss of infection-associated cartilage proteoglycan content in articular cartilage and decreased synovial tissue fibrosis and inflammation. Our results demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of AMK+BIO-PLY and represents a new approach to restore and potentiate antimicrobial activity against synovial fluid biofilms.}, journal={Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Schaer, Thomas P. and Engiles, Julie B. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Deddens, Bennett L. and Schubert, Alicia G. and Jacob, Megan E. and Stefanovski, Darko and Ruthel, Gordon and Hickok, Noreen J. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{mcparland_horne_robertson_schnabel_nelson_2022, title={Alterations to the synovial invaginations of the navicular bone are associated with pathology of both the navicular apparatus and distal interphalangeal joint when evaluated using high field MRI}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13140}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={McParland, Thomas J. and Horne, Caitlyn R. and Robertson, James B. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Nelson, Nathan C.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{koch_berglund_messenger_gilbertie_ellis_schnabel_2022, title={Interleukin-1 beta in tendon injury enhances reparative gene and protein expression in mesenchymal stem cells}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.963759}, abstractNote={Tendon injury in the horse carries a high morbidity and monetary burden. Despite appropriate therapy, reinjury is estimated to occur in 50–65% of cases. Although intralesional mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has improved tissue architecture and reinjury rates, the mechanisms by which they promote repair are still being investigated. Additionally, reevaluating our application of MSCs in tendon injury is necessary given recent evidence that suggests MSCs exposed to inflammation (deemed MSC licensing) have an enhanced reparative effect. However, applying MSC therapy in this context is limited by the inadequate quantification of the temporal cytokine profile in tendon injury, which hinders our ability to administer MSCs into an environment that could potentiate their effect. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to define the temporal cytokine microenvironment in a surgically induced model of equine tendon injury using ultrafiltration probes and subsequently evaluate changes in MSC gene and protein expression following in vitro inflammatory licensing with cytokines of similar concentration as identified in vivo. In our in vivo surgically induced tendon injury model, IL-1β and IL-6 were the predominant pro-inflammatory cytokines present in tendon ultrafiltrate where a discrete peak in cytokine concentration occurred within 48 h following injury. Thereafter, MSCs were licensed in vitro with IL-1β and IL-6 at a concentration identified from the in vivo study; however, only IL-1β induced upregulation of multiple genes beneficial to tendon healing as identified by RNA-sequencing. Specifically, vascular development, ECM synthesis and remodeling, chemokine and growth factor function alteration, and immunomodulation and tissue reparative genes were significantly upregulated. A significant increase in the protein expression of IL-6, VEGF, and PGE2 was confirmed in IL-1β-licensed MSCs compared to naïve MSCs. This study improves our knowledge of the temporal tendon cytokine microenvironment following injury, which could be beneficial for the development and determining optimal timing of administration of regenerative therapies. Furthermore, these data support the need to further study the benefit of MSCs administered within the inflamed tendon microenvironment or exogenously licensed with IL-1β in vitro prior to treatment as licensed MSCs could enhance their therapeutic benefit in the healing tendon.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Koch, Drew W. W. and Berglund, Alix K. K. and Messenger, Kristen M. M. and Gilbertie, Jessica M. M. and Ellis, Ilene M. M. and Schnabel, Lauren V. V.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{elkhamary_keenihan_schnabel_redding_schumacher_2022, title={Leveraging MRI characterization of longitudinal tears of the deep digital flexor tendon in horses using machine learning}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13090}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={ELKhamary, Ahmed N. and Keenihan, Erin K. and Schnabel, Lauren V and Redding, William R. and Schumacher, Jim}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{jacobs_schnabel_mcilwraith_blikslager_2022, title={Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine orthopaedics}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13561}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Jacobs, Carrie C. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and McIlwraith, C. Wayne and Blikslager, Anthony T.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{gilbertie_ulloa_daiker_nguyen_smelter_rose_geriak_schnabel_nizet_sakoulas_2022, title={Potent Activity of Ertapenem Plus Cefazolin Within Staphylococcal Biofilms: A Contributing Factor in the Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2328-8957"]}, DOI={10.1093/ofid/ofac159}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Gilbertie, Jessica and Ulloa, Erlinda R. and Daiker, Jennifer C. and Nguyen, Khanh and Smelter, Dan and Rose, Warren and Geriak, Matthew and Schnabel, Lauren V and Nizet, Victor and Sakoulas, George}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{koch_schnabel_ellis_bates_berglund_2022, title={TGF-beta 2 enhances expression of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell paracrine factors with known associations to tendon healing}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1757-6512"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13287-022-03172-9}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY}, author={Koch, Drew W. and Schnabel, Lauren V and Ellis, Ilene M. and Bates, Rowan E. and Berglund, Alix K.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{pezzanite_chow_phillips_griffenhagen_moore_schaer_engiles_werpy_gilbertie_schnabel_et al._2022, title={TLR-activated mesenchymal stromal cell therapy and antibiotics to treat multi-drug resistant Staphylococcal septic arthritis in an equine model}, ISSN={["2305-5847"]}, DOI={10.21037/atm-22-1746}, abstractNote={Background Rapid development of antibiotic resistance necessitates advancement of novel therapeutic strategies to treat infection. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) possess antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, mediated through antimicrobial peptide secretion and recruitment of innate immune cells including neutrophils and monocytes. TLR-3 activation of human, canine and equine MSC has been shown to enhance bacterial killing and clearance in vitro, in rodent Staphylococcal biofilm infection models and dogs with spontaneous multi-drug-resistant infections. The objective of this study was to determine if intra-articular (IA) TLR-3-activated MSC with antibiotics improved clinical parameters and reduced bacterial counts and inflammatory cytokine concentrations in synovial fluid (SF) of horses with induced septic arthritis. Methods Eight horses were inoculated in one tarsocrural joint with multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Bone marrow-derived MSC from three unrelated donors were activated with TLR-3 agonist polyinosinic, polycytidylic acid (pIC). Recipient horses received MSC plus vancomycin (TLR-MSC-VAN), or vancomycin (VAN) alone, on days 1, 4, 7 post-inoculation and systemic gentamicin. Pain scores, quantitative bacterial counts (SF, synovium), SF analyses, complete blood counts, cytokine concentrations (SF, plasma), imaging changes (MRI, ultrasound, radiographs), macroscopic joint scores and histologic changes were assessed. Results were reported as mean ± SEM. Results Pain scores (d7, P=0.01, 15.2±0.2 vs. 17.9±0.5), ultrasound (d7, P=0.03, 9.0±0.6 vs. 11.8±0.5), quantitative bacterial counts (SF d7, P=0.02, 0±0 vs. 3.4±0.4; synovium P=0.003, 0.4±0.4 vs. 162.7±18.4), systemic neutrophil (d4, P=0.03, 4.6±0.6 vs. 7.8±0.6) and serum amyloid A (SAA) (d4, P=0.01, 1,106.0±659.0 vs. 2,858.8±141.3; d7, P=0.02, 761.8±746.2 vs. 2,357.3±304.3), and SF lactate (d7, P<0.0001, 5.4±0.2 vs. 15.0±0.3), SAA (endterm, P=0.01, 0.0 vs. 2,094.0±601.6), IL-6 (P=0.03, 313.0±119.2 vs. 1,328.2±208.9), and IL-18 (P=0.02, 11.1±0.5 vs. 13.3±3.8) were improved in TLR-MSC-VAN vs. VAN horses. Study limitations include the small horse sample size, short study duration, and lack of additional control groups. Conclusions Combined TLR-activated MSC with antibiotic therapy may be a promising approach to manage joint infections with drug resistant bacteria.}, journal={ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE}, author={Pezzanite, Lynn M. and Chow, Lyndah and Phillips, Jennifer and Griffenhagen, Gregg M. and Moore, A. Russell and Schaer, Thomas P. and Engiles, Julie B. and Werpy, Natasha and Gilbertie, Jessica and Schnabel, Lauren V. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{schnabel_horne_jacobs_2022, title={Tendon sheath masses - What are the differential diagnoses and what diagnostics are needed?}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/eve.13665}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Schnabel, Lauren V and Horne, Caitlyn R. and Jacobs, Carrie C.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{cameron_even_linardi_berglund_schnabel_engiles_ortved_2021, title={Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Overexpression of Interleukin-10 Affects the Immunomodulatory Properties of Equine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1557-7422"]}, DOI={10.1089/hum.2020.319}, abstractNote={Joint injury can cause posttraumatic inflammation, which if severe enough can lead to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), a progressive and debilitating condition. Posttraumatic inflammation is characterized by an influx of T lymphocytes and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and degradative enzymes by activated chondrocytes and synoviocytes. Intra-articular bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) injection for the treatment of OA has been of interest due to the immunomodulatory properties of these cells. Interleukin-10, a potent immunomodulatory cytokine, has also been investigated as an OA therapeutic. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the combinatorial effects of BM-MSCs and IL-10 in OA using a gene therapy approach. We hypothesized that BM-MSCs overexpressing IL-10 would have superior immunomodulatory effects leading to increased suppression of T-cell proliferation and decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines providing protection of the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) in a stimulated, co-culture OA model. Treatment groups included: untransduced BM-MSC, AAV-IL10 transduced BM-MSC, and AAV-null transduced BM-MSC, which were unstimulated or stimulated with IL-1β/TNF-α. T-cell proliferation was significantly decreased by the presence of BM-MSCs especially when these BM-MSCs were AAV transduced. There was no significant difference in T-cell suppression when cells were cultured with AAV-IL10 transduced or AAV-null transduced BM-MSCs. AAV transduction itself was associated with decreased synthesis of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Expression of IL-1β and MMP13 was downregulated in AAV-transduced BM-MSCs and MMP13 expression was downregulated in cartilage explants co-cultured with AAV-transduced BM-MSCs. Despite mitigation of some pro-inflammatory cascades, rescue of ECM loss, as determined by glycosaminoglycan quantification and histological evaluation, did not occur in either AAV-IL10 transduced or AAV-null transduced co-cultures. Although IL-10 overexpression may enhance BM-MSC mediated T-cell suppression, we did not observe significant modulation of inflammation-driven cartilage degradation in cultures containing AAV-IL10 transduced BM-MSCs. AAV transduction itself does appear to affect paracrine signaling by BM-MSCs which warrants further investigation.}, number={17-18}, journal={HUMAN GENE THERAPY}, author={Cameron, Ashley D. and Even, Kayla M. and Linardi, Renata L. and Berglund, Alix K. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Engiles, Julie B. and Ortved, Kyla F.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={907–918} }
 @article{rowland_miller_berglund_schnabel_levine_antczak_watts_2021, title={Cross-matching of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells eliminates recipient immune targeting}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2157-6580"]}, DOI={10.1002/sctm.20-0435}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={STEM CELLS TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE}, author={Rowland, Aileen L. and Miller, Donald and Berglund, Alix and Schnabel, Lauren V and Levine, Gwendolyn J. and Antczak, Douglas F. and Watts, Ashlee E.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={694–710} }
