@article{shields_heugten_odle_stark_2012, title={Impact of crude glycerol on feed milling characteristics of swine diets}, volume={175}, ISSN={["0377-8401"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84863434334&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.05.008}, abstractNote={Abstract This study evaluated the effect of crude glycerol on feed processing of nursery and finisher diets for pigs. In Exp. 1, complex nursery pig diets were mixed in a double ribbon mixer with glycerol levels of 0, 25, and 50 g/kg replacing maize on a weight basis and pelleted (74 °C conditioning temperature (CT) and 4.4 mm × 29 mm die size). In Exp. 2, finisher diets (maize–soybean meal based with 30 g/kg added fat) were mixed in a double ribbon mixer with glycerol included at 0, 25, and 50 g/kg replacing maize on a weight basis and pelleted (74 °C CT; 4.4 mm × 29 mm die size). A second control feed was pelleted at a standard CT of 85 °C. There were three replications per treatment for Exp. 1 and 2. In Exp. 1, flowability of mash nursery diets improved linearly (P}, number={3-4}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Shields, M. C. and Heugten, E. and Odle, J. and Stark, C. S.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={193–197} }
 @article{shields_van heugten_lin_odle_stark_2011, title={Evaluation of the nutritional value of glycerol for nursery pigs}, volume={89}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3558}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2010-3558}, abstractNote={In Exp. 1, a total of 144 pigs (BW, 6.68 ± 0.17 kg) were weaned at 21 d, blocked by BW, and allocated to 48 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% glycerol supplemented to replace up to 10% lactose in a basal starter 1 diet containing 20% total lactose, which was fed for 2 wk), and a negative control diet with 10% lactose and 0% glycerol. A common starter diet was fed for the next 2 wk. In Exp. 2, a total of 126 pigs (BW, 6.91 ± 0.18 kg) were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by BW, and allocated to 42 pens with 3 pigs per pen. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 6 treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with factors being 1) glycerol inclusion in replacement of lactose in starter 1 diets (0 or 5%) fed for 2 wk, and 2) glycerol inclusion in starter 2 diets (0, 5, or 10%) fed for 3 wk. In Exp. 1, glycerol supplementation at 10% improved (P=0.01) ADG (266 vs. 191 g/d) and G:F (871 vs. 679 g/kg) during the starter 1 period when compared with the negative control. Incremental amounts of glycerol linearly (P<0.05) increased ADG and ADFI, but did not affect G:F during starter 1. There was no effect of feeding glycerol during the starter 1 phase on subsequent performance during the starter 2 phase or overall. Serum glycerol concentrations increased linearly (P=0.003) with increasing dietary glycerol, and serum creatinine (P=0.004) and bilirubin (P=0.03) concentrations decreased with increasing glycerol. In Exp. 2, glycerol did not affect performance during starter 1, but it linearly increased (P≤0.01) ADG and ADFI during starter 2 (464, 509, and 542 and 726, 822, and 832 g/d, respectively) and overall (368, 396, and 411 and 546, 601, and 609 g/d, respectively). At the end of the study, pigs were 1.0 and 1.5 kg heavier when fed 5 and 10% glycerol, respectively (linear, P<0.01). Serum glycerol concentrations increased linearly during starter 2 (P<0.001), but were not affected during starter 1. Glycerol supplementation increased serum urea N quadratically (P<0.001) and decreased creatinine linearly (P<0.05) in the starter 2 phase. Overall, data indicate that glycerol can be added to nursery pig diets at 10%, while improving growth performance.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shields, M. C. and van Heugten, E. and Lin, X. and Odle, J. and Stark, C. S.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={2145–2153} }