@article{baker_duarte_kim_2024, title={Effects of dietary xylanase supplementation on growth performance, intestinal health, and immune response of nursery pigs fed diets with reduced metabolizable energy}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae026}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae026}, abstractNote={Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of xylanase on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs fed diets with reduced metabolizable energy (ME). One hundred ninety-two pigs at 8.7 kg ± 0.7 body weight (BW) after 7 d of weaning were allotted in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks. Eight dietary treatments consisted of 5 ME levels (3,400, 3,375, 3,350, 3,325, and 3,300 kcal ME/kg) below the NRC (2012) requirement and 4 levels of xylanase (0, 1,200, 2,400, and 3,600 XU/kg) to a diet with 3,300 kcal ME/kg. All pigs received their respective treatments for 35 d in 2 phases, pre-starter (14 d) and starter (21 d). On day 35, eight pigs in 3,400 kcal/kg (CON), 3,300 kcal/kg (LE), and 3,300 kcal/kg + 3,600 XU xylanase/kg (LEX) were euthanized to collect jejunal tissues and digesta for the evaluation of mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal immune response, oxidative stress status, intestinal morphology, crypt cell proliferation, and digesta viscosity as well as ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure on SAS 9.4. The LE increased (P < 0.05) jejunal digesta viscosity, tended to have decreased (P = 0.053) relative abundance of Prevotella, and tended to increase (P = 0.055) Lactobacillus. The LE also increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of protein carbonyl whereas malondialdehyde, villus height (VH), villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, and finally average daily feed intake were decreased (P < 0.05). The LE did not affect average daily gain (ADG). The LEX decreased (P < 0.05) digesta viscosity, increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Prevotella, decreased (P < 0.05) Helicobacter, decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of protein carbonyl, tended to increase (P = 0.065) VH, and decreased (P < 0.05) VH:CD and crypt cell proliferation. Moreover, LEX increased (P < 0.05) the AID of dry matter and gross energy and tended to increase (P = 0.099; P = 0.076) AID of crude protein, and ether extract. The LEX did not affect ADG but did tend to decrease (P = 0.070) fecal score during the starter phase. Overall, reducing ME negatively affected intestinal health parameters and nutrient digestibility without affecting growth. Supplementation of xylanase mitigated some of the negative effects observed by ME reduction on intestinal health and digestibility of nutrients without affecting growth.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Baker, Jonathan T. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{jang_kim_duarte_kim_2024, title={Effects of β-mannanase supplementation on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae052}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae052}, abstractNote={Abstract Two experiments were conducted using 120 pigs to test the hypothesis that supplementation of β-mannanase could reduce digesta viscosity, enhance nutrient digestion, and improve intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. In experiment 1, 48 crossbred barrows were randomly allotted to four treatments with increasing levels of β-mannanase at 0, 200, 400, and 600 U/kg in feeds. All pigs were euthanized on day 12 to collect jejunal digesta to measure digesta viscosity and ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). In experiment 2, 72 nursery pigs were randomly allotted to three treatments with increasing levels of β-mannanase at 0, 400, and 600 U/kg in feeds. Plasma collected on day 9 was used to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), immunoglobulin G (IgG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC). All pigs were euthanized on day 10 to collect duodenal and jejunal tissues to evaluate the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA, morphology, crypt cell proliferation, and expression of tight junction proteins in the jejunum. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure for polynomial contrasts and the NLMIXED procedure for broken-line analysis of SAS. In experiment 1, β-mannanase supplementation tended to have quadratic effects on digesta viscosity (P = 0.085) and AID of GE (P = 0.093) in the pigs. In experiment 2, jejunal digesta viscosity of the pigs was reduced (P < 0.05) when β-mannanase was supplemented at 360 U/kg of feed. β-Mannanase supplementation linearly reduced (P < 0.05) TNF-α, IgG, MDA, and PC in the duodenum, and TNF-α, IgG, and MDA in the jejunum of the pigs. β-Mannanase supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio and crypt cell proliferation in the jejunum. β-Mannanase supplementation tended to linearly improve (P = 0.083) expression of zonula occludens-1 in the jejunum. In conclusion, supplementation of β-mannanase at 360 U/kg reduced the digesta viscosity and up to 600 U/kg positively affected intestinal health and growth of pigs by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress whilst enhancing structure and barrier function in the jejunum.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Young Ihn and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{duarte_parnsen_zhang_abreu_kim_2024, title={Low crude protein formulation with supplemental amino acids for its impacts on intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01015-6}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-024-01015-6}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Low crude protein (CP) formulations with supplemental amino acids (AA) are used to enhance intestinal health, reduce costs, minimize environmental impact, and maintain growth performance of pigs. However, extensive reduction of dietary CP can compromise growth performance due to limited synthesis of non-essential AA and limited availability of bioactive compounds from protein supplements even when AA requirements are met. Moreover, implementing a low CP formulation can increase the net energy (NE) content in feeds causing excessive fat deposition. Additional supplementation of functional AA, coupled with low CP formulation could further enhance intestinal health and glucose metabolism, improving nitrogen utilization, and growth performance. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of low CP formulations with supplemental AA on the intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. Methods In Exp. 1, 90 pigs (19.7 ± 1.1 kg, 45 barrows and 45 gilts) were assigned to 3 treatments: CON (18.0% CP, supplementing Lys, Met, and Thr), LCP (16.0% CP, supplementing Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Val), and LCPT (16.1% CP, LCP + 0.05% SID Trp). In Exp. 2, 72 pigs (34.2 ± 4.2 kg BW) were assigned to 3 treatments: CON (17.7% CP, meeting the requirements of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp); LCP (15.0% CP, meeting Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, and Phe); and VLCP (12.8% CP, meeting Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, Phe, His, and Leu). In Exp. 3, 72 pigs (54.1 ± 5.9 kg BW) were assigned to 3 treatments and fed experimental diets for 3 phases (grower 2, finishing 1, and finishing 2). Treatments were CON (18.0%, 13.8%, 12.7% CP for 3 phases; meeting Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp); LCP (13.5%, 11.4%, 10.4% CP for 3 phases; meeting Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, and Phe); and LCPG (14.1%, 12.8%, 11.1% CP for 3 phases; LCP + Glu to match SID Glu with CON). All diets had 2.6 Mcal/kg NE. Results In Exp. 1, overall, the growth performance did not differ among treatments. The LCPT increased ( P < 0.05) Claudin-1 expression in the duodenum and jejunum. The LCP and LCPT increased ( P < 0.05) CAT-1, 4F2hc, and B 0 AT expressions in the jejunum. In Exp. 2, overall, the VLCP reduced ( P < 0.05) G:F and BUN. The LCP and VLCP increased ( P < 0.05) the backfat thickness (BFT). In Exp. 3, overall, growth performance and BFT did not differ among treatments. The LCPG reduced ( P < 0.05) BUN, whereas increased the insulin in plasma. The LCP and LCPG reduced ( P < 0.05) the abundance of Streptococcaceae, whereas the LCP reduced ( P < 0.05) Erysipelotrichaceae , and the alpha diversity. Conclusions When implementing low CP formulation, CP can be reduced by supplementation of Lys, Thr, Met, Trp, Val, and Ile without affecting the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs when NE is adjusted to avoid increased fat deposition. Supplementation of Trp above the requirement or supplementation of Glu in low CP formulation seems to benefit intestinal health as well as improved nitrogen utilization and glucose metabolism.