@article{cheema_qureshi_havenstein_ferket_nestor_2007, title={Comparison of the immune response of 2003 commercial turkeys and a 1966 randombred strain when fed representative 2003 and 1966 turkey diets}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.2.241}, abstractNote={The immunological performance of modern turkeys (one-third each of the Nicholas Turkey, British United Turkeys of America, and Hybrid Turkey strains) hatched in 2003 (2003 strain) was compared with that of a randombred control turkey strain (RBC2) established in calendar year 1966, when fed representative 1966 and 2003 type diets. The 2003 strain had a higher BW and bursa of Fabricius weight relative to total BW compared with the RBC2 strain (P = 0.0001) when measured at 12 and 13 d of age, respectively. Total antibody response against SRBC did not differ between strains, nor were any differences observed in the IgM antibody levels either during a primary or secondary SRBC challenge. However, RBC2 poults had higher IgG levels (P = 0.02) than the 2003 strain at 7 d post secondary SRBC challenge. No significant differences were observed in the phytohemagglutinin phosphate-mediated toe-web lymphoblastic response. However, the 2003-strain turkeys seemed to have a better swelling response (P = 0.06) than the RBC2-strain turkeys when measured at 24 h post phytohemagglutinin phosphate injection. The modern turkeys also had higher mononuclear phagocytic system function, as measured by clearance of carbon particles from the bloodstream 5 min post intravenous injection of colloidal carbon (P = 0.02). These results indicate that selection over the years of turkeys for improved performance traits has had no adverse effects on most of the immune system indicators when examined prior to sexual maturity in the current study.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Cheema, M. A. and Qureshi, M. A. and Havenstein, G. B. and Ferket, P. R. and Nestor, K. E.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={241–248} }
 @article{havenstein_ferket_grimes_qureshi_nestor_2007, title={Comparison of the performance of 1966-versus 2003-type turkeys when fed representative 1966 and 2003 turkey diets: Growth rate, livability, and feed conversion}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.2.232}, abstractNote={Body weight, livability, and feed conversion of a randombred control turkey line (RBC2) started in 1966 at The Ohio State University was compared with that of modern commercial turkeys hatched in 2003 when fed representative 1966- and 2003-type diets from hatch (March 5, 2003) through 196 d of age. Each pen of modern turkeys consisted of 5 birds each of the Nicholas, British United Turkeys of America, and Hybrid strains. Eight groups (i.e., 2 strains (RBC2 vs. modern), 2 sexes, and 2 dietary regimens) were randomly assigned into each of 4 blocks of 8 litter floor pens (32 total) for growout. Using the BW performance of the 2 strains on the modern feed as the basis, the study showed that the 2003 turkeys were approximately twice as heavy as the 1966 RBC2 at the 4 slaughter ages and that tom weights have increased by 186, 208, 227, and 241 g/yr, and hen weights have increased by 164, 179, 186, and 205 g/yr at 112, 140, 168, and 196 d of age, respectively, over the past 37 yr. Cumulative feed conversion (kg of feed/kg of BW) was approximately 20% better in the 2003 tom turkey on the 2003 feed (2.638) than in the RBC2 tom on the 1966 feed (3.278) at 20 wk of age. Feed efficiency to 11 kg of BW in the 2003 toms (2.132 at 98 d of age) was approximately 50% better than in the RBC2 toms (4.208 at 196 d of age). The number of days to reach that weight was halved during this period of time. Growth performance during the different periods of the study appeared to be strongly affected by type of feed used and seasonal changes in ambient temperature. Overall livability was very good for all groups, but the mortality level of the RBC2 was consistently higher, although not significantly so, than for the modern birds.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Havenstein, G. B. and Ferket, P. R. and Grimes, J. L. and Qureshi, M. A. and Nestor, K. E.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={232–240} }
 @article{hadri_garlich_qureshi_ferket_odetallah_2004, title={Glucose and electrolyte supplementation of drinking water improve the immune responses of poults with inanition}, volume={83}, DOI={10.1093/ps/83.5.803}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Enteric disorders predispose poultry to malnutrition. The objectives of this paper were 1) to simulate the inanition of poult enteritis mortality syndrome by restricting feed intake and 2) to develop a drinking water supplement that supports the immune functions of poults with inanition.
 Poults were restricted to 14 g of feed/d for 7 d beginning at 14 d of age then fed ad libitum until 36 d (recovery). The control was fed ad libitum. During the feed-restriction period, duplicate groups of 6 poults received 1 of 5 drinking water treatments: 1) restricted feed, unsupplemented water; 2) restricted feed + electrolytes (RE); 3) RE + glucose + citric acid (REGC); 4) REGC + betaine (REGCB); or 5) REGCB + zinc-methionine (REGCBZ). Immunological functions were assessed by inoculating poults with SRBC and B. abortus (BA) antigen at 15, 22, and 29 d of age. Antibody (Ab) titers were determined 7 d later for primary, secondary, and recovery responses. The primary and secondary total Ab titers to SRBC for restricted feed were 4.71 and 6.16 log3, which where lower (P < 0.05) than for controls (8.00 and 9.66 log3) and the other treatments. The recovery Ab titer for controls was 10.7, significantly higher than restricted feed (8.71) and RE (8.10) groups but not different from other treatments. The primary total Ab responses to BA were significantly lower in the restricted feed and RE groups as compared with the control and other treatments. Although feed restriction of poults to maintenance reduces the humoral immune responses, these responses can be significantly improved by drinking water containing electrolytes and especially sources of energy such as glucose and citric acid.
 
}, number={5}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Hadri, L. El and Garlich, J. D. and Qureshi, M. A. and Ferket, Peter and Odetallah, N. H.}, year={2004}, pages={803–809} }
 @article{fasina_garlich_classen_ferket_havenstein_grimes_qureshi_christensen_2004, title={Response of turkey poults to soybean lectin levels typically encountered in commercial diets. 1. Effect on growth and nutrient digestibility}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/83.9.1559}, abstractNote={Lectins are known to bind to the intestinal brush border membrane and induce antinutritional effects such as disruption of the brush border membrane (BBM) and reduced nutrient digestibility in laboratory rodents. Because soybean lectin (SBL) is usually present in poult starter diets, 2 similar experiments with starting turkey poults were conducted to investigate the effects of purified SBL on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Experimental diets were a corn starch-casein based control (lectin-free) semipurified diet (PD), semipurified diets containing 0.024 or 0.048% soybean lectin (PDL, PDH), and a corn-soybean meal diet (SBD). Experimental diets were fed from hatch to 14 d. Antibodies specific for soybean lectin were detected in the serum of poults fed the PDL and PDH diets, implying that the SBL in these diets remained active in the digestive tract. Poults fed the control PD or SBD grew equally well. The 0.024% SBL level in PDL had no significant detrimental effect on any parameters assessed in the 2 experiments. In contrast, the 0.048% SBL level in the PDH gave inconsistent results for feed efficiency (FE) and brush border enzyme levels. For instance, on d 6 in experiment 2, poults fed the PDH had poorer FE (P < 0.05) compared with the control PD treatment, but had similar FE to poults fed the PD in experiment 1. In conclusion, SBL present at levels up to 0.024% of the diet would not cause antinutritional effect in turkey poults up to 2 wk of age.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fasina, YO and Garlich, JD and Classen, HL and Ferket, PR and Havenstein, GB and Grimes, JL and Qureshi, MA and Christensen, VL}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={1559–1571} }
 @article{cheema_qureshi_havenstein_2003, title={A comparison of the immune profile of commercial broiler strains when raised on marginal and high protein diets}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.300.312}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to compare the immunocompetence of four commercial broiler strains (Ross 3F8, Ross x Cobb, Ross 308 and Cobb x Cobb (CC)) that were fed either a marginal protein diet (D1) or a high protein diet (D2) for the starter and finisher diets, respectively. Strain CC showed comparatively higher and more persistent antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (P < 0.0182) as well as higher macrophage phagocytic function for SRBC uptake (P = 0.0118) than the other strains. The Ross 308 strain had significantly greater cell mediated immune response, as measured by T-lymphocyte proliferation response to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), P < 0.04) and Concanavalin-A (Con-A) (P < 0.0281), as well as for the chemotaxis response to formyl-met-leu-phe (P < 0.0019) than the other strains. The diet effect was variable for monocyte-macrophage functions, but birds on the high protein diets showed higher cell- mediated response than the birds on the low protein diets when measured by Con-A and PHA-P responses. An interaction between strains and diets was seen for antibody response with the Ross 308 showing higher titers on D1 while the CC had greater antibody response when raised on D2. These results suggest that genetic differences exist between various commercial broiler chicken lines for cell mediated, humoral and innate immune responses. Furthermore, dietary protein levels appear to influence the immune response levels of broiler chickens but the response obtained varies by strain. The results of these studies imply that immunocompetence is genetically controlled, and, therefore some measures of immunocompetence could be considered as a selection criterion while selecting for performance traits.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Cheema, M. A. and Qureshi, M. A. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2003}, pages={300} }
 @article{cheema_qureshi_havenstein_2003, title={A comparison of the immune response of a 2001 commercial broiler with a 1957 randombred broiler strain when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.10.1519}, abstractNote={Immunocompetence of the 2001 Ross 308 broiler strain and the 1957 Athens Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) strain was compared when they were given diets representative of those that were being used in 1957 and 2001. Antibody response against SRBC, in vivo lymphoproliferation against Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), and inflammatory and phagocytic responses of the macrophages were measured. The Ross 308 strain on the 2001 diet had higher BW at 24 d of age (P = 0.0001), whereas the ACRBC had greater lymphoid organ weights (except thymus) relative to BW (P < or = 0.003). The ACRBC strain showed greater antibody responses against SRBC than the 2001 Ross 308 birds for much of the trial (P < or = 0.0362). However, the Ross 308 broilers had greater PHA-P-induced toe-web swelling response (P < or = 0.0129). Inflammatory exudate cell numbers were higher in the Ross 308 broilers than in the ACRBC birds (P = 0.0261). The percentage of macrophages that phagocytized SRBC was comparable between the two strains, but the number of SRBC phagocytized by individual macrophages was higher (P = 0.0122) in the Ross 308 broiler than in the ACRBC chickens. Nitrite production by macrophages following lipopolysacharide stimulation was comparable between the two strains. Interactions of diet, strain, and sex were inconsistent among all parameters tested. In conclusion, the current study suggested that genetic selection for improved broiler performance has resulted in a decrease in the adaptive arm of the immune response but an increase in the cell-mediated and inflammatory responses.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Cheema, MA and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1519–1529} }
 @article{qureshi_2003, title={Avian macrophage and immune response: An overview}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.5.691}, abstractNote={
 ABSTRACT
 
 Macrophages belong to the mononuclear phagocytic system lineage. This cell type is unique in that it is a crucial player in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The material described in this overview is a brief description of what I presented as a World's Poultry Science Association-sponsored lecture at the annual meetings of the Poultry Science Association in 2002. Therefore, I have not attempted to present an up-to-date review of literature on this topic. Rather, I have summarized some salient research accomplishments made by our research group over the years in the area of avian macrophage biology and function.
