@misc{kim_gormley_jang_duarte_2024, title={Current status of global pig production: an overview and research trends}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2765-0235"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0367}, DOI={10.5713/ab.23.0367}, abstractNote={Global pig production has increased by 140% since the 1960s. The increase in global population, coupled with improving socioeconomic conditions of many countries has led to an increased consumption of meat globally, including pork. To keep up with demand and capitalize on economic opportunities, the countries of China, the United States (US), and the European Union (EU) have become the top 3 pork producers globally. China is of particular interest, as it is the both the largest country in pork production and pig numbers, as well as being the largest importer of pork from other countries. Globally, the efficiency of pork production has improved, in relation to the integration of pig production and the dramatic increase in research efforts in pig nutrition and production. Through integration, large producers can consolidate resources and maximize profits and efficiency. The increased research interest and efforts in pig production have given scientists and producers the opportunity to collaborate to adapt to challenges and identify possible solutions to issues brought on by a volatile global market. Intestinal health (23%), general nutrition and growth (23%), and amino acid nutrition (15%) were the top 3 areas (61%) leading research trends in pig nutrition and production. Major dietary interventions with feed additives evaluated include functional amino acids, feed enzymes, pre-/pro-/post-biotics, and phytobiotics with a common goal to improve the growth efficiency by enhancing nutrient utilization and intestinal health. With increasing global issues with environment, pig producers and the supporting scientists should continue their efforts to improve the production efficiency and to reduce the environmental footprint from pig production.}, number={4}, journal={ANIMAL BIOSCIENCE}, author={Kim, Sung Woo and Gormley, Alexa and Jang, Ki Beom and Duarte, Marcos Elias}, year={2024}, month={Apr}, pages={719–729} }
 @article{gormley_duarte_kim_2024, title={Effects of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics on intestinal health of newly weaned pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli.}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae102.139}, abstractNote={Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics (celluTEIN, Puretein Biosecience LLC, Minneapolis, MN, USA) on the intestinal health and growth performance of newly weaned pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli. Nursery pigs [n =36; initial body weight (BW) = 6.42 ± 0.33 kg BW] were allotted into three dietary treatments utilizing a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. The dietary treatments included a negative control (NC: basal diet, no challenge), a positive control (PC: basal diet, challenged with F18+ E. coli), and SYP (basal diet with Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics at 175 g/ton of feed, challenged with F18+ E. coli). Basal diets were formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements with Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics replacing corn in the basal diet. Pigs were fed for 28 d in 3 phases (P1: 11 d, P2: 10 d, P3: 7 d). Pigs in PC and Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics were orally inoculated with F18+ E. coli (2.0 × 1010 CFU), whereas the NC group received sterile saline, given in 4 doses beginning on d 7 after weaning. Throughout, fecal score, BW, and feed intake were recorded to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). At d 28, all pigs were euthanized for sampling of the jejunal mucosa to analyze oxidative stress and immune status, as well as microbiota diversity and relative abundance. Data were analyzed using the Proc Mixed in SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC). Overall, PC reduced (P < 0.05) the BW, ADG, and ADFI of pigs. The SYP had a tendency (P = 0.098) to improve the ADFI of pigs challenged with F18+ E. coli. The fecal score of pigs fed SYP were improved (P < 0.05) on d 7 to 18 of the post-challenge period when compared with PC. Furthermore, SYP reduced protein carbonyl (P < 0.05), reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae, and had a tendency to increase Leuconostocaceae (P = 0.090), Streptococcaceae (P = 0.068), Corynebacteriaceae (P = 0.085), and had a tendency to reduce (P = 0.077) Ruminococcaceae when compared with PC. Additionally, SYP reduced (P < 0.05) gene expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and increased (P < 0.05) gene expression mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), when compared with PC. In conclusion, challenge with F18+ E. coli increased fecal score, disrupted the microbiota composition in the jejunal mucosa, and increased gene expression associated with recognition of pathogens, without any impact on inflammation; therefore, negatively affecting growth performance. Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics could reduce the negative effects associated with F18+ E. coli infection by altering microbial diversity and reducing inflammation associated with expression of TLR4, and oxidative stress products, without changes in growth.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Gormley, Alexa R. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={May}, pages={124–125} }
 @article{deng_duarte_kim_2024, title={Effects of Soy protein concentrate replacing conventional soybean meal on intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli.}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae102.140}, abstractNote={Abstract This study aims to investigate the impact of various levels of soy protein concentrate (SPC) replacing conventional soybean meal (SBM) on various parameters related to intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs under F18+ Escherichia coli challenge. Newly weaned pigs [n = 72; initial body weight (BW) = 6.6 ± 0.3 kg] were randomly allotted to 6 treatment groups based on randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks and fed for 25 d (P1/2 for 11/14 d, respectively). The treatment groups were 1) NC: a diet with conventional SBM, 2) PC: NC with F18+ E. coli challenge at d 7 (2.1 × 1010 CFU); 3) T1: PC with 5% SPC replacing conventional SBM; 4) T2: PC with 10% SPC replacing conventional SBM; 55) T3: NC with 10% SPC replacing conventional SBM, and 6) AGP: PC with 0.25% bacitracin methylene disalicylate. At the end of study, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal tissues to measure parameters related to intestinal health. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS. The PC decreased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) on d 7 to d 25 (post-challenge) compared with NC. The T2 decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI on post-challenge period compared with T3. The ADG tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.067) and ADFI linearly decrease (P < 0.05) on post-challenge period with increasing SPC supplementation replacing SBM in the diets. The E. coli challenge increased (P < 0.05) fecal score in PC, and T2 treatments compared with NC, and T3, respectively. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in jejunal mucosa linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing SPC supplementation replacing SBM in nursery diets under E. coli challenge. The PC decreased (P < 0.05) interleukin-8 (IL-8) compared with NC. The PC (P = 0.078) and T3 (P = 0.099) tended to decrease immunoglobulin A (IgA) compared with NC. The AGP increased (P < 0.05) IgA compared with PC. The AGP increased (P < 0.05) the expression of occludin (OC) compared with PC. The expression of OC tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.099) with increasing SPC supplementation replacing SBM in nursery diets under E. coli challenge. The T2 increased (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) compared with T3. In conclusion, supplementation of SPC replacing SBM in the diet did not alleviate the deleterious effect of E. coli challenge on growth performance nursery pigs, which might be contributed by reduced feed intake. Additionally, supplementation of SPC seems to exacerbate the negative effect of E. coli challenge with increased intestinal inflammation and intestinal disintegration.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={May}, pages={125–126} }
