@article{lugo-morales_sombers_2015, title={Enzyme-based microbiosensors for selective quantification of rapid molecular fluctuations in brain tissue}, DOI={10.1142/9789814619776_0006}, journal={Compendium of In Vivo Monitoring in Real-Time Molecular Neuroscience, vol 1: Fundamentals and Applications}, author={Lugo-Morales, L. Z. and Sombers, Leslie}, year={2015}, pages={137–160} }
 @article{lugo-morales_loziuk_corder_toups_roberts_mccaffrey_sombers_2013, title={Enzyme-Modified Carbon-Fiber Microelectrode for the Quantification of Dynamic Fluctuations of Nonelectroactive Analytes Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1520-6882"]}, DOI={10.1021/ac4017852}, abstractNote={Neurotransmission occurs on a millisecond time scale, but conventional methods for monitoring nonelectroactive neurochemicals are limited by slow sampling rates. Despite a significant global market, a sensor capable of measuring the dynamics of rapidly fluctuating, nonelectroactive molecules at a single recording site with high sensitivity, electrochemical selectivity, and a subsecond response time is still lacking. To address this need, we have enabled the real-time detection of dynamic glucose fluctuations in live brain tissue using background-subtracted, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. The novel microbiosensor consists of a simple carbon fiber surface modified with an electrodeposited chitosan hydrogel encapsulating glucose oxidase. The selectivity afforded by voltammetry enables quantitative and qualitative measurements of enzymatically generated H2O2 without the need for additional strategies to eliminate interfering agents. The microbiosensors possess a sensitivity and limit of detection for glucose of 19.4 ± 0.2 nA mM(-1) and 13.1 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. They are stable, even under deviations from physiological normoxic conditions, and show minimal interference from endogenous electroactive substances. Using this approach, we have quantitatively and selectively monitored pharmacologically evoked glucose fluctuations with unprecedented chemical and spatial resolution. Furthermore, this novel biosensing strategy is widely applicable to the immobilization of any H2O2 producing enzyme, enabling rapid monitoring of many nonelectroactive enzyme substrates.}, number={18}, journal={ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY}, author={Lugo-Morales, Leyda Z. and Loziuk, Philip L. and Corder, Amanda K. and Toups, J. Vincent and Roberts, James G. and McCaffrey, Katherine A. and Sombers, Leslie A.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={8780–8786} }
 @article{sanford_morton_whitehouse_oara_lugo-morales_roberts_sombers_2010, title={Voltammetric Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide at Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1520-6882"]}, DOI={10.1021/ac100536s}, abstractNote={Hydrogen peroxide is a reactive oxygen species that is implicated in a number of neurological disease states and that serves a critical role in normal cell function. It is commonly exploited as a reporter molecule enabling the electrochemical detection of nonelectroactive molecules at electrodes modified with substrate-specific oxidative enzymes. We present the first voltammetric characterization of rapid hydrogen peroxide fluctuations at an uncoated carbon fiber microelectrode, demonstrating unprecedented chemical and spatial resolution. The carbon surface was electrochemically conditioned on the anodic scan and the irreversible oxidation of peroxide was detected on the cathodic scan. The oxidation potential was dependent on scan rate, occurring at +1.2 V versus Ag/AgCl at a scan rate of 400 V.s(-1). The relationship between peak oxidation current and concentration was linear across the physiological range tested, with deviation from linearity above 2 mM and a detection limit of 2 muM. Peroxide was distinguished from multiple interferents, both in vitro and in brain slices. The enzymatic degradation of peroxide was monitored, as was peroxide evolution in response to glucose at a glucose oxidase modified carbon fiber electrode. This novel approach provides the requisite sensitivity, selectivity, spatial and temporal resolution to study dynamic peroxide fluctuations in discrete biological locations.}, number={12}, journal={ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY}, author={Sanford, Audrey L. and Morton, Stephen W. and Whitehouse, Kelsey L. and Oara, Hannah M. and Lugo-Morales, Leyda Z. and Roberts, James G. and Sombers, Leslie A.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={5205–5210} }