@article{smolski_schulman_2023, title={Navigating Farm Stress: Traumatic and Resilient Dimensions of the Black Agrarian Frame}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1545-0813"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2023.2280090}, DOI={10.1080/1059924X.2023.2280090}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The current period of economic and social instability in the farm economy has generated renewed interest in the framing processes used by farmers to interpret and ascribe blame for the distress they have experienced. Studies show that agrarian frames are differentiated into types based on farmers’ historical and contemporary racialized experiences. To investigate the role that agrarian frames play in navigating farm stress, we conducted a thematic analysis using data from interviews with 15 Black farmers from three Southern states. The results identify a Black Agrarian frame with two dimensions: traumatic and resilient. The traumatic dimension provides a system-blame narrative that highlights financial risk driven by institutions and racism as a core factor in farm stress. The resilient dimension describes collective action as a key coping strategy linked to understanding the farm as a multi-faceted asset. In conclusion, research on differentiated agrarian frames is an important component towards understanding how diverse populations navigate farm stress and the development of culturally appropriate resources for addressing it.}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGROMEDICINE}, author={Smolski, Andrew R. and Schulman, Michael D.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{bloom_hardison-moody_schulman_2018, title={Bonding and bridging: Leveraging immigrant and refugee community assets to support healthy eating}, volume={49}, ISSN={1557-5330 1944-7485}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2018.1431682}, DOI={10.1080/15575330.2018.1431682}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies of acculturation show that immigrants/refugees who fully adapt to US diets have worse health outcomes than those who remain socially isolated; however, social isolation limits access to resources. We combine a bi-directional model of acculturation with the community capitals framework, suggesting improved outcomes when immigrant/refugee communities maintain healthy traditions from their home countries through bonding social capital, while accessing resources through bridging social capital to practice those traditions in the US context. We apply this lens to a research/outreach project that worked with two immigrant/refugee communities in North Carolina. Facilitating communities’ bridging social capital resulted in increased access to resources, as well as maintenance of healthy food traditions in some cases. Bonding social capital was an internal resource, but also had the potential to inadvertently recreate internal power dynamics. Community developers need to be aware of this, while creating opportunities for community context and assets to drive project development.}, number={2}, journal={Community Development}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Bloom, J. Dara and Hardison-Moody, Annie and Schulman, Michael}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={211–230} }
 @article{piontak_schulman_2017, title={Racial Disparities in Context: Student-, School-, and County-Level Effects on the Likelihood of Obesity among Elementary School Students}, volume={4}, ISSN={2332-6492 2332-6506}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649217722026}, DOI={10.1177/2332649217722026}, abstractNote={ Childhood obesity rates in the United States have risen since the 1980s and are especially high among racial minorities. Researchers document differentials in obesity rates by race, socioeconomic status, school characteristics, and place. In this study, the authors examine the impact of race on the likelihood of obesity at the student, school, and county levels and the interactions between student race and school racial composition. The data are from 74,661 third to fifth grade students in 317 schools in 38 North Carolina counties. Multilevel logistic regression models showed that racial differences in the likelihood of obesity persisted even when racial composition and socioeconomic disadvantage at the school level were controlled. The differences between white and nonwhite students slightly decreased once school-level measures were added. The magnitude of the effects of student-level race on the relative odds of obesity varied according to the racial composition of the school. These student- and school-level results held even when county-level race and socioeconomic variables were controlled. The results show that contextual factors at the school and county levels are important social determinants of racial disparities in the likelihood of childhood obesity. }, number={2}, journal={Sociology of Race and Ethnicity}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Piontak, Joy Rayanne and Schulman, Michael D.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={245–260} }
 @article{schulman_2016, title={An accidental rural sociologist}, journal={Rural Sociologists at Work: Candid Accounts of Theory, Method, and Practice}, author={Schulman, M. D.}, year={2016}, pages={65–79} }
 @article{hardison-moody_gore_bloom_schulman_2016, title={Local Food Access Among a Diverse Group of Immigrants and Refugees in North Carolina: A Qualitative Study}, volume={48}, ISSN={1499-4046}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JNEB.2016.04.032}, DOI={10.1016/J.JNEB.2016.04.032}, abstractNote={ObjectiveImmigrant and refugee populations in the U.S. are at increased risk for chronic disease due to dietary changes associated with acculturation. They often have poor access to healthy foods, community organizations and resources. Using a community-based participatory research approach, we explore how to better integrate immigrant and refugee communities into local food systems and adapt Extension resources to meet communities’ needs. Objectives are to determine barriers and assets regarding local food access; establish partnerships with local food and nutrition resources; and implement participant-led projects.Design, Setting, Participants, and InterventionCommunity workshops were held with three groups in central North Carolina: Karen refugees from Burma, a diverse population of immigrants from a mosque, and Latino immigrants. Each group helped design and implement a community garden/farming project based on community assets and resources.Outcome Measures and AnalysisQualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 participants and analyzed using thematic coding.ResultsAnalysis reveals that immigrants/refugees shared food produced at the gardens/farms with their communities, thereby increasing community food access. Three lessons learned from this project: community workshops are key to understanding participants’ context and preferences; communities’ food-related cultural practices are vital assets; and building community connections with Extension and other non-profits can help migrants utilize and build upon existing food-related skills. Barriers to participation included time, communication breakdowns, and transportation.Conclusion and ImplicationsTo address dietary acculturation, programs must be adapted for diverse community populations with different experiences and backgrounds in gardening and food production. This research demonstrates that agricultural-based programs may increase access to healthy foods and identifies significant food-based assets among diverse migrant populations.FundingNorth Carolina State University Office of Extension, Engagement, and Economic Development ObjectiveImmigrant and refugee populations in the U.S. are at increased risk for chronic disease due to dietary changes associated with acculturation. They often have poor access to healthy foods, community organizations and resources. Using a community-based participatory research approach, we explore how to better integrate immigrant and refugee communities into local food systems and adapt Extension resources to meet communities’ needs. Objectives are to determine barriers and assets regarding local food access; establish partnerships with local food and nutrition resources; and implement participant-led projects. Immigrant and refugee populations in the U.S. are at increased risk for chronic disease due to dietary changes associated with acculturation. They often have poor access to healthy foods, community organizations and resources. Using a community-based participatory research approach, we explore how to better integrate immigrant and refugee communities into local food systems and adapt Extension resources to meet communities’ needs. Objectives are to determine barriers and assets regarding local food access; establish partnerships with local food and nutrition resources; and implement participant-led projects. Design, Setting, Participants, and InterventionCommunity workshops were held with three groups in central North Carolina: Karen refugees from Burma, a diverse population of immigrants from a mosque, and Latino immigrants. Each group helped design and implement a community garden/farming project based on community assets and resources. Community workshops were held with three groups in central North Carolina: Karen refugees from Burma, a diverse population of immigrants from a mosque, and Latino immigrants. Each group helped design and implement a community garden/farming project based on community assets and resources. Outcome Measures and AnalysisQualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 participants and analyzed using thematic coding. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 participants and analyzed using thematic coding. ResultsAnalysis reveals that immigrants/refugees shared food produced at the gardens/farms with their communities, thereby increasing community food access. Three lessons learned from this project: community workshops are key to understanding participants’ context and preferences; communities’ food-related cultural practices are vital assets; and building community connections with Extension and other non-profits can help migrants utilize and build upon existing food-related skills. Barriers to participation included time, communication breakdowns, and transportation. Analysis reveals that immigrants/refugees shared food produced at the gardens/farms with their communities, thereby increasing community food access. Three lessons learned from this project: community workshops are key to understanding participants’ context and preferences; communities’ food-related cultural practices are vital assets; and building community connections with Extension and other non-profits can help migrants utilize and build upon existing food-related skills. Barriers to participation included time, communication breakdowns, and transportation. Conclusion and ImplicationsTo address dietary acculturation, programs must be adapted for diverse community populations with different experiences and backgrounds in gardening and food production. This research demonstrates that agricultural-based programs may increase access to healthy foods and identifies significant food-based assets among diverse migrant populations. To address dietary acculturation, programs must be adapted for diverse community populations with different experiences and backgrounds in gardening and food production. This research demonstrates that agricultural-based programs may increase access to healthy foods and identifies significant food-based assets among diverse migrant populations.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hardison-Moody, Annie and Gore, A.K. and Bloom, J. Dara and Schulman, M.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={S10–S11} }
 @article{piontak_schulman_2016, title={School Context Matters: The Impacts of Concentrated Poverty and Racial Segregation on Childhood Obesity}, volume={86}, ISSN={0022-4391}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12458}, DOI={10.1111/josh.12458}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={12}, journal={Journal of School Health}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Piontak, Joy Rayanne and Schulman, Michael D.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={864–872} }
 @article{piontak_schulman_2014, title={Food Insecurity in Rural America}, volume={13}, ISSN={1536-5042 1537-6052}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504214545766}, DOI={10.1177/1536504214545766}, abstractNote={ Sociologists Joy Rayanne Piontak and Michael D. Schulman explore spatial inequalities in food insecurity in the United States, specifically the problems of hunger and food access in non-metropolitan and rural localities. }, number={3}, journal={Contexts}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Piontak, Joy Rayanne and Schulman, Michael D.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={75–77} }
 @article{schulman_2014, title={Sociological Answers to “What’s the Matter with Rural____"}, volume={29}, number={1}, journal={Sociological Forum}, author={Schulman, M.D.}, year={2014}, pages={241–244} }
 @inbook{runyan_schulman_scholl_2012, place={Washington}, edition={2nd}, title={Adolescent Employment and Injury in the United States}, booktitle={Injury Prevention for Children and Adolescents: Integration of Research, Practice, and Advocacy}, publisher={American Public Health Association}, author={Runyan, C. and Schulman, Michael D. and Scholl, Lawrence}, editor={Liller, KarenEditor}, year={2012}, pages={189–214} }
 @misc{schulman_2012, title={The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650-2000}, number={69}, journal={Labour (Halifax, N.S.)}, author={Schulman, M. D.}, year={2012}, pages={247–248} }
 @article{rauscher_myers_runyan_schulman_2012, title={Young worker safety in construction: Do family ties and workgroup size affect hazard exposures and safety practices?}, volume={42}, number={4}, journal={Work-A Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation}, author={Rauscher, K. J. and Myers, D. J. and Runyan, C. W. and Schulman, M.}, year={2012}, pages={549–558} }
 @article{teixeira-poit_cameron_schulman_2011, title={Experiential Learning and Research Ethics: Enhancing Knowledge through Action}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0092-055X"]}, DOI={10.1177/0092055x11407346}, abstractNote={ How can instructors use experiential learning strategies to enhance student understanding of research ethics and responsible research conduct? In this article, the authors review literature on using experiential learning to teach research ethics and responsible research conduct. They present a three-step exercise for teaching research ethics and responsible research conduct using experiential learning strategies. Their primary teaching and learning objective is to broaden student understanding of ethical behavior beyond notions of “right” and “wrong” to a conception of ethical behavior involving thinking critically about all stages of the research process. The authors present assessment data that suggest that participation in the exercise increased knowledge about ethical guidelines and broadened understandings of ethical behavior. }, number={3}, journal={TEACHING SOCIOLOGY}, author={Teixeira-Poit, Stephanie M. and Cameron, Abigail E. and Schulman, Michael D.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={244–258} }
 @article{runyan_vladutiu_schulman_rauscher_2011, title={Parental Involvement With Their Working Teens}, volume={49}, ISSN={1054-139X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.024}, DOI={10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.024}, abstractNote={Adolescents work in varied environments and are exposed to hazards. Parents of these working adolescents have an opportunity to help them select jobs and address worker safety issues with employers. The present study conducted telephonic interviews among a national sample of 922 working adolescents along with one parent of each to examine the involvement of parents in their children's employment and safety issues. Over 70% of parents were found who helped their children identify job opportunities, consider questions about work hours or tasks, fill out job applications, prepare for interviews, or handle difficult safety issues. Parents suggested stronger actions in response to hypothetical situations than when confronted with real problems. Mean level of parental involvement did not vary by the number of hazards reported by teen workers. Parents were involved in helping their teens with work. Further research should explore how to enhance parental effectiveness by making work safe for teens.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Adolescent Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Runyan, Carol W. and Vladutiu, Catherine J. and Schulman, Michael D. and Rauscher, Kimberly J.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={84–86} }
 @article{rauscher_runyan_schulman_2010, title={Awareness and Knowledge of the U.S. Child Labor Laws Among a National Sample of Working Adolescents and Their Parents}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1054-139X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.014}, abstractNote={This study investigated awareness and knowledge of U.S. child labor laws among a nationally representative sample of 677 working adolescents and their parents. Findings demonstrate broad awareness of the child labor laws among adolescents, but little knowledge of the laws' specific provisions among either youth or their parents.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH}, author={Rauscher, Kimberly J. and Runyan, Carol W. and Schulman, Michael}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={414–417} }
 @article{rauscher_schulman_runyan_2010, title={Construction firm practices and manager beliefs regarding the employment and safety of teenaged employees: A North Carolina based study}, volume={37}, number={2}, journal={Work-A Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation}, author={Rauscher, K. J. and Schulman, M. and Runyan, C. W.}, year={2010}, pages={145–154} }
 @article{vladutiu_rauscher_runyan_schulman_villaveces_2010, title={Hazardous Task Recognition Among US Adolescents Working in the Retail or Service Industry}, volume={53}, ISSN={["0271-3586"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajim.20824}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE}, author={Vladutiu, Catherine J. and Rauscher, Kimberly J. and Runyan, Carol W. and Schulman, Michael and Villaveces, Andres}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={686–692} }