 @article{connard_linardi_even_berglund_schnabel_ortved_2021, title={Effects of continuous passage on the immunomodulator properties of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro (vol 234, 110203, 2021)}, volume={242}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110340}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Connard, Shannon S. and Linardi, Renata L. and Even, Kayla M. and Berglund, Alix K. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Ortved, Kyla F.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{connard_linardi_even_berglund_schnabel_ortved_2021, title={Effects of continuous passage on the immunomodulatory properties of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro}, volume={234}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110203}, abstractNote={The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied extensively due to their increasing clinical application for tissue regeneration and repair following culture expansion. We have studied the effect of continuous passage on the immunomodulatory capacity of equine bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). Equine BM-MSCs were isolated and culture expanded to passage three, six, and nine (P3, P6, P9). Immunomodulatory properties of each passage were assessed using a T cell proliferation assay and cytokine synthesis following stimulation with interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Equine BM-MSCs maintained their primary cell morphology and immunophenotype throughout all passages. T cell proliferation was suppressed by all passages of BM-MSCs, compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) alone. There was no significant difference in suppression of T cell proliferation between P3, P6, and P9 BM-MSCs. All passages of BM-MSCs significantly increased cytokine synthesis in response to stimulation with IFN-γ. There were no significant differences in production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) or regulate on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) following stimulation with IFN-γ between P3, P6, and P9 BM-MSCs. P9 BM-MSCs had significantly increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), (IL-1β), and (IL-10) compared to P3 BM-MSCs. Additionally, there was a significant increase in production of (IL-8) in P6 and P9 BM-MSCs in comparison to P3 BM-MSCs. Our findings demonstrate that culture expansion affects some of the immunomodulatory properties of BM-MSCs in vitro, which may suggest that MSCs isolated from a single collection of bone marrow may be culture expanded, but only those from lower passage numbers would be ideal for clinical application.}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Connard, Shannon S. and Linardi, Renata L. and Even, Kayla M. and Berglund, Alix K. and Schnabel, Lauren V and Ortved, Kyla F.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{didomenico_fowler_horne_bizikova_schnabel_stowe_2021, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={258}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.258.9.961}, DOI={10.2460/javma.258.9.961}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={DiDomenico, Amy E. and Fowler, Alexander W. and Horne, Caitlyn R. and Bizikova, Petra and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Stowe, Devorah M.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={961–964} }
 @article{berglund_long_robertson_schnabel_2021, title={TGF-beta 2 Reduces the Cell-Mediated Immunogenicity of Equine MHC-Mismatched Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Without Altering Immunomodulatory Properties}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2296-634X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fcell.2021.628382}, abstractNote={Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell therapy for treating numerous diseases, but major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched MSCs can be rejected by the recipient’s immune system. Pre-treating MSCs with transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) to downregulate surface expression of MHC molecules may enhance the ability of allogeneic MSCs to evade immune responses. We used lymphocyte proliferation assays and ELISAs to analyze the immunomodulatory potential of TGF-β2-treated equine bone marrow-derived MSCs. T cell activation and cytotoxicity assays were then used to measure thein vitrocell-mediated immunogenicity. Similar to untreated MSCs, TGF-β2-treated MSCs inhibited T cell proliferation and did not stimulate MHC-mismatched T cells to proliferate. Additionally, similar quantities of prostaglandin E2 and TGF-β1 were detected in assays with untreated and TGF-β2-treated MSCs supporting that TGF-β2-treated MSCs retain their strong immunomodulatory propertiesin vitro. Compared to untreated MSCs, TGF-β2-treated MSCs induced less T cell activation and had reduced cell-mediated cytotoxicityin vitro. These results indicate that treating MSCs with TGF-β2 is a promising strategy to reduce the cell-mediated immunogenicity of MHC-mismatched MSCs and facilitate allogeneic MSC therapy.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY}, author={Berglund, Alix K. and Long, Julie M. and Robertson, James B. and Schnabel, Lauren V}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{copp_flanders_gagliardi_gilbertie_sessions_chubinskaya_loeser_schnabel_diekman_2021, title={The combination of mitogenic stimulation and DNA damage induces chondrocyte senescence}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1522-9653"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.joca.2020.11.004}, abstractNote={Cellular senescence is a phenotypic state characterized by stable cell-cycle arrest, enhanced lysosomal activity, and the secretion of inflammatory molecules and matrix degrading enzymes. Senescence has been implicated in osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology; however, the mechanisms that drive senescence induction in cartilage and other joint tissues are unknown. While numerous physiological signals are capable of initiating senescence, one emerging theme is that damaged cells convert to senescence in response to sustained mitogenic stimulation. The goal of this study was to develop an in vitro articular cartilage explant model to investigate the mechanisms of senescence induction.This study utilized healthy cartilage derived from cadaveric equine stifles and human ankles. Explants were irradiated to initiate DNA damage, and mitogenic stimulation was provided through serum-containing medium and treatment with transforming growth factor β1 and basic fibroblastic growth factor. Readouts of senescence were a quantitative flow cytometry assay to detect senescence-associated β galactosidase activity (SA-β-gal), immunofluorescence for p16 and γH2AX, and qPCR for the expression of inflammatory genes.Human cartilage explants required both irradiation and mitogenic stimulation to induce senescence as compared to baseline control conditions (7.16% vs 2.34% SA-β-gal high, p = 0.0007). These conditions also resulted in chondrocyte clusters within explants, a persistent DNA damage response, increased p16, and gene expression changes.Treatment of cartilage explants with mitogenic stimuli in the context of cellular damage reliably induces high levels of SA-β-gal activity and other senescence markers, which provides a physiologically relevant model system to investigate the mechanisms of senescence induction.}, number={3}, journal={OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE}, author={Copp, M. E. and Flanders, M. C. and Gagliardi, R. and Gilbertie, J. M. and Sessions, G. A. and Chubinskaya, S. and Loeser, R. F. and Schnabel, L. and Diekman, B. O.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={402–412} }