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Parnsen, Wanpuech and Zhang, Shihai and Abreu, Marvio L. T. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{deng_duarte_kim_hwang_kim_2023, title={Comparative effects of soy protein concentrate, enzyme-treated soybean meal, and fermented soybean meal replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2049-1891"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-023-00888-3}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-023-00888-3}, abstractNote={Soy protein supplements, with high crude protein and less antinutritional factors, are produced from soybean meal by different processes. This study evaluated the comparative effects of various soy protein supplements replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on the intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth performance of nursery pigs.Sixty nursery pigs (6.6 ± 0.5 kg BW) were allotted to five treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks. Pigs were fed for 39 d in 3 phases (P1, P2, and P3). Treatments were: Control (CON), basal diet with fish meal 4%, 2%, and 1%, poultry meal 10%, 8%, and 4%, and blood plasma 4%, 2%, and 1% for P1, P2, and P3, respectively; basal diet with soy protein concentrate (SPC), enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESB), fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus (FSBL), and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus (FSBB), replacing 1/3, 2/3, and 3/3 of animal protein supplements for P1, P2, and P3, respectively. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4.The SPC did not affect the BW, ADG, and G:F, whereas it tended to reduce (P = 0.094) the ADFI and tended to increase (P = 0.091) crypt cell proliferation. The ESM did not affect BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F, whereas tended to decrease (P = 0.098) protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa. The FSBL decreased (P < 0.05) BW and ADG, increased (P < 0.05) TNF-α, and Klebsiella and tended to increase MDA (P = 0.065) and IgG (P = 0.089) in jejunal mucosa. The FSBB tended to increase (P = 0.073) TNF-α, increased (P < 0.05) Clostridium and decreased (P < 0.05) Achromobacter and alpha diversity of microbiota in jejunal mucosa.Soy protein concentrate, enzyme-treated soybean meal, and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus could reduce the use of animal protein supplements up to 33% until 7 kg body weight, up to 67% from 7 to 11 kg body weight, and entirely from 11 kg body weight without affecting the intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery pigs. Fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus, however, increased the immune reaction and oxidative stress in the intestine consequently reducing the growth performance.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, So Young and Hwang, Yunil and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gomes_duarte_saraiva_oliveira_teixeira_rocha_2023, title={Effect of antibiotics and low-crude protein diets on growth performance, health, immune response, and fecal microbiota of growing pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad357}, abstractNote={This study aimed to investigate the effects of diets with and without antibiotics supplementation and diets with 18.5 and 13.0% crude protein (CP) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, disease incidence, fecal microbiota, immune response, and antioxidant capacity of growing pigs. One hundred and eighty pigs (59-d-old; 18.5 ± 2.5 kg) were distributed in a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, nine replicates, and five pigs per pen. The factors were CP (18.5% or 13.0%) and antibiotics (none or 100 mg/kg tiamulin + 506 mg/kg oxytetracycline). Medicated diets were fed from d 59 to 73. After that, all pigs were fed their respective CP diets from 73 to 87 d. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS version 9.4. From d 59 to 73, pigs fed antibiotics diets had higher (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), compared to the diets without antibiotics. From d 73 to 87 (post-medicated period), any previous supplementation of antibiotics did not affect pig growth performance. Overall (d 59 to 87), pigs fed antibiotics diets had higher (P < 0.05) G:F compared to pigs fed diets without antibiotics. In all periods evaluated, pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had higher (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared to pigs fed 13.0% CP. Pigs fed the 13.0% CP diets had lower (P < 0.05) fecal score and diarrhea incidence than those fed 18.5% CP. Pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had improved (P < 0.05) loin area compared to pigs fed diets with 13.0% CP. At 66 d of age, pigs fed antibiotics diets had lower (P < 0.05) alpha diversity estimated with Shannon and Simpson compared to the pig fed diets without antibiotics. At family level, pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had higher (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Streptococcaceae, and lower (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Clostridiaceae at d 66 and 87 compared with pigs fed 13.0% CP. Pigs fed antibiotics diets had lower (P < 0.05) immunoglobulin G and protein carbonyl concentrations at d 66 compared to the pigs fed diets without antibiotics. The reduction of dietary CP from 18.5% to 13.0% reduced the growth performance and loin muscle area of growing pigs, although it was effective to reduce diarrhea incidence. Antibiotics improved growth performance, lowered diarrhea incidence, improved components of the humoral immune response, and reduced microbiota diversity. However, in the post-medicated period, we found no residual effect on the general health of the animals, and considering the overall period, only G:F was improved by the use of antibiotics.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Gomes, Maykelly da S. and Duarte, Marcos E. and Saraiva, Alysson and Oliveira, Leandro L. and Teixeira, Lucas M. and Rocha, Gabriel C.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{gomes_kim_duarte_rocha_2023, title={Effects of Antibiotics and Low Crude Protein Diets on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Disease Incidence of Growing Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.106}, abstractNote={