 @article{baker_duarte_kim_2024, title={Effects of dietary xylanase supplementation on growth performance, intestinal health, and immune response of nursery pigs fed diets with reduced metabolizable energy}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae026}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae026}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Baker, Jonathan T. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{jang_kim_duarte_kim_2024, title={Effects of β-mannanase supplementation on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae052}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae052}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Young Ihn and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{duarte_duarte_kim_2024, title={Evaluation of phytogenic formulations on intestinal health and the performance of nursery pigs challenged with F18<SUP>+</SUP>Escherichia coli.}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae102.137}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate phytogenic formulations on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli. Weaned pigs [n = 40; initial body weight (BW) = 6.4 ± 0.1 kg] at 21 d of age were individually housed and assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design, with initial BW and sex as blocking factors. Basal diets were formulated following NRC (2012) and fed to pigs for 28 d in 3 phases (P1:11 d, P2:10 d and P3:7 d). Treatments were NC: basal diet, non-challenge; PC: basal diet, challenged with F18+E. coli; AV1: basal diet supplemented with 1% phytobiotic containing herbal extracts and essential oils in powder form, challenged with F18+E. coli; AV2: basal diet + 1% phytobiotic containing herbal extracts and essential oils in liquid form, challenged with F18+E. coli. Growth performance and fecal score (FS) were measured weekly. On d 7, the challenged groups were orally inoculated with F18+E. coli (2.0 × 1010), whereas unchallenged pigs received a sterile saline solution. On d 28, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal samples to evaluate inflammatory status, oxidative stress, and diversity and relative abundance of mucosa-associated microbiota. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure on SAS 9.4. During the post-challenge period, PC decrease (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) when compared with NC. The PC increased (P < 0.05) FS during d 7 to 11 when compared with NC, whereas AV1 and AV2 decreased (P < 0.05) FS during d 7 to 11 when compared with PC. The AV1 decreased (P < 0.05) Chao1 and Shannon indexes when compared with PC. The PC increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae compared with NC. The AV1 reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae and tended to reduce (P = 0.062) the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae when compared with PC. The AV2 tended to reduce the relative abundance of Streptococcaceae (P = 0.073) and Ruminococcaceae (P = 0.074) when compared with PC. The PC increased (P < 0.05) occludin and tended to increase (P = 0.096) TLR4 when compared with NC. The AV1 tended to increase (P = 0.053) protein carbonyl when compared with PC. In conclusion, F18+E. coli challenge increased FS, disrupted the mucosa-associated microbiota, increased TLR4 expression, consequently reduced growth performance of pigs. The AV1 showed promise in reducing oxidative stress during F18+E. coli challenge, seen through decreased protein carbonyl levels possibly due to alterations on mucosa-associated microbiota, although without affecting growth performance. The AV2 had a moderate impact on reducing FS and altering mucosa-associated microbiota, without effect on growth performance.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Yesid R. Garavito and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={May}, pages={122–123} }
 @article{duarte_parnsen_zhang_abreu_kim_2024, title={Low crude protein formulation with supplemental amino acids for its impacts on intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01015-6}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-024-01015-6}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Parnsen, Wanpuech and Zhang, Shihai and Abreu, Marvio L. T. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{roppa_duarte_kim_2024, title={Pig production in Latin America}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2765-0235"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0453}, DOI={10.5713/ab.23.0453}, abstractNote={Latin America is a culturally, geographically, politically, and economically diverse region. Agriculture in Latin America is marked by a remarkable diversity of production systems, reflecting various agroecological zones, farm sizes, and technological levels. In the last decade, the swine industry increased by 30.6%, emerging as a great contributor to food security and economic development in Latin America. Brazil and Mexico dominate the pig production landscape, together accounting for 70% of sow inventory in the region. The swine industry in Latin America is predominantly comprised of small and medium-sized farms, however, in the past 30 years, the number of pig producers in Brazil dropped by 78%, whereas pork production increased by 326%. Similar to the global pork industry, the growing demand for pork, driven by population growth and changing dietary habits, presents an opportunity for the industry with an expected growth of 16% over the next decade. The export prospects are promising, however subject to potential disruptions from global market conditions and shifts in trade policies. Among the challenges faced by the swine industry, disease outbreaks, particularly African Swine Fever (ASF), present significant threats, necessitating enhanced biosecurity and surveillance systems. In 2023, ASF was reported to the Dominican Republic and Haiti, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) in Mexico, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Venezuela, and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) in Mexico, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Ecuador. Additionally, feed costs, supply chain disruptions, and energy expenses have affected mainly the smaller and less efficient producers. The swine industry is also transitioning towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices, including efficient feed usage, and precision farming. Ensuring long-term success in the swine industry in Latin America requires a holistic approach that prioritizes sustainability, animal welfare, and consumer preferences, ultimately positioning the industry to thrive in the evolving global market.}, number={4}, journal={ANIMAL BIOSCIENCE}, author={Roppa, Luciano and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={Apr}, pages={786–793} }
 @article{kim_duarte_2024, title={Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics supplemented in feeds for sows and growing pigs for its impact on growth performance of offspring and growing pigs in commercial farm environments}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2765-0235"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0467}, DOI={10.5713/ab.23.0467}, abstractNote={Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics (SYP) in feeds for sows on the growth of offspring (Exp. 1), for nursery pigs on their growth (Exp. 2), and for nursery and finishing pigs on their growth (Exp. 3).Exp. 1 had 80 sows at breeding assigned to 4 groups with SYP at 0, 0.050, 0.175, and 0.500 g/kg. Offspring were fed a common diet for 126 d. Exp. 2 had 144 barrows at 8 kg body weight (BW) allotted to CON (no SYP); YPC (SYP at 0.175 g/kg; d 0 to 42); and YPD (SYP at 1.25, 0.75, and 0 g/kg; d 0-7, d 8-21, and d 22-42, respectively) with 8 pens/treatment (6 pigs/pen). Exp. 3 had 96 barrows at 8 kg BW allotted to CON (no SYP); YPN (SYP at 0.175 g/kg; d 0-42); YPF (SYP at 0.100 g/kg; d 43- 119); and YPA (SYP at 0.175 and 0.100 g/kg; d 0-42 and d 43-119, respectively) with 8 pens/treatment (3 pigs/pen).In Exp. 1, increasing SYP increased (p<0.05, quadratic) the sow body score (maximum at 0.30% SYP), reduced (p<0.05, quadratic) the days-wean-to-estrus (minimum at 0.27% SYP), and increased (p<0.05) offspring BW at weaning and their ADG and G:F at d 126. In Exp. 2, ADG, ADFI, and G:F of YPC were the greatest (p<0.05). The ADG and ADFI of YPD were greater (p<0.05) than CON. Fecal score of YPC and YPD was smaller (p<0.05) than CON. In Exp. 3, YPA had the greatest (p<0.05) ADG and YPN and YPF had greater (p<0.05) ADG than CON.SYP enhanced sow performance, offspring growth, growth of nursery and growing pigs with the greater efficacy at 0.27 to 0.32 g/kg feed.}, number={8}, journal={ANIMAL BIOSCIENCE}, author={Kim, Sung Woo and Duarte, Marcos Elias}, year={2024}, month={Aug}, pages={1463–1473} }