 @article{dinh_paudel_brochu_popowski_gracieux_cores_huang_hensley_harrell_vandergriff_et al._2020, title={Inhalation of lung spheroid cell secretome and exosomes promotes lung repair in pulmonary fibrosis}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2041-1723"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14344-7}, DOI={10.1038/s41467-020-14344-7}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={NATURE COMMUNICATIONS}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Dinh, Phuong-Uyen C. and Paudel, Dipti and Brochu, Hayden and Popowski, Kristen D. and Gracieux, M. Cyndell and Cores, Jhon and Huang, Ke and Hensley, M. Taylor and Harrell, Erin and Vandergriff, Adam C. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{fortier_goodrich_ribitsch_schnabel_shepard_watts_smith_2020, title={One health in regenerative medicine: report on the second Havemeyer symposium on regenerative medicine in horses}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1746-076X"]}, DOI={10.2217/rme-2019-0143}, abstractNote={ Regenerative medicine is commonly used in human and equine athletes. Potential therapies include culture expanded stem cells, stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow concentrate, or autologous conditioned serum. The purpose of this manuscript is to disseminate findings from a workshop on the development of translational regenerative medicine in the equine field. Five themes emerged: stem cell characterization and tenogenic differentiation; interactions between mesenchymal stem cells, other cells and the environment; scaffolds and cell packaging; blood- and bone marrow-based regenerative medicines; clinical use of regenerative therapies. Evidence gained through the use of regenerative medicine applications in the horse should continue to translate to the human patient, bringing novel regenerative therapies to both humans and horses. }, number={6}, journal={REGENERATIVE MEDICINE}, author={Fortier, Lisa Ann and Goodrich, Laurie Ruth and Ribitsch, Iris and Schnabel, Lauren Virginia and Shepard, David Owen and Watts, Ashlee Elizabeth and Smith, Roger Kenneth Whealands}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={1775–1787} }
 @article{gilbertie_schaer_schubert_jacob_menegatti_lavoie_schnabel_2020, title={Platelet-rich plasma lysate displays antibiofilm properties and restores antimicrobial activity against synovial fluid biofilms in vitro}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1554-527X"]}, DOI={10.1002/jor.24584}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH}, author={Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Schaer, Thomas P. and Schubert, Alicia G. and Jacob, Megan E. and Menegatti, Stefano and Lavoie, R. Ashton and Schnabel, Lauren V}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={1365–1374} }
 @article{frohock_gilbertie_daiker_schnabel_pierce_2019, title={5-Benzylidene-4-Oxazolidinones Are Synergistic with Antibiotics for the Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms}, volume={12}, ISBN={1439-7633}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900633}, DOI={10.1002/cbic.201900633}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CHEMBIOCHEM}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Frohock, Bram H. and Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Daiker, Jennifer C. and Schnabel, Lauren V and Pierce, Joshua G.}, year={2019} }
 @article{fowler_gilbertie_watson_prange_osborne_schnabel_2019, title={Effects of acellular equine amniotic allografts on the healing of experimentally induced full-thickness distal limb wounds in horses}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13304}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Fowler, Alexander W. and Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Watson, Victoria E. and Prange, Timo and Osborne, Jason A. and Schnabel, Lauren V}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={1416–1428} }
 @article{gilbertie_schnabel_hickok_jacob_conlon_shapiro_parvizi_schaer_2019, title={Equine or porcine synovial fluid as a novel ex vivo model for the study of bacterial free-floating biofilms that form in human joint infections}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0221012}, abstractNote={Bacterial invasion of synovial joints, as in infectious or septic arthritis, can be difficult to treat in both veterinary and human clinical practice. Biofilms, in the form of free-floating clumps or aggregates, are involved with the pathogenesis of infectious arthritis and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Infection of a joint containing an orthopedic implant can additionally complicate these infections due to the presence of adherent biofilms. Because of these biofilm phenotypes, bacteria within these infected joints show increased antimicrobial tolerance even at high antibiotic concentrations. To date, animal models of PJI or infectious arthritis have been limited to small animals such as rodents or rabbits. Small animal models, however, yield limited quantities of synovial fluid making them impractical for in vitro research. Herein, we describe the use of ex vivo equine and porcine models for the study of synovial fluid induced biofilm aggregate formation and antimicrobial tolerance. We observed Staphylococcus aureus and other bacterial pathogens adapt the same biofilm aggregate phenotype with significant antimicrobial tolerance in both equine and porcine synovial fluid, analogous to human synovial fluid. We also demonstrate that enzymatic dispersal of synovial fluid aggregates restores the activity of antimicrobials. Future studies investigating the interaction of bacterial cell surface proteins with host synovial fluid proteins can be readily carried out in equine or porcine ex vivo models to identify novel drug targets for treatment of prevention of these difficult to treat infectious diseases.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Hickok, Noreen J. and Jacob, Megan E. and Conlon, Brian P. and Shapiro, Irving M. and Parvizi, Javad and Schaer, Thomas P.}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{gilbertie_davis_davidson_mcdonald_schirmer_schnabel_2019, title={Oral reserpine administration in horses results in low plasma concentrations that alter platelet biology}, volume={51}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13048}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={4}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Gilbertie, J. M. and Davis, J. L. and Davidson, G. S. and McDonald, A. M. and Schirmer, J. M. and Schnabel, L. V.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={537–543} }
 @misc{schnabel_redding_2018, title={Diagnosis and management of proximal sesamoid bone fractures in the horse}, volume={30}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/eve.12615}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={8}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Schnabel, L. V. and Redding, W. R.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={450–455} }