 This study investigated the effect of antibiotics and low crude protein (CP) diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and disease incidence of growing pigs. Barrows (n = 180; 59-d-old; 18.5 ± 2.5 kg BW; AGPIC 800 × TN70) were distributed in a randomized complete block design, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, nine replicates, and five pigs per pen. The factors were CP (18.5% or 13.0%) and antibiotics (none or 100 mg/kg tiamulin + 506 mg/kg oxytetracycline). Medicated diets were fed for 14 days. After that, all pigs were fed their respective CP diets for an additional 14 days (Post-medication period). Diets were formulated according to the NRC, (2012). Growth performance, backfat thickness, loin muscle area (ultrasound; Aloka SSD 500V), and disease incidence (couch and diarrhea) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS 9.4. For the first 14 days, pigs with antibiotics had improved (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with those without antibiotics. Pigs with 18.5% CP had greater (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and G:F, whereas decreased (P < 0.05) ADFI compared with those with 13.0% CP. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between CP and antibiotics for growth performance and carcass variables. Reduced (P < 0.05) cough and diarrhea incidence were observed in pigs fed antibiotics diets compared with those without antibiotics. Pigs fed 13.0% CP diets presented with less (P < 0.05) diarrhea incidence only when fed without antibiotics. During post-medication period, there was no carryover effect (P > 0.05) of antibiotics on growth performance, whereas pigs fed the 18.5% CP diets had greater (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and G:F than those with 13.0% CP. Overall, G:F was improved (P < 0.05) by the use of antibiotics and the 18.5% CP diets improved (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with 13.0% CP. Antibiotics did not have carryover effects (P > 0.05) on cough and diarrhea incidence whereas, pigs with 13.0% CP diets had less (P < 0.05) diarrhea incidence than those with 18.5% CP. Pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had improved (P < 0.05) loin muscle area compared with the 13% CP, whereas treatments did not influence the backfat thickness (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the reduction of dietary CP from 18.5% to 13.0% reduces the growth performance and loin muscle area of growing pigs, although it was effective to reduced diarrhea incidence. Antibiotics improved growth performance and reduced cough and diarrhea incidence. However, overall, only G:F was improved by the use of antibiotics.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Gomes, Maykelly Silva and Kim, Sung Woo and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Rocha, Gabriel C.}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={95–96} }
 @article{cheng_duarte_kim_2023, title={Effects of Corynebacterium Glutamicum Cell Mass Supplementation on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota to Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.182}, abstractNote={
 The objectives were to evaluate the effects of Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass (CGCM) supplementation, replacing blood plasma in diets, on the gene expressions of biomarkers associated with peptidoglycan and their correlation with intestinal health in nursery pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 32) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments based on the randomized complete block design with initial BW as blocks. The diets with supplementation of CGCM (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1%) replacing blood plasma up to 1.5% were fed for 21 d. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect proximal and distal jejunal mucosa to measure intestinal health markers. Gene expression of receptors associated with peptidoglycan (PGN) and intestinal health were evaluated by PCR. Correlations between gene expressions of receptors associated with PGN and intestinal health markers in jejunal mucosa were assessed by Pearson’s analysis. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. Increasing CGCM supplementation affected (quadratic) the relative gene expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGLYRP) 1 (P = 0.080, max: 1.85% at 1.1% CGCM), PGLYRP4 (P < 0.05, max: 3.24% at 1.2% CGCM), and interferon-γ (P = 0.088, max: 3.25% at 1.1% CGCM). Increasing CGCM supplementation did not affect the relative gene expression of PGLYRP2A, PGLYRP2B, PGLYRP3, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) 1, NOD2, cluster of differentiation (CD) 14, and nuclear factor-kappa B. In proximal jejunal mucosa, PGLYRP1 was positively correlated with immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin 8 (r = 0.50 and 0.45, respectively; P < 0.05). PGLYRP4 was positively correlated with protein carbonyl and IgA (r = 0.65 and 0.60, respectively; P < 0.05). Interferon-γ was positively correlated with Campylobacter coli (r = 0.61; P < 0.05) and IgA (r = 0.52; P < 0.05). PGLYRP2A was negatively correlated (r = -0.44; P < 0.05) with Pseudomonadaceae. TLR2 was positively correlated with Corynebacteriaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Propionibacteriaceae (r = 0.55, 0.51, and 0.52, respectively; P < 0.05). NOD1 was positively correlated (r = 0.50; P < 0.05) with Propionibacteriaceae. NOD2 were positively correlated with Pasteurellaceae and Propionibacteriaceae (r = 0.73 and 0.53, respectively; P < 0.05). CD14 was negatively correlated (r = -0.47; P < 0.05) with IgA. Campylobacteraceae was positively correlated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (r = 0.50; P < 0.05). Pseudomonadaceae was negatively correlated with IgG (r = -0.39; P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing 1.1% to 1.2% CGCM, replacing 0.8 to 0.9% blood plasma, increased the relative gene expressions of PGLYRP1, PGLYRP4, and interferon-γ, which were related to the modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota, immune response, and oxidative stress markers caused by CGCM supplementation. Supplementing 2.1% CGCM showed to have a similar expression of receptors associated with PGN and intestinal health by promoting the growth of less inflammatory microbiota.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={164–165} }
 @article{correia_kim_duarte_rocha_2023, title={Effects of Crude Protein and Non-Essential Amino Acids Supplementation on Growth Performance and Gut Health of Nursery Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad341.143}, abstractNote={
 This study investigated the effect of crude protein (CP) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) supplementation on growth performance and gut health of nursery pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 90; 22 days old; 7.5 ± 0.7 kg BW; AGPIC 415 × Camborough) barrows and gilts, were distributed in a randomized complete block design (BW as block) to three dietary treatments fed for 14 days: 1) 24% CP, 2) 18% CP, and 3) 18% CP + NEAA, including 5 g/kg L-arginine and 10 g/kg L-glutamate + L-glutamine (AminoGut, Ajinomoto, São Paulo, Brazil). There were 10 replicates per treatment and three pigs per pen. A corn-soybean meal-based diet was formulated to have 3,400 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy and 1.45 g/kg of standardized ileal digestible lysine. Crystalline amino acids, L-Lys, L-Thr, DL-Met, L-Trp, L-Val, L-Ile, L-His, and L-Leu were used (if necessary) to satisfy the ideal amino acid profile according to the Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine (Rostagno et al., 2017). On day 14, pigs were weighed and then euthanized to collect duodenum, jejunum, and ileum tissue. Growth performance, diarrhea incidence, intestinal morphology, goblet cells, and Peyer’s patches were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS 9.4 and means were compared by Tukey’s test. Pigs fed 24% CP diet had improved (P < 0.05) G:F compared with 18% CP and 18% CP + NEAA (Table 1). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of dietary treatments on ADFI, ADG, BW, and diarrhea incidence. In the duodenum, pigs fed 18% CP + NEAA diets had greater (P < 0.05) villus height compared with the 24% CP and 18% CP (427 to 381 and 383 µm). Moreover, goblet cells proportion in pigs fed 24% CP and 18% CP + NEAA diets were greater (P < 0.05) than that of 18% CP (53.2 and 53.4 to 45.3%). In the jejunum, pigs fed 18% CP + NEAA diet had reduced (P < 0.05) crypt depth than those fed 24% CP (161 and 141 µm), whereas pigs fed 18% CP presented intermediate results (144 µm). In the ileum, pigs fed the 24% CP diets presented a greater (P < 0.05) number of Peyer’s patches compared with 18% CP and 18% CP + NEAA (48 to 38 and 41 units). In conclusion, nursery pigs fed 24% CP diets presented improved G:F compared with those fed 18% CP or 18% CP + NEAA. However, pigs fed the 18% + NEAA diets presented better gut health compared with 24% CP or 18% CP.