 @article{runyan_schulman_dal santo_bowling_agans_2009, title={Attitudes and Beliefs About Adolescent Work and Workplace Safety Among Parents of Working Adolescents}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1879-1972"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.009}, abstractNote={Purpose This study was designed to examine the attitudes and beliefs of the parents of working adolescents related to the safety of the employment of their children. Methods A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted in 2003 among English-speaking parents of working adolescents aged 14–18 years in the continental United States. Questions addressed parental concerns about adolescents' employment and potential safety issues at work. Results Most parents expressed favorable attitudes about adolescent employment, although many expressed concerns about fatigue (48%), problems completing schoolwork (33%), or spending time with families (35%). Half of all parents indicated concerns about adolescents being present during a robbery, and 40–50% were concerned about adolescents working alone or not having adequate safety training. Parents were favorable to laws that regulate the teen work environment, although most (69%) also indicated that parents, not laws, should determine the work that teens do. Conclusions Parents of working teens are favorable to their teens working, but they do have varied concerns about safety. Although many parents believe they should set the rules about teen work, they are also generally supportive of governmental regulation of hours and tasks. Helping parents understand child labor policies and consider evidence about work hazards may facilitate their ability to provide appropriate advice to their children.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Adolescent Health}, author={Runyan, C.W. and Schulman, M. and Dal Santo, J. and Bowling, J. Michael and Agans, R.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={349–355} }
 @article{loomis_schulman_bailer_stainback_wheeler_richardson_marshall_2009, title={Political Economy of US States and Rates of Fatal Occupational Injury}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0090-0036"]}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2007.131409}, abstractNote={ Objectives. We investigated the extent to which the political economy of US states, including the relative power of organized labor, predicts rates of fatal occupational injury. }, number={8}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Loomis, Dana and Schulman, Michael D. and Bailer, John and Stainback, Kevin and Wheeler, Matthew and Richardson, David B. and Marshall, Stephen W.}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={1400–1408} }
 @article{costello_schulman_mitchell_2009, title={Risk factors for a farm vehicle public road crash}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1879-2057"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aap.2008.08.029}, abstractNote={Driver, vehicle, public road, and farm enterprise characteristics were examined for their combined association with farm vehicle public road crash group membership. North Carolina farms experiencing a public road crash from 1992 to 2003 (n = 200) were compared with a non-crash control group (n = 185) for a 1:1 case:control ratio. Five characteristics were associated with increased odds of crash group membership in the combined model (likelihood ratio = 175.95; d.f. = 15; p < .001): use of non-English speaking drivers (OR = 3.71); use of non-family hired help drivers (OR = 4.25); types of non-farm vehicle public road use (OR = 1.39); farm injury history (OR = 1.33); and, use of younger farm vehicle drivers (OR = 1.02). Farms reporting older farm vehicle drivers (OR = 0.97), and low farm income (OR = 0.29) were less likely crash group members. Recommendations are discussed for incorporating findings into farm vehicle crash prevention research and interventions.}, number={1}, journal={ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION}, author={Costello, Theresa M. and Schulman, Michael D. and Mitchell, Roger E.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={42–47} }
 @inbook{schulman_hossfeld_mctague_charleston_stainback_2008, place={Westport, CT}, series={Praeger perspectives}, title={Globalization and Worker Displacement: Is There a Life After Converse?}, volume={3}, ISBN={9780275991814 9780275991821 9780275991838 9780275991845}, booktitle={The Impact of Globalization on the United States}, publisher={Praeger}, author={Schulman, M. and Hossfeld, L. and McTague, T. and Charleston, D. and Stainback, K.}, editor={Bertho, M. and Crawford, B. and Fogarty, E.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={187–214}, collection={Praeger perspectives} }
 @article{hossfeld_charleston_schulman_2008, title={Services Delivery for Displaced Rural Workers: A North Carolina Case Study of the Theory and Reality of One Stop: A research brief}, volume={6}, url={http://www.ncsociology.org/sociationtoday/v62/hossfeld.htm}, number={2}, journal={Sociation Today}, author={Hossfeld, L. and Charleston, D and Schulman, M.}, year={2008} }
 @article{runyan_vladutiu_rauscher_schulman_2008, title={Teen workers' exposures to occupational hazards and use of personal protective equipment}, volume={51}, ISSN={0271-3586 1097-0274}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20624}, DOI={10.1002/ajim.20624}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Industrial Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Runyan, Carol W. and Vladutiu, Catherine J. and Rauscher, Kimberly J. and Schulman, Michael}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={735–740} }
 @article{rauscher_runyan_schulman_bowling_2008, title={US child labor violations in the retail and service industries: Findings from a national survey of working adolescents}, volume={98}, ISSN={["0090-0036"]}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2007.122853}, abstractNote={ Objectives. We investigated child labor violations among US adolescents working in the retail and service industries. }, number={9}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Rauscher, Kimberly J. and Runyan, Carol W. and Schulman, Michael D. and Bowling, J. Michael}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={1693–1699} }
 @misc{runyan_ta_schulman_2007, title={Adolescents' descriptions of hazards in the workplace - Reply}, volume={120}, ISSN={["0031-4005"]}, DOI={10.1542/peds.2007-1638}, abstractNote={We appreciate Woolf's letter, which amplifies the importance of our study1 about the hazards in adolescent employment. He reiterates our caution that the results are likely an underrepresentation of the true risks, a function of potentially incomplete recall of exposures. We did, however, take precautions to address this potential problem by asking the teens to respond to questions about only 1 referent job that they held for at least 2 months during the most recent 12 months. …}, number={3}, journal={PEDIATRICS}, author={Runyan, Carol W. and Ta, Myduc and Schulman, Michael}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={686–686} }
 @article{runyan_schulman_dal santo_bowling_agans_ta_2007, title={Work-related hazards and workplace safety of US adolescents employed in the retail and service sectors}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1098-4275"]}, DOI={10.1542/peds.2006-2009}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to examine the hazard exposures, work experiences, and workplace safety training of adolescents employed in retail and service jobs in the United States.}, number={3}, journal={PEDIATRICS}, author={Runyan, Carol W. and Schulman, Michael and Dal Santo, Janet and Bowling, J. Michael and Agans, Robert and Ta, Myduc}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={526–534} }
 @inbook{runyan_schulman_ta_2006, place={Washington}, title={Adolescent employment: relationships to injury and violence}, ISBN={9780875530680}, booktitle={Injury Prevention for Children and Adolescents: Research, Practice, and Advocacy}, publisher={American Public Health Association}, author={Runyan, C. and Schulman, Michael D. and Ta, Myduc}, editor={Liller, KarenEditor}, year={2006}, pages={163–190} }
 @article{runyan_dal santo_schulman_lipscomb_harris_2006, title={Work hazards and workplace safety violations experienced by adolescent construction workers}, volume={160}, ISSN={["1072-4710"]}, DOI={10.1001/archpedi.160.7.721}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To describe the working conditions of adolescents employed in construction in North Carolina, documenting hazards, safety practices, and prohibited activities.


DESIGN
A cross-sectional telephone survey.


SETTING
North Carolina.


PARTICIPANTS
Adolescents (aged <18 years) with work permits for the construction industry in North Carolina during summer 2001.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Types of jobs, work tasks, supervisory conditions, tools, equipment, and processes.


RESULTS
A total of 187 survey respondents were in this study. Adolescents were employed in varied construction settings and business types. Nineteen of the 187 permitted workers were younger than 16 years, despite prohibitions against their employment in construction unless working for their parents. The remainder (n = 168) were working legally based on age, but most performed prohibited tasks. In fact, 84% of all the 16- to 17-year-olds had performed at least 1 clearly prohibited task and 47% had performed 3 or more. Although most reported being supervised and working with others, approximately 19% of all respondents reported working where they were not in hearing distance of other workers. Data were collected from teenagers with work permits, suggesting that these adolescents may work for more responsible employers. If violations of child labor laws exist in this group, it is likely that adolescents without permits are exposed to even greater hazards and violations.


CONCLUSION
Involvement of teenagers in dangerous and/or prohibited tasks is cause for concern and suggests a pressing need to examine the enforcement of existing laws and the need for additional protection.}, number={7}, journal={ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE}, author={Runyan, CW and Dal Santo, J and Schulman, M and Lipscomb, HJ and Harris, TA}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={721–727} }
 @article{t o'connor_loomis_runyan_santo_schulman_2005, title={Adequacy of health and safety training among young Latino construction workers}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1536-5948"]}, DOI={10.1097/01.jom.0000150204.12937.f5}, abstractNote={Objectives: This study aimed to assess the adequacy of safety training provided to young Latino immigrant construction workers. The study posited that, because of their youth and immigrant status, these workers would be less likely to receive adequate training. Methods: We interviewed 50 youths aged ≤21 who had worked at least 10 days in construction in the previous year. The in-person interview included 140 questions covering a range of construction work and health and safety experiences. Results: Participants reported performing a range of hazardous tasks, some while under the age of 18. Of these, 68% to 72% reported receiving some training, but median training time was only 1 hour. Only 24% reported receiving written training material. Those with less English ability received less training. Conclusions: Young Latino immigrants in this study received inadequate training given the hazardous work they performed. Clinical Significance: Results of this research, especially the relatively low level of English communication skills among young Latino workers, point to the need for increased bilingual services not just in worker safety training programs, but also in medical clinics and emergency rooms that treat Latino workers.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE}, author={T O'Connor and Loomis, D and Runyan, C and Santo, JA and Schulman, M}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={272–277} }
 @article{schulman_2005, title={Challenges for rural America in the twenty-first century}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1177/009430610503400239}, number={2}, journal={Contemporary Sociology}, author={Schulman, Michael}, year={2005}, pages={172–173} }
 @article{runyan_bowling_schulman_gallagher_2005, title={Potential for violence against teenage retail workers in the United States}, volume={36}, ISSN={1054-139X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.07.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.07.006}, abstractNote={Purpose To examine the working conditions of teenagers in five sites, examining the presence of factors associated with workplace violence and considering workers’ concerns about safety and training to deal with violent circumstances. Methods Teenage workers, aged 14–17 years, with employment experience in retail industries in five sites (North Carolina; Brockton, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Oakland, California; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) were questioned. Data in North Carolina were collected by telephone interview. Parallel data from the other sites were obtained using self-administered questionnaires in schools. Results Teenage retail workers report experiences that include working alone, at night, and/or without supervisors present. Training about angry customers, robbery, and sexual harassment is less than complete. Yet, teenage retail workers express few concerns about safety. Conclusions Most teenagers work while attending high school, with over half employed in the retail trades. Those working in retail experience higher rates of workplace violence than other workers, mostly during robberies. Working alone and at night are risk factors for violent victimization. Findings indicate areas of potential improvement in child labor practices, particularly with respect to training and supervision.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Adolescent Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Runyan, Carol W. and Bowling, J. Michael and Schulman, Michael and Gallagher, Susan Scavo}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={267.e1–267.e5} }
 @inbook{schulman_slesinger_2004, place={Ames, IA}, title={Health Hazards of Rural Extractive Industries and Occupations}, ISBN={9780813800103}, booktitle={Critical Issues in Rural Health}, publisher={Blackwell Iowa State University Press}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Slesinger, Doris}, editor={Glasgow, Nina and Johnson, Nan E. and Morton, Lois WrightEditors}, year={2004}, pages={49–60} }
 @book{falk_schulman_tickamyer_2003, place={Athens, Ohio}, journal={Communities of Work}, publisher={Ohio University Press}, year={2003} }
 @book{falk_schulman_tickamyer_2003, place={Athens, Ohio}, series={Global and comparative studies series}, title={Communities of Work: Rural Restructuring in Local and Global Contexts}, ISBN={9780896802346}, publisher={Ohio University Press}, year={2003}, collection={Global and comparative studies series} }
 @inbook{macmillan_schulman_2003, place={Athens, Ohio}, series={Global and comparative studies series}, title={Hogs and Citizens: A Report From the North Carolina Front}, ISBN={9780896802346}, booktitle={Communities of Work : rural restructuring in local and global contexts}, publisher={Ohio University Press}, author={MacMillan, Marybe and Schulman, Michael D.}, editor={Falk, William W. and Schulman, Michael D. and Tickamyer, Ann R.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={219–239}, collection={Global and comparative studies series} }
 @inbook{anderson_schulman_wood_2003, place={Athens, Ohio}, title={Place, Race, and State: Sustaining the Textile Security Zone in a Changing Southern Labor Market}, ISBN={9780896802346}, booktitle={Communities of Work: rural restructuring in local and global contexts}, publisher={Ohio University Press}, author={Anderson, Cynthia D. and Schulman, Michael D. and Wood, Phillip J.}, editor={Falk, William W. and Schulman, Michael D. and Tickamyer, Ann R.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={31–54} }
 @article{runyan_schulman_hoffman_2003, title={Understanding and preventing violence against adolescent workers: what is known and what is missing?}, volume={3}, ISSN={1526-0046}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1526-0046(03)00123-7}, DOI={10.1016/s1526-0046(03)00123-7}, number={4}, journal={Clinics in Occupational and Environmental Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Runyan, C and Schulman, M and Hoffman, C}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={711–720} }
 @article{costello_schulman_luginbuhl_2003, title={Understanding the public health impacts of farm vehicle public road crashes in North Carolina}, volume={9}, ISBN={1074-7583}, DOI={10.13031/2013.12347}, abstractNote={Discussions with groups of North Carolina farmers identified farm vehicle public road safety as their primary occupational health and safety concern. Findings of a mail survey of North Carolina growers participating in a North Carolina Department of Labor migrant housing inspection program indicated that over 97% of them felt less safe on North Carolina public roads now (1999) than five years prior (1995), and over 79% currently (1999) felt unsafe transporting farm vehicles on North Carolina public roads. Using both primary and secondary data, we explore the context of farm vehicle public road crashes, identify contributing individual and environmental risk factors, and estimate the public health cost. Recommendations and suggestions for future farm vehicle public road safety research and interventions are proposed.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health}, author={Costello, T. M. and Schulman, Michael and Luginbuhl, R. C.}, year={2003}, pages={19} }
 @misc{anderson_schulman_wood_2001, title={Globalization and uncertainty: The restructuring of Southern textiles}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0037-7791"]}, DOI={10.1525/sp.2001.48.4.478}, abstractNote={Globalization is a multi-faceted part of the capital accumulation process. Corporate decisions about restructuring reflect the embeddedness of industrial structure in particular regional and national social formations. This context may include the local effects of prior investment decisions, class struggles and alliances, and the pattern of advantages and disadvantages contained in the spatial, cultural, and political dimensions of corporate strategy. Our analysis of the political economy of the southern textile industry in the United States emphasizes the embeddedness of the industry in a local security zone and the complexities of uncertainly reduction as responses to globalization. Using county-level data on textile employment and socio-economic conditions (1974-1997), we analyze the spatial reorganization of textile production within the U.S. South. We argue that despite large-scale rationalization and technological change, the textile spatial fix still depends upon continuing efforts to solidify a regional security zone constituted by racial stratification, low wages, a union-free business climate, and close ties to state and local governments.}, number={4}, journal={SOCIAL PROBLEMS}, author={Anderson, CD and Schulman, MD and Wood, PJ}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={478–498} }
 @inbook{schulman_anderson_2001, place={Hanover, NH}, title={The Dark Side of the Force: Economic Restructuring and Social Capital in a Company Town}, ISBN={9781584651253}, booktitle={Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Contemporary Perspective}, publisher={University Press of New England}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Anderson, Cynthia D.}, editor={Edwards, B. and Foley, M. and Diani, M.Editors}, year={2001}, pages={112–124} }
 @misc{schulman_2000, title={Black unionism in the industrial south}, volume={41}, number={4}, journal={Labor History}, author={Schulman, M. D.}, year={2000}, pages={527–528} }
 @article{schulman_2000, title={In the wake of the giant: Multinational restructuring and uneven development in a New England community}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0094-3061"]}, DOI={10.2307/2655248}, number={5}, journal={CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF REVIEWS}, author={Schulman, MD}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={727–728} }
 @article{evensen_schulman_runyan_zakocs_dunn_2000, title={The downside of adolescent employment: hazards and injuries among working teens in North Carolina}, volume={23}, DOI={10.1006/jado.2000.0342}, abstractNote={Occupational injuries are major adverse outcomes of teen employment in the United States. Using data from a survey of teens employed in three different retail trade settings (food service, grocery, and other retail) in the state of North Carolina, we examine how experience, gender, work setting, and the pace of work are associated with hazard exposures and injury experiences. Multivariate analyses show that, after controlling for individual and job-level variables, perceived work-pace pressure and hazard exposure are positively associated with variation in the types of injury experiences. We emphasize the need to include characteristics of the workplace and the labor process when assessing the adverse consequences of work on adolescent well-being.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Adolescence}, author={Evensen, C. T. and Schulman, Michael and Runyan, C. W. and Zakocs, R. C. and Dunn, K. A.}, year={2000}, pages={545–560} }
 @article{schulman_anderson_1999, title={The dark side of the force: A case study of restructuring and social capital}, volume={64}, DOI={10.1111/j.1549-0831.1999.tb00357.x}, abstractNote={Abstract  This paper uses a case study of a Southern textile community to show how a distinct form of social capital is embedded in local networks of power and domination. Textile firms and communities in the South have undergone restructuring: technology and labor processes have modernized, firms have merged, consolidated, or closed, and the number of workers has declined. An analysis of Cannon Mills and its associated mill community of Kannapolis identifies the sources of the paternalist form of social capital that dominated work and community social relations. Corporate mergers, downsizing, technological change, shifts in the labor market, municipal incorporation, and labor organizing contributed to the transformation and decline of paternalistic social capital. The case study reminds social scientists that social capital is a context dependent form of power that can be created, accumulated, or destroyed. While many current analyses treat social capital as an unquestioned positive force, the case study reveals the dark side of social capital.}, number={3}, journal={Rural Sociology}, author={Schulman, Michael and Anderson, C.}, year={1999}, pages={351–372} }
 @inbook{anderson_schulman_1999, place={Philadelphia, PA}, series={Women in the political economy}, title={Women, Restructuring and Textiles: The Increasing Complexity of Subordination and Struggle in a Southern Community}, ISBN={9781566396790 9781566396806}, booktitle={Neither Separate Nor Equal: Women, Race, and Class in the South}, publisher={Temple University Press}, author={Anderson, C. and Schulman, M.}, editor={Smith, Barbara EllenEditor}, year={1999}, pages={91–108}, collection={Women in the political economy} }
 @article{zakocs_runyan_schulman_dunn_evensen_1998, title={Improving safety for teens working in the retail trade sector: Opportunities and obstacles}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0271-3586"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199810)34:4<342::AID-AJIM7>3.0.CO;2-U}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Using both quantitative and qualitative data, this study examined teen workers' perceptions about their work environments and the ways in which teens believe workplaces can be made safer.


METHODS
We conducted telephone interviews (n = 117) and six focus groups (n = 49) with two separate samples of North Carolina teens who worked in the retail trade sector.


RESULTS
Survey findings indicate one-fifth of teens used equipment they thought dangerous; nearly 40% always or often felt rushed at work; and about half received training on how to avoid injury. Teens in the focus groups expressed concerns about workplace physical hazards, the threat of assault, being rushed, and having little power in the work environment. They also indicated that their workplace safety training was ineffective and that child labor laws were unnecessary.


CONCLUSIONS
In order to be effective, interventions targeted at working teens need to address the organization of work and adolescent-manager interaction patterns.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE}, author={Zakocs, RC and Runyan, CW and Schulman, MD and Dunn, KA and Evensen, CT}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={342–350} }
 @article{dunn_runyan_cohen_schulman_1998, title={Teens at work: A statewide study of jobs, hazards, and injuries}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1054-139X"]}, DOI={10.1016/s1054-139x(97)00071-2}, abstractNote={Occupational injury is an ongoing and serious threat to American youth. However, little is known about the environments in which youth work or the hazards to which they are exposed. The purpose of this study was to document the patterns of work, exposures to hazardous equipment and situations, and work-related injury experiences of adolescents.We identified a statewide targeted sample of North Carolina households with teens age 14-17 years and interviewed those who had ever worked for pay or worked on a farm.Five hundred sixty-two teens from 700 eligible households reported that they had worked non-farm jobs for pay. One-third were paid for work before age 14 years; two-thirds had held more than one paid job. Place of employment was most often someone's home, a retail store, or a restaurant. Common jobs were lawn care worker, cashier, and dishwasher. Common hazards to which teens were exposed included ladders or scaffolding; forklifts, tractors or riding mowers; and working around loud noises. Over half were injured at least once while working a paid job, most often from being cut or burned.Work among youth is common. Teens hold a variety of jobs, mostly in the retail trade and the service sector, exposing them to hazardous equipment and situations. Injuries at work are frequent and some are serious. This study supports the need to include an occupational history and work-related safety counseling in clinical encounters with adolescents.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH}, author={Dunn, KA and Runyan, CW and Cohen, LR and Schulman, MD}, year={1998}, month={Jan}, pages={19–25} }
 @article{schulman_evensen_runyan_cohen_dunn_1997, title={Farm work is dangerous for teens: agricultural hazards and injuries among North Carolina teens}, volume={13}, ISSN={["0890-765X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1748-0361.1997.tb00972.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT:  Children who work in agriculture suffer more than 23,000 injuries and 300 fatalities on American farms every year. Using survey data collected from a random sample of working teens (ages 14 to 17) in North Carolina, the authors analyze the farm‐based hazard exposure and injury experiences of teens who work on farms. The group of farmworking teens (N=141) is 72 percent male, has a mean age of 16.6 years, and is, on average, in the 10th grade. The data show that teens working on farms in North Carolina are exposed to significant safety hazards throughout their farmworking careers. A majority of the respondents in this group of farmworkers reported exposure to tractors, large animals, all‐terrain vehicles, farm trucks, and rotary mowers, and more than one‐third reported exposure to pesticides and tobacco harvesters. Common reported injuries include insect stings, cuts, burns, and falls. The researchers find that gender, age, and farmwork experiences are related to variations in types of hazards to which teens are exposed and in the types of injuries they suffer. These variables also are related to the overall complexity of the teens' farmwork experiences and the burden of injury endured by teens.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Rural Health}, author={Schulman, M.D. and Evensen, C. and Runyan, C.W. and Cohen, L. and Dunn, K.}, year={1997}, pages={295–305} }
 @article{cohen_runyan_dunn_schulman_1996, title={Work patterns and occupational hazard exposures of North Carolina adolescents in 4-H clubs.}, volume={2}, ISSN={1353-8047}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2.4.274}, DOI={10.1136/ip.2.4.274}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES: This study documents sex differences in work patterns, injuries, and hazard exposures among adolescents in homes, farms, and other work sites. METHODS: 14 to 17 year old 4-H club members were asked to complete self administered questionnaires regarding their lifetime experience of work, hazard exposure, and injuries. RESULTS: Of 323 respondents, more than two thirds had ever worked paid jobs. Fifty seven per cent were injured during non-farm work and hazards were part of the non-farm work environment for 54% of the respondents. Males were more likely to work in hazardous conditions, including operating heavy equipment on farms or construction sites. Almost three quarters of the teens who worked on farms reported being injured there and 100% were exposed to at least one farm hazard. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents perform jobs at homes, farms, or other work sites where they are exposed to numerous safety hazards. Prevention efforts should target specific hazards youths are exposed to rather than the general work site.}, number={4}, journal={Injury Prevention}, publisher={BMJ}, author={Cohen, L. R. and Runyan, C. W. and Dunn, K. A. and Schulman, M. D.}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={274–277} }
 @article{schulman_zimmer_danaher_1994, title={SURVIVAL IN AGRICULTURE - LINKING MACROLEVEL AND MICROLEVEL ANALYSES}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1467-9523"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9523.1994.tb00810.x}, abstractNote={Sociologia RuralisVolume 34, Issue 2-3 p. 229-251 Survival in agriculture: Linking macro- and micro-level analyses Michael D. Schulman, Michael D. Schulman *Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this authorCatherine Zimmer, Catherine Zimmer *Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this authorWilliam F. Danaher, William F. Danaher *Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this author Michael D. Schulman, Michael D. Schulman *Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this authorCatherine Zimmer, Catherine Zimmer *Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this authorWilliam F. Danaher, William F. Danaher *Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1994.tb00810.xCitations: 4AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Albrecht, D.E., S.H. Murdock, R.R. Hamm and K.L. Schiflett (1987) The farm crisis in Touts: Changes in the financial condition of Texas farmers and ranchers, 1985–86. 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Citing Literature Volume34, Issue2-3August 1994Pages 229-251 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={2-3}, journal={SOCIOLOGIA RURALIS}, author={SCHULMAN, MD and ZIMMER, C and DANAHER, WF}, year={1994}, pages={229–251} }
 @article{schulman_cotten_1993, title={Adaptations to the farm crisis: Macro level implications of micro level behaviors}, volume={1}, ISSN={1068-8595}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1068-8595(93)90022-2}, DOI={10.1016/1068-8595(93)90022-2}, abstractNote={Using panel data collected during a short term crisis period, the changes in household labor and finances of a random sample of North Carolina farm operations are examined. Most farms (63 percent) reported no changes in their labor allocation patterns or financial arrangements. Among farms that reported some type of change, postponing farm or household purchases, restructuring financial liabilities, and increasing family income were the most widely utilized adaptations. Variables measuring farm and household economic hardship discriminate the group that used any type of adaptation from the group that attempted no changes. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the effect of adaptation use on survival in agriculture. Farm operations that attempted any type of change in their use of labor and capital were the ones that ultimately did not survive in agriculture. The results point to the need to consider the linkage between macro level structural conditions and the micro level behavior of individuals and households in developing policy interventions to ameliorate economic hardship.}, number={1}, journal={Applied Behavioral Science Review}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Cotten, Shelia R.}, year={1993}, month={Jan}, pages={93–111} }
 @inbook{schulman_anderson_1993, place={Boulder, CO}, title={Political Economy and Local Labor Markets: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis}, ISBN={9780429042416}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429042416-3}, DOI={10.4324/9780429042416-3}, booktitle={Inequalities in Labor Market Areas}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Anderson, Cynthia D.}, editor={Singelmann, J. and Deseran, F.A.Editors}, year={1993}, pages={33–47} }
 @article{lobao_schulman_swanson_1993, title={Still Going: Recent Debates on the Goldschmidt Hypothesis}, volume={58}, ISSN={0036-0112}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1993.tb00495.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1549-0831.1993.tb00495.x}, abstractNote={Abstract The literature on the Goldschmidt (1978a) hypothesis has passed through distinct stages. This article is a commentary on the present status of the literature and particularly on a recent article by Barnes and Blevins (1992). Our arguments draw in large part from our previous work. Researchers in the 1970s and early 1980s were concerned mainly with replicating Goldschmidt's work. However, these studies had a number of methodological and conceptual limitations that limited closure on the debate. A new generation of research from the mid‐1980s onward was premised upon addressing the limitations, including the need to incorporate indicators of nonfarm economic structure, to take spatial or geographic features into account, and to adequately conceptualize farm structure. Barnes and Blevins (1992) disregard these inroads, evident in that their article repeats earlier arguments, offers solutions to problems addressed a decade earlier, and is vulnerable to its own methodological problems. To move inquiry forward, new directions for studies concerned with the broader issues raised by Goldschmidt are suggested.}, number={2}, journal={Rural Sociology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lobao, Linda M. and Schulman, Michael D. and Swanson, Louis E.}, year={1993}, month={Jun}, pages={277–288} }
 @inbook{schulman_1993, place={New York}, title={Theories in the Study of Natural Resource-Dependent Communities and Persistent Rural Poverty in the United States}, ISBN={9780429301391}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429301391-6}, DOI={10.4324/9780429301391-6}, booktitle={Persistent Poverty in Rural America}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Schulman, M.}, editor={Castle, Emery N.Editor}, year={1993}, pages={136–172} }
 @article{lobao_schulman_1991, title={Farming Patterns, Rural Restructuring, and Poverty: A Comparative Regional Analysis}, volume={56}, ISSN={0036-0112}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00447.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00447.x}, abstractNote={Abstract This study examines the contentions of two recent perspectives on rural economic organization and their implications for poverty. Building from (1) agrarian political economy and (2) the rural restructuring literatures, we present a comparative regional analysis of how farming patterns and other aspects of economic organization differentially affect poverty in rural areas. Data are based on 2,349 nonmetropolitan U.S. counties for the 1970–1980 period. Nonhired labor‐dependent, family‐operated farming (smaller and larger family farming) has relatively similar cross‐regional effects on rural poverty. The effects of industrialized farming are more spatially variant, suggesting that this type of farming is integrated into regional political economies in different ways than are simple commodity units. However, farming patterns have only a small effect on rural poverty relative to other factors, such as the local employment structure, characteristics of the population, and geographic location. The results of this study highlight the need to move beyond the farm sector to understand both the dynamics of this sector and the socioeconomic consequences of rural restructuring. More broadly, the study underscores the importance of testing general sociological relationships under different spatial (e.g., regional) contexts.}, number={4}, journal={Rural Sociology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lobao, Linda M. and Schulman, Michael D.}, year={1991}, month={Dec}, pages={565–602} }
 @book{jeffrey leiter_rhonda zingraff_1991, title={Hanging by a thread social change in southern textiles}, publisher={Ithaca, NY: ILR Press}, author={Jeffrey Leiter, Michael D. Schulman and Rhonda Zingraff, editors}, year={1991} }
 @inbook{schulman_cotten_1991, title={Saving the farm: Strategies for success or distress}, volume={5}, ISBN={1559380586}, booktitle={Household strategies}, publisher={Greenwich, Conn. : Jai Press Inc}, author={Schulman, M. D. and Cotten, S. R.}, editor={D. C. Clay and Schwarzweller, H. K.Editors}, year={1991}, pages={241} }
 @article{schulman_newman_1991, title={The persistence of the black farmer: The contemporary relevance of the Lenin-Chayanov debate}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00436.x}, abstractNote={Abstract Previous empirical studies of black farmers have identified socioeconomic and demographic variables as important to their success and survival. The theories of Lenin and Chayanov also highlight the role of demographic and socioeconomic factors in the differentiation of the peasantry. Panel data from a survey of black small‐scale farm operators in the North Carolina Piedmont are used to test hypotheses based upon the Lenin‐Chayanov debate. A multivariate analysis shows that black farmers who survived owned tobacco quota, had more on‐farm household labor, had smaller households, and had higher gross farm incomes than those who left agriculture. These results point to the need to synthesize Lenin's macro‐level focus on class formation and Chayanov's micro‐level focus on enterprise formation in order to understand smallholder persistence. Over the five‐year period studied, approximately 50 percent of the original respondents were no longer actively operating farms indicating that the future of the black smallholder remains precarious.}, number={2}, journal={Rural Sociology}, author={Schulman, Michael and Newman, B. A.}, year={1991}, pages={264} }
 @article{schulman_newman_1991, title={The survival of the black tobacco farmer: Empirical results and policy dilemmas}, volume={8}, ISSN={0889-048X 1572-8366}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01591842}, DOI={10.1007/bf01591842}, number={3}, journal={Agriculture and Human Values}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Newman, Barbara A.}, year={1991}, month={Jun}, pages={46–52} }
 @article{schulman_garrett_1990, title={Cluster analysis and typology construction; the case of small‐scale tobacco farmers: A research note}, volume={10}, ISSN={0273-2173 1521-0707}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1990.9981935}, DOI={10.1080/02732173.1990.9981935}, abstractNote={Many studies have sought to describe the complexity and diversity among small‐scale farms by means of typologies. Now appropriate methodological techniques must be identified or developed to complement theoretical concerns about heterogeneity among small‐scale farmers. Using data from a panel study on small‐scale tobacco producers from the Piedmont area of North Carolina, an empirically based typology is generated via cluster analysis. Senior agriculturalist, full‐time, and part‐time smallholders are the descriptive names given to the types identified. The value of cluster analysis for typology creation is demonstrated through an analysis of which farm operators left agriculture during the drought and low‐farm‐income crisis of 1981 to 1983. The results show that part‐time farmers are less likely than either senior agriculturist or full‐time farmers to continue as active farm operators.}, number={3}, journal={Sociological Spectrum}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Garrett, Patricia}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={413–428} }
 @article{armstrong_schulman_1990, title={Financial Strain and Depression Among Farm Operators: The Role of Perceived Economic Hardship and Personal Control}, volume={55}, ISSN={0036-0112}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1990.tb00693.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1549-0831.1990.tb00693.x}, abstractNote={Abstract The causal processes accounting for the relationship between farm financial strain and depression are not well understood. Using data from a statewide survey of North Carolina farm operators, we develop a covariance structure model that specifies relationships among farm financial strain, perceived economic hardship in the household, personal control, and depression. Analyses reveal that the relationship between farm financial strain and depression is mediated by perceptions of economic hardship and personal control. Results point to the importance of differential resilience to objective economic problems instead of differential exposure to these problems.}, number={4}, journal={Rural Sociology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Armstrong, Paula S. and Schulman, Michael D.}, year={1990}, month={Dec}, pages={475–493} }
 @article{schulman_armstrong_1990, title={Perceived Stress, Social Support and Survival: North Carolina Farm Operators and the Farm Crisis}, volume={17}, journal={Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Armstrong, Paula S.}, year={1990}, month={Sep}, pages={3–22} }
 @inbook{schulman_garrett_1990, place={Toronto, Canada}, title={Socioeconomic and Demographic Differentiation Among Smallholders: Implications for Technology Development and Transfer}, ISBN={9780921627456}, booktitle={The World Food Crisis: Food Security in Comparative Perspective}, publisher={Canadian Scholars Press}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Garrett, Patricia}, editor={Bakker, HansEditor}, year={1990}, pages={135–151} }
 @article{schulman_armstrong_1990, title={Targeting Farmers for Stress Reduction}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Armstrong, Paula S.}, year={1990}, pages={10–13} }
 @article{schulman_1990, title={White and Non-White North Carolina Farm Operators: A Comparison}, volume={35}, journal={Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences}, author={Schulman, Michael D.}, year={1990}, month={Jan}, pages={9–23} }
 @article{schulman_lobao_1989, title={Agrarian origins, industrial experience, and militancy: An analysis of textile workers}, volume={9}, ISSN={0273-2173 1521-0707}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1989.9981900}, DOI={10.1080/02732173.1989.9981900}, abstractNote={What are the impacts of agrarian origins and industrial experience upon worker militancy? Investigations of this question have been framed by reference to the experiences of newly proletarianized workers‐their path to the factory via farming and their industrial experience or socialization into nonfarm working class life. Some argue that newly proletarianized workers are prone to militancy due to their inexperience with factory discipline and marginal workplace positions. Others maintain that the characteristics of recently arrived workers fail to promote or may even inhibit militancy. These competing perspectives are examined by analyzing the effects of farm background and personal and intergenerational industrial experience on four measures of militancy for a sample of textile workers from a Southern community. The analysis suggests some support for the perspective that workers with less personal experience in the mills have higher levels of militancy. Workers from farm backgrounds were slightly more mi...}, number={4}, journal={Sociological Spectrum}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Lobao, Linda}, year={1989}, month={Sep}, pages={379–401} }
 @article{schulman_garrett_newman_1989, title={Differentiation and survival among North Carolina smallholders: An empirical perspective on the Lenin‐Chayanov debate}, volume={16}, ISSN={0306-6150 1743-9361}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066158908438405}, DOI={10.1080/03066158908438405}, abstractNote={This article addresses theoretical issues concerning differentiation and class formation using North American data. It explores how socio‐economic characteristics vary and impact survival in agriculture. The study is based on panel data collected from a sample of smallholders in three Piedmont North Carolina counties. Factor analysis reveals five major dimensions of differentiation: scale, household labour, off‐farm family labour and income, demographic characteristics, and land tenure. An index of propensity to survive in agriculture, constructed from three waves of panel data is regressed upon five indices measuring the underlying dimensions of differentiation. Land tenure manifests a statistically significant net effect on survival in agriculture. These empirical results support theoretical arguments in favour of integrating analyses of socio‐economic and demographic differentiation in the study of agricultural enterprises.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Peasant Studies}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Garrett, Patricia M. and Newman, Barbara A.}, year={1989}, month={Jul}, pages={523–541} }
 @article{garrett_schulman_1989, title={Family Division of Labor and Decision Making Among Smallholders}, volume={74}, journal={Sociology and Social Research}, author={Garrett, Patricia and Schulman, Michael D.}, year={1989}, month={Oct}, pages={16–21} }
 @article{schulman_armstrong_1989, title={The farm crisis: An analysis of social psychological distress among North Carolina farm operators}, volume={17}, ISSN={0091-0562}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00931171}, DOI={10.1007/bf00931171}, abstractNote={American Journal of Community PsychologyVolume 17, Issue 4 p. 423-441 Article The farm crisis: An analysis of social psychological distress among North Carolina farm operators Michael D. Schulman, Corresponding Author Michael D. Schulman Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social WorkNorth Carolina State University 27695-8107 RaleighNorth CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorPaula S. Armstrong, Paula S. Armstrong Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social WorkNorth Carolina State University 27695-8107 RaleighNorth CarolinaSearch for more papers by this author Michael D. Schulman, Corresponding Author Michael D. Schulman Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social WorkNorth Carolina State University 27695-8107 RaleighNorth CarolinaSearch for more papers by this authorPaula S. Armstrong, Paula S. Armstrong Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social WorkNorth Carolina State University 27695-8107 RaleighNorth CarolinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 August 1989 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00931171Citations: 10 Paper Number 12226 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7601. Revised version of paper presented at the annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society, August 1988, Athens, Georgia. Data collected for this research are part of the North Carolina Farm and Rural Life Study (1987), a project of the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. The North Carolina Farm and Rural Life Study is supported by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service and the North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service. Additional support was provided by the North Carolina Agricultural Foundation. The opinions expressed are those of the authors who thank Michael Schwalbe and Catherine Zimmer for comments on previous drafts. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Averill, J. R., Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress. 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S., Family therapy with rural families in a time of farm crisis. Family Relations. 1987. 36 364–367. Keating, N. C., Reducing stress of farm men and women. Family Relations. 1987. 36 358–363. Keating, N. C., Doherty, M., Munro, B., The stress of farm debt. Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin. 1986. 9 23–26. Kessler, R. C., Stress, social status, and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1979. 20 259–272. Kessler, R. C., McLeod, J. D., Sex differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events. American Sociological Review. 1984. 49 620–631. Lazarus, R. S., Psychological stress and the coping process. 1966. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lazarus, R. S., Folkman, S., Stress, appraisal, and coping. 1984. New York: Springer. Lin, N., Dean, A., Ensel, W., Social support, life events, and depression. 1986. New York: Academic Press. Linn, G. J., Husaini, B. A., Determinants of psychological depression and coping behaviors of Tennessee farm residents. Journal of Community Psychology. 1987. 15 503–512. Mirowsky, J., Ross, C. E., Social patterns of distress. Annual Review of Sociology. 1986. 12 23–45. Molnar, J. J., Determinants of subjective well-being among farm operators: Characteristics of the individual and the firm. Rural Sociology. 1985. 50 141–162. Murdock, S. H., Albrecht, D. E., Hamm, R. R., Leistritz, F. L., Leholm, A. G., The farm crisis in the Great Plains: Implications for theory and policy development. Rural Sociology. 1986. 51 436–448. North Carolina agricultural statistics, 1987. 1987. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Agriculture. Olson, K. R., Schellenberg, R. P., Farm stressors. American Journal of Community Psychology. 1986. 4 555–569. Pearlin, L. I., Lieberman, M. A., Menaghen, E. G., Mullen, J. T., The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1981. 22 337–356. Pearlin, L. I., Schooler, C., The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1978. 19 2–21. Rosenblatt, P. C., Anderson, R. M., R. T. Coward, M. W. Smith, Interaction in farm families: Tension and stress. The family in rural society. 1981. Boulder, CO: Westview 147–166. Rosenblatt, P. C., Keller, L. O., Economic vulnerability and economic stress in farm couples. Family Relations. 1983. 32 567–573. Ross, C. E., Huber, J., Hardship and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1985. 26 312–327. Thoits, P., Conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems in studying social support as a buffer against life stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1982. 23 145–159. Thoits, P., Distress: Common stress versus unique stress explanations. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1987. 28 7–22. Thompson, E. A., McCubbin, H. I., Farm families in crisis: An overview of resources. Family Relations. 1987. 36 461–467. Unger, D., Powell, D., Supporting families under stress: The role of social networks. Family Relations. 1980. 29 566–574. 1982 Census of agriculture: Vol. 1. Geographic area series, part 33, North Carolina: State and county data. 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Walker, L. S., Walker, J. L., Stressors and symptoms predictive of distress in farmers. Family Relations. 1987. 36 374–378. Weigel, R., Weigel, D., Identifying stressor and coping strategies in two-generation farm families. Family Relations. 1987. 36 379–384. Wethington, E., Kessler, R., Perceived support, received support, and adjustment to stressful life events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1986. 27 78–89. Wilson, S. M., Peterson, G. W., R. Marotz-Bader, C. B. Hennon, T. H. Brubaker, Life satisfaction among young adults from rural families. Families in rural America: Stress, adaptation, and revitalization. 1988. St. Paul, MN: The National Countil on Family Relations 281–291. Wright, S. E., Rosenblatt, P. C., Isolation and farm loss: Why neighbors may not be supportive. Family Relations. 1987. 36 391–395. Citing Literature Volume17, Issue4August 1989Pages 423-441 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Community Psychology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Armstrong, Paula S.}, year={1989}, month={Aug}, pages={423–441} }
 @article{reif_schulman_belyea_1988, title={The Social Bases of Union Support: An Analysis of Southern Textile Workers}, volume={16}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Political and Military Sociology}, author={Reif, Linda and Schulman, Michael D. and Belyea, Michael}, year={1988}, pages={57–75} }
 @inbook{schulman_greene_1986, place={Boulder, CO}, title={Factors in the Success and Survival of Smallholders: A North Carolina Case Study}, ISBN={9780429040641}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429040641-10}, DOI={10.4324/9780429040641-10}, booktitle={Agricultural Change}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Greene, Jody}, editor={Molnar, Joseph J.Editor}, year={1986}, pages={201–222} }
 @inbook{schulman_garrett_1986, place={Manhattan, KS}, title={Stratification and Differentiation Within Smallholder Strata: A North Carolina Case Study}, booktitle={Farming Systems Research and Extension: Implementation and Monitoring}, publisher={Kansas State University}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Garrett, Patricia}, editor={Flora, Cornelia Butler and Tomecek, MarthaEditors}, year={1986}, pages={557–71} }
 @article{schulman_luginbuhl_1985, title={Agrarian and Political Attitudes Among Small-Scale Farmers: A North Carolina Case Study}, volume={3}, journal={Southern Rural Sociology}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Luginbuhl, Regina}, year={1985}, pages={42–45} }
 @article{schulman_garrett_luginbuhl_1985, title={Dimensions of the internal stratification of smallholders: Insights from North Carolina Piedmont counties}, volume={50}, number={2}, journal={Rural Sociology}, author={Schulman, M. D. and Garrett, P. and Luginbuhl, R.}, year={1985}, pages={251} }
 @article{schulman_garrett_luginbuhl_greene_1985, title={Problems of landownership and inheritance among black smallholders}, volume={2}, ISSN={0889-048X 1572-8366}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01530585}, DOI={10.1007/bf01530585}, number={3}, journal={Agriculture and Human Values}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Garrett, Patricia and Luginbuhl, Regina and Greene, Jody}, year={1985}, month={Jun}, pages={40–44} }
 @article{schulman_zingraff_reif_1985, title={Race, Gender, Class Consciousness and Union Support: An Analysis of Southern Textile Workers}, volume={26}, ISSN={0038-0253 1533-8525}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1985.tb00222.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1533-8525.1985.tb00222.x}, abstractNote={This paper examines race and gender differences in class consciousness and union support among a random sample of textile workers in a small North Carolina city. Class consciousness is treated as an ordinal variable consisting of class verbalization, class action orientation, and endorsement of egalitarian change. Union support denotes a recognition of the union's instrumental role in improving work and working conditions. The analysis reveals that blacks are significantly more class conscious and pro-union than whites. On the other hand, males and females tend to share similar levels of class consciousness and union support. Comparisons by race, within gender and by gender, within race, are provided for finer distinctions and extended discussion. A multiple classification analysis reveals that racial differences persist and that gender differences remain unimportant when the covariates of age, job dissatisfaction, education, income, and skill are considered.}, number={2}, journal={The Sociological Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Zingraff, Rhonda and Reif, Linda}, year={1985}, month={Jun}, pages={187–204} }
 @article{zingraff_schulman_1984, title={Social Bases of Class Consciousness: A Study of Southern Textile Workers with a Comparison by Race}, volume={63}, ISSN={0037-7732}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2578860}, DOI={10.2307/2578860}, abstractNote={Journal Article Social Bases of Class Consciousness: A Study of Southern Textile Workers with a Comparison by Race Get access Rhonda Zingraff, Rhonda Zingraff Meredith College Address correspondence to Rhonda Zingraff, Department of Sociology and Social Work, Meredith College, Raleigh, NC 27611. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Michael D. Schulman Michael D. Schulman North Carolina State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 63, Issue 1, September 1984, Pages 98–116, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/63.1.98 Published: 01 September 1984}, number={1}, journal={Social Forces}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zingraff, Rhonda and Schulman, Michael D.}, year={1984}, month={Sep}, pages={98} }
 @article{schulman_1981, title={Ownership and control in agribusiness corporations}, volume={46}, number={4}, journal={Rural Sociology}, author={Schulman, M. D.}, year={1981}, pages={652} }
 @article{schulman_buttel_1978, title={Class Conflict Consciousness and the Consistency of Political-Economic Attitudes Among the Working Class}, volume={6}, journal={Journal of Political and Military Sociology}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Buttel, Frederick H.}, year={1978}, pages={205–17} }
 @article{martinson_schulman_1977, title={Support for Growth Centers: The Case of Rural Northwest Wisconsin}, volume={8}, ISSN={0017-4815 1468-2257}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1977.tb00326.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1468-2257.1977.tb00326.x}, abstractNote={Recent policy for regional economic development in the U.S. has taken shape around a growth-center concept. The success of any policy aimed at regional economic development is at least partially contingent on support from the rural-hinterland people who are both the policy's target and its ultimate vehicle of implementation. The failure of a target population to cooperate with and participate in programs designed to realize policy objectives may lead to a policy's doom. Knowledge of the attitudes towards a growth-centers policy of people who have experienced or will experience the policy's impact helps assess the prospects for the policy's success. This present article examines patterns of opposition to and support for growth centers among a target population for the policy and notes the implications for regional development policy in general.}, number={2}, journal={Growth and Change}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Martinson, Oscar B. and Schulman, Michael}, year={1977}, month={Apr}, pages={31–37} }
 @article{schulman_silva_christeller_1976, title={An Empirical Examination of Order and Conflict Theories of Social Problems as Competing Ideologies}, volume={16}, journal={Sociological Symposium}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Silva, Edward T. and Christeller, Catherine A.}, year={1976}, pages={45–62} }
 @article{schulman_canak_1976, title={Pedagogy in Prisons: The Structure and Practice of Teaching Sociology in a `Total Institution'}, volume={13}, journal={The Wisconsin Sociologist}, author={Schulman, Michael D. and Canak, William L.}, year={1976}, pages={30–38} }