 @article{deng_duarte_kim_hwang_kim_2023, title={Comparative effects of soy protein concentrate, enzyme-treated soybean meal, and fermented soybean meal replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-023-00888-3}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-023-00888-3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, So Young and Hwang, Yunil and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gomes_duarte_saraiva_oliveira_teixeira_rocha_2023, title={Effect of antibiotics and low-crude protein diets on growth performance, health, immune response, and fecal microbiota of growing pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad357}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Gomes, Maykelly da S. and Duarte, Marcos E. and Saraiva, Alysson and Oliveira, Leandro L. and Teixeira, Lucas M. and Rocha, Gabriel C.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{gomes_kim_duarte_rocha_2023, title={Effects of Antibiotics and Low Crude Protein Diets on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Disease Incidence of Growing Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.106}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Gomes, Maykelly Silva and Kim, Sung Woo and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Rocha, Gabriel C.}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={95–96} }
 @article{cheng_duarte_kim_2023, title={Effects of Corynebacterium Glutamicum Cell Mass Supplementation on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota to Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.182}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={164–165} }
 @article{correia_kim_duarte_rocha_2023, title={Effects of Crude Protein and Non-Essential Amino Acids Supplementation on Growth Performance and Gut Health of Nursery Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.143}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Correia, Amanda Medeiros and Kim, Sung Woo and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Rocha, Gabriel C.}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={128–129} }
 @article{baker_duarte_kim_gormley_jang_2023, title={Effects of Increased Nsp with Or Without Nspase Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Intestinal Microbiome of Nursery Pigs and Implications on Subsequent Phases of Production}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.233}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Baker, Jonathan T. and Duarte, Marcos Elias Elias and Kim, Sung Woo and Gormley, Alexa R. and Jang, Ki beom}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={192–193} }
 @article{duarte_deng_eckhardt_kim_2023, title={Effects of Lactobacillus Fermentate Replacing Bacitracin on Biomarkers Associated with Bacterial Cell Wall Recognition and Intestinal Integrity in Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/66372309/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.226}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias Elias and Deng, Zixiao and Eckhardt, Erik and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={186–187} }
 @article{baker_duarte_kim_2023, title={Effects of Xylanase Supplementation in Diets with Reduced Metabolizable Energy and Supplemental Fat on Intestinal Health, Mucosa Associated Microbiota and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.234}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Baker, Jonathan T. and Duarte, Marcos Elias Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{deng_duarte_kim_2023, title={Efficacy of soy protein concentrate replacing animal protein supplements in mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2405-6545"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.007}, abstractNote={This study investigated the effects of using soy protein concentrate (SPC) to replace animal protein supplements on mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Fifty-six newly weaned pigs (BW = 6.4 ± 0.6 kg) were allotted to 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed for 35 d in 3 phases (P; 1, 2, 3) for 10, 12, 13 d, respectively. Dietary treatments were: (1) basal diet with fish meal (P1: 4%, P2: 2%, and P3: 1%), poultry meal (P1: 10%, P2: 8%, and P3: 4%), and blood plasma (P1: 4%, P2: 2%, and P3: 1%), where SPC replacing none (NC); (2) basal diet with SPC replacing fish meal (RFM); (3) basal diet with SPC replacing poultry meal (RPM); (4) basal diet with SPC replacing blood plasma (RBP); and (5) basal diet with SPC replacing all animal protein supplements (PC). Growth performance was recorded for each phase. Pigs were euthanized on d 35 to collect jejunal mucosa and tissue to evaluate intestinal health and microbiota, and ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Overall, RFM, RPM, and RBP did not affect growth performance, whereas PC decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI. The RPM increased (P < 0.05) Prevotella stercorea and decreased (P < 0.05) Helicobacter rappini. The PC decreased (P < 0.05) H. rappini, whilst increasing (P < 0.05) Prevotella copri, Propionibacterium acnes, and Pelomonas aquatica. The RFM tended to increase (P = 0.096) immunoglobulin A in the jejunum. The PC tended to decrease (P = 0.078) jejunal crypt cell proliferation. There were no differences in the villus height, AID of nutrients, intestinal inflammation, and intestinal oxidative stress among treatments. In conclusion, SPC can replace fish meal, poultry meal, or blood plasma individually without affecting growth performance and intestinal health, and AID of nutrients of nursery pigs. Particularly SPC replacing poultry meal benefitted intestinal health by reducing H. rappini and increasing P. stercorea. However, SPC replacing all three animal protein supplements reduced growth of nursery pigs mainly by reducing feed intake.}, journal={ANIMAL NUTRITION}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Sep}, pages={235–248} }
 @misc{duarte_garavito-duarte_kim_2023, title={Impacts of F18<SUP>+</SUP> <i>Escherichia</i> <i>coli</i> on Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs and Dietary Interventions}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/17/2791}, DOI={10.3390/ani13172791}, abstractNote={This review focused on the impact of F18+ E. coli on pig production and explored nutritional interventions to mitigate its deleterious effects. F18+ E. coli is a primary cause of PWD in nursery pigs, resulting in substantial economic losses through diminished feed efficiency, morbidity, and mortality. In summary, the F18+ E. coli induces intestinal inflammation with elevated IL6 (60%), IL8 (43%), and TNF-α (28%), disrupting the microbiota and resulting in 14% villus height reduction. Besides the mortality, the compromised intestinal health results in a 20% G:F decrease and a 10% ADFI reduction, ultimately culminating in a 28% ADG decrease. Among nutritional interventions to counter F18+ E. coli impacts, zinc glycinate lowered TNF-α (26%) and protein carbonyl (45%) in jejunal mucosa, resulting in a 39% ADG increase. Lactic acid bacteria reduced TNF-α (36%), increasing 51% ADG, whereas Bacillus spp. reduced IL6 (27%), increasing BW (12%). Lactobacillus postbiotic increased BW (14%) and the diversity of beneficial bacteria. Phytobiotics reduced TNF-α (23%) and IL6 (21%), enhancing feed efficiency (37%). Additional interventions, including low crude protein formulation, antibacterial minerals, prebiotics, and organic acids, can be effectively used to combat F18+ E. coli infection. These findings collectively underscore a range of effective strategies for managing the challenges posed by F18+ E. coli in pig production.}, number={17}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Garavito-Duarte, Yesid and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{duarte_stahl_kim_2023, title={Intestinal Damages by F18(+) Escherichia coli and Its Amelioration with an Antibacterial Bacitracin Fed to Nursery Pigs}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-3921"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/5/1040}, DOI={10.3390/antiox12051040}, abstractNote={This study investigated intestinal oxidative damage caused by F18+ Escherichia coli and its amelioration with antibacterial bacitracin fed to nursery pigs. Thirty-six weaned pigs (6.31 ± 0.08 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: NC, not challenged/not treated; PC, challenged (F18+ E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/not treated; AGP challenged (F18+ E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/treated with bacitracin (30 g/t). Overall, PC reduced (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), villus height, and villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), whereas AGP increased (p < 0.05) ADG, and G:F. PC increased (p < 0.05) fecal score, F18+ E. coli in feces, and protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa. AGP reduced (p < 0.05) fecal score and F18+ E. coli in jejunal mucosa. PC reduced (p < 0.05) Prevotella stercorea populations in jejunal mucosa, whereas AGP increased (p < 0.05) Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens and reduced (p < 0.05) Mitsuokella jalaludinii populations in feces. Collectively, F18+ E. coli challenge increased fecal score and disrupted the microbiota composition, harming intestinal health by increasing oxidative stress, and damaging the intestinal epithelium, ultimately impairing growth performance. Dietary bacitracin reduced reduced F18+ E. coli populations and the oxidative damages they cause, thereby improving intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery pigs.}, number={5}, journal={ANTIOXIDANTS}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Stahl, Chad H. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{duarte_stahl_kim_2023, title={Intestinal Oxidative Damages By F18+<i>Escherichia Coli </i>and Its Amelioration with an Antibacterial Bacitracin Fed to Nursery Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.225}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias Elias and Stahl, Chad and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={185–186} }