}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Correia, Amanda Medeiros and Kim, Sung Woo and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Rocha, Gabriel C.}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={128–129} }
 @article{baker_duarte_kim_gormley_jang_2023, title={Effects of Increased Nsp with Or Without Nspase Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Intestinal Microbiome of Nursery Pigs and Implications on Subsequent Phases of Production}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.233}, abstractNote={
 This study aimed to investigate the effects of increased NSP from alternative feedstuffs in feeds with or without NSPase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, immune status, and modulation of the intestinal microbiome of nursery pigs and the carryover effect from dietary nursery intervention on the subsequent phases of production. One hundred and sixty newly weaned pigs at 7.0 ± 0.3 kg BW were allotted in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with NSP level and NSPase supplementation serving as factors and sex as block. Pigs were assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments with the control having corn DDGS as the main source of NSP and HNSP having soy hulls and wheat bran replacing corn DDGS as the source of NSP. Pigs were fed for 37 d in 2 phases (19 d and 18 d, respectively) and housed in a pen of 4. Growth performance was measured at the end of each phase. At d 37, a pig representing the median BW within each pen from each treatment was euthanized for sampling jejunal mucosa, jejunal tissue, and ileal digesta to analyze intestinal health variables, oxidative stress products, and digesta viscosity. The remaining pigs were then fed a common diet for the subsequent grower and finisher phases to evaluate the carryover effect. At the end of the finisher phase, all pigs were euthanized to obtain carcass data. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. Overall, NSP level and type nor NSPase supplementation had an effect on growth performance; however, HNSP tended to have improved (P = 0.087) feed efficiency (0.52 to 0.53) in the grower period immediately following the nursery phase. Additionally, HNSP increased (P < 0.05) IgG (4.84 to 5.83 µg/mg of protein) in the jejunal mucosa and tended to increase (P = 0.096) the villus height in the jejunum (482.8 to 506.6 μm). The body weight of HNSP pigs was more uniform (P < 0.05; 8.7 to 11.6%) than the control at the end of the 120-day trial. No differences were observed in carcass traits however, the hot carcass weight of pigs in HNSP tended to be more uniform (P = 0.089; 6.4 to 10.00%) than the control. In conclusion, increased amounts of NSP from alternative feedstuffs does not further impair or damage the intestinal health and subsequent growth performance of nursery pigs and may aid the pig through generated metabolites and alterations to the intestinal microbiota as they are transitioned to the ensuing phases of production as evidenced by the increased uniformity at the end of the trial.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Baker, Jonathan T. and Duarte, Marcos Elias Elias and Kim, Sung Woo and Gormley, Alexa R. and Jang, Ki beom}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={192–193} }
 @article{duarte_deng_eckhardt_kim_2023, title={Effects of Lactobacillus Fermentate Replacing Bacitracin on Biomarkers Associated with Bacterial Cell Wall Recognition and Intestinal Integrity in Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/66372309/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.226}, abstractNote={
 Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus fermentate (LBF) as postbiotic on immune response and barrier function in jejunal mucosa of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli. Sixty-four pigs (32 barrows and 32 gilts) weaned at 21 d of age with 7.9 ± 0.5 kg in Exp. 1 (n = 32) and 6.6 ± 0.7 kg in Exp. 2 (n = 32) were allotted based on a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. The treatments were NC: no challenge/no supplement; PC: E. coli challenge/no supplement; AGP: E. coli challenge/bacitracin (30 g/t feed); and PBT: E. coli challenge/postbiotic (2 kg/t feed). Pigs were fed a basal diet for 28 d, formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of NRC (2012). At d 7, the challenged pigs were orally inoculated with F18+E. coli. At d 28, pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal tissue to analyze gene expressions involved in bacterial cell wall recognition, immune response, and intestinal barrier function. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED of SAS 9.4. The PC tended to reduce (P = 0.097) the relative expression of PGLYRP2A (1.12 to 0.76) and increased (P < 0.05) TLR4 (0.98 to 1.67) and NOD1 (0.99 to 1.56) compared with NC. The AGP tended to increase (P = 0.074) PGLYRP2A (0.76 to 1.15) and tended to reduce (P = 0.099) PGLYRP3 (1.21 to 0.82) compared with PC. The PBT increased (P < 0.05) PGLYRP4 (0.86 to 1.53) compared with PC. The AGP tended to reduce (P = 0.085) TLR4 (1.67 to 0.98) compared with PC. The AGP and the PBT reduced (P < 0.05) NOD1 (1.56 to 0.98 and 0.97, respectively) compared with PC. The PC tended to increase (P = 0.079) CD14 (1.13 to 2.13) compared with NC, however, PBT tended to reduce (P = 0.091) it (2.13 to 1.27) compared with PC. The AGP increased (P < 0.05) interferon-γ (1.13 to 1.21) and the PBT tended to increase (P = 0.096) it (1.13 to 1.63) compared with PC. The AGP tended to increase (P = 0.082) claudin-1 (0.85 to 1.81) compared with PC. In conclusion, F18+E. coli challenge upregulated the expression of pathogen recognition genes, including TLR4, CD14, and NOD1, which can increase the production of cytokines associated with pro-inflammatory response. The AGP showed a trend towards increasing the intestinal barrier function, possibly by increasing the expression of interferon-γ and reducing the expression of genes associated with pathogen recognition. The PBT enhanced the immunocompetence of nursery pigs by increasing the expression of interferon-γ and PGLYRP4, and reducing the expression of genes associated with pathogen recognition including NOD1 and CD14, which may indicate a reduction of the pathogen invasion.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias Elias and Deng, Zixiao and Eckhardt, Erik and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={186–187} }
 @article{baker_duarte_kim_2023, title={Effects of Xylanase Supplementation in Diets with Reduced Metabolizable Energy and Supplemental Fat on Intestinal Health, Mucosa Associated Microbiota and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.234}, abstractNote={