 
}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Qureshi, MA}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={691–698} }
 @article{havenstein_ferket_qureshi_2003, title={Carcass composition and yield of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.10.1509}, abstractNote={The yield of carcass parts as well as levels of carcass fat, moisture, and ash were measured in the 1957 Athens-Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) and in the Ross 308 commercial broiler, when fed diets that were representative of those being fed during 1957 and 2001. The Ross 308 was used to represent 2001 commercial broilers. Comparisons of carcass weights of the Ross 308 on the 2001 diet versus the ACRBC on the 1957 diet showed they were 6.0, 5.9, 5.2, and 4.6 times heavier than the ACRBC at 43, 57, 71, and 85 d of age, respectively. Yields of hot carcass without giblets (fat pad included) were 12.3, 13.6, 12.2, and 11.1 percentage points higher for the Ross 308 than for the ACRBC at those ages. The yields of total breast meat for the Ross 308 were 20.0, 21.3, 21.9, and 22.2% and were 8.4, 9.9, 10.3, and 9.8 percentage points higher than for the ACRBC at those ages. Yields of saddle and legs for the Ross 308 broiler were approximately 31 to 32% over the four ages and were about 1.5 to 2% higher than for the ACRBC at the different ages. The Ross 308 averaged 13.7, 15.0, 18.6, and 18.5% whole carcass fat versus 8.5, 10.6, 12.7, and 14.0% for the ACRBC at the four ages. In conjunction with previous studies, the current data show that yield of broiler carcass parts has continued to increase over time and that genetics has been the major contributor to changes in yield.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Havenstein, GB and Ferket, PR and Qureshi, MA}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1509–1518} }
 @article{heugten_spears_kegley_ward_qureshi_2003, title={Effects of organic forms of zinc on growth performance, tissue zinc distribution, and immune response of weanling pigs}, volume={81}, DOI={10.2527/2003.8182063x}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to determine the effect of zinc level and source on growth performance, tissue Zn concentrations, intracellular distribution of Zn, and immune response in weanling pigs. Ninety-six 3-wk-old crossbred weanling pigs (BW = 6.45 +/- 0.17 kg) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments (four pigs per pen, four replicates per treatment) based on weight and litter origin. Treatments consisted of the following: 1) a corn-soybean meal-whey diet (1.2% lysine) with a basal level of 80 ppm of supplemental Zn from ZnSO4 (control; contained 104 ppm total Zn); 2) control + 80 ppm added Zn from ZnSO4; 3) control + 80 ppm added Zn from Zn methionine (ZnMet); 4) control + 80 ppm added Zn from Zn lysine (ZnLys); 5) control + 40 ppm added Zn from ZnMet and 40 ppm added Zn from ZnLys (ZnML); and 6) control + 160 ppm added Zn from ZnSO4. Zinc supplementation of the control diet had no effect on ADG or ADFI. Gain efficiency was less (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 80 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 than for control pigs and pigs fed 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4. Organ weights, Zn concentration, and intracellular distribution of Zn in the liver, pancreas, and spleen were not affected (P = 0.12) by Zn level or source. Skin thickness response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was not affected (P = 0.53) by dietary treatment. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed ZnLys than in pigs fed the control diet or the ZnML diet; however, when pokeweed mitogen was used, lymphocyte proliferation was greatest (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the ZnMet diet than pigs fed the control, ZnLys, ZnML, or 160 ppm ZnSO4 diets. Antibody response to sheep red blood cells was not affected by dietary treatments. Supplementation of 80 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 or ZnMet and 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 decreased (P < 0.05) the antibody response to ovalbumin on d 7 compared with control pigs, but not on d 14. Phagocytic capability of peritoneal exudate cells was increased (P < 0.05) when 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4 was supplemented to the diet. The number of red blood cells ingested per phagocytic cell was increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the diet supplemented with a combination of ZnMet and ZnLys and the diet with 160 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4. Results suggest that the level of Zn recommended by NRC for weanling pigs was sufficient for optimal growth performance and immune responses, although macrophage function may be enhanced at greater levels of Zn. Source of Zn did not alter these measurements.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Heugten, Eric and Spears, J. W. and Kegley, E. B. and Ward, J. D. and Qureshi, M. A.}, year={2003}, pages={2063–2071} }
 @article{havenstein_ferket_qureshi_2003, title={Growth, livability, and feed conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.10.1500}, abstractNote={Body weight, feed consumption, and mortality were measured in the 1957 Athens-Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) strain and in the 2001 Ross 308 strain of broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 diets. The dietary regimens were chosen to be representative of those used in the industry in 1957 vs. 2001. The 1957 diets were fed as mash, the 2001 starter was as crumbles, and the grower and finisher diets were pellets. Feed consumption and BW were recorded at 21, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d of age to cover the two broiler strains normal span of marketing ages. Mortality was low, and the mortality of the ACRBC was approximately half that of the modem strain. Average BW for the ACRBC on the 1957 diets were 176, 539,809, 1,117, and 1,430 g vs. 743, 2,672, 3,946, 4,808, and 5,520 g for the Ross 308 on the 2001 diets at 21, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d of age, respectively. The 42-d feed conversion (FC) on the 2001 and 1957 feeds for the Ross 308 were 1.62 and 1.92 with average BW of 2,672 and 2,126 g and for the ACRBC were 2.14 and 2.34 with average BW of 578 and 539 g, respectively. The Ross 308 broiler on the 2001 feed was estimated to have reached 1,815 g BW at 32 d of age with a FC of 1.47, whereas the ACRBC on the 1957 feed would not have reached that BW until 101 d of age with a FC of 4.42.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Havenstein, GB and Ferket, PR and Qureshi, MA}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1500–1508} }
 @article{dil_qureshi_2003, title={Interleukin-1 beta does not contribute to genetic strain-based differences in iNOS expression and activity in chicken macrophages}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0145-305X"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0145-305X(02)00075-7}, abstractNote={The expression of IL-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from iNOS hypo (GB2, B(6)B(6)) and hyper (K-strain, B(15)B(15)) responder chickens was examined. Compared to GB2, macrophages from K-strain expressed higher iNOS mRNA as quantitated by reverse transcriptase polymerase (RT-PCR) chain reaction after stimulation with 1 microgram/ml of Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On the contrary, IL-1beta mRNA expression was comparable between K and GB2 macrophages at 3h post-LPS stimulation but persisted up to 9h only in GB2 macrophages. The LPS-inducible interleukin-1 (IL-1) surface receptor expression, measured by flow cytometry, was higher in GB2 than on K-strain macrophages. Blocking of IL-1 receptor by the anti-IL-1 receptor antibody reduced the LPS-mediated iNOS expression by 50% as quantified by competitive RT-PCR. Furthermore, iNOS activity (nitrite) was also reduced to 50%. However, this magnitude of inhibition was similar in both K and GB2 macrophages. While these observations suggest that IL-1beta is involved in mediating LPS-induced iNOS expression and activity, the differential response of GB1 and K-strain macrophages in terms of LPS-induced iNOS expression and activity is unlikely to be modulated by IL-1beta.}, number={2}, journal={DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Dil, N and Qureshi, MA}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={137–146} }
 @article{guo_ali_qureshi_2003, title={The influence of beta-glucan on immune responses in broiler chicks}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0892-3973"]}, DOI={10.1081/IPH-120024513}, abstractNote={Abstract Beta‐1,3/1,6‐glucan (β‐glucan) was tested as a possible immunomodulator. Chicken macrophages from a macrophage cell line MQ‐NCSU and from abdominal exudate of broiler chickens were exposed to various concentrations of β‐glucan in vitro. In addition, day‐old broiler chicks were fed a diet containing 0, 20, and 40 mg/kg β‐glucan in the starter and 0, 20, and 20 mg/kg in the grower diet. Several baseline immune parameters were examined following such exposures. The results showed that β‐glucan exposure increased nitrite and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) production as well as induced macrophage to proliferate in culture. However, IL‐6 production was not affected. Dietary β‐glucan supplementation increased the macrophage phagocytic activity, anti‐sheep red blood cells antibody response post‐boost, as well as the PHA‐P‐mediated lymphoproliferative response measured as a toe‐web swelling. The percentage of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ double positive lymphocytes in the intestinal intraepithelial leukocytes was increased in β‐glucan supplemented chicks. Furthermore, the primary and secondary lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen were larger in β‐glucan‐supplemented chicks as compared to the chicks on basal diet. The findings of these studies which showed that β‐glucan improves several base‐line immune responses in the chicken imply that β‐glucan can be used as a possible immunomodulator in food animals such as the chicken.}, number={3}, journal={IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY}, author={Guo, YM and Ali, RA and Qureshi, MA}, year={2003}, pages={461–472} }
 @article{dil_qureshi_2002, title={Differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is associated with differential Toll-like receptor-4 expression in chicken macrophages from different genetic backgrounds}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00402-0}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to examine iNOS gene expression and activity in macrophages from different chicken genetic lines against various bacterial LPS. Furthermore, the possible involvement of surface LPS receptors as candidates for differential iNOS gene induction in these genetic lines of chicken was also examined. Sephadex-elicited abdominal macrophages (1×106) as well as iNOS hyper-responder macrophages from a transformed chicken macrophage cell line, MQ-NCSU, were exposed to 5 μg/ml LPS from E. coli, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcensces, and Salmonella typhimurium. Nitrite levels were quantitated in the culture supernatant fractions of macrophages after 24 h by the Griess method. The results showed that macrophages from K-strain (B15B15) (range from two separate trials: 31–89 μM) and MQ-NCSU (22–81 μM) were high responders whereas macrophages from both GB1 (B13B13) (15–38 μM) and GB2 (B6B6) (7–15 μM) chickens were low responders against all LPSs used. Northern blot analysis revealed that K-strain macrophages expressed higher intensity of 4.5 Kb iNOS mRNA (iNOS/β-actin ratio) than macrophages from GB2 regardless of the LPS source. To elucidate possible molecular mechanism(s) involved in iNOS gene expression in these two strains of chickens, the constitutive expression of LPS-related macrophage cell surface receptors, CD14, Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), was examined via flow cytometry using anti-human CD14, TLR2 and TLR4 antibodies. CD14 surface expression and intensity was not different between macrophages from K-strain or GB2 chickens. In contrast, while the overall percentage of TLR4-positive macrophages was the same (K-strain, trial 1=92%, trial 2=62%; GB2, trial 1=91%, trial 2=64%), the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), an indicator of receptor number, was significantly higher (P=0.05) in K-strain macrophages (MFI: trial 1=145; trial 2=131) than GB2 macrophages (MFI: trial 1=101; trial 2=98). Furthermore, TLR2 (a previously thought candidate as LPS signaling molecule) positive cell numbers were higher in K-strain than the GB2 macrophages in one of the two trials with no difference in the intensity of TLR2 expression in either trial. These findings suggest that the observed differences in iNOS expression and activity among the K-strain (hyper-responder) and GB2 (hypo-responder) chickens are, at least in part, due to differential expression of TLR4 (an LPS signaling molecule), leading to more intense LPS-mediated activation of K-macrophages.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Dil, N and Qureshi, MA}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={191–207} }
 @article{roy_edens_parkhurst_qureshi_havenstein_2002, title={Influence of a propionic acid feed additive on performance of turkey poults with experimentally induced poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.7.951}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) has multiple etiological agents associated with its occurrence, including two viruses and at least three Escherichia coli isolates. Myco Curb (MC) contains organic acids and is used as a feed additive to inhibit growth of many bacteria and toxin-producing molds but not viruses. Studies evaluating the influence of MC on BW, feed conversion, and mortality indicate that turkey poults tolerate MC at 1.25% but not 2.50%, but higher MC content in feed provides greater suppression of growth of bacterial isolates commonly associated with PEMS. In two PEMS experiments, 1.25% MC was blended into poult starter feed and was maintained in the feed for the duration of the 3-wk experiments. In these experiments, 1-d-old commercial poults were placed into battery brooders and were given turkey starter feed and water ad libitum. At 6 d posthatch, PEMS-designated poults were given a 1-mL oral gavage of a 10% suspension of feces from PEMS-infected poults. BW depression due to PEMS was not alleviated by MC, although there was less variation in mean BW of the MC-fed poults, and there was a highly significant reduction in mortality (68% in PEMS-exposed with MC vs. 32.5% in PEMS-exposed without MC). The reduction in mortality in the MC-fed poults was attributed to decreased bacterial content of the gut and to maintenance of packed cell volume and hemoglobin content. It was concluded that MC might be a potential nutritional intervention during PEMS.