 @misc{rocha_duarte_kim_2022, title={Advances, Implications, and Limitations of Low-Crude-Protein Diets in Pig Production}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/24/3478}, DOI={10.3390/ani12243478}, abstractNote={Currently, five crystalline essential amino acids (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Val) are generally used, allowing formulation of low-crude-protein (CP) diets. Moreover, Ile may also be used depending on its economic value and the specific feeding program. Experimentally, it has been shown that further reduced CP levels can be achieved by supplemental His, Leu, and Phe to the diets. However, decreasing the dietary CP level while maintaining optimal ratios of amino acids has shown contradictory effects on pigs’ growth performance. Due to the divergence in the literature and the importance for practical formulation strategies in the swine industry, a literature review and a meta-analysis were performed to estimate the minimum CP level that would not compromise pig performance. Based on the present review, there is a minimum CP level after which the growth performance of pigs can be compromised, even though diets are balanced for essential amino acids. Considering average daily gain and gain to feed, respectively, these levels were estimated to be 18.4% CP (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.3 to 18.4) and 18.3% CP (95% CI: 17.4 to 19.2) for nursery, 16.1% CP (95% CI: 16.0 to 16.2) and 16.3% CP (95% CI: 14.5 to 18.0) for growing, and 11.6% CP (95% CI: 10.8 to 12.3) and 11.4% CP (95% CI: 10.3 to 12.5) for finishing pigs.}, number={24}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Rocha, Gabriel Cipriano and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{duarte_xu_kim_2022, title={Effects of Lactobacillus Fermentate on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Relation to Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs Challenged with F18+Escherichia Coli}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61555370/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac247.224}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias E. and Xu, Xiangyi and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={116–116} }
 @article{baker_duarte_kim_2022, title={Effects of Reduced Metabolizable Energy by Reducing fat Supplementation on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61555372/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac247.230}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Baker, Jonathan and Duarte, Marcos Elias E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={120–120} }
 @article{deng_duarte_kim_2022, title={Effects of soy Protein Concentrate Replacing Animal Protein Supplements on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Relation to Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61555375/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac247.219}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Duarte, Marcos Elias E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={114–114} }
 @article{moita_duarte_kim_2022, title={Functional roles of xylanase enhancing intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs by reducing the digesta viscosity and modulating the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac116}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac116}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{duarte_deng_baker_kim_2022, title={Impact of Reducing Dietary Protein with Supplementation of 8 Essential Amino Acids and Functional Roles of Supplemental his or Glu on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Finishing Pigs.}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61555367/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac247.216}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias E. and Deng, Zixiao and Baker, Jonathan and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={112–112} }
 @article{duarte_kim_2022, title={Intestinal microbiota and its interaction to intestinal health in nursery pigs}, volume={8}, ISSN={2405-6545}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.001}, abstractNote={The intestinal microbiota has gained increased attention from researchers within the swine industry due to its role in promoting intestinal maturation, immune system modulation, and consequently the enhancement of the health and growth performance of the host. This review aimed to provide updated scientific information on the interaction among intestinal microbiota, dietary components, and intestinal health of pigs. The small intestine is a key site to evaluate the interaction of the microbiota, diet, and host because it is the main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients and plays an important role within the immune system. The diet and its associated components such as feed additives are the main factors affecting the microbial composition and is central in stimulating a beneficial population of microbiota. The microbiota-host interaction modulates the immune system, and, concurrently, the immune system helps to modulate the microbiota composition. The direct interaction between the microbiota and the host is an indication that the mucosa-associated microbiota can be more effective in evaluating its effect on health parameters. It was demonstrated that the mucosa-associated microbiota should be evaluated when analyzing the interaction among diets, microbiota, and health. In addition, supplementation of feed additives aimed to promote the intestinal health of pigs should consider their roles in the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota as biomarkers to predict the response of growth performance to dietary interventions.}, number={1}, journal={Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={169–184} }
 @article{duarte_kim_2022, title={Nutritional Intervention for Reduced Nitrogen Excretion and Better Intestinal Health}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61555362/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac247.236}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={123–123} }
 @article{duarte_kim_2022, title={Phytobiotics from Oregano Extracts Enhance the Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Pigs}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-3921"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/10/2066}, DOI={10.3390/antiox11102066}, abstractNote={This study aimed to investigate the effects of phytobiotics on the intestinal health and growth performance of pigs. Totals of 40 newly-weaned pigs with 6.4 ± 0.3 kg BW (Exp. 1) and 120 growing pigs with 27.9 ± 2.3 kg BW (Exp. 2) were allotted in RCBD in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The factors were: antibiotics as growth promoter (AGP) and phytobiotics (PHY). Pigs were fed experimental diets during 21 d (Exp. 1) and 42 d (Exp. 2). Growth performance, health parameters, and nutrient digestibility were evaluated. In Exp. 1, AGP diet increased (p < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with a diet without AGP or PHY and a diet with AGP combined with PHY. PHY decreased (p < 0.05) TNF-α and IgG in the jejunum and protein carbonyl in plasma, whereas it increased (p < 0.05) the villus height. In Exp. 2, AGP or PHY diets increased (p < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with a diet without AGP or PHY and a diet with AGP combined with PHY. PHY decreased (p < 0.05) IgG and PC in plasma. Collectively, AGP and PHY improved growth performance by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing immune status and jejunal morphology. However, the combinational use of phytobiotics with antibiotics suppressed their effect.