 This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing metabolizable energy (ME) below the requirement by reducing supplemental fat on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. One hundred and ninety-two newly weaned pigs at 7.3 ± 0.6 kg BW were allotted in a RCBD with sex and initial BW as blocks. Pigs were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments with varying ME levels (3,400, 3,375, 3,350, 3,325, and 3,300 kcal/kg ME) by reducing supplemental fat and increasing xylanase (X0: 0, X40: 1,200, X80: 2,400 and X120: 3,600 XU/kg of feed) in ME deficient diets by 100 kcals/kg. Pigs were fed diets for 35 d in 2 phases (14 d and 21 d, respectively) and growth performance was measured at the end of each phase. Phase 2 diet had titanium dioxide (0.4%) as indigestible external marker to measure ileal digestibility of nutrients. At d 35, a pig representing the median BW within each pen from 3 dietary treatments (ME at 3,400 and 3,300 kcal/kg ME with or without xylanase) were euthanized for sampling jejunal mucosa, jejunal tissue, and ileal digesta to analyze intestinal health parameters, mucosa associated microbiota, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. Overall, reducing ME level had no effect on growth performance of nursery pigs. However, reducing ME by 100 kcal/kg ME below the requirement increased (P < 0.05) digesta viscosity (1.7 to 2.2 cP) and protein carbonyl (0.18 to 0.40 nmol/mg), tended to change the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (P = 0.062, 49 to 23%) and Lactobacillaceae (P = 0.086, 7 to 19%), reduced (P < 0.05) villus height (467 to 433 µm) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (1.80 to 1.64) in the jejunum, and reduced (P < 0.05) AID of DM (59.5 to 47.3%), gross energy (59.1 to 43.0%), crude protein (63.4 to 44.6%), and ether extract (67.7 to 55.2%). Xylanase supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) digesta viscosity (2.2 to 1.82 cP) and protein carbonyl (0.40 to 0.17 nmol/mg), increased the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (20.22 to 61.56%), increased villus height (433 to 462 µm) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (1.64 to 1.99) in the jejunum, and increased (P < 0.05) AID of DM (47.3 to 58.7%), and gross energy (42.9 to 56.0%). In conclusion, reducing ME (100 kcal/kg below the requirement) by reducing supplemental fat (by 2% unit) impaired intestinal health, reducing ability of the pigs to digest feeds whereas xylanase supplementation appeared to mediate some of the negative effects seen by energy reduction by improving intestinal morphology, reducing oxidative damage products, and diversity of the mucosa-associated microbiota.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Baker, Jonathan T. and Duarte, Marcos Elias Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{deng_duarte_kim_2023, title={Efficacy of soy protein concentrate replacing animal protein supplements in mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2405-6545"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.007}, abstractNote={This study investigated the effects of using soy protein concentrate (SPC) to replace animal protein supplements on mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Fifty-six newly weaned pigs (BW = 6.4 ± 0.6 kg) were allotted to 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed for 35 d in 3 phases (P; 1, 2, 3) for 10, 12, 13 d, respectively. Dietary treatments were: (1) basal diet with fish meal (P1: 4%, P2: 2%, and P3: 1%), poultry meal (P1: 10%, P2: 8%, and P3: 4%), and blood plasma (P1: 4%, P2: 2%, and P3: 1%), where SPC replacing none (NC); (2) basal diet with SPC replacing fish meal (RFM); (3) basal diet with SPC replacing poultry meal (RPM); (4) basal diet with SPC replacing blood plasma (RBP); and (5) basal diet with SPC replacing all animal protein supplements (PC). Growth performance was recorded for each phase. Pigs were euthanized on d 35 to collect jejunal mucosa and tissue to evaluate intestinal health and microbiota, and ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Overall, RFM, RPM, and RBP did not affect growth performance, whereas PC decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI. The RPM increased (P < 0.05) Prevotella stercorea and decreased (P < 0.05) Helicobacter rappini. The PC decreased (P < 0.05) H. rappini, whilst increasing (P < 0.05) Prevotella copri, Propionibacterium acnes, and Pelomonas aquatica. The RFM tended to increase (P = 0.096) immunoglobulin A in the jejunum. The PC tended to decrease (P = 0.078) jejunal crypt cell proliferation. There were no differences in the villus height, AID of nutrients, intestinal inflammation, and intestinal oxidative stress among treatments. In conclusion, SPC can replace fish meal, poultry meal, or blood plasma individually without affecting growth performance and intestinal health, and AID of nutrients of nursery pigs. Particularly SPC replacing poultry meal benefitted intestinal health by reducing H. rappini and increasing P. stercorea. However, SPC replacing all three animal protein supplements reduced growth of nursery pigs mainly by reducing feed intake.}, journal={ANIMAL NUTRITION}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Sep}, pages={235–248} }
 @misc{duarte_garavito-duarte_kim_2023, title={Impacts of F18<SUP>+</SUP> <i>Escherichia</i> <i>coli</i> on Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs and Dietary Interventions}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/17/2791}, DOI={10.3390/ani13172791}, abstractNote={Simple Summary The modern intensive practices in pig production to enhance productivity have increased post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), often caused by F18+ Escherichia coli. Antibiotics have been widely used in animal production to improve growth; however, their overuse has led to antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, posing risks to both the sustainability of pig production and public health. The pathogenesis of F18+ E. coli damages the intestinal morphology, barrier function, microbiota composition, and immune responses in nursery pigs, leading to reduced growth performance. Various nutritional interventions have been investigated to combat the PWD issue, including low crude protein formulation, antibacterial minerals, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and phytobiotics, aiming to enhance intestinal microbial composition, health, and growth performance. Implementing effective strategies to control F18+ E. coli is crucial for pig production. Therefore, this review is to explore the impact of F18+ Escherichia coli on pig production, particularly its association with post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in nursery pigs, and the nutritional strategies to counter its harmful effects. Abstract This review focused on the impact of F18+ E. coli on pig production and explored nutritional interventions to mitigate its deleterious effects. F18+ E. coli is a primary cause of PWD in nursery pigs, resulting in substantial economic losses through diminished feed efficiency, morbidity, and mortality. In summary, the F18+ E. coli induces intestinal inflammation with elevated IL6 (60%), IL8 (43%), and TNF-α (28%), disrupting the microbiota and resulting in 14% villus height reduction. Besides the mortality, the compromised intestinal health results in a 20% G:F decrease and a 10% ADFI reduction, ultimately culminating in a 28% ADG decrease. Among nutritional interventions to counter F18+ E. coli impacts, zinc glycinate lowered TNF-α (26%) and protein carbonyl (45%) in jejunal mucosa, resulting in a 39% ADG increase. Lactic acid bacteria reduced TNF-α (36%), increasing 51% ADG, whereas Bacillus spp. reduced IL6 (27%), increasing BW (12%). Lactobacillus postbiotic increased BW (14%) and the diversity of beneficial bacteria. Phytobiotics reduced TNF-α (23%) and IL6 (21%), enhancing feed efficiency (37%). Additional interventions, including low crude protein formulation, antibacterial minerals, prebiotics, and organic acids, can be effectively used to combat F18+ E. coli infection. These findings collectively underscore a range of effective strategies for managing the challenges posed by F18+ E. coli in pig production.