 @article{gilbertie_schnabel_stefanovski_kelly_jacob_schaer_2018, title={Gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria influence survival to discharge for horses with septic synovial structures: 206 Cases (2010-2015)}, volume={226}, ISSN={["1873-2542"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.009}, abstractNote={Bacterial colonization of synovial structures can cause infections that are difficult to treat. Systemic and local antimicrobials and repeated joint lavages are the mainstays of therapy. However, despite aggressive treatments, infection may persist, leading to significant tissue damage or death of the patient. In order to investigate the impact of bacterial culture and antimicrobial resistance on survival to discharge, we reviewed medical records of horses admitted to the University of Pennsylvania's large animal teaching hospital from 2010-2015. Two-hundred and six cases with a definitive diagnosis of septic synovitis and a synovial fluid sample submitted for microbiological culture were included in the study. Of these horses, 48% were culture negative and 52% were positive for any bacterial growth, of which 66% were gram-positive and 28% were gram-negative aerobic organisms with 4% anaerobic and 2% fungal organisms. Overall survival to discharge from hospital was 86%. Horses that had negative growth on culture were more likely to survive until discharge (p < 0.02). Multivariable analyses revealed that the likelihood of euthanasia was significantly associated with identification of coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp. (OR 7.66, 5.46-10.74, p < 0.0001), β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (OR 5.18, 3.56-7.55, p < 0.0001), Enterococcus spp. (OR 18.38, 11.45-29.52, p = 0.002), Enterobacteriaceae (OR 31.37, 22.28-44.17, p < 0.0001), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR 9.31, 5.30-16.34, p = 0.0004) or other gram-negative species (OR 3.51, 2.07-5.94, p = 0.001). Multi-drug resistance and gram-negative bacteria species were associated with significantly decreased survival rates (OR 119.24, 70.57-201.46, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, prognosis for survival to discharge was poor for horses that were infected with gram-negative organisms, particularly those with MDR phenotypes.}, journal={VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Schnabel, Lauren V and Stefanovski, Darko and Kelly, Donna J. and Jacob, Megan E. and Schaer, Thomas P.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={64–73} }
 @article{cassano_schnabel_goodale_fortier_2018, title={Inflammatory licensed equine MSCs are chondroprotective and exhibit enhanced immunomodulation in an inflammatory environment}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1757-6512"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13287-018-0840-2}, abstractNote={Inflammatory licensed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to promote functional tissue repair. This study specifically sought to understand how the recipient tissue environment reciprocally affects MSC function. Inflammatory polarized macrophages, modeling an injured tissue environment, were exposed to licensed MSCs, and the resultant effects of MSC immunomodulation and functionality of the MSC secretome on chondrocyte homeostasis were studied.Inflammatory licensed MSCs were generated through priming with either IFN-γ or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Macrophages were polarized to an inflammatory phenotype using IFN-γ. Licensed MSCs were co-cultured with inflammatory macrophages and immunomodulation of MSCs was assessed in a T-cell proliferation assay. MSC gene expression was analyzed for changes in immunogenicity (MHC-I, MHC-II), immunomodulation (IDO, PTGS2, NOS2, TGF-β1), cytokine (IL-6, IL-8), and chemokine (CCL2, CXCL10) expression. Macrophages were assessed for changes in cytokine (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and chemokine (CCL2, CXCL10) expression. Conditioned medium representing the secretome from IFN-γ or poly I:C-primed MSCs was applied to IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes, which were analyzed for catabolic (IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CXCL10, MMP-13, PTGS2) and matrix synthesis (ACAN, COL2A1) genes.IFN-γ-primed MSCs had a superior ability to suppress T-cell proliferation compared to naïve MSCs, and this ability was maintained following exposure to proinflammatory macrophages. In naïve and licensed MSCs exposed to inflammatory macrophages, MHC-I and MHC-II gene expression was upregulated. The secretome from licensed MSCs was chondroprotective and downregulated inflammatory gene expression in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes.In-vitro inflammatory licensing agents enhanced the immunomodulatory ability of MSCs exposed to inflammatory macrophages, and the resultant secretome was biologically active, protecting chondrocytes from catabolic stimulation. Use of licensing agents produced a more consistent immunomodulatory MSC population compared to exposure to inflammatory macrophages. The clinical implications of this study are that in-vitro licensing prior to therapeutic application could result in a more predictable immunomodulatory and reparative response to MSC therapy compared to in-vivo inflammatory licensing by the recipient environment.}, journal={STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY}, author={Cassano, Jennifer M. and Schnabel, Lauren V and Goodale, Margaret B. and Fortier, Lisa A.}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{gilbertie_long_schubert_berglund_schaer_schnabel_2018, title={Pooled Platelet-Rich Plasma Lysate Therapy Increases Synoviocyte Proliferation and Hyaluronic Acid Production While Protecting Chondrocytes From Synoviocyte-Derived Inflammatory Mediators}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2018.00150}, abstractNote={Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations are being used with moderate success to treat osteoarthritis (OA) in humans and in veterinary species. Such preparations are hindered, however, by being autologous in nature and subject to tremendous patient and processing variability. For this reason, there has been increasing interest in the use of platelet lysate preparations instead of traditional PRP. Platelet lysate preparations are acellular, thereby reducing concerns over immunogenicity, and contain high concentrations of growth factors and cytokines. In addition, platelet lysate preparations can be stored frozen for readily available use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a pooled allogeneic platelet-rich plasma lysate (PRP-L) preparation on equine synoviocytes and chondrocytes challenged with inflammatory mediators in-vitro to mimic the OA joint environment. Our hypothesis was that PRP-L treatment of inflamed synoviocytes would protect chondrocytes challenged with synoviocyte conditioned media by reducing synoviocyte pro-inflammatory cytokine production while increasing synoviocyte anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Synoviocytes were stimulated with either interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h followed by no treatment or treatment with platelet-poor plasma lysate (PPP-L) or PRP-L for 48 h. Synoviocyte growth was evaluated at the end of the treatment period and synoviocyte conditioned media was assessed for concentrations of hyaluronic acid (HA), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Chondrocytes were then challenged for 48 h with synoviocyte conditioned media from each stimulation and treatment group and examined for gene expression of collagen types I (COL1A1), II (COL2A1), and III (COL3A1), aggrecan (ACAN), lubricin (PRG4), and matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP-3) and 13 (MMP-13). Treatment of inflamed synoviocytes with PRP-L resulted in increased synoviocyte growth and increased synoviocyte HA and IL-6 production. Challenge of chondrocytes with conditioned media from PRP-L treated synoviocytes resulted in increased collagen type II and aggrecan gene expression as well as decreased MMP-13 gene expression. The results of this study support continued investigation into the use of pooled PRP-L for the treatment of osteoarthritis and warrant further in-vitro studies to discern the mechanisms of action of PRP-L.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Long, Julie M. and Schubert, Alicia G. and Berglund, Alix K. and Schaer, Thomas P. and Schnabel, Lauren V.}, year={2018}, month={Jul} }
 @article{cassano_schnabel_goodale_fortier_2018, title={The immunomodulatory function of equine MSCs is enhanced by priming through an inflammatory microenvironment or TLR3 ligand}, volume={195}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.10.003}, abstractNote={Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the therapeutic potential to treat a variety of inflammatory and degenerative disease processes, however the effects of the tissue environment on MSCs have been overlooked. Our hypothesis was that the immunomodulatory function of MSCs would be impaired by TLR4 stimulation or exposure to inflammatory macrophages, whereas their immunosuppressive properties would be enhanced by TLR3 stimulation. MSCs were exposed to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) to stimulate TLR3 receptors or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate TLR4 receptors. MSC1 proinflammatory phenotype in human MSCs was associated with increased IL-6 and IL-8 and MSC2 regenerative phenotype was associated with increased CCL2 and CXCL10. MSC immunomodulatory function was assessed by measuring the ability of primed MSCs to suppress mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated using CD14 MACs positive selection, differentiated into macrophages, and polarized using interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Polarization was confirmed by increased gene expression of TNFα, CCL2, and CXCL10. Inflammatory macrophages were co-cultured with MSCs for 6h, and the resultant MSC phenotype was analyzed as described above. Both TLR3 and TLR4 priming and co-culture of MSCs with inflammatory macrophages resulted in increased expression of IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL10 in MSCs. Both TLR3 and TLR4 priming or exposure of MSCs to inflammatory macrophages significantly (p<0.05) enhanced their immunomodulatory function, demonstrated by a decrease in T cell proliferation in the presence of poly I:C primed MSCs (11%), LPS primed MSCs (7%), or MSCs exposed to inflammatory macrophages (12%), compared to unstimulated MSCs. Additionally, MHC class II positive MSCs tended to have a greater magnitude of response to priming compared to MHC class II negative MSCs. These results suggest that MSCs can be activated by a variety of inflammatory stimuli, but the recipient injured tissue bed in chronic injuries may not contain sufficient inflammatory signals to activate MSC immunomodulatory function. Enhancement of MSCs immunomodulatory function through inflammatory priming prior to clinical application might improve the therapeutic effect of MSC treatments.}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Cassano, Jennifer M. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Goodale, Margaret B. and Fortier, Lisa A.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={33–39} }
 @article{berglund_schnabel_2017, title={Allogeneic major histocompatibility complex-mismatched equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are targeted for death by cytotoxic anti-major histocompatibility complex antibodies}, volume={49}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12647}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={4}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Berglund, A. K. and Schnabel, L. V.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={539–544} }
 @article{sherman_gilger_berglund_schnabel_2017, title={Effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and stem cell supernatant on equine corneal wound healing in vitro}, volume={8}, ISSN={1757-6512}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0577-3}, DOI={10.1186/s13287-017-0577-3}, abstractNote={We aimed to determine and compare the in vitro effects of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and mesenchymal stem cell supernatant (MSC-Sp) on the wound healing capacity of equine corneal fibroblasts using a scratch assay. Bone marrow aspirates and eyes were collected from normal, euthanized horses with subsequent isolation and culture of BM-MSCs and corneal stromal cells. Corneal stromal cells were culture-expanded in the culture well of transwell plates and then treated with an autologous BM-MSC suspension (dose: 2.5 × 105/100 μL media with the BM-MSCs contained within the insert well), MSC-Sp solution, or naive culture media (control) for 72 h. A linear defect in confluent cell cultures was created (i.e., corneal scratch assay) to assess the cellular closure (“healing”) over time. Three representative areas of the scratch in each culture were photographed at each time point and the scratch area was quantitated using image analysis software (ImageJ). Media from the scratches were analyzed for various growth factors using human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits that crossreact with the horse. There was a significant percentage decrease in the scratch area remaining in the BM-MSC and MSC-Sp groups compared to the control group. There was also a significant percentage decrease in the scratch area remaining in the BM-MSC group compared to the MSC-Sp group at 36 h post-scratch and all time points thereafter. The concentration of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the media was significantly higher in the BM-MSC group compared to the control group. The significant decrease in scratch area in equine corneal fibroblast cultures treated with autologous BM-MSCs compared to MSC-Sp or control treatments suggests that BM-MSCs may substantially improve corneal wound healing in horses. MSC-Sp may also improve corneal wound healing given the significant decrease in scratch area compared to control treatments, and would be an immediately available and cost-effective treatment option.}, number={1}, journal={Stem Cell Research & Therapy}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Sherman, Amanda B. and Gilger, Brian C. and Berglund, Alix K. and Schnabel, Lauren V.}, year={2017}, month={May} }