}, number={10}, journal={ANTIOXIDANTS}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{xu_duarte_kim_2022, title={Postbiotic effects of Lactobacillus fermentate on intestinal health, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth efficiency of nursery pigs challenged with F18(+)Escherichia coli}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac210}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac210}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Xu, Xiangyi and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{duarte_kim_2022, title={Significance of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota and Its Impacts on Intestinal Health of Pigs Challenged with F18(+) E. coli}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-0817"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/5/589}, DOI={10.3390/pathogens11050589}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the significance of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota and its impacts on the intestinal health of pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli. Forty-four newly-weaned pigs were allotted to two treatments in a randomized complete block design with sex as blocks. Pigs were fed common diets for 28 d. At d 7 post-weaning, pigs were orally inoculated with saline solution or F18+ E. coli. At d 21 post-challenge, feces and blood were collected and pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal tissue to evaluate microbiota and intestinal health parameters. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes was lower (p < 0.05) in jejunal mucosa than in feces, whereas Proteobacteria was greater (p < 0.05) in jejunal mucosa. F18+ E. coli increased (p < 0.05) protein carbonyl, Helicobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae and reduced (p < 0.05) villus height, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Brachyspiraceae, and Caulobacteraceae in jejunal mucosa, whereas it reduced (p < 0.05) Spirochaetaceae and Oscillospiraceae in feces. Collectively, jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota differed from those in feces. Compared with fecal microbiota, the change of mucosa-associated microbiota by F18+ E. coli was more prominent, and it was mainly correlated with increased protein carbonyl and reduced villus height in jejunal mucosa impairing the intestinal health of nursery pigs.}, number={5}, journal={PATHOGENS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{deng_duarte_jang_kim_2022, title={Soy protein concentrate replacing animal protein supplements and its impacts on intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress status, nutrient digestibility, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth performance of nursery pigs}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac255}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac255}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{sun_duarte_kim_2021, title={Dietary inclusion of multispecies probiotics to reduce the severity of post-weaning diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli F18+ in pigs}, volume={7}, ISSN={2405-6545}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.012}, abstractNote={This study was aimed to determine the efficacy of multispecies probiotics in reducing the severity of post-weaning diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F18+ on newly weaned pigs. Thirty-two pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts, BW = 6.99 ± 0.33 kg) at 21 d of age were individually allotted in a randomized complete block design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Pigs were selected from sows not infected previously and not vaccinated against ETEC. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 25 d based on 10 d phase 1 and 15 d phase 2. The factors were ETEC challenge (oral inoculation of saline solution or E. coli F18+ at 2 × 109 CFU) and probiotics (none or multispecies probiotics 0.15% and 0.10% for phase 1 and 2, respectively). Body weight and feed intake were measured on d 5, 9, 13, 19, and 25. Fecal scores were measured daily. Blood samples were taken on d 19 and 24. On d 25, all pigs were euthanized to obtain samples of digesta, intestinal tissues, and spleen. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), malondialdehyde (MDA), peptide YY (PYY), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were measured in serum and intestinal tissue. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The fecal score of pigs was increased (P < 0.05) by ETEC challenge at the post–challenge period. The ETEC challenge decreased (P < 0.05) jejunal villus height and crypt depth, tended to increase (P = 0.056) jejunal TNFα, increased (P < 0.05) ileal crypt depth, and decreased (P < 0.05) serum NPY. The probiotics decreased (P < 0.05) serum TNFα, tended to reduce (P = 0.064) jejunal MDA, tended to increase (P = 0.092) serum PYY, and increased (P < 0.05) jejunal villus height, and especially villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in challenged pigs. Growth performance of pigs were not affected by ETEC challenge, whereas the probiotics increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI and tended to increase (P = 0.069) G:F ratio. In conclusion, ETEC F18+ challenge caused diarrhea, intestinal inflammation and morphological damages without affecting the growth performance. The multispecies probiotics enhanced growth performance by reducing intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress, morphological damages.}, number={2}, journal={Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sun, Yawang and Duarte, Marcos E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={326–333} }
 @article{cheng_duarte_kim_2021, title={Effects of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> supplementation on growth performance, intestinal health and apparent ileal digestibility of diets fed to nursery pigs}, volume={35}, ISSN={2765-0189 2765-0235}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0369}, DOI={10.5713/ab.21.0369}, abstractNote={Objective: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of increasing supplementation of Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) up to 3.0% replacing 1.6% poultry fat and 0.9% blood plasma for growth performance, intestinal health and nutrient digestibility of diets fed to nursery pigs.Methods: Twenty-four pigs weaned at 24 d of age (initial body weight at 7.2±0.6 kg) were allotted to three dietary treatments (n = 8) based on the randomized complete block. The diets with supplementation of YL (0.0%, 1.5%, and 3.0%, replacing poultry fat and blood plasma up to 1.6% and 0.9%, respectively) were fed for 21 d. Feed intake and body weight were recorded at d 0, 10, and 21. Fecal score was recorded at every odd day from d 3 to 19. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect proximal and distal jejunal mucosa to measure intestinal health markers including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8, immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G. Ileal digesta was collected for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients in diets. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS.Results: Supplementation of YL (1.5% and 3.0%) replacing poultry fat and blood plasma did not affect growth performance, fecal score and intestinal health. Supplementation of YL at 1.5% did not affect nutrient digestibility, whereas supplementation of YL at 3.0% reduced AID of dry matter (40.2% to 55.0%), gross energy (44.0% to 57.5%), crude protein (52.1% to 66.1%), and ether extract (50.8% to 66.9%) compared to diets without supplementation.Conclusion: Yarrowia lipolytica can be supplemented at 1.5% in nursery diets, replacing 0.8% poultry fat and 0.45% blood plasma without affecting growth performance, intestinal health and nutrient digestibility. Supplementation of YL at 3.0% replacing 1.6% poultry fat and 0.9% blood plasma did not affect growth performance and intestinal health, whereas nutrient digestibility was reduced.}, number={4}, journal={Animal Bioscience}, publisher={Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={605–613} }
 @article{moita_duarte_kim_2021, title={Effects of a Functional Oils Blend on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495233/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab054.081}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={47–47} }
 @article{baker_duarte_holanda_kim_2021, title={Friend or Foe? Impacts of Dietary Xylans, Xylooligosaccharides, and Xylanases on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Monogastric Animals}, volume={11}, ISSN={2076-2615}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030609}, DOI={10.3390/ani11030609}, abstractNote={This paper discusses the structural difference and role of xylan, procedures involved in the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and their implementation into animal feeds. Xylan is non-starch polysaccharides that share a β-(1-4)-linked xylopyranose backbone as a common feature. Due to the myriad of residues that can be substituted on the polymers within the xylan family, more anti-nutritional factors are associated with certain types of xylan than others. XOS are sugar oligomers extracted from xylan-containing lignocellulosic materials, such as crop residues, wood, and herbaceous biomass, that possess prebiotic effects. XOS can also be produced in the intestine of monogastric animals to some extent when exogenous enzymes, such as xylanase, are added to the feed. Xylanase supplementation is a common practice within both swine and poultry production to reduce intestinal viscosity and improve digestive utilization of nutrients. The efficacy of xylanase supplementation varies widely due a number of factors, one of which being the presence of xylanase inhibitors present in common feedstuffs. The use of prebiotics in animal feeding is gaining popularity as producers look to accelerate growth rate, enhance intestinal health, and improve other production parameters in an attempt to provide a safe and sustainable food product. Available research on the impact of xylan, XOS, as well as xylanase on the growth and health of swine and poultry, is also summarized. The response to xylanase supplementation in swine and poultry feeds is highly variable and whether the benefits are a result of nutrient release from NSP, reduction in digesta viscosity, production of short chain xylooligosaccharides or a combination of these is still in question. XOS supplementation seems to benefit both swine and poultry at various stages of production, as well as varying levels of XOS purity and degree of polymerization; however, further research is needed to elucidate the ideal dosage, purity, and degree of polymerization needed to confer benefits on intestinal health and performance in each respective species.}, number={3}, journal={Animals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Baker, Jonathan T. and Duarte, Marcos E. and Holanda, Debora M. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={609} }
 @article{jang_duarte_purvis_kim_2021, title={Impacts of weaning age on dietary needs of whey permeate for pigs at 7 to 11 kg body weight}, volume={12}, ISSN={2049-1891}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00637-4}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-021-00637-4}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Purvis, Jerry M. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{zheng_duarte_sevarolli loftus_kim_2021, title={Intestinal Health of Pigs Upon Weaning: Challenges and Nutritional Intervention}, volume={8}, ISSN={2297-1769}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.628258}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.628258}, abstractNote={The primary goal of nursery pig management is making a smooth weaning transition to minimize weaning associated depressed growth and diseases. Weaning causes morphological and functional changes of the small intestine of pigs, where most of the nutrients are being digested and absorbed. While various stressors induce post-weaning growth depression, the abrupt change from milk to solid feed is one of the most apparent challenges to pigs. Feeding functional feed additives may be viable solutions to promote the growth of nursery pigs by enhancing nutrient digestion, intestinal morphology, immune status, and by restoring intestinal balance. The aim of this review was to provide available scientific information on the roles of functional feed additives in enhancing intestinal health and growth during nursery phase. Among many potential functional feed additives, the palatability of the ingredient and the optimum supplemental level are varied, and these should be considered when applying into nursery pig diets. Considering different stressors pigs deal with in the post-weaning period, research on nutritional intervention using a single feed additive or a combination of different additives that can enhance feed intake, increase weight gain, and reduce mortality and morbidity are needed to provide viable solutions for pig producers. Further research in relation to the feed palatability, supplemental level, as well as interactions between different ingredients are needed.}, journal={Frontiers in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Zheng, Lan and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Sevarolli Loftus, Ana and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{duarte_sparks_kim_2021, title={Modulation of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in relation to intestinal health and nutrient digestibility in pigs by supplementation of β-glucanase to corn–soybean meal-based diets with xylanase}, volume={99}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab190}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab190}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Sparks, Chris and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{cheng_duarte_kim_2021, title={Nutritional and functional values of lysed Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass for intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs}, volume={99}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab331}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab331}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{moita_duarte_da silva_kim_2021, title={Supplemental Effects of Functional Oils on the Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota, Intestinal Health, and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs}, volume={11}, ISSN={2076-2615}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061591}, DOI={10.3390/ani11061591}, abstractNote={This study aimed to investigate the effects of functional oils on modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Forty newly weaned pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts) with 7.0 ± 0.5 kg body weight (BW) were housed individually and randomly allotted in a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. The dietary treatments were a basal diet with increasing levels (0.00, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50 g/kg feed) of functional oils (a blend of castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid; Oligo Basics USA LLC, Cary, NC) fed to pigs for 34 days divided in two phases (P1 for 13 days and P2 for 21 days). Growth performance was analyzed weekly. On day 34, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa for analyzing the mucosa-associated microbiota and intestinal health, and ileal digesta for analyzing apparent ileal digestibility. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Supplementation of functional oils did not affect the overall growth performance. Increasing supplementation of functional oils reduced (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Helicobacteraceae, whereas it increased (p < 0.05) Lactobacillus kitasatonis. Supplementation of functional oils tended (p = 0.064) to decrease protein carbonyl and increase the villus height (p = 0.098) and crypt depth (p = 0.070). In conclusion, supplementation of functional oils enhanced intestinal health of nursery pigs by increasing beneficial and reducing harmful bacteria, potentially reducing oxidative stress and enhancing intestinal morphology, without affecting overall growth performance of pigs. Supplementation of functional oils at 0.75–1.50 g/kg feed was the most beneficial to the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota and intestinal integrity of nursery pigs.}, number={6}, journal={Animals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and da Silva, Suelen Nunes and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={1591} }