}, number={17}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Garavito-Duarte, Yesid and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{duarte_stahl_kim_2023, title={Intestinal Damages by F18(+) Escherichia coli and Its Amelioration with an Antibacterial Bacitracin Fed to Nursery Pigs}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-3921"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/5/1040}, DOI={10.3390/antiox12051040}, abstractNote={This study investigated intestinal oxidative damage caused by F18+ Escherichia coli and its amelioration with antibacterial bacitracin fed to nursery pigs. Thirty-six weaned pigs (6.31 ± 0.08 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: NC, not challenged/not treated; PC, challenged (F18+ E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/not treated; AGP challenged (F18+ E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/treated with bacitracin (30 g/t). Overall, PC reduced (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), villus height, and villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), whereas AGP increased (p < 0.05) ADG, and G:F. PC increased (p < 0.05) fecal score, F18+ E. coli in feces, and protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa. AGP reduced (p < 0.05) fecal score and F18+ E. coli in jejunal mucosa. PC reduced (p < 0.05) Prevotella stercorea populations in jejunal mucosa, whereas AGP increased (p < 0.05) Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens and reduced (p < 0.05) Mitsuokella jalaludinii populations in feces. Collectively, F18+ E. coli challenge increased fecal score and disrupted the microbiota composition, harming intestinal health by increasing oxidative stress, and damaging the intestinal epithelium, ultimately impairing growth performance. Dietary bacitracin reduced reduced F18+ E. coli populations and the oxidative damages they cause, thereby improving intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery pigs.}, number={5}, journal={ANTIOXIDANTS}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Stahl, Chad H. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{duarte_stahl_kim_2023, title={Intestinal Oxidative Damages By F18+<i>Escherichia Coli </i>and Its Amelioration with an Antibacterial Bacitracin Fed to Nursery Pigs}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.225}, abstractNote={
 This study investigated the intestinal oxidative damages caused by F18+Escherichia coli and its amelioration with an antibacterial bacitracin fed to nursery pigs. Thirty-six weaned pigs (6.31 ± 0.08 kg BW) were allotted in RCBD. Treatments were: NC, not challenged/not treated; PC, challenged (F18+E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/not treated; AGP, challenged (F18+E. coli at 5.2 × 109 CFU)/treated with bacitracin (30 g/t). The F18+E. coli was orally inoculated to pigs on challenged treatments at d 7. The unchallenged pigs received an oral dose of sterile saline solution. The fecal score was recorded daily. Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. On d 14 and 28, fecal and blood samples were collected. On d 28, all pigs were euthanized to collect intestinal samples. F18+E. coli counting, microbiota composition, and intestinal health variables were analyzed. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure on SAS 9.4. Overall, PC reduced (P < 0.05) ADG (353 to 282 g), G:F (0.71 to 0.55), villus height (527 to 394 µm), and VH:CD (2.22 to 1.58), whereas AGP increased (P < 0.05) ADG (298 to 344 g), and G:F (0.55 to 0.61). PC increased (P < 0.05) fecal score from d 7 to 14 (3.0 to 4.6), from 14 to 21 (2.8 to 3.9), and from d 21 to 28 (2.5 to 3.2); increased F18+E. coli (5.9 to 7.5 log DNA) in feces at d 14, and protein carbonyl (2.15 to 3.61 nmol/mg protein) in jejunal mucosa. AGP reduced (P < 0.05) fecal score from d 7 to 14 (4.6 to 4.0) and from d 14 to 21 (3.9 to 3.4) and reduced F18+E. coli (4.3 to 3.9 log DNA) in jejunal mucosa. PC reduced (P < 0.05) Prevotella stercorea (5.1 to 1.5%) population in jejunal mucosa, whereas AGP increased (P < 0.05) Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens (3.0 to 10.0%) and reduced (P < 0.05) Mitsuokella jalaludinii (8.7 to 2.0%) populations in feces. Collectively, F18+E. coli challenge increased fecal score and disrupted the microbiota composition, harming intestinal health by increasing oxidative stress and damaging the intestinal epithelium, ultimately impairing growth performance. Dietary bacitracin reduced oxidative damages caused by F18+ E. coli thereby protecting intestinal health by reducing F18+E. coli population in jejunal mucosa and fecal score, consequently improving the growth performance of nursery pigs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias Elias and Stahl, Chad and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={185–186} }
 @misc{rocha_duarte_kim_2022, title={Advances, Implications, and Limitations of Low-Crude-Protein Diets in Pig Production}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/24/3478}, DOI={10.3390/ani12243478}, abstractNote={Simple Summary Currently, five crystalline essential amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) are generally used, allowing animal nutritionists to formulate diets with low crude protein levels. Moreover, isoleucine may also be used depending on its economic value and the specific feeding program. Experimentally, it has been shown that further reduced crude protein levels can be achieved by supplemental histidine, leucine, and phenylalanine to the diets. However, decreasing the dietary crude protein level while maintaining optimal ratios of amino acids has shown contradictory effects on pigs’ growth performance. Due to the divergence in the literature and the importance for practical formulation strategies in the swine industry, a literature review and a meta-analysis were performed to estimate the minimum crude protein level that would not compromise pig performance. Based on the present review, there is a minimum crude protein level after which the growth performance of pigs can be compromised, even though diets are balanced for all essential amino acids. Considering average daily gain and the gain-to-feed ratio, respectively, these levels were estimated to be 18.4% and 18.3% crude protein for nursery, 16.1% and 16.3% crude protein for growing, and 11.6% and 11.4% crude protein for finishing pigs. Abstract Currently, five crystalline essential amino acids (Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Val) are generally used, allowing formulation of low-crude-protein (CP) diets. Moreover, Ile may also be used depending on its economic value and the specific feeding program. Experimentally, it has been shown that further reduced CP levels can be achieved by supplemental His, Leu, and Phe to the diets. However, decreasing the dietary CP level while maintaining optimal ratios of amino acids has shown contradictory effects on pigs’ growth performance. Due to the divergence in the literature and the importance for practical formulation strategies in the swine industry, a literature review and a meta-analysis were performed to estimate the minimum CP level that would not compromise pig performance. Based on the present review, there is a minimum CP level after which the growth performance of pigs can be compromised, even though diets are balanced for essential amino acids. Considering average daily gain and gain to feed, respectively, these levels were estimated to be 18.4% CP (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.3 to 18.4) and 18.3% CP (95% CI: 17.4 to 19.2) for nursery, 16.1% CP (95% CI: 16.0 to 16.2) and 16.3% CP (95% CI: 14.5 to 18.0) for growing, and 11.6% CP (95% CI: 10.8 to 12.3) and 11.4% CP (95% CI: 10.3 to 12.5) for finishing pigs.}, number={24}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Rocha, Gabriel Cipriano and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{duarte_xu_kim_2022, title={Effects of Lactobacillus Fermentate on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Relation to Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs Challenged with F18+Escherichia Coli}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61555370/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac247.224}, abstractNote={