 
}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Roy, RD and Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={951–957} }
 @article{heggen-peay_cheema_ali_schat_qureshi_2002, title={Interactions of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome-associated reovirus with various cell types in vitro}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.11.1661}, abstractNote={An avian reovirus, ARV-CU98, has recently been isolated from poults experiencing poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS). To further understand ARV-CU98 and its role in PEMS, the current study investigates interactions of ARV-CU98 with various cell types in vitro. When macrophages, B cells, T cells, and liver cells of chicken or turkey origin were co-incubated with ARV-CU98, only cells of liver origin demonstrated cytopathic effects, the presence of viral antigen, and reduced metabolic activity over time. Furthermore, distinctive pockets of viral particles were evident in electron microscopic examination of a chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cell line, but not in a chicken macrophage cell line (MQ-NCSU) co-incubated with virus. Additional evidence of viral replication in LMH, cells but not MQ-NCSU cells was demonstrated by the presence of two viral bands (43 and 145 kD size) in cell lysates from LMH cells exposed to ARV-CU98. Although not capable of being infected by ARV-CU98, MQ-NCSU cells do appear to be activated by the virus since IL-1 mRNA expression is increased in MQ-NCSU cells 2 h after addition of the virus. LMH cells exposed to the virus demonstrate a decrease in IL-1 mRNA expression by 8 to 10 h after addition of the virus, perhaps corresponding to the initiation of infection by the virus. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that ARV-CU98 actively infects and replicates in LMH cells, but not in lymphocytes or macrophages, suggesting that the liver may be a target and site of replication of ARV-CU98 in poults experiencing PEMS.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Heggen-Peay, CL and Cheema, MA and Ali, RA and Schat, KA and Qureshi, MA}, year={2002}, month={Nov}, pages={1661–1667} }
 @article{dil_qureshi_2002, title={Involvement of lipopolysaccharide related receptors and nuclear factor kappa B in differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in chicken macrophages from different genetic backgrounds}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00153-8}, abstractNote={Macrophages from Cornell K-strain chickens (B(15)B(15)) are hyper and from GB2 chickens (B(6)B(6)) are hypo-responders to LPS-mediated inducible NOS (iNOS) expression and activity. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for this differential expression is not yet fully understood. We have previously reported that macrophages from K (iNOS hyper-responder) and GB2 (iNOS hypo-responder) chickens differ in constitutive expression of TLR4 but not in CD14 molecules. The objectives of the current study was to determine if the iNOS differences between K and GB2 macrophages are possibly due to differential expression of LPS-induced TLR4, CD14 and/or nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B). The results showed that Sephadex-elicited, adherence purified K macrophages expressed more inducible TLR4 and CD14 receptors (P<0.05) at 6 and 12h post-LPS stimulation than GB2 macrophages as measured by flow cytometry. In addition, pre-incubation of macrophages from a transformed chicken macrophage cell line, MQ-NCSU, with 50 microg/ml anti-CD14 and anti-TLR4 antibodies significantly reduced where as pre-incubation with 100 microg/ml completely blocked LPS-mediated iNOS activity as measured by nitrite levels. Furthermore, the amount of nuclear bound NF kappa B was found to be significantly greater in K than in GB2 macrophages at 3 min post-LPS stimulation. This nuclear localization of NF kappa B as well as iNOS activity was completely inhibited by pretreatment of macrophages with 50 micro M MG132, a proteosome inhibitor, both in K and GB2 macrophages. Taken together, these findings suggest that a differential and perhaps more stronger LPS-mediated signaling via CD14, TLR4 and NF kappa B is responsible for the heightened iNOS gene induction in K-strain (hyper-responder) macrophages than in GB2 (hypo-responder) chickens.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Dil, N and Qureshi, MA}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={149–161} }
 @article{heggen-peay_qureshi_edens_sherry_wakenell_ph o'connell_schat_2002, title={Isolation of a reovirus from poult enteritis and mortality syndrome and its pathogenicity in turkey poults}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0032:IOARFP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is an acute, infectious intestinal disease of turkey poults, characterized by high mortality and 100% morbidity, that decimated the turkey industry in the mid-1990s. The etiology of PEMS is not completely understood. This report describes the testing of various filtrates of fecal material from control and PEMS-affected poults by oral inoculation into poults under experimental conditions, the subsequent isolation of a reovirus, ARV-CU98, from one of the PEMS fecal filtrates, and in vivo and in vitro studies conducted to determine the pathogenicity of ARV-CU98 in turkey poults. In order to identify a filtrate fraction of fecal material containing a putative etiologic agent, poults were challenged in two independent experiments with 220- and 100-nm filtrates of fecal material from PEMS-negative and PEMS-positive poults. The 100-nm filtrate was chosen for further evaluation because poults inoculated with this filtrate exhibited mortality and significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) body weight and relative bursa weight, three clinical signs associated with PEMS. These results were confirmed in a third experiment with 100-nm fecal filtrates from a separate batch of PEMS fecal material. In Experiment 3, body weight and relative bursa and thymus weights were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in poults inoculated with 100-nm filtrate of PEMS fecal material as compared with poults inoculated with 100-nm filtrate of control fecal material. Subsequently, a virus was isolated from the 100-nm PEMS fecal filtrate and propagated in liver cells. This virus was identified as a reovirus on the basis of cross-reaction with antisera against avian reovirus (FDO strain) as well as by electrophoretic analysis and was designated ARV-CU98. When inoculated orally into poults reared under controlled environmental conditions in isolators, ARV-CU98 was associated with a higher incidence of thymic hemorrhaging and gaseous intestines. In addition, relative bursa and liver weights were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in virus-inoculated poults as compared with controls. Virus was successfully reisolated from virus-challenged poults but not from control birds. Furthermore, viral antigen was detected by immunofluorescence in liver sections from virus-challenged poults at 3 and 6 days postinfection and virus was isolated from liver at 6 days postinfection, suggesting that ARV-CU98 replicates in the liver. In addition to a decrease in liver weight, there was a functional degeneration as indicated by altered plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in virus poults as compared with controls. Although this reovirus does not induce fulminating PEMS, our results demonstrated that ARV-CU98 does cause some of the clinical signs in PEMS, including intestinal alterations and significantly lower relative bursa and liver weights. ARV-CU98 may contribute directly to PEMS by affecting the intestine, bursa, and liver and may contribute indirectly by increasing susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens that facilitate development of clinical PEMS.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Heggen-Peay, CL and Qureshi, MA and Edens, FW and Sherry, B and Wakenell, PS and PH O'Connell and Schat, KA}, year={2002}, pages={32–47} }
 @article{al-batshan_al-mufarrej_al-homaidan_qureshi_2001, title={Enhancement of chicken macrophage phagocytic function and nitrite production by dietary Spirulina platensis}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0892-3973"]}, DOI={10.1081/IPH-100103866}, abstractNote={The effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on chicken macrophage phagocytic function and nitrite production were examined. Day old broiler (meat-type) chicks were randomly assigned to various pens of electrically heated wire batteries. Dietary treatment groups included a basal diet with no dietary Spirulina added, and three additional groups with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% dietary Spirulina. Feed and water were provided for ad libitum consumption from one day of age. Sephadex®-elicited macrophages were harvested at 14, 35 and 42 days of age. Phagocytosis assay was performed by co-incubating sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with the adherent macrophage monolayers. For nitrite quantification, macrophage cultures from various dietary treatment groups were stimulated in the presence or absence of 1 μg/mL of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. These culture supernatant fractions were then tested for nitrite levels using the Greiss reagent technique. All Spirulina dietary group macrophages exhibited an enhanced phagocytic activity in term s of overall phagocytic percentage (range = 28 to 39% versus 24 to 25% in the basal group) and the average number of SRBC per phagocytic macrophage (range = 2.2 to 3.6 versus 1.8 to 2.5 in the basal group). This increase was linear with each incremental increase of dietary Spirulina. While LPS-induced nitrite levels in macrophages from basal diet group ranged from 60 to 278 μM over the three developmental ages, these levels in all Spirulina dietary groups were significantly higher (0.5% group range = 198 to 457 μM; 1.0% group range = 161 to 359 7μM and 2.0% group range = 204 to 420 μM. These data clearly show that Spirulina platensis feeding upregulates macrophage phagocytic as well as metabolic pathways leading to increased nitric oxide synthase activity. These findings therefore imply that Spirulina platensis may enhance the functions of mononuclear phagocytic system thereby increasing the disease resistance potential in chickens.}, number={2}, journal={IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY}, author={Al-Batshan, HA and Al-Mufarrej, SI and Al-Homaidan, AA and Qureshi, MA}, year={2001}, pages={281–289} }
 @article{qureshi_saif_heggen-peay_edens_havenstein_2001, title={Induction of functional defects in macrophages by a poult enteritis and mortality syndrome-associated turkey astrovirus}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592865}, abstractNote={The interaction of a poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS)-turkey astrovirus-Ohio State University (TAst-OSU) with the mononuclear phagocytic system cells, namely macrophages, was examined after in vitro and in vivo exposure. In vitro exposures were performed by incubating adherent turkey macrophages with various volumes of 10(6) 50% embryo infective dose (EID50)/ml TAst-OSU stock, whereas for in vivo challenge, poults were given a 200 microl inoculum of 10(6) EID50/ml TAst-OSU stock at 7 days of age. Results show that TAst-OSU in vitro exposure reduced macrophage viability relative to controls (P < 0.05) and decreased phagocytosis (P < 0.05) and intracytoplasmic killing of Escherichia coli (P < 0.05) after a 42-48-hr exposure. Poults challenged with TAst-OSU in vivo recruited almost 50% fewer Sephadex-elicited inflammatory cells in the abdominal cavity (P < 0.05) as compared with the sham controls. Similar to in vitro exposure, macrophages isolated from in vivo TAst-OSU-challenged poults exhibited reduced percentage of phagocytic macrophages (P < 0.05) as well as fewer intracytoplasmic E. coli per phagocytic macrophage (P < 0.05). TAst-OSU-challenged poults had a greater number of viable E. coli in their spleens (P < 0.05) after an intravenous E. coli challenge as compared with the non-TAst-OSU-challenged control poults. Macrophage-mediated cytokines and metabolites were also examined during this study. Both in vitro and in vivo TAst-OSU challenge resulted in reduced interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 activity. On the contrary, nitrite levels in macrophage culture supernatant fraction of TAst-OSU-challenged macrophages were significantly higher (P < or = 0.05). The findings of these studies indicated that TAst-OSU challenge induced defects in macrophage effector functions, implying that PEMS-turkey astrovirus can potentially impair the immune response of turkeys, thereby leading to enhanced susceptibility of turkeys to secondary, perhaps even fatal, bacterial infections.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Qureshi, MA and Saif, YM and Heggen-Peay, CL and Edens, FW and Havenstein, GB}, year={2001}, pages={853–861} }
 @article{qureshi_yu_saif_2000, title={A novel "small round virus" inducing poult enteritis and mortality syndrome and associated immune alterations}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592540}, abstractNote={The role of a novel "small round virus" (SRV) isolated from poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) cases in inducing PEMS and associated immune alterations was examined in this study. Specific-pathogen-free and conventional poults were orally challenged with SRV and/or turkey coronavirus and monitored for clinical signs. Intestines, thymus, bursa, and spleens were examined for SRV antigen at various days postinoculation (DPI). Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), thymocytes, and splenic lymphocytes from inoculated poults or lymphocytes isolated from healthy poults after incubation with SRV in vitro were examined for lymphoproliferative potential against concanavalin A (Con A). The incidence of lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood and thymic lymphocytes of SRV-challenged poults was examined by flow cytometry. The results of these studies showed that the SRV challenge induced diarrhea, growth suppression, and atrophy of thymus and bursa resembling those of PEMS in field and/or experimental infections. The SRV antigen was detected in intestinal tissues soon after infection (i.e., at 2 and 4 DPI), whereas lymphoid tissues such as thymus, bursa, and spleen were positive for SRV antigen starting at 4 DPI until 8 DPI, suggesting virus translocation to lymphoid organs. The responsiveness of PBLs to Con A at 2 DPI was significantly reduced in all virus challenge groups (e.g., 28% and 22% in the SRV-alone group in studies 1 and 2, respectively) below the uninfected group. However, this suppressed response was no longer evident in the SRV group by 7 DPI. The SRV incubation with normal thymocytes and splenocytes in vitro resulted in significantly reduced lymphoproliferative response against Con A (41.2% and 10.49% reductions at 1:50 SRV dilution vs. controls in thymocytes and splenocytes, respectively). Flow cytometry analysis revealed a sudden decline at 2 DPI in the numbers of CD4- CD8+ lymphocyte subset in PBLs of SRV-infected poults. However, by 8 DPI, SRV-challenged poults had relatively higher CD4- CD8+ lymphocytes in PBLs. On the contrary, thymocytes had higher percentages of CD4- CD8+ lymphocytes at 2 and 4 DPI and reached comparable levels at 8 DPI in controls and SRV-infected poults. No differences were observed in CD4+ CD8- lymphocyte numbers in controls vs. SRV-infected poults. The findings of these studies imply that SRV may be a promising primary etiologic agent of PEMS. Furthermore, the SRV infection may compromise the lymphocyte-mediated immune defenses by reducing lymphoproliferation and the CD4- CD8+ (presumably T-cytotoxic cells) lymphocytes during the acute stage of SRV infection.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Qureshi, MA and Yu, M and Saif, YM}, year={2000}, pages={275–283} }
 @article{qureshi_ali_thomas_baloch_briles_2000, title={Alloantigen systems L and P influence phagocytic function independent of the major histocompatability complex (B) in chickens}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.9.1271}, abstractNote={Synthetic parent stocks were designed to produce progeny among which alleles were simultaneously segregating for nine alloantigen systems, including the MHC (B). Chicks from Ancona-derived B19B19 females crossed with White leghorn B19B21 males were blood typed, resulting in genotypic categories for the A-E, C, D, H, I, L, and P loci with the objective of determining which, if any, of the eight non-MHC alloantigen systems influence or interact with the B system genotypes for blood monocyte phagocytic activity. Leukocytes obtained from whole blood at 2 and 4 wk were separated on a Fico/Lite LymphoH, density gradient and were allowed to adhere to glass coverslips. The resulting adherent monocyte monolayers were incubated with viable Escherichia coli for 1 h and stained with Leukostat, and the phagocytic monocytes and numbers of internalized bacteria per phagocytic monocyte were scored microscopically. The combined results from two separate trials demonstrated that the genotypes of the A-E, C, D, H, and I systems did not differ in the percentage of monocytes exhibiting phagocytosis, whereas significant differences were noted relative to the B system genotype at 2 wk of age (B19B21 > B19B19; P = 0.049), L at 4 wk (L1L1 > L1L2; P = 0.009), and P at 4 wk (P4P4 > P1P1; P = 0.047). The data were further analyzed to determine any interactions of P and L alloantigen genotypes with the B system genotypes; no such interaction was observed. These studies suggest that the L and P non-MHC alloantigen systems have the potential to influence immune responses by modulating phagocytic function in chickens. Furthermore, this modulation seems to be independent of the B (MHC) system.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Qureshi, MA and Ali, RA and Thomas, LN and Baloch, RN and Briles, WE}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={1271–1275} }
 @article{heggen_qureshi_edens_barnes_2000, title={Alterations in macrophage-produced cytokines and nitrite associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592508}, abstractNote={Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is an acute, transmissible, infectious intestinal disease associated with high mortality and morbidity in turkey poults. Earlier studies demonstrated immune dysfunction, involving both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, associated with PEMS. The current study examined cytokines and metabolites produced by macrophages from poults exposed to PEMS agent(s). Six trials were conducted with six separate hatches of poults. Poults in the PEMS group were exposed to PEMS agent(s) via contact exposure at 7 days of age whereas uninfected poults served as control poults. Abdominal macrophages were harvested from control (uninfected) and PEMS poults at various times postexposure and cultured for 18-24 hr in the presence of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) bioactivities and nitrite levels in macrophage culture supernatants were quantified. Macrophage supernatants from PEMS poults had greater IL-1-mediated stimulation index compared with the macrophage supernatants from uninfected control poults in both trials. However, this increase was significant only in trial 1. IL-6 activity tested in three separate trials was significantly higher in PEMS macrophage supernatants over the controls. On the contrary, TNF-alpha production by macrophages was decreased in PEMS macrophage culture supernatants. Nitrite levels in PEMS macrophage culture supernatants were significantly higher in two out of three trials. These findings suggest that the enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokine/metabolites by activated macrophages in PEMS poults may be responsible, at least in part, for the physiological intestinal inflammation, gut motility, and anorexia that characterize this disease.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Heggen, CL and Qureshi, MA and Edens, FW and Barnes, HJ}, year={2000}, pages={59–65} }
 @misc{qureshi_heggen_hussain_2000, title={Avian macrophage: effector functions in health and disease}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0145-305X"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0145-305X(99)00067-1}, abstractNote={Monocytes-macrophages, cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocytic system, are considered as the first line of immunological defense. Being mobile scavenger cells, macrophages participate in innate immunity by serving as phagocytic cells. These cells arise in the bone marrow and subsequently enter the blood circulation as blood monocytes. Upon migration to various tissues, monocytes mature and differentiate into tissue macrophages. Macrophages then initiate the 'acquired' immune response in their capacity as antigen processing and presenting cells. While responding to their tissue microenvironment or exogenous antigenic challenge, macrophages may secrete several immunoregulatory cytokines or metabolites. Being the first line of immunological defense, macrophages therefore represent an important step during interaction with infectious agents. The outcome of the macrophage-pathogen interaction depends upon several factors including the stage of macrophage activation, the nature of the infectious agent, the level of genetic control on macrophage function as well as environmental and nutritional factors that may modulate macrophage activation and functions. Research in avian macrophages has lagged behind that in mammals. This has been largely due to the lack of harvestable resident macrophages from the chicken peritoneal cavity. However, the development of elicitation protocols to harvest inflammatory abdominal macrophages and the availability of transformed chicken macrophage cell lines, has enabled researchers to address several questions related to chicken macrophage biology and function in health and disease. In this manuscript the basic profiles of several macrophage effector functions are described. In addition, the interaction of macrophages with various pathogens as well as the effect of genetic and environmental factors on macrophage functional modulation is described.}, number={2-3}, journal={DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY}, author={Qureshi, MA and Heggen, CL and Hussain, I}, year={2000}, pages={103–119} }
 @article{doerfler_cain_edens_parkhurst_qureshi_havenstein_2000, title={D-xylose absorption as a measurement of malabsorption in poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.5.656}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Severe wasting of body tissues, diarrhea, high morbidity and mortality, and stunting are all characteristics of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS). The wasting of musculature and loss of nearly all adipose tissue suggested that even though the PEMS-infected poults were eating some feed, nutrient intake was not sufficient to meet body requirements for maintenance and growth. Because epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be a target of the undefined etiological agent (or agents) that causes PEMS, a study was conducted in which PEMS-infected poults were evaluated for malabsorption through 3 wk of age. D-Xylose, a poorly metabolized pentose, was given per os as a bolus, and blood samples were obtained from the ulnar vein in the wing of control and PEMS-infected poults over a 3-h period to estimate intestinal absorption. D-Xylose absorption in control poults peaked 30 to 60 min after the oral treatment, similar to results reported earlier. The PEMS-infected poults did not show a peak in absorption. The PEMS-infected poults showed significant delays in D-xylose absorption at 4, 7, and 11 d after PEMS challenge. The severe malabsorption and metabolic deficiency problem associated with PEMS was postulated to be a direct effect of the undefined infectious agent or agents that cause the disease.
 
}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Doerfler, RE and Cain, LD and Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={656–660} }
 @article{qureshi_havenstein_2000, title={Development and reactivity of the immune system in different genetic hosts}, ISBN={0037-1521}, number={8}, journal={Selezione Veterinaria}, author={Qureshi, M. A. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2000}, pages={563} }
 @article{doerfler_edens_mcmurtry_qureshi_parkhurst_havenstein_2000, title={Influence of Biochrome (R) on the response of metabolic hormones in PEMS-infected poults}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.5.661}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS), a disease that affects turkeys between 7 and 28 d of age, causes a severe inflammation of the intestinal tract and is characterized in poults by severe diarrhea, high morbidity, mortality, and stunting. The PEMS-associated mortality and growth depression is related to malabsorption and decreased metabolic activity caused, in part, by a possible insulin deficiency or insensitivity. Insulin receptors are stimulated by the glucose tolerance factor (GTF) that incorporates Cr. Body Cr deficiency can be exacerbated by dietary deficiency and by increased excretion due to stress associated with a diarrheal disease such as PEMS. BioChrome® (BC) contains natural, preformed GTF, the bioactive form of Cr. Experiments were conducted in which BC was blended into poult starter feed at 400 ppb during the first 21 d posthatch. Body weights were determined at 1, 7, 14, and 21 d of age, and weekly feed conversions were calculated for each treatment group (control, BC, PEMS, and BC+PEMS). At 6 d post-hatch, each PEMS-designated poult was given a 0.1-mL oral gavage of a 10% suspension of feces from PEMS-infected poults. Blood samples were taken via cardiac puncture from four birds per treatment group at 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21 d of age. Radioimmunoassays were conducted for plasma insulin, glucagon, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). Plasma insulin levels were depressed in PEMS-infected poults from Days 10 through 17, but plasma glucagon levels in the PEMS-infected poults were significantly elevated at 14 and 17 d, after which they returned to control levels in both of the PEMS-infected groups. The T3 and T4 levels were depressed through Day 21 in PEMS-infected poults, but with BC treatment these blood hormone levels rebounded by Day 21. Body weights of PEMS-infected poults were increased significantly by the BC treatment but not to the level of noninfected controls.
 
}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Doerfler, RE and Edens, FW and McMurtry, JP and Qureshi, MA and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={661–668} }
 @article{kidd_qureshi_ferket_thomas_2000, title={Turkey hen zinc source affects progeny immunity and disease resistance}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/9.3.414}, abstractNote={Abstract Progeny immunocompetence and disease resistance from turkey hens receiving dietary supplemental zinc was investigated. Twelve hens received a diet that contained 82 mg/kg Zn. Diets were supplemented with 40 mg/kg Zn sulfate (ZnSO4) or 40 mg/kg Zn methionine (ZnM) and analyzed to contain 122 and 118 mg/kg total Zn, respectively (six replications per treatment). Progeny received a corn and soybean meal diet containing 92 mg/kg Zn. Hens supplemented with ZnM had progeny with heavier (P≤.05) bursa of Fabricius as a percentage of poult body weight (BW). Blood monocytes were isolated from poults at 7 days of age, and hens receiving ZnM had progeny with higher (P≤.01) blood leukocyte Zn concentrations. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response elicited by phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was higher (P≤.05) in progeny from hens supplemented with ZnM. Subsequent hypersensitivity measurements with PHA-P or pokeweed mitogen did not differ between Zn sources. Macrophage function of poults was evaluated after Bordetella avium inoculation. Poults from hens supplemented with ZnM had higher (P≤.06) percentage macrophages adhered to glass surfaces. However, poults from hens supplemented with ZnM had depressed 21-day BW (P≤.05) after B. avium inoculation. Results indicate that dietary ZnM supplementation to hens may aid progeny immune organ development and enhance nonspecific immunity. However, progeny from hens supplemented with ZnM had a depressed BW after B. avium infection that may have been due to a heightened immune response.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Kidd, MT and Qureshi, MA and Ferket, PR and Thomas, LN}, year={2000}, pages={414–423} }
 @article{yu_ismail_qureshi_dearth_barnes_saif_2000, title={Viral agents associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome: The role of a small round virus and a turkey coronavirus}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592543}, abstractNote={Intestinal samples from turkey poults affected with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) were examined for viruses by immune electron microscopy and double-stranded RNA virus genome electropherotyping. Turkey coronavirus (TCV), avian rotaviruses, reovirus, and a yet undefined small round virus (SRV) were detected. The SRV and TCV were isolated and propagated in turkey embryos. Challenge of specific-pathogen-free turkey poults with SRV, TCV, or both resulted in mortality and clinical responses similar to those of natural PEMS. Our experiments indicate that SRV and TCV are possibly important agents in the etiology of PEMS and the combination of these infections might result in outbreaks with high mortality. The severity of clinical signs and mortality of PEMS are postulated to be partly related to the virus agents involved in individual outbreaks.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Yu, M and Ismail, MM and Qureshi, MA and Dearth, RN and Barnes, HJ and Saif, YM}, year={2000}, pages={297–304} }
 @article{cieszynski_qureshi_taylor_1999, title={Calcium dependency of interleukin-1 secretion by a chicken macrophage cell line}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.1.70}, abstractNote={The role of calcium in transducing the signal for interleukin-1 (IL-1) secretion was examined in the MQ-NCSU chicken macrophage cell line. Cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 5% chicken serum and antibiotic-antimycotic solution at 40 C and 5% CO2. The effects of stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), calcium ionophore A23187, or a combination of both on IL-1 secretion were examined. Calcium ionophore A23187 did not replace LPS in MQ-NCSU stimulation but the LPS + A23187 combination stimulated more IL-1 than ionophore alone in these cells. The combination of LPS and ionophore did not increase IL-1 secretion above the levels observed with LPS alone. No synergistic effects between LPS and A23187 were evident. In order to demonstrate that IL-1 secretion by the MQ-NCSU cells is a calcium-dependent process, ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) was used to chelate free calcium in the cultures. Incorporation of 5 mM EGTA in the cultures lowered IL-1 stimulated by LPS + A23187 to control levels. Addition of 5 mM CaC12 to EGTA-suppressed cultures restored IL-1 secretion. These results indicate that the calcium ionophore, A23187, augments IL-1 secretion by LPS-stimulated MQ-NCSU macrophages and that IL-1 secretion by these cells is a calcium-dependent process.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Cieszynski, JA and Qureshi, MA and Taylor, RL}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={70–74} }
 @article{peterson_qureshi_ferket_fuller_1999, title={Enhancement of cellular and humoral immunity in young broilers by the dietary supplementation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0892-3973"]}, DOI={10.3109/08923979909052765}, abstractNote={As a dietary supplement, beta-Hydroxy-beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB), a catabolite of leucine, has been shown to reduce broiler mortality. In a series of experiments, male broilers (Experiments 1 and 2, n = 576) were grown for 21 days on diets that contained HMB at 0, 0.01. 0.05, and 0.10% of diet. In Experiment 3 (n = 240), chicks were fed diets containing 0, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.10% HMB. HMB dietary supplementation did not significantly affect broiler weight gain in any experiment. However, a trend toward increased mean broiler weight gain per bird was observed in Experiments 1 and 3 when HMB was consumed at 0.10% of the diet. Mean feed to gain ratio was not affected by the inclusion of HMB in broiler diets. In Experiment 3, HMB supplemented diets did not affect bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen weights at 21 days of age. Cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity response against pokeweek mitogen was higher (P < or = 0.05) at 48 and 72 hours post-injection in chicks on 0.05% dietary HMB (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, this increase occurred 24 hours post-injection in chicks fed HMB at 0.01% of the diet. On the contrary, the T-cell mediated response against PHA-P mitogen was comparable between all dietary treatments in multiple experiments. Macrophage function profiles were determined at 21 days of age. All chicks in experiments 1 and 2 on HMB supplemented diets showed an increase in the recruitment of Sephadex-G50-elicited abdominal exudate cells (AEC). A 2-fold increase in AEC numbers occurred at the 0.10% HMB level (Experiment 1, P < or = 0.05). Although HMB supplementation did not significantly affect the phagocytic potential of the abdominal macrophages, nitrite levels in the macrophage culture supernatants were higher in 0.01% and 0.05% treatment groups as compared to the controls (Experiment 2, P < or = 0.04; Experiment 3, P < or = 0.05). HMB supplementation did not alter the bird's ability to clear Escherichiacoli or Salmonella arizona from the bloodstream. Beginning 7 days post-hatch, chicks were injected i.v. with a 7% sheep red blood cells suspension. Serum samples were collected to determine the primary and secondary antibody response. Chicks receiving the 0.1% HMB diet in Experiments 1 and 2 exhibited increased IgG and total anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody levels during the primary response. During the secondary response, birds consuming the 0.10% HMB diet had elevated IgM levels as well as increased total anti-SRBC levels over the controls in Experiments 1 and 3. These studies show that HMB supplementation improves several immunological functions in young broilers, and such improvement may result in decreased mortality.}, number={2}, journal={IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY}, author={Peterson, AL and Qureshi, MA and Ferket, PR and Fuller, JC}, year={1999}, pages={307–330} }
 @article{peterson_qureshi_ferket_fuller_1999, title={In vitro exposure with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate enhances chicken macrophage growth and function}, volume={67}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(98)00211-6}, abstractNote={Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine catabolite, has been shown to decrease broiler mortality. One possible target of HMB action may be the cells of the immune system. Macrophages from a chicken macrophage cell line, MQ-NCSU, were exposed to 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 microg of HMB per 5 x l0(4) cells in a 96-well culture plate. After 24 h of exposure, macrophage proliferation was quantitated by an MTT bioassay. In duplicate experiments, HMB stimulated growth over control (p < or = 0.05) at a wide range of doses. Macrophages were exposed to 20 and 80 microg of HMB and the culture supernatant fractions tested for the presence of nitrite. HMB exposure (20 microg) increased nitrite production by 44.1% over the controls (Experiment 1, p< or =0.035). To determine the phagocytic potential of macrophages after HMB exposure, MQ-NCSU cell line and Sephadex-G50-elicited abdominal macrophages were incubated with fluorescent latex beads (1:40, macrophage to beads ratio) for I h and then analyzed by flow cytometry. When exposed to 40 microg HMB, the phagocytic potential of MQ-NCSU macrophages was significantly higher (31.7%) than that of the controls (p < or = 0.0006). Sephadex-elicited macrophages exhibited 14.4% increased phagocytosis over controls when treated with 80 microg HMB (p < or = 0.0016). When MQ-NCSU macrophages were exposed to HMB, Fc-receptor expression was significantly elevated over the controls (p < or = 0.0001). These data demonstrate that HMB exposure induces proliferation of macrophages in culture as well as enhances macrophage effector functions, such as nitrite production and phagocytosis. The findings of these studies imply that HMB can be used as a possible dietary immunomodulator.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Peterson, AL and Qureshi, MA and Ferket, PR and Fuller, JC}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={67–78} }
 @article{qureshi_hill_heggen_1999, title={Vanadium stimulates immunological responses of chicks}, volume={68}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00010-0}, abstractNote={In a continuation of studies on the interaction of dietary phosphorus (P) and vanadium (V) levels, studies have directed toward an examination of this interaction on the immune system of chicks. Antibody titers to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were increased at 7 days post-inoculation (PI) by as little as 10 mg V/kg diet in the P-deficient group, while 50 mg V/kg was required in the P-supplemented group. At 14 days PI, only the 50 mg V/kg was significantly higher in both P-deficient and P-supplemented groups. At 21 days PI, vanadium had no significant effect. P-deficiency resulted in a decrease in the percentage of phagocytic macrophages obtained from the abdominal cavity and a decrease in the number of intracytoplasmic SRBC per phagocytic macrophage. These two criteria were increased by vanadium in both the P-deficient and P-supplemented animals. In P-supplemented animals, the CD4/CD8 ratios of lymphocytes obtained from the blood and spleen were increased by the inclusion of 50 mg V/kg diet. The IL-l-like activity of macrophage supernatants was not significantly affected by dietary V, but IL-6 activity was increased. Densitometric analysis of lysates of macrophages isolated from control and V-fed chicks for anti-protein-tyrosinephosphate (PTP) bands indicate that dietary V increased PTP. While the evidence is not clear that there is a P × V interaction in the immune system studies, it is clear that dietary V at the levels used results in a positive immune response of chicks, possibly mediated through increased PTP.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Qureshi, MA and Hill, CH and Heggen, CL}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={61–71} }
 @article{qureshi_brundage_hamilton_1998, title={4 beta, 15-diacetoxyscirpenol induces cytotoxicity and alterations in phagocytic and Fc-receptor expression functions in chicken macrophages in vitro}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0892-3973"]}, DOI={10.3109/08923979809031515}, abstractNote={4 beta, 15 Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species was tested for detrimental effects on macrophage viability, phagocytosis, and Fc-receptor expression. Sephadex-elicited chicken abdominal cells were harvested to establish adherent macrophage monolayers on glass coverslips. Coverslips were then assigned randomly to treatment groups (0, 12.5 and 25 micrograms/mL DAS). Macrophage monolayers were exposed to treatments for 1 h, washed, and tested for various functional endpoints. Treatment with DAS resulted in decreased viability of macrophages (90.8% vs 81.5% vs 70.4% viable in the 0, 12.5 and 25 micrograms treatments, respectively) and decreased the percentage of macrophages phagocytizing sheep erythrocytes (81.6% vs 53.1% vs 46.0%. DAS also caused a decrease in the mean number of opsonized cells engulfed per phagocytic macrophage (5.7 vs 3.7 vs 2.9). A similar trend was observed using unopsonized sheep erythrocytes (15.4% vs 7.6% vs 5.5% phagocytic macrophages and 0.29 vs 0.11 vs 0.08 erythrocytes engulfed per macrophage). The incidence of Fc-receptor positive macrophages determined by sheep erythrocyte rosetting was also decreased in DAS-treated macrophages as compared to the control (49.2% vs 32.7% vs 24.2%). The findings of this study demonstrate that DAS exposure causes a suppression in macrophage phagocytic function and therefore may alter the first line of immunological defense in chickens.}, number={4}, journal={IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY}, author={Qureshi, MA and Brundage, MA and Hamilton, PB}, year={1998}, pages={541–553} }
 @article{heggen_qureshi_edens_barnes_havenstein_1998, title={Alterations in the lymphocytic and mononuclear phagocytic systems of turkey poults associated with exposure to poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592706}, abstractNote={In vivo and in vitro mononuclear phagocytic system functions, expression of lymphocyte subset cell surface markers in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and lymphocyte subset dynamics during the course of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) were examined. PEMS is an acute, transmissible, infectious intestinal disease accompanied by high mortality and morbidity. The etiology of this multifactorial disease remains to be elucidated; however, turkey coronavirus was initially assumed to be one of the primary agents involved. Further investigation demonstrated that turkey coronavirus was not always detectable in poults exhibiting PEMS symptoms, and, thus, PEMS poults began to be identified as positive or negative for turkey coronavirus. In each trial, uninfected hatchmate controls were compared with turkey poults that were contact exposed to PEMS poults at 7 days of age. Following intravenous inoculation, control poults cleared Escherichia coli from their circulation by 60 min, whereas viable E. coli were still present in the circulation of PEMS poults at 60 min postinoculation. Inflammatory response measured by Sephadex-elicited abdominal exudate cell recruitment and the adherence potential of abdominal exudate cells was not significantly different between uninfected and PEMS poults. The percentage of glass-adherent abdominal exudate macrophages was higher in PEMS poults. However, the ability of these macrophages to phagocytize sheep red blood cells and the average number of sheep red blood cells per phagocytic macrophage were both lower compared with uninfected controls. CD4+ expression in thymic tissue of PEMS poults at 9 days postinfection was significantly lower. The CD4+:CD8+ lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood leukocytes from coronavirus-negative PEMS poults was lower than that from both uninfected and coronavirus-positive PEMS poults at 14 days postinfection. In the spleen, the CD4+:CD8+ lymphocyte ratio was higher in coronavirus-positive PEMS poults as compared with the other treatments. In conclusion, immune system dysfunction in PEMS is associated with impaired mononuclear phagocytic system function and alterations in lymphocyte populations.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Heggen, CL and Qureshi, MA and Edens, FW and Barnes, HJ and Havenstein, GB}, year={1998}, pages={711–720} }
 @article{qureshi_brake_hamilton_hagler_nesheim_1998, title={Dietary exposure of broiler breeders to aflatoxin results in immune dysfunction in progeny chicks}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.6.812}, abstractNote={Broiler breeder hens were fed diets amended with 0 and 10 mg/kg (Trial 1) or 0, 0.2, 1, or 5 mg/kg (Trial 2) of aflatoxin (AF). Fertile eggs collected during 14 d of AF feeding were examined for AF residues. Various immunological endpoints were examined in chicks hatched from these eggs. Eggs collected at 7 d of AF feeding (Trial 1) had 0.15 to 0.48 ng/g of AFB1 and 0.22 to 0.51 ng/g of aflatoxicol, whereas eggs collected at 14 d of AF feeding had 0.05 to 0.60 ng of AFB1/g and 0.19 to 1.20 ng of aflatoxicol/g. In both trials, AF dietary exposure resulted in embryonic mortality and reduction in hatchability compared to controls. The AF progeny chicks in Trial 2 had total anti-SRBC antibodies similar to the controls during the primary antibody response. However, at 5 and 7 d after secondary SRBC injection, the antibody levels in the 1 and 5 mg/kg AF groups were lower than those of controls. Depression in anti-Brucella abortus antibodies occurred only in chicks from the 5 mg/kg AF group. Furthermore, phagocytosis of SRBC and reactive oxygen intermediate production by macrophages from AF progeny chicks were reduced as compared with the control chicks. The findings of this study imply that the progeny chicks from hens consuming a AF-amended diet may be increasingly susceptible to disease owing to suppression of humoral and cellular immunity.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Qureshi, MA and Brake, J and Hamilton, PB and Hagler, WM and Nesheim, S}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={812–819} }
 @article{edens_joyce_parkhurst_havenstein_qureshi_1998, title={Effect of litter moisture and brooding temperature on body weights of turkey poults experiencing poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.3.411}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to determine the influence of the interactions among litter moisture (high [HiM]> or =40% vs low [LoM]< or =20%), brooding temperature (high [HiB] = 38 C vs normal [NrB] = 34 C), and development of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) as indicated by body weights, relative weights of lymphoid organs, and mortality in Control [C] vs Infected [I] groups. There was a significant interaction between litter moisture and brooding temperature that had a significant influence on BW. The brooding temperature main effect was not significant, but there was a significant litter moisture effect on BW. Body weights were suppressed by PEMS infection, but infected poults brooded at HiB on LoM had significantly greater BW than those brooded at NrB and HiB on HiM. Main effects showed that there were significant litter moisture- and brooding temperature-mediated responses for BW. Relative weights of lymphoid organs revealed significant disease main effects but no effect due to brooding temperature and litter moisture. There was a significant effect of disease and brooding temperature with regard to mortality. The results from this study suggest that litter moisture influences productivity and mortality associated with PEMS, but brooding temperature has the greatest influence on PEMS-associated mortality. Therefore, higher brooding temperature for turkey poults being placed into a facility where they may be at risk for PEMS exposure is recommended.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Joyce, KA and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB and Qureshi, MA}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={411–415} }
 @article{doerfler_edens_parkhurst_havenstein_qureshi_1998, title={Hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and hypothyrosis associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.8.1103}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 A metabolic dysfunction contributes to the poor performance and mortality associated with Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS). Within 2 d after contact-exposed poults were removed from the presence of PEMS-infected poults and returned to their respective treatment rooms to infect experimental poults, the experimental poults began to huddle together and show signs of the disease. When separated from the huddle, body temperatures of exposure poults were depressed significantly. Body temperatures decreased progressively through 8 d after exposure with a maximum depression of 2 C and returned to a normal level at 18 d after PEMS exposure. Similar decreasing patterns in serum glucose, inorganic phosphorus, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were observed, with maximum decreases in these serum constituents being found between 8 and 13 d after PEMS exposure. There were significant correlations among decreasing body temperatures, decreasing serum constituents, and mortality in the PEMS-exposed poults. Daily mortality rates associated with PEMS began at 6 d and peaked at 9 d after PEMS exposure. Mortality rates decreased from 9 to 15 d after experimental PEMS exposure. Depressions in serum constituents, body temperature, and increased mortality rates did not coincide with decreased feed intake associated with PEMS. Therefore, it was concluded that the agent(s) causing PEMS may have a direct effect on energy metabolism in afflicted poults.
 
}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Doerfler, RE and Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB and Qureshi, MA}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={1103–1109} }
 @article{qureshi_1998, title={Role of macrophages in avian health and disease}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.7.978}, abstractNote={Received for publication July 10, 1996. Accepted for publication February 17, 1998. 1The use of trade name in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, nor criticism of similar products not mentioned. 2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Abbreviation Key: IL = interleukin; NOS = nitricoxide synthases; RNI = reactive nitrogen intermediates; ROI = reactive oxygen intermediates; TNF = tumor necrosis factor. Role of Macrophages in Avian Health and Disease1}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Qureshi, MA}, year={1998}, month={Jul}, pages={978–982} }
 @article{hussain_qureshi_1998, title={The expression and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene differ in macrophages from chickens of different genetic background}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1873-2534"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00153-0}, abstractNote={It has been previously reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages from Cornell K-Strain chickens (B15B15) and a transformed cell line, MQ-NCSU, (broiler origin) produced significantly higher levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA than macrophages isolated from GB1 (B13B13) and GB2 (B6B6) chickens. The purpose of this study was to determine the basis of such differential iNOS gene expression and to study the relationship of high or low expression of iNOS mRNA with iNOS enzyme activity in macrophages from GB2 (low iNOS mRNA expresser), K-strain and MQ-NCSU (high iNOS mRNA expressers). The enzyme activity in lysates from LPS-stimulated macrophages was lower in GB2 (range: 23 to 41 μM, P<0.05) as compared with the K-strain and MQ-NCSU macrophages that exhibited intermediate (range: 27 to 59 μM) and the highest (range: 144 to 217 μM) activity, respectively. Total RNA collected from LPS-treated macrophages at various time-points post-actinomycin D treatment revealed comparable iNOS mRNA levels in MQ-NCSU, GB2, and K-strain macrophages, suggesting that post-transcriptional regulation mechanism(s) do not account for the difference in iNOS mRNA expression. To determine if differences in the transcription rate are the basis of the differential iNOS gene expression, macrophages were stimulated with or without LPS and nuclei-isolated. Inducible NOS mRNA probes were generated and hybridized with immobilized iNOS cDNA (reverse Northern blot). The resulting lumigraph yielded enhanced transcriptional activity from K-strain and MQ-NCSU macrophages whereas this activity was lower in GB2 macrophages. Therefore, these studies suggest that the previously reported genetically-based difference in iNOS mRNA expression further translates into differences in iNOS enzyme activity, and that the iNOS gene in chickens is transcriptionally regulated.}, number={2-4}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={Hussain, I and Qureshi, MA}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={317–329} }
 @article{qureshi_hussain_heggen_1998, title={Understanding immunology in disease development and control}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.8.1126}, abstractNote={Two functional aspects of the avian immune system, the humoral and the cell-mediated arms, provide the basis for the preventive and protective response against disease-causing microorganisms. On the other hand, certain avian diseases may induce a transient or permanent immunosuppressive state in one or both of these arms, leading to increased disease susceptibility. In addition to the classical immune response, manifested as antibody production or effector cell activation several cytokines and metabolites are also produced. The consequence of cytokine- and metabolite-mediated microenvironments may be either beneficial or result in a noninfectious immunopathology. Nevertheless, the integrity of the immune system and its functional modulation by factors such as genetics, nutrition, and prophylactic approaches continue to be an important focus of attention in current poultry research and production efforts.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Qureshi, MA and Hussain, I and Heggen, CL}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={1126–1129} }
 @article{aslam_garlich_qureshi_1998, title={Vitamin D deficiency alters the immune responses of broiler chicks}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.6.842}, abstractNote={Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that a vitamin D deficiency alters the immune responses of female broiler chicks. The control diet contained 800 IU of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)/kg and the deficient diet was the same except without supplemental vitamin D3. The vitamin D deficiency status was established on the basis of a significantly lower blood ionized calcium or total serum calcium (75 to 85% of the control). Vitamin D-deficient chicks also had lower growth rate and bone ash. In Experiment 1 at 8 d of age, and Experiment 2 at 23 d of age, the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response as determined by the increase in interdigital skin thickness 20 h after a single injection of 100 microg phytohemagglutinin-P was significantly depressed in vitamin D-deficient chicks (62 to 64% of the control). Thymus weight, adjusted for body weight, was significantly lower in the vitamin D-deficient chicks at 24 d of age (61% of the control). Primary and secondary antibody responses against SRBC in vitamin D-deficient chicks were not different from the control. In Experiment 3, in 17-d-old chicks, vitamin D deficiency decreased the number of abdominal macrophages phagocytizing SRBC in vitro within 45 min from 14.7 to 10.1%. These results indicate that vitamin D deficiency depresses the cellular immune responses in young broiler chicks.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Aslam, SM and Garlich, JD and Qureshi, MA}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={842–849} }
 @article{edens_parkhurst_qureshi_casas_havenstein_1997, title={Atypical Escherichia coli strains and their association with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.7.952}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 To date, no definitive etiology has been described for Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS). However, two atypical Escherichia coli colony types are isolated consistently from moribund and dead poults afflicted with PEMS. To test the infectivity of these E. coli strains, poults were placed into floor pens in three isolation treatment rooms: 1) Control: no bacterial challenge, 2) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 1 d, and 3) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 6 d. Daily intramuscular injections of cyclophosphamide (100 micrograms per poult) from 1 to 5 d posthatch were given to half of the poults in each treatment. Atypical E. coli challenge caused BW depression, and cyclophosphamide treatment exacerbated the response. All E. coli-challenged poults developed diarrhea similar to PEMS. Mortality was increased by both atypical E. coli colony types, but at 21 d E. coli colony Type 2 caused greater mortality than colony Type 1. With cyclophosphamide treatment, mortality was exacerbated with both colony types, but colony Type 2 at 1 d caused the greatest mortality. Ultrastructural damage to ileum epithelium cell microvilli and subcellular organelles indicated that part of the BW depression could be attributed to malabsorption of nutrients. It was concluded that the atypical E. coli colony Types 1 and 2 play a significant role in the PEMS disease.
 
}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Casas, IA and Havenstein, GB}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={952–960} }
 @article{edens_qureshi_parkhurst_qureshi_havenstein_casas_1997, title={Characterization of two Escherichia coli isolates associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.12.1665}, abstractNote={Two colonial types (1 and 2) of Escherichia coli are represented predominantly in cultures isolated from turkey poults with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS). Biotype codes determined using two systems (BBL: 36570 and 34560 for colony types 1 and 2, respectively; API-20E: 5144572 and 5144512 for colony types 1 and 2, respectively) clearly establish these organisms as E. coli. These isolates were not clearly divergent from the general profile for E. coli, but colony type 2 differs from colony type 1 with regard to its negative reactions for ornithine decarboxylase and the fermentation of dulcitol, rhamnose, sucrose, and melibiose, suggesting that it is atypical. Colony type 1 is nonserotypable and nonmotile, whereas colony type 2 is serotyped as O136: motile because it has H antigens associated with flagella. Capsular antigens were not found, but thin capsules were seen on cells from both colony types in stained preparations. Cultural morphology was different with colony type 1 having a circular, mucoid, raised morphology and colony type 2 having an irregular, flat, rough morphology. Colony type 1 has a doubling time at 37 C of about 20 min, whereas colony type 2 doubles in 30 min. Furthermore, colony type 1 is a potent colicin producer, but colony type 2 is not a colicin producer. Both E. coli isolates have resistance profiles for multiple antibiotics. Each strain responds to third generation fluoroquinolone antibiotics by changing their biotypes and become resistant after culturing once in their presence. These E. coli are proposed as possible etiological links in the complex series of events that take place in poults susceptible to PEMS.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Qureshi, RA and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB and Casas, IA}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={1665–1673} }
 @article{gore_qureshi_1997, title={Enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity by vitamin E after embryonic exposure}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.7.984}, abstractNote={In the present study, the amnion of turkey and chicken embryos were injected 3 d prior to hatch with different levels of vitamin E (VE). In Experiments 1 and 2, turkey embryos received 10, 20, and 30 IU of VE. In Experiment 3, broiler embryos received 10 IU VE. In all three experiments, sham-injected control embryos (0 IU VE) received 300 microL of saline. In Experiments 1 and 2 (turkey embryos), 20 and 30 IU of VE reduced (P < or = 0.05) percentage hatchability below that of controls. At hatch, poults exhibited a dose related increase (P < 0.05) in plasma VE levels. Mean BW gain up to 35 d and relative bursa of Fabricius and spleen weights were not different among treatment groups. When challenged at 7 d posthatch, total (P < 0.05) and IgM (P < 0.08) anti-SRBC antibodies were higher in 10 IU VE poults than in controls. Immunoglobulin G levels did not differ among the treatment groups. Poults in the 10 IU VE group had higher (P < 0.002) numbers of Sephadex-elicited inflammatory exudate cells, as well as a greater percentage of phagocytic macrophages (P < 0.0001). Additionally, the numbers of SRBC per phagocytic macrophage were greater (P < 0.001), than in control poults at 4 wk of age. In Experiment 3, chick embryos exposed to 10 IU VE, exhibited no differences in hatchability, BW gain, or bursal and splenic weights from the sham-exposed group. However, total and IgM antibody responses against SRBC were greater (P < 0.01) in the 10 IU VE group at 7 d postinjection. A secondary SRBC challenge given at 14 d after primary injection resulted in higher total (P < 0.07) and IgG (P < 0.04) antibody responses in the 10 IU VE chicks than in the controls. Similarly, broiler chicks (10 IU VE) had more Sephadex-elicited abdominal exudate cells (P < 0.07), and greater macrophage phagocytic potential (P < 0.0001). In ovo VE exposure (10 IU) also increased nitrite production (P < 0.04) by chick macrophages. The results from this study demonstrated an enhanced antibody and macrophage response and suggest that in ovo exposure with VE may improve posthatch poult and broiler quality.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Gore, AB and Qureshi, MA}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={984–991} }
 @article{qureshi_edens_havenstein_1997, title={Immune system dysfunction during exposure to poult enteritis and mortality syndrome agents}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.4.564}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS) is a condition of yet undefined etiology. Affected flocks may exhibit 100% morbidity with mortality up to 50% or more between 2 to 4 wk of age. The current study reports the immune status of poults experimentally infected with PEMS agent(s) in various trials. When compared with the unchallenged controls, PEMS-infected poults had significant atrophy of the bursa (up to 2-fold), thymus (up to 11-fold), and spleen (up to 2-fold) (P < or = 0.05). When challenged with SRBC, PEMS-infected poults had 1 to 2 log2 lower anti-SRBC antibody titers than the controls (P < or = 0.05). Responsiveness to a mitogenic lectin, phytohemagglutinin-P, was reduced significantly in PEMS poults (P < or = 0.05). These data show that the immune system of the poults is compromised significantly during PEMS infection in terms of lymphoid organ integrity and humoral and cell-mediated immunity. These findings imply, therefore, that immune dysfunction may contribute to the mortality observed during PEMS outbreaks.
 
}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Qureshi, MA and Edens, FW and Havenstein, GB}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={564–569} }
 @article{hussain_qureshi_1997, title={Nitric oxide synthase activity and mRNA expression in chicken macrophages}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.11.1524}, abstractNote={The activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme was quantified in chicken macrophages. Macrophages from Cornell K-strain (B15B15), GB1 (B13B13), and GB2 (B6B6) chickens and a transformed cell line (MQ-NCSU) were incubated with or without varying concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The culture supernatants were tested for the presence of nitrite. Macrophages from either source produced minimal nitrite (< 4.4 microM/1 x 10(6) cells) levels without LPS stimulation. However, nitrite levels produced by K-strain (42 microM) and MQ-NCSU (41 microM) macrophages were higher (P < 0.05) than those produced by the GB1 (14 microM) and GB2 (14 microM) per 1 x 10(6) macrophages with optimum LPS concentration range of 50 ng to 1 microgram/mL. The addition of an L-arginine analog, NGMMLA, at a concentration of 200 microM completely abolished nitrite production. The addition of 10% vol/vol lymphokines exhibited an additive effect on nitrite production in conjunction with LPS. The increased nitrite production by the K-strain and MQ-NCSU macrophages corresponded to an increased expression of iNOS mRNA as compared to the mRNA produced by GB1 and GB2 macrophages. The iNOS mRNA kinetics study revealed that mRNA levels peaked between 6 to 12 h. The cells from avian lymphoid lineage failed to produce any detectable iNOS activity. These studies showed that macrophages from varying sources differ in NOS activity and implied that genetic background may dictate the extent of arginine-mediated contribution in various biological and immunological functions.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Hussain, I and Qureshi, MA}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={1524–1530} }
 @article{kidd_qureshi_hagler_ali_1997, title={T-2 tetraol is cytotoxic to a chicken macrophage cell line}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.2.311}, abstractNote={Cytotoxic effects of T-2 tetraol, a T-2 toxin derivative, on the MQ-NCSU chicken macrophage cell line were quantified by direct in vitro exposure. Macrophage cultures were exposed to 1, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 micrograms/mL of T-2 tetraol for 1 h. Macrophage viability after exposure to T-2 tetraol. Macrophage viability was reduced by increasing concentrations of T-2 tetraol (linear effect, P < or = 0.001; quadratic effect, P < or = 0.025). The ability of macrophages to adhere to glass surfaces was impaired by increasing concentrations of T-2 tetraol (linear effect, P < or = 0.003). This experiment demonstrates that T-2 tetraol is cytotoxic to chicken macrophages in vitro.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Kidd, MT and Qureshi, MA and Hagler, WM and Ali, R}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={311–313} }
 @article{edens_qureshi_mann_parkhurst_havenstein_1997, title={The evolvement of Eosinophils in the pathogenesis of poult enteritis mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, number={suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Edens, F. W. and Qureshi, M. A. and Mann, S. E. and Parkhurst, C. R. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={1997}, pages={535} }
 @article{qureshi_gore_1997, title={Vitamin E exposure modulates prostaglandin and thromboxane production by avian cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1532-2513"]}, DOI={10.3109/08923979709007669}, abstractNote={The production of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) by turkey blood monocytes and a chicken mononuclear phagocytic cell line MQ-NCSU after exposure to vitamin E (VE) was examined. Turkey embryos were exposed in ovo to 0 and 10 international units (IU) of VE; blood monocytes were collected at 2 weeks of age and cultured. MQ-NCSU macrophage monolayers were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 IU VE. The monocyte/macrophage cultures were exposed to 1 microgram/mL bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Non-stimulated parallel cultures were maintained as controls. The PGE2 and TXB2 levels were quantitated in culture supernatants by a competitive ELISA. Blood monocytes from the 10 IU VE poults produced lower PGE2 levels as compared with the 0 IU VE controls. Upon stimulation with LPS, monocytes from the 10 IU VE group exhibited levels of PGE2 that were higher than the 0 IU VE group. Levels of TXB2 were not quantitated in the poult blood monocyte culture supernatants. The PGE2 and TXB2 levels in the supernatant of the VE treated MQ-NCSU macrophage cultures were lower than the 0 IU VE controls. Stimulation with LPS resulted in increased PGE2 and TXB2 production by the VE-exposed macrophages. The results from this study suggest that in ovo or in vitro exposure with VE may either upregulate or downregulate PGE2 and TXB2 production by monocytes/macrophages, and that this production may be dependent upon the exposure to a variety of external stimuli and/or the state of macrophage activation.}, number={4}, journal={IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AND IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY}, author={Qureshi, MA and Gore, AB}, year={1997}, pages={473–487} }
 @article{qureshi_1995, title={Poultry scientists and agromedicine: Chicken macrophages. Practical implications towards animal and human health}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1300/j096v02n04_08}, abstractNote={Since the discovery by Glick approximately 40 years ago of the role of bursa of Fabricius in antibody production, research by poultry scientists has continued to add to our knowledge and understanding of basic immunological concepts. The role of nonlymphoid cells--namely cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocytic system lineage in antigen uptake and processing and mediating cellular interactions--is currently an active area of research in animal and human immunology. The mechanisms and pathways are being defined which enable chicken macrophages to perform their effector functions such as phagocytosis, bacterial and tumor cell killing. In addition, nutritional, physiological and genetic parameters are being examined to potentiate the first line of immunological defense by enhancing macrophage functions. These research efforts would benefit the poultry industry in raising chickens with improved disease resistance potential. At the same time, the knowledge of macrophage function pathways would broaden our...}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Agromedicine}, author={Qureshi, M. A.}, year={1995}, pages={77} }
 @article{qureshi_kidd_ali_1995, title={Spirulina platensis extract enhances chicken macrophage functions after in vitro exposure}, volume={3}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Nutritional Immunology}, author={Qureshi, M. A. and Kidd, M. T. and Ali, R. A.}, year={1995}, pages={35} }
 @article{qureshi_havenstein_1994, title={A COMPARISON OF THE IMMUNE PERFORMANCE OF A 1991 COMMERCIAL BROILER WITH A 1957 RANDOM-BRED STRAIN WHEN FED TYPICAL 1957 AND 1991 BROILER DIETS}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0731805}, abstractNote={The general objective of the present study was to assess the contribution that changes in genetic selection and dietary regimen have made on the immune performance of broilers. Chicks were hatched from 1991 and 1957 strains and placed on diets thought to be typical of those fed during 1957 and 1991. Immune responses were measured as total, IgM, and IgG antibody production, macrophage, and natural killer (NK) cell functions. Significant differences were observed between strains in antibody production. For example, 1957 males fed 1957 diets had the highest total (P < .0001), IgM (P < .0016), and IgG (P < .015) anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies as compared with all other strain-diet-sex groups. Both strains behaved similarly in terms of inflammatory macrophage recruitment, substrate adherence potential, and in the phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells. A greater percentage of the 1991 strain birds exhibited NK cell activity than all other groups. These studies suggest that genetic selection towards enhanced performance traits has negatively influenced the adaptive arm of the immune system (antibody production) with little or no effect on the nonadaptive components (macrophage and NK functions).}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={QURESHI, MA and HAVENSTEIN, GB}, year={1994}, month={Dec}, pages={1805–1812} }
 @article{qureshi_marsh_dietert_sung_nicolasbolnet_petitte_1994, title={PROFILES OF CHICKEN MACROPHAGE EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/7524053}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0731027}, abstractNote={In contrast to the mammalian system, avian species lack the so-called "resident" or "harvestable" macrophage population in the abdominal exudate. However, macrophages can be recruited into the chicken's abdominal cavity (presumably from the blood monocyte pool) if an inflammatory agent such as Sephadex is injected. The kinetics of inflammatory cell recruitment in terms of time, cell type, and state of activation to perform a particular effector function is currently an active area of research. This report will provide information on several chicken macrophage effector functions, including in vivo chemotaxis, phagocytosis, bacterial uptake and killing, biosynthesis of nitric oxide and various enzymes, and monokines such as interleukin-1 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={QURESHI, MA and MARSH, JA and DIETERT, RR and SUNG, YJ and NICOLASBOLNET, C and PETITTE, JN}, year={1994}, month={Jul}, pages={1027–1034} }
 @article{qureshi_taylor_1993, title={ANALYSIS OF MACROPHAGE FUNCTIONS IN ROUS SARCOMA-INDUCED TUMOR REGRESSOR AND PROGRESSOR 6.B CONGENIC CHICKENS}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/0165-2427(93)90200-N}, abstractNote={Macrophage functional competence was studied in two congenic chicken lines 6.6-2 (B2B2) and 6.15-5 (B5B5) which are regressors and progressors, respectively, of Rous sarcoma-induced tumors. Sephadex-elicited abdominal exudate cells (AEC) were harvested from 4-week-old chickens to determine their total number, glass adherence potential, percentage of adherent macrophages and phagocytosis of antibody coated (ops) and uncoated (unops) sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Tumoricidal abilities of culture medium conditioned with lipopolysaccharide treated macrophages and of macrophages cocultured with target cells were assessed against 51Cr-labelled tumor cell targets. The congenic lines did not differ in total AEC or percent macrophages. However, AEC from B5B5 birds exhibited significantly lower (P 〈 0.05) glass-adherence potential than AEC from B2B2 birds. The percentage of phagocytic macrophages did not differ between lines for unop-SRBC, whereas a higher percentage of B5B5 compared with B2B2 birds (P 〈 0.05) macrophages phagocytized ops-SRBC. Macrophages from B5B5 birds had significantly (P 〈 0.05) lower activity in both tumoricidal tests. These results imply that the tumor progression in B5B5 birds is associated with reduced activation of macrophages towards a tumoricidal pathway.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={QURESHI, MA and TAYLOR, RL}, year={1993}, month={Aug}, pages={285–294} }
 @article{qureshi_hagler_1992, title={EFFECT OF FUMONISIN-B1 EXPOSURE ON CHICKEN MACROPHAGE FUNCTIONS INVITRO}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0710104}, abstractNote={Fumonisin-B1 (FB1) is one of the recently discovered metabolites of Fusarium moniliforme (Sheldon) occurring naturally in infected corn. It is hepatocarcinogenic and causes death in several animal species including rats, horses, swine, and ducklings. In the present study, chicken peritoneal macrophages (PM) and a chicken macrophage cell line, MQ-NCSU, were exposed in vitro to various doses of FB1. Exposure to .5, 5, and 10 micrograms FB1/mL caused significant cytotoxicity in PM after 2 and 4 h of exposure. Morphological alterations induced by FB1 in PM included cytoplasmic blebing or nuclear disintegration or both, which were maximal in cultures treated with 20 micrograms FB1/mL. Significant depression in the phagocytic potential of PM occurred after 4 h treatment with 20, 40, and 100 micrograms FB1. However, exposure to FB1 alone, as well as after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, induced secretion of a cytolytic factor by MQ-NCSU cells. These findings, which showed that FB1 exposure induced morphological and functional alterations in chicken macrophages, imply that FB1 exposure may result in increased susceptibility of chickens to bacterial infection.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={QURESHI, MA and HAGLER, WM}, year={1992}, month={Jan}, pages={104–112} }
 @article{qureshi_miller_1991, title={COMPARISON OF MACROPHAGE FUNCTION IN SEVERAL COMMERCIAL BROILER GENETIC LINES}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0702094}, abstractNote={The present study was conducted to establish baseline profiles of various macrophage functions in four commercial broiler genetic lines designated as Lines 1, 2, 3, and 4. All experiments were carried out between 2 to 3 wk of age. Total numbers of peritoneal exudate cells per bird collected 42 h after a single i.p. injection of Sephadex-G50 were comparable among the lines. Line 1 produced fewer macrophages along with reduced phagocytosis of opsonized SRBC, whereas Line 4 macrophages were depressed in unopsonized SRBC phagocytosis. Macrophages from Lines 2 and 4 killed internalized Escherichia coli earlier than macrophages from Lines 1 and 3. Supernatants from lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages from Lines 1 and 2 exhibited significantly higher cytolytic activity against LSCC-RP9 tumor cells when compared with supernatants from Line 3 and 4 macrophages. The current study demonstrates genetic variation among the four broiler lines for mononuclear phagocytic system functions.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={QURESHI, MA and MILLER, L}, year={1991}, month={Oct}, pages={2094–2101} }
 @article{qureshi_miller_1991, title={SIGNAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ACQUISITION OF TUMORICIDAL COMPETENCE BY CHICKEN PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0700530}, abstractNote={The present study was conducted to determine the tumoricidal potential of chicken macrophages. Sephadex-elicited peritoneal macrophages from 6-wk-old Cornell K-strain White Leghorn females (B15B15) were used as effector cells against three different 51Cr-labeled tumor cell targets: LSCC-RP9 (B15B2), MDCC-CU14 (B19, C2), and MDCC-CU25 (B17B17). Quantification of tumoricidal activity was done in a 16-h, Cr-release assay. Macrophages collected at 12, 24, and 42 h post-Sephadex stimulation failed to kill any of the tumor cell targets. However, macrophages treated with concanavalin A stimulated splenic cell supernatants (lymphokines, LK) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were able to kill all three tumor cell targets in coculture experiments. Cell-free supernatants collected from LPS and LK alone or combination-treated macrophages demonstrated cytolytic activity for both RP9 and CU25 tumor cell targets. The results of the study, therefore, suggest that chicken macrophages acquire tumoricidal competence if treated with macrophage activation signals such as LK, or LPS or both.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={QURESHI, MA and MILLER, L}, year={1991}, month={Mar}, pages={530–538} }
 @article{qureshi_miller_lillehoj_ficken_1990, title={ESTABLISHMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A CHICKEN MONONUCLEAR CELL-LINE}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0165-2427"]}, DOI={10.1016/0165-2427(90)90094-9}, abstractNote={A new chicken mononuclear cell line (MQ-NCSU) has been established. The starting material used to initiate this cell line was a transformed spleen from a female Dekalb XL chicken which had been experimentally challenged with the JM/102W strain of the Marek's disease virus. After homogenization, a single cell suspension of splenic cells was cultured using L.M. Hahn medium supplemented with 10 μM 2-mercaptoethanol. Under these culture conditions, a rapidly proliferating cell was observed and then expanded after performing limiting dilution cultures. These cells were moderately adherent and phagocytic for sheep red blood cells and Salmonella typhimurium. When tested against a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) using the flow cytometry, MQ-NCSU cells stained readily with anti-chicken monocyte specific (K-1) mAb but did not stain with mAb detecting T-helper, T-cytotoxic/suppressor, and NK cells. MQ-NCSU cells expressed very high levels of Ia antigens and transferrin receptors. In addition, cell-free supernatant obtained from MQ-NCSU culture contained a factor which exhibited cytolytic activity against tumor cell targets. Based on their cultural, morphological, and functional characteristics and mAb reactivity profile, we conclude that MQ-NCSU cell line represents a malignantly-transformed cell which shares features characteristic of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY}, author={QURESHI, MA and MILLER, L and LILLEHOJ, HS and FICKEN, MD}, year={1990}, month={Nov}, pages={237–250} }