 @article{lustgarten_redding_schnabel_prange_seiler_2016, title={Navigational ultrasound imaging: A novel imaging tool for aiding interventional therapies of equine musculoskeletal injuries}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12410}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={2}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Lustgarten, M. and Redding, W. R. and Schnabel, L. V. and Prange, T. and Seiler, G. S.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={195–200} }
 @article{pezzanite_fortier_antczak_cassano_brosnahan_miller_schnabel_2015, title={Equine allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells elicit antibody responses in vivo}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1757-6512"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13287-015-0053-x}, abstractNote={This study tested the hypothesis that Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) incompatible equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) would induce cytotoxic antibodies to donor MHC antigens in recipient horses after intradermal injection. No studies to date have explored recipient antibody responses to allogeneic donor MSC transplantation in the horse. This information is critical because the horse is a valuable species for assessing the safety and efficacy of MSC treatment prior to human clinical application.Six MHC heterozygote horses were identified as non-ELA-A2 haplotype by microsatellite typing and used as allogeneic MHC-mismatched MSC recipients. MHC homozygote horses of known ELA-A2 haplotype were used as MSC and peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) donors. One MHC homozygote horse of the ELA-A2 haplotype was the recipient of ELA-A2 donor MSCs as an MHC-matched control. Donor MSCs, which were previously isolated and immunophenotyped, were thawed and culture expanded to achieve between 30x10(6) and 50x10(6) cells for intradermal injection into the recipient's neck. Recipient serum was collected and tested for the presence of anti-donor antibodies prior to MSC injection and every 7 days after MSC injection for the duration of the 8-week study using the standard two-stage lymphocyte microcytotoxicity dye-exclusion test. In addition to anti-ELA-A2 antibodies, recipient serum was examined for the presence of cross-reactive antibodies including anti-ELA-A3 and anti-RBC antibodies.All MHC-mismatched recipient horses produced anti-ELA-A2 antibodies following injection of ELA-A2 MSCs and developed a wheal at the injection site that persisted for the duration of the experiment. Anti-ELA-A2 antibody responses were varied both in terms of strength and timing. Four recipient horses had high-titered anti-ELA-A2 antibody responses resulting in greater than 80% donor PBL death in the microcytotoxicity assays and one of these horses also developed antibodies that cross-reacted when tested on lymphocyte targets from a horse with an unrelated MHC type.Allogeneic MSCs are capable of eliciting antibody responses in vivo that can be strong and also cross-reactive with MHC types other than that of the donor. Such responses could limit the effectiveness of repeated allogeneic MSC use in a single horse, and could also result in untoward inflammatory responses in recipients.}, journal={STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY}, author={Pezzanite, Lynn M. and Fortier, Lisa A. and Antczak, Douglas F. and Cassano, Jennifer M. and Brosnahan, Margaret M. and Miller, Donald and Schnabel, Lauren V.}, year={2015}, month={Apr} }
 @article{cassano_schnabel_betancourt_antczak_fortier_2015, title={Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy: Clinical Progress and Opportunities for Advancement}, volume={3}, ISSN={2167-485X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S40139-015-0064-4}, DOI={10.1007/S40139-015-0064-4}, number={1}, journal={Current Pathobiology Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Cassano, Jennifer M. and Schnabel, Lauren V. and Betancourt, Aline M. and Antczak, Douglas F. and Fortier, Lisa A.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{schnabel_pezzanite_antczak_felippe_fortier_2014, title={Equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells are heterogeneous in MHC class II expression and capable of inciting an immune response in vitro}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1757-6512"]}, DOI={10.1186/scrt402}, abstractNote={The horse is a valuable species to assess the effect of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in regenerative treatments. No studies to date have examined recipient response to major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched equine MSCs. The purposes of this study were to immunophenotype MSCs from horses of known MHC haplotype and to compare the immunogenicity of MSCs with differing MHC class II expression. MSCs and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) were obtained from Thoroughbred horses (n = 10) of known MHC haplotype (ELA-A2, -A3, and -A9 homozygotes). MSCs were cultured through P8; cells from each passage (P2 to P8) were cryopreserved until used. Immunophenotyping of MHC class I and II, CD44, CD29, CD90, LFA-1, and CD45RB was performed by using flow cytometry. Tri-lineage differentiation assays were performed to confirm MSC multipotency. Recombinant equine IFN-γ was used to stimulate MHC class II negative MSCs in culture, after which expression of MHC class II was re-examined. To assess the ability of MHC class II negative or positive MSCs to stimulate an immune response, modified one-way mixed leukocyte reactions (MLRs) were performed by using MHC-matched and mismatched responder PBLs and stimulator PBLs or MSCs. Proliferation of gated CFSE-labeled CD3+ responder T cells was evaluated via CFSE attenuation by using flow cytometry and reported as the number of cells in the proliferating T-cell gate. MSCs varied widely in MHC class II expression despite being homogenous in terms of “stemness” marker expression and ability to undergo trilineage differentiation. Stimulation of MHC class II negative MSCs with IFN-γ resulted in markedly increased expression of MHC class II. MLR results revealed that MHC-mismatched MHC class II-positive MSCs caused significantly increased responder T-cell proliferation compared with MHC-mismatched MHC class II-negative and MHC-matched MSCs, and equivalent to that of the positive control of MHC-mismatched leukocytes. The results of this study suggest that MSCs should be confirmed as MHC class II negative before allogeneic application. Additionally, it must be considered that even MHC class II-negative MSCs could upregulate MHC class II expression if implanted into an area of active inflammation, as demonstrated with in vitro stimulation with IFN-γ.}, journal={STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY}, author={Schnabel, Lauren V. and Pezzanite, Lynn M. and Antczak, Douglas F. and Felippe, M. Julia Bevilaqua and Fortier, Lisa A.}, year={2014}, month={Jan} }
 @article{schnabel_abratte_schimenti_felippe_cassano_southard_cross_fortier_2014, title={Induced pluripotent stem cells have similar immunogenic and more potent immunomodulatory properties compared with bone marrow-derived stromal cells in vitro}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1746-076X"]}, DOI={10.2217/rme.14.29}, abstractNote={ Aim: To evaluate the in vitro immunogenic and immunomodulatory properties of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Materials & methods: Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were isolated from C3HeB/FeJ and C57BL/6J mice, and reprogrammed to generate iPSCs. Mixed leukocyte reactions were performed using MHC-matched and -mismatched responder leukocytes and stimulator leukocytes, iPSCs or MSCs. To assess immunogenic potential, iPSCs and MSCs were used as stimulator cells for responder leukocytes. To assess immunomodulatory properties, iPSCs and MSCs were cultured in the presence of stimulator and responder leukocytes. MEFs were used as a control. Results: iPSCs had similar immunogenic properties but more potent immunomodulatory effects than MSCs. Co-culture of MHC-mismatched leukocytes with MHC-matched iPSCs resulted in significantly less responder T-cell proliferation than observed for MHC-mismatched leukocytes alone and at more responder leukocyte concentrations than with MSCs. In addition, MHC-mismatched iPSCs significantly reduced responder T-cell proliferation when co-cultured with MHC-mismatched leukocytes, while MHC-mismatched MSCs did not. Conclusion: These results provide important information when considering the use of iPSCs in place of MSCs in both regenerative and transplantation medicine. }, number={5}, journal={REGENERATIVE MEDICINE}, author={Schnabel, Lauren V. and Abratte, Christian M. and Schimenti, John C. and Felippe, M. Julia Bevilaqua and Cassano, Jennifer M. and Southard, Teresa L. and Cross, Jessica A. and Fortier, Lisa A.}, year={2014}, pages={621–635} }
 @article{schnabel_fortier_wayne mcilwraith_nobert_2013, title={Therapeutic use of stem cells in horses: Which type, how, and when?}, volume={197}, ISSN={1090-0233}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.TVJL.2013.04.018}, DOI={10.1016/J.TVJL.2013.04.018}, abstractNote={Stem cells are commonly used in equine practice to treat musculoskeletal disorders including tendonitis, osteoarthritis, and more recently laminitis. As the field of regenerative medicine continues to advance, equine practitioners need contemporary information regarding the choice of stem cell type and recommendations regarding clinical implementation of stem cell therapies. Clinicians must also be aware of the limitation in current knowledge regarding stem cells, and the impending regulatory laws that may limit the use of equine stem cells in clinical patients.}, number={3}, journal={The Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schnabel, Lauren V. and Fortier, Lisa A. and Wayne McIlwraith, C. and Nobert, Karl M.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={570–577} }
 @article{nixon_watts_schnabel_2012, title={Cell- and gene-based approaches to tendon regeneration}, volume={21}, ISSN={1058-2746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.015}, DOI={10.1016/j.jse.2011.11.015}, abstractNote={Repair of rotator cuff tears in experimental models has been significantly improved by the use of enhanced biologic approaches, including platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate, growth factor supplements, and cell- and gene-modified cell therapy. Despite added complexity, cell-based therapies form an important part of enhanced repair, and combinations of carrier vehicles, growth factors, and implanted cells provide the best opportunity for robust repair. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells provide a stimulus for repair in flexor tendons, but application in rotator cuff repair has not shown universally positive results. The use of scaffolds such as platelet-rich plasma, fibrin, and synthetic vehicles and the use of gene priming for stem cell differentiation and local anabolic and anti-inflammatory impact have both provided essential components for enhanced tendon and tendon-to-bone repair in rotator cuff disruption. Application of these research techniques in human rotator cuff injury has generally been limited to autologous platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow concentrate, or bone marrow aspirates combined with scaffold materials. Cultured mesenchymal progenitor therapy and gene-enhanced function have not yet reached clinical trials in humans. Research in several animal species indicates that the concept of gene-primed stem cells, particularly embryonic stem cells, combined with effective culture conditions, transduction with long-term integrating vectors carrying anabolic growth factors, and development of cells conditioned by use of RNA interference gene therapy to resist matrix metalloproteinase degradation, may constitute potential advances in rotator cuff repair. This review summarizes cell- and gene-enhanced cell research for tendon repair and provides future directions for rotator cuff repair using biologic composites.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Nixon, Alan J. and Watts, Ashlee E. and Schnabel, Lauren V.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={278–294} }
 @article{schnabel_lynch_van der meulen_yeager_kornatowski_nixon_2009, title={Mesenchymal stem cells and insulin-like growth factor-I gene-enhanced mesenchymal stem cells improve structural aspects of healing in equine flexor digitorum superficialis tendons}, volume={27}, ISSN={0736-0266 1554-527X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.20887}, DOI={10.1002/jor.20887}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Orthopaedic Research}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Schnabel, Lauren V. and Lynch, Maureen E. and van der Meulen, Marjolein C.H. and Yeager, Amy E. and Kornatowski, Matthew A. and Nixon, Alan J.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={1392–1398} }
 @article{schnabel_mohammed_miller_mcdermott_jacobson_santangelo_fortier_2007, title={Platelet rich plasma (PRP) enhances anabolic gene expression patterns in flexor digitorum superficialis tendons}, volume={25}, ISSN={0736-0266 1554-527X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.20278}, DOI={10.1002/jor.20278}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Orthopaedic Research}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Schnabel, Lauren V. and Mohammed, Hussni O. and Miller, Brian J. and McDermott, William G. and Jacobson, May S. and Santangelo, Kelly S. and Fortier, Lisa A.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={230–240} }