 This study investigated the effects of a Lactobacillus fermentate (LBF) on mucosa-associated microbiota and its correlation with intestinal health of pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli. Newly-weaned pigs (n = 64; 6.6 ± 0.7 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete b;ock design (RCBD) to 4 treatments: NC: no-challenge/no-supplement; PC: E. coli/no-supplement; AGP: E. coli/bacitracin (30 g/t feed); and PBT: E. coli/LBF (2 kg/t feed). At d 7, challenge groups were orally inoculated (2.4 x 1010 CFU) with F18+ E. coli whereas NC received sterile solution. Pigs were fed for 28 d until euthanasia to collect jejunal mucosa to evaluate intestinal health and microbiota. PC reduced (P < 0.05) Selenomonas (1.39 to 0.32%). AGP increased (P < 0.05) Bifidobacteriaceae (0.19 to 2.13%), Burkholderiaceae (0.18 to 1.54%), Comamonadaceae (1.13 to 6.97%), Enterobacteriaceae (0.81 to 2.29%), Microbacteriaceae (0.27 to 1.96%), Moraxellaceae (0.28 to 5.57%), and Pseudomonadaceae (0.36 to 2.59%). PBT increased (P < 0.05) Propionibacteriaceae (0.16 to 3.55%). AGP and PBT increased (P < 0.05) the microbiota diversity (Chao1: 48.8 to 76.4 and 71.6, respectively). Burkholderiaceae and Comamonadaceae were negatively correlated with TNF-α (r = -0.31 and -0.30, respectively; P < 0.05), whereas Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae and Microbacteriaceae were positively correlated with protein carbonyl (r = 0.39, 0.33, and 0.37, respectively; P < 0.05). Bifidobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were positively correlated with VH:CD (r = 0.41 and 0.40, respectively; P < 0.05), whereas Pseudomonadaceae was positively correlated with villus height (r = 0.34; P < 0.05). Enterobacteriaceae was negatively correlated with G:F (r = -0.41; P < 0.05), whereas positively correlated with IL-8 and MDA (r = 0.39 and 0.32; P < 0.05). Moraxellaceae was negatively correlated with IL-6 (r = -0.29, P < 0.05). Collectively, AGP and LBF increased diversity of beneficial microbiota which was related to improved intestinal health in pigs after E. coli F18+ challenge.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias E. and Xu, Xiangyi and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={116–116} }
 @article{baker_duarte_kim_2022, title={Effects of Reduced Metabolizable Energy by Reducing fat Supplementation on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61555372/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac247.230}, abstractNote={
 This study aimed to investigate the effects of reducing metabolizable energy (ME) by reducing fat supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs (n = 120; 7.3 ± 0.6 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. Pigs were assigned to 5 dietary treatments with decreasing ME levels (3,400, 3,375, 3,350, 3,325, and 3,300 kcal/kg ME). ME content was gradually reduced by reducing fat supplementation (2%). Pigs were fed for 35 d in 2 phases (P1: 14 d and P2: 21 d). Titanium dioxide was added (0.4%) to P2 diets as an indigestible external marker to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. At d 35, a pig with median BW of each pen in 2 treatments (3,400 and 3,300 kcal/kg) was euthanized for sampling jejunal mucosa to analyze oxidative stress and immune status. Jejunal digesta was collected to measure viscosity. Ileal digesta was collected to analyze AID of nutrients. Data were analyzed using SAS. Reducing ME level by 3% (100 kcal/kg) had no effect on growth performance. The 3,300 kcal/kg diet reduced (P < 0.05) AID of DM (59.5 to 47.3%), GE (59.1 to 43.0%), CP (63.4 to 44.6%), and EE (67.7 to 55.2%), increased (P < 0.05) digesta viscosity (1.7 to 2.2 cP) and VH:CD (1.64 to 1.80), and decreased (P < 0.05) VH (467 to 433 µm) when compared with 3,400 kcal/kg diet. Additionally, the 3,300 kcal/kg diet increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of protein carbonyl (0.18 to 0.40 nmol/mg) in the jejunal mucosa. In conclusion, reducing ME by reducing fat supplementation by 2% increased the viscosity of jejunal digesta and protein carbonyl in the jejunal mucosa, resulting in decreased villus height and nutrient digestibility, without affecting growth performance.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Baker, Jonathan and Duarte, Marcos Elias E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={120–120} }
 @article{deng_duarte_kim_2022, title={Effects of soy Protein Concentrate Replacing Animal Protein Supplements on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Relation to Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61555375/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac247.219}, abstractNote={
 This study aimed to investigate the effects of soy protein concentrate (SPC) replacing animal protein supplements on modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota in relation to intestinal health of nursery pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 56; 6.4 ± 0.6 kg BW) were allotted to 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with initial BW and sex as blocks and fed for 35 d in 3 phases (P1/2/3 for 10/12/13 d, respectively). Dietary treatments were NC (n = 12): a diet with fish meal 4/2/1%, poultry meal 10/8/4%, and blood plasma 4/2/1% for P1/2/3, respectively; RFM (n = 12): NC with SPC replacing fish meal; RPM (n = 12): NC with SPC replacing poultry meal; RBP (n = 12): NC with SPC replacing blood plasma, and PC (n = 8): NC with SPC replacing all animal protein supplements. All diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements by NRC (2012). On d 35, pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa to evaluate intestinal health and microbiota. PC increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillaceae (1.04 to 8.15%), and tended to increase (P = 0.073) Prevotellaceae (7.48 to 18.94%), whereas it decreased (P < 0.05) Chao1 index (81.3 to 15.8), Helicobacteraceae (27.95 to 3.02), and tended to reduce (P = 0.099) Campylobacteraceae (2.95 to 0.13). RPM tended to increase (P = 0.090) Prevotellaceae (7.48 to 17.16%) and reduced (P < 0.05) Helicobacteraceae (27.95 to 11.02%) without affecting Chao 1. Decreased Chao 1 was correlated to reduced feed intake and therefore, weight gain of pigs. In conclusion, the use of SPC replacing all animal proteins in nursery diets benefited the composition of the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota, whereas feed intake and weight gain were reduced. The use of SPC replacing only poultry meal, however, benefitted the composition of the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota without affecting feed intake and weight gain of nursery pigs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Duarte, Marcos Elias E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={114–114} }
