@article{kissell_brinson_gehring_tell_wetzlich_baynes_riviere_smith_2016, title={Pharmacokinetics and tissue elimination of flunixin in veal calves}, volume={77}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.77.6.634}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.77.6.634}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Kissell, Lindsey W. and Brinson, Patrick D. and Gehring, Ronette and Tell, Lisa A. and Wetzlich, Scott E. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Riviere, Jim E. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={634–640} }
 @article{kissell_leavens_baynes_riviere_smith_2015, title={Comparison of pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin in healthy cows and cows with mastitis}, volume={246}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.246.1.118}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kissell, Lindsey W. and Leavens, Teresa L. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Riviere, Jim E. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={118–125} }
 @article{leavens_tell_kissell_smith_smith_wagner_shelver_wu_baynes_riviere_et al._2014, title={Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for flunixin in cattle (Bos taurus)}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1944-0057"]}, DOI={10.1080/19440049.2014.938363}, abstractNote={Frequent violation of flunixin residues in tissues from cattle has been attributed to non-compliance with the USFDA-approved route of administration and withdrawal time. However, the effect of administration route and physiological differences among animals on tissue depletion has not been determined. The objective of this work was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict plasma, liver and milk concentrations of flunixin in cattle following intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration for use as a tool to determine factors that may affect the withdrawal time. The PBPK model included blood flow-limited distribution in all tissues and elimination in the liver, kidney and milk. Regeneration of parent flunixin due to enterohepatic recirculation and hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites was incorporated in the liver compartment. Values for physiological parameters were obtained from the literature, and partition coefficients for all tissues but liver and kidney were derived empirically. Liver and kidney partition coefficients and elimination parameters were estimated for 14 pharmacokinetic studies (including five crossover studies) from the literature or government sources in which flunixin was administered i.v., i.m. or s.c. Model simulations compared well with data for the matrices following all routes of administration. Influential model parameters included those that may be age or disease-dependent, such as clearance and rate of milk production. Based on the model, route of administration would not affect the estimated days to reach the tolerance concentration (0.125 mg kg−1) in the liver of treated cattle. The majority of USDA-reported violative residues in liver were below the upper uncertainty predictions based on estimated parameters, which suggests the need to consider variability due to disease and age in establishing withdrawal intervals for drugs used in food animals. The model predicted that extravascular routes of administration prolonged flunixin concentrations in milk, which could result in violative milk residues in treated cattle.}, number={9}, journal={FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT}, author={Leavens, Teresa and Tell, L. A. and Kissell, L. W. and Smith, G. W. and Smith, D. J. and Wagner, S. A. and Shelver, W. L. and Wu, H. L. and Baynes, R. E. and Riviere, J. E. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={1506–1521} }
 @article{kissell_baynes_riviere_smith_2013, title={Occurrence of flunixin residues in bovine milk samples from the USA}, volume={30}, ISSN={1944-0049 1944-0057}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.803604}, DOI={10.1080/19440049.2013.803604}, abstractNote={5-Hydroxy-flunixin concentrations in milk samples were quantified by two commercially available screening assays – CHARM® and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) – to determine whether any concentrations could be detected above the tolerance limit of 2 ng g−1 from different regions in the United States. Milk samples came from large tanker trucks hauling milk to processing plants, and had already been screened for antibiotics. Positive results for flunixin residues based on a screening assay were confirmed by ultra-HPLC with mass spectrometric detection. Of the 500 milk samples analysed in this study, one sample was found to have a 5-hydroxy-flunixin concentration greater than the tolerance limit. The results of this study indicate that flunixin residues in milk are possible. Regulatory agencies should be aware that such residues can occur, and should consider incorporating or expanding flunixin screening tests as part of routine drug monitoring in milk. Larger studies are needed to determine the true prevalence of flunixin residues in milk from other regions in the United States as well as different countries.}, number={9}, journal={Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kissell, L.W. and Baynes, R.E. and Riviere, J.E. and Smith, G.W.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1513–1516} }
 @misc{baynes_dedonder_kissell_mzyk_marmulak_smith_tell_gehring_davis_riviere, title={Health concerns and management of select veterinary drug residues}, volume={88}, journal={Food and Chemical Toxicology}, author={Baynes, R. E. and Dedonder, K. and Kissell, L. and Mzyk, D. and Marmulak, T. and Smith, G. and Tell, L. and Gehring, R. and Davis, J. and Riviere, J. E.}, pages={112–122} }