 @article{moita_duarte_kim_2021, title={Supplemental Effects of Phytase on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in the Jejunum and the Impacts on Nutrient Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, and Bone Parameters in Broiler Chickens}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/12/3351}, DOI={10.3390/ani11123351}, abstractNote={This study aimed to determine supplemental effects of phytase on modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, bone parameters, and growth performance of broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty newly hatched broiler chickens (Ross 308) (44 ± 2 g BW) were randomly allotted in 6 treatments with 10 birds per cage based on a completely randomized design and fed for 27 d. The treatments consisted of one negative control (NC), diet formulated meeting the requirements suggested by Ross recommendations (2019), and without phytase supplementation. The other treatments consisted of a positive control diet (PC) formulated with 0.15% deficient Ca and P and split into 5 treatments with different phytase inclusion levels (0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 FTU/kg feed). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to feeds as an indigestible marker to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. On d 27, 3 birds were randomly selected from each cage and euthanized to collect samples for analyzing the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, oxidative stress status, AID, and bone parameters. Data were analyzed using the proc Mixed of SAS 9.4. Phytase supplementation tended to have a quadratic effect (p = 0.078) on the overall ADG (maximum: 41 g/d at 2833 FTU/kg of feed). Supplementation of phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and reduced (p < 0.05) Pelomonas. Moreover, it tended to reduce Helicobacter (p = 0.085), Pseudomonas (p = 0.090) Sphingomonas (p = 0.071). Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the villus height and the AID of CP; and tended to increase (p = 0.086) the AID of P. Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) breaking strength and P content in the tibia. In conclusion, phytase supplementation showed potential benefits on the modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum by tending to reduce harmful bacteria (Pelomonas, Helicobacter, and Pseudomonas) and increase beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus). In addition, it showed positive effects increasing apparent ileal digestibility of CP and P, enhancing intestinal morphology (villus height), and improving the bone parameters (bone breaking strength, ash, and P content). Phytase supplementation at a range of 38 to 59 FTU/d or 600 to 950 FTU/kg of feed provided the most benefits related to nutrient digestibility.}, number={12}, journal={ANIMALS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{kim_duarte_2021, title={Understanding intestinal health in nursery pigs and the relevant nutritional strategies}, volume={34}, ISSN={2765-0189 2765-0235}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0010}, DOI={10.5713/ab.21.0010}, abstractNote={In the modern pig production, pigs are weaned at early age with immature intestine. Dietary and environmental factors challenge the intestine, specifically the jejunum, causing inflammation and oxidative stress followed by destruction of epithelial barrier and villus structures in the jejunum. Crypt cell proliferation increases to repair damages in the jejunum. Challenges to maintain the intestinal health have been shown to be related to changes in the profile of mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum of nursery pigs. All these processes can be quantified as biomarkers to determine status of intestinal health related to growth potential of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs with impaired intestinal health show reduced ability of nutrient digestion and thus reduced growth. A tremendous amount of research effort has been made to determine nutritional strategies to maintain or improve intestinal health and microbiota in nursery pigs. A large number of feed additives have been evaluated for their effectiveness on improving intestinal health and balancing intestinal microbiota in nursery pigs. Selected prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and other bioactive compounds can be used in feeds to handle issues with intestinal health. Selection of these feed additives should aim modulating biomarkers indicating intestinal health. This review aims to define intestinal health and introduce examples of nutritional approaches to handle intestinal health in nursery pigs.}, number={3}, journal={Animal Bioscience}, publisher={Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies}, author={Kim, Sung Woo and Duarte, Marcos E.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={338–344} }
 @article{duarte_tyus_kim_2020, title={Effects of dietary supplementation with xylanase and probiotics on growth performance and gut health of newly weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic E. coli on d 7 post weaned}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.140}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa054.140}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={Supplement_3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Duarte, Marcos E. and Tyus, James and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={78–78} }
 @article{cheng_duarte_kim_2020, title={Efficacy and safety of amino acids with biomass for growth and health of newly-weaned pigs}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.138}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa054.138}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={Supplement_3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Duarte, Marcos E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={77–77} }
 @article{cheng_duarte_kim_2020, title={Lysed Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass from lysine production as a novel feed additive to enhance gut health and growth of newly-weaned pigs}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.139}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa054.139}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={Supplement_3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Duarte, Marcos E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={77–77} }
 @article{duarte_tyus_kim_2020, title={Synbiotic Effects of Enzyme and Probiotics on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs Challenged With Enterotoxigenic F18+Escherichia coli}, volume={7}, ISSN={2297-1769}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00573}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.00573}, abstractNote={This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with xylanase and probiotics on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Sixty-four newly weaned pigs (32 barrows and 32 gilts with 7.9 ± 0.4 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design (2 × 2 factorial). Two factors were ETEC challenge (oral inoculation of saline solution or E. coli F18+ at 6 × 109 CFU) and synbiotics (none or a combination of xylanase 10,000 XU/kg and Bacillus sp. 2 × 108 CFU/kg). All pigs were fed experimental diets following NRC (2012) in two phases (P1 for 10 d and P2 for 11 d). The ETEC was orally inoculated on d 7 after weaning. Feed intake and BW were measured on d 7, 10, 15, and 20. On d 20, pigs were euthanized to collect samples to measure gut health parameters and microbiome. Synbiotics increased (P < 0.05) ADG in phase 1 and ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F in the post-challenge period. ETEC increased (P < 0.05) the fecal score of pigs from d 7 to 13; however, synbiotics reduced (P < 0.05) it at d 9 and 11 in challenged pigs. ETEC increased (P < 0.05) mucosal MDA, IL-6, Ki-67+, and crypt depth, whereas synbiotics tended to reduce TNFα (P = 0.093), protein carbonyl (P = 0.065), and IL-6 (P = 0.064); reduced (P < 0.05) crypt depth and Ki-67+; and increased (P < 0.05) villus height. ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. In conclusion, ETEC challenge reduced growth performance by affecting microbiome, immune response, and oxidative stress in the jejunum. Synbiotics enhanced growth performance by reducing diarrhea, immune response, and oxidative stress in the jejunum.}, journal={Frontiers in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Tyus, James and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{carvalho_sanglard_nascimento_moriel_sommer_merrill_poore_duarte_serao_2020, title={miRNAs explain the variation in muscle and blood transcriptomes of beef calves born from dams with or without energy restriction during late gestation}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa054.292}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Carvalho, Elisa B. and Sanglard, Leticia P. and Nascimento, Moyses and Moriel, Philipe and Sommer, Jeffrey and Merrill, Melissa and Poore, Matthew and Duarte, Marcio and Serao, Nick}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={165–165} }
 @article{duarte_grilli_kim_2019, title={371 Effects of dietary supplementation with lauric acid and AviPlusS on growth performance and gut health of newly weaned pigs}, volume={97}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.272}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz258.272}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={Supplement_3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Duarte, M E and Grilli, E and Kim, S W}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={133–134} }
 @article{duarte_zhou_dutra_kim_2019, title={Dietary supplementation of xylanase and protease on growth performance, digesta viscosity, nutrient digestibility, immune and oxidative stress status, and gut health of newly weaned pigs}, volume={5}, ISSN={2405-6545}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2019.04.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.aninu.2019.04.005}, abstractNote={This study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with xylanase and protease on growth performance, digesta viscosity, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, and gut health in nursery pigs. Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts at 21 d of age with 7.2 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (2 × 2 factorial arrangement) in a randomized complete block design and fed in 2 phases (phase 1 for 10 d and phase 2 for 14 d). Factors were xylanase (0 or 45,000 XU/kg) and protease (0 or 300,000 U/kg). Feed intake and BW gain were measured on d 10 and 24. Titanium dioxide (0.25%) was added to all diets as an indigestible external marker from d 20 to 24. On d 24, all pigs were euthanized to obtain jejunal and ileal digesta to measure viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility. The jejunal mucosa was collected to measure immune and oxidative stress status. Jejunal tissues were used to measure morphology and crypt cells proliferation. In phase 2, xylanase increased (P < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) which was further increased (P < 0.05) when combined with protease. Overall, combinational use of xylanase and protease increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared with the use of xylanase or protease alone, whereas protease improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency. In jejunum, xylanase reduced (P < 0.05) viscosity of digesta, mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA), crypt depth and crypt cells proliferation, and protease increased (P < 0.05) villus height, and decreased (P < 0.05) crypt depth and crypt cells proliferation. Collectively, xylanase improved growth performance, digesta viscosity, and oxidative stress, whereas protease improved feed efficiency and gut morphology. The combinational use of xylanase and protease enhanced growth performance of newly weaned pigs.}, number={4}, journal={Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Duarte, Marcos E. and Zhou, Fang X. and Dutra, Wilson M., Jr. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={351–358} }
 @article{zheng_duarte_park_kim_2017, title={159 Supplemental effects of fermented rice bran extracts on growth performance, bone characteristics, and immune response of broiler chickens}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasmw.2017.12.159}, DOI={10.2527/asasmw.2017.12.159}, number={suppl_2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zheng, L. and Duarte, M. E. and Park, I. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={75–76} }
 @article{zheng_duarte_park_kim_2017, title={228 Supplemental effects of fermented rice bran extracts on gut health and growth of nursery pigs}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasmw.2017.12.228}, DOI={10.2527/asasmw.2017.12.228}, number={suppl_2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zheng, L. and Duarte, M. E. and Park, I. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={109–109} }
 @article{lee_duarte_kim_2017, title={297 Super dosing effects of corn-expressed phytase on growth performance, bone characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs fed diets deficient in phosphorus and calcium}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasmw.2017.297}, DOI={10.2527/asasmw.2017.297}, number={suppl_2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lee, J. K. and Duarte, M. E. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={144–144} }
 @article{park_parnsen_duarte_yiannikouris_kim_2017, title={406 Effects of modified yeast cell wall extract on gut health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenges of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasann.2017.406}, DOI={10.2527/asasann.2017.406}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of modified yeast cell wall extract at 2 g/kg (YCWE; Integral A+, Alltech, Lexington, KY) on growth and health of pigs fed diets with aflatoxin (180 µg/kg), deoxynivalenol (1 mg/kg), and fumonisin (9 mg/kg). Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts at 21 d of age with 6.0 ± 0.6 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments (2 × 2 factorial arrangement) with 12 pens per treatment, and fed the experimental diets for 48-d. Factors were mycotoxin and YCWE. Experimental diets were formulated to meet the requirement suggested by the NRC (2012) in 2 phases (phase 1 for 20-d and phase 2 for 28-d). Body weight and feed consumption were measured every 5-d in phase 1 and weekly in phase 2. On d 14 and 45, all pigs were bled to collect serum for biochemical analysis and other measurements. On d 48, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal tissue and mucosa. Tissue was used to measure histology. Mucosa and serum were used to determine tumor necrosis factor-α, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl (PC), and immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS with 2 factors and sex as fixed effects and initial BW as a random effect. Overall, mycotoxin reduced (P < 0.05) BW (37.8 to 31.1 kg), ADG (481 to 416 g/d), and ADFI (726 to 601 g/d). The YCWE tended to improve G:F (P = 0.079, 0.670 to 0.691) and reduce WBC (P = 0.071, 18.7 to 16.3 × 103 cells/µL). Mycotoxins reduced (P < 0.05) villus height (526 to 515 µm), increased (P < 0.05) IgA (5.7 to 6.5 mg/g protein), and increased (P < 0.05) PC (2.32 to 2.67 nmol/mg protein) in the jejunum. The YCWE tended (P = 0.088) to increase villus height (515 to 523 µm), and reduced (P < 0.05) IgA (6.3 to 5.9 mg/g protein) and PC (2.6 to 2.4 nmol/mg protein) in the jejunum. Collectively, feeding diets with mycotoxin at moderate levels reduced growth and impaired gut health in newly weaned pigs. Supplemental YCWE could improve growth and gut health in newly weaned pigs at 3 to 10 wk of age.}, number={suppl_4}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Park, I. and Parnsen, W. and Duarte, M. E. and Yiannikouris, A. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={200–200} }
 @article{duarte_park_parnsen_zhou_kim_2017, title={409 Effects of combinational use of xylanase and protease on growth performance and gut health of newly weaned pigs}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasann.2017.409}, DOI={10.2527/asasann.2017.409}, abstractNote={This study was to investigate the effect of supplemental xylanase (Xylamax, BRI, Durham, NC) and protease (Versazyme, BRI) on growth performance, digesta viscosity, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, and gut health in nursery pigs. Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts at 21 d of age with 7.2 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments (2 × 2 factorial arrangement). Factors were xylanase (0 or 45,000 XU/kg) and protease (0 or 300,000 U/kg). Experimental diets formulated to meet nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012) in 2 phases (phase 1 for 10 d and phase 2 for 24 d). Feed intake and BW gain were measured d 10 and 24. Titanium oxide (0.25%) was added to all diets as an indigestible external marker from d 20 to 24. On d 24, all pigs were euthanized to obtain jejunal and ileal digesta to measure viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility, respectively. Jejunal mucosa was collected to measure immune and oxidative stress status. Jejunal tissues were used to measure morphology, proliferation of crypt cells by immunohistochemistry of Ki-67, and tight junction proteins by Western blot. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with 2 factors and sex as fixed effects and initial BW block as a random effect. In phase 2, xylanase increased (P < 0.05) ADG (0.518 to 0.560 kg/d) which was further increased (P < 0.05, interaction) with protease. Overall, combinational use of xylanase and protease increased (P < 0.05) ADG (0.503 vs. 0.442 and 0.437 kg/d) compared with the use of xylanase or protease alone, wheras protease improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency (0.765 to 0.793). In jejunum, xylanase reduced (P < 0.05) viscosity of digesta (2.69 to 2.36 mPa.s), mucosal MDA (1.14 to 0.95 μM), crypt depth (220 to 198 μm) and crypt cell proliferation (20.3 to 17.6%), and protease increased (P < 0.05) villus height (439 to 493 μm), crypt depth (229 to 189 μm) and crypt cell proliferation (21.5 to 15.9%). Combinational use of xylanase and protease increased (P < 0.05) claudin (0.047 to 0.076 band intensity) and occludin (0.126 to 0.161 band intensity) in jejunum. Apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients was not different among treatments. Collectively, xylanase could improve growth, digesta viscosity, and oxidative stress, and protease could improve feed efficiency and gut integrity. Combinational use of xylanase and protease enhanced growth performance and tight junction proteins in newly weaned pigs.}, number={suppl_4}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Duarte, M. E. and Park, I. and Parnsen, W. and Zhou, F. X. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={202–202} }