 @article{moita_duarte_kim_2022, title={Functional roles of xylanase enhancing intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs by reducing the digesta viscosity and modulating the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac116}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac116}, abstractNote={Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the functional roles of an endo-β-1,4-xylanase on the intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 60 pigs (21 d old, 6.9 ± 0.8 kg body weight [BW]) were allotted based on a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. Dietary treatments had nutrients meeting the requirements with increasing levels of endo-β-1,4-xylanase (0, 220, 440, 880, 1,760 xylanase unit [XU] per kg feed) and fed to pigs in three phases (phases 1, 2, and 3 for 10, 14, and 14 d, respectively). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to the phase 3 diets as an indigestible marker. On day 38, all pigs were euthanized to collect ileal digesta to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID), jejunal digesta to measure viscosity, and jejunal mucosa to evaluate intestinal health. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure for polynomial contrasts and the NLMIXED procedure for broken line analysis of SAS. Increasing xylanase in the nursery diets reduced (linear, P < 0.05) the digesta viscosity in the jejunum. Increasing xylanase tended to reduce the relative abundance of Cupriavidus (P = 0.073) and Megasphaera (P = 0.063); tended to increase the relative abundance of Succinivibrio (P = 0.076) and Pseudomonas (P = 0.060); and had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the relative abundance of Acinetobacter (maximum: 2.01% at 867 XU per kg feed). Xylanase from 0 to 1,087 XU per kg feed reduced (P < 0.05) jejunal malondialdehyde. Xylanase from 0 to 1,475 XU per kg feed increased (P < 0.05) the AID of neutral detergent fiber. Increasing xylanase increased (P < 0.05) the AID of ether extract and tended to increase (P = 0.058) the AID of crude protein. Increasing xylanase did not affect growth performance on overall period, whereas xylanase from 0 to 736 XU per kg feed increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) during days 31 to 38. In conclusion, xylanase supplementation showed benefits on intestinal health by reducing digesta viscosity, the relative abundance of potentially harmful bacteria, and the oxidative stress in the jejunal mucosa, collectively enhancing intestinal morphology and the AID of nutrients. Xylanase supplementation at a range of 750 to 1,500 XU per kg feed provided benefits associated with reduced oxidative stress, increased nutrient digestibility, resulting in potential improvement on growth performance of nursery pigs by increasing the average daily feed intake and moderately improving the ADG throughout the last week of feeding.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{duarte_deng_baker_kim_2022, title={Impact of Reducing Dietary Protein with Supplementation of 8 Essential Amino Acids and Functional Roles of Supplemental his or Glu on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Finishing Pigs.}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61555367/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac247.216}, abstractNote={
 This study evaluated the effects of reducing dietary protein with supplementation of 8 essential amino acids and functional roles of supplemental Glu or His on growth performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs. Pigs (n = 216; 98 ± 3.5 kg BW) were allotted (3 pigs/pen) to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with sex and initial BW as blocks. Pigs were fed for 14 d until 120 kg BW. Dietary treatments were CON (11.4% CP with L-Lys, L-Thr, and L-Trp); LCP (8.9% CP with L-Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, Phe, and His); LCPG (9.1% CP; LCP+Glu to match % Glu in CON); and LCPH (9.2% CP; LCP+2x His requirement). Diets met or exceeded requirements with 2.7 Mcal/kg NE. Growth performance and backfat thickness (BFT) were measured at d 0 and d 14. Blood was collected to analyze BUN. At d 14, pigs with the median BW in each pen were slaughtered. Pigs fed CON had greatest (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and G:F. Pigs fed LCP had greater (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and ADFI than LCPG. BFT of pigs fed LCPG and LCPH was less (P < 0.05) than CON. Cold carcass weight in CON was greater (P < 0.05) than LCPG and LCPH, whereas it was greater (P < 0.05) in LCP than in LCPG. Chilling loss in LCP was less (P < 0.05) than LCPG. Drip loss at 48 h in LCPH was less (P < 0.05) than CON and LCPG. BUN in LCPG and LCPH was less (P < 0.05) than CON. In conclusion, reducing dietary protein by 2.5% using 8 supplemental amino acids reduced growth performance without affecting carcass yield. Supplemental His at 2x requirement to low protein diets meeting His requirement enhanced loin quality by reducing drip loss.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias E. and Deng, Zixiao and Baker, Jonathan and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={112–112} }
 @article{duarte_kim_2022, title={Intestinal microbiota and its interaction to intestinal health in nursery pigs}, volume={8}, ISSN={2405-6545}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.aninu.2021.05.001}, abstractNote={The intestinal microbiota has gained increased attention from researchers within the swine industry due to its role in promoting intestinal maturation, immune system modulation, and consequently the enhancement of the health and growth performance of the host. This review aimed to provide updated scientific information on the interaction among intestinal microbiota, dietary components, and intestinal health of pigs. The small intestine is a key site to evaluate the interaction of the microbiota, diet, and host because it is the main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients and plays an important role within the immune system. The diet and its associated components such as feed additives are the main factors affecting the microbial composition and is central in stimulating a beneficial population of microbiota. The microbiota-host interaction modulates the immune system, and, concurrently, the immune system helps to modulate the microbiota composition. The direct interaction between the microbiota and the host is an indication that the mucosa-associated microbiota can be more effective in evaluating its effect on health parameters. It was demonstrated that the mucosa-associated microbiota should be evaluated when analyzing the interaction among diets, microbiota, and health. In addition, supplementation of feed additives aimed to promote the intestinal health of pigs should consider their roles in the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota as biomarkers to predict the response of growth performance to dietary interventions.}, number={1}, journal={Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={169–184} }
 @article{duarte_kim_2022, title={Nutritional Intervention for Reduced Nitrogen Excretion and Better Intestinal Health}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61555362/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac247.236}, abstractNote={
 Increased awareness on public welfare has augmented the demand for more sustainable swine production. Nutritional interventions have been done to improve the dietary nitrogen utilization in order to reduce nitrogen excretion and enhance the intestinal health of pigs. Highly digestible protein supplements have been used as a strategy to enhance intestinal health and nitrogen utilization. Taking advantage of crystalline amino acids, low CP formulation with adequate amino acid supplementation has been used to reduce feed cost and improve intestinal health by decreasing protein fermentation. It has been estimated that reducing 1% protein in the diet reduces 9% nitrogen excretion and, consequently, environmental pollution. Feeding functional feed additives is another strategy to enhance intestinal health and nutrient digestion. Selected feed enzymes can reduce nitrogen excretion and improve intestinal health by directly increasing the digestibility of protein or by reducing antinutritional compounds such as allergenic proteins, phytate, and NSP that can impair protein digestion. Selected organic acids have antimicrobial properties and used in animal feeds to modulate intestinal microbiota, to enhance intestinal epithelial barrier function, and to improve protein digestibility. Selected prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics can reduce nitrