@article{posner_mariani_swanson_asakawa_campbell_king_2014, title={Perianesthetic morbidity and mortality in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12127}, DOI={10.1111/vaa.12127}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To evaluate and compare perioperative morbidity and mortality in dogs undergoing cervical and thoracolumbar spinal surgery.


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective case series.


ANIMALS
157 dogs undergoing cervical or thoracolumbar spinal surgery.


METHODS
Data were collected sequentially on canine cases presented from the Neurology Section of the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for anesthesia and surgery for cervical spinal cord disease. Simultaneously, data were collected on all thoracolumbar spinal surgery cases during the same time period. Data included signalment, drugs administered, surgical approach, disease process, cardiac arrhythmias during anesthesia, and outcome.


RESULTS
Data were collected from 164 surgical events in 157 dogs. There were 52 cervical approaches; four dorsal and 48 ventral. All thoracolumbar surgeries were approached dorsolaterally. Four dogs 4/52 (7.6%) undergoing a cervical approach did not survive to discharge. Two dogs (2/8; 25%) underwent atlanto-axial (AA) stabilization and suffered cardiovascular arrest and two dogs (2/38; 5.2%) undergoing cervical ventral slot procedures were euthanized following anesthesia and surgery due to signs of aspiration pneumonia. All dogs undergoing thoracolumbar surgery survived until discharge (112/112). Mortality in dogs undergoing cervical spinal surgery was greater compared with dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery (p = 0.009), however, in dogs undergoing decompressive disc surgery, intraoperative death rates were not different between dogs undergoing a cervical compared with thoracolumbar approaches (p = 0.32) nor was there a significant difference in overall mortality (p = 0.07).


CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Overall, dogs undergoing cervical spinal surgery were less likely to survive until discharge compared with dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Mortality in dogs undergoing cervical intervertebral disc decompression surgery was no different than for dogs undergoing thoracolumbar intervertebral disc decompression surgery. However, dogs undergoing cervical intervertebral disc decompression surgery should be considered at risk for aspiration pneumonia.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Posner, Lysa P. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Swanson, Cliff and Asakawa, Makoto and Campbell, Nigel and King, Adam S.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={137–144} }
 @article{conner_hanel_hansen_motsinger-reif_asakawa_swanson_2012, title={Effects of acepromazine maleate on platelet function assessed by use of adenosine diphosphate activated- and arachidonic acid-activated modified thromboelastography in healthy dogs}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.5.595}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effect of acepromazine maleate administered IV on platelet function assessed in healthy dogs by use of a modified thromboelastography assay.
Animals—6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—Dogs received each of 3 treatments (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution [1 to 2 mL, IV] and acepromazine maleate [0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, IV]) in a randomized crossover study with a minimum 3-day washout period between treatments. From each dog, blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture immediately before and 30 and 240 minutes after administration of each treatment. A modified thromboelastography assay, consisting of citrated kaolin–activated (baseline assessment), reptilase-ADP–activated (ADP-activated), and reptilase-arachidonic acid (AA)–activated (AA-activated) thromboelastography, was performed for each sample. Platelet inhibition was evaluated by assessing the percentage change in maximum amplitude for ADP-activated or AA-activated samples, compared with baseline values. Percentage change in maximum amplitude was analyzed by use of Skillings-Mack tests with significance accepted at a family-wise error rate of P < 0.05 by use of Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons.
Results—No significant differences were found in the percentage change of maximum amplitude from baseline for ADP-activated or AA-activated samples among treatments at any time.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Platelet function in dogs, as assessed by use of a modified thromboelastography assay, was not inhibited by acepromazine at doses of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg, IV. This was in contrast to previous reports in which it was suggested that acepromazine may alter platelet function via inhibition of ADP and AA.}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Conner, Bobbi J. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A. and Asakawa, Makoto and Swanson, Clifford R.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={595–601} }
 @article{posner_asakawa_erb_2008, title={Use of propofol for anesthesia in cats with primary hepatic lipidosis: 44 cases (1995-2004)}, volume={232}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.232.12.1841}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine morbidity and fatalities in cats with hepatic lipidosis that received propofol to facilitate placement of a feeding tube.
Study Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—44 cats with presumed primary hepatic lipidosis anesthetized for placement of a feeding tube.
Procedures—Medical records from January 1995 through December 2004 were reviewed to identify cats that matched the inclusion criteria (histologic confirmation of hepatic lipidosis, anesthetized for placement of feeding tube, complete intensive care unit [ICU] records, and recorded outcome). Data extracted included age, body weight, sex, anesthetic drugs, drug dosages, type of feeding tube, duration of anesthesia, number of hours in ICU, administration of blood products, and survival until discharge from ICU.
Results—44 cats (21 females and 23 males) were included in the analysis. Age range was 3 to 15 years (median, 8 years), and body weight ranged from 1.8 to 9.0 kg (4.0 to 19.8 lb), with a median of 4.8 kg (10.6 lb). Twenty-seven cats were administered propofol. There was no significant association between the use of propofol or the dosage of propofol and any risk factor, need for blood products, number of hours in the ICU, or survival. There was no significant difference between cats that received propofol and cats that did not receive propofol with regard to interval until discharge from the ICU.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The use of propofol did not increase morbidity or fatalities in cats with primary hepatic lipidosis. Thus, propofol can be used in these cats for placement of a feeding tube.}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Posner, Lysa P. and Asakawa, Makoto and Erb, Hollis N.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={1841–1843} }
 @article{asakawa_ludders_badgley_erb_gleed_posner_2007, title={Effects of adenosine infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00286.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To determine the effects of adenosine infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in dogs.


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective, randomized crossover study.


ANIMALS
Seven adult male and female Beagles weighing 10.9 (7.5, 13.6) kg [median (minimum, maximum)].


METHODS
Each dog was anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and randomly assigned to receive either an intravenous (IV) adenosine (0.3 mg kg(-1) minute(-1)) or saline (6 mL kg(-1) hour(-1) IV) infusion. After an interval of 7 days or more, each dog was re-anesthetized and treated with the alternative infusion. Using a tail-clamp technique, MAC was determined before (pre-infusion), during (infusion), and 2 hours after the infusions (post-infusion).


RESULTS
The pre-infusion MAC of isoflurane was 1.25 (1.15, 1.35) [median (minimum, maximum)] vol.% for the saline treatment group and 1.25 (1.05, 1.45) vol.% for the adenosine treatment group, and did not differ significantly between the two treatments. The infusion MAC values were not significantly different (p = 0.16) and were 1.25 (0.95, 1.35) vol.% and 1.05 (1.00, 1.25) vol.%, respectively. The post-infusion MAC values differed significantly (p = 0.016); MAC was 1.15 (1.15, 1.35) vol.% and 1.05 (1.05, 1.25) vol.% for the saline and adenosine treatment groups, respectively. During infusion, mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly (p = 0.008) during adenosine treatment compared with the saline 66 mmHg (52, 72) and 91 mmHg (68, 110), respectively. End-tidal CO2 (Pe'CO2), urine production, hematocrit, and plasma total solids did not differ significantly between the two treatments at any time (all p > 0.05).


CONCLUSION
Although the MAC of isoflurane in dogs was not decreased significantly during infusion with adenosine (0.3 mg kg(-1) minute(-1)), it was significantly decreased post-infusion, but only by 0.1 vol.%, an amount not considered clinically important. Adenosine infusion decreased mean arterial pressure by 27% and did not adversely affect renal function.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Asakawa, Makoto and Ludders, John W. and Badgley, Britton L. and Erb, Hollis N. and Gleed, Robin D. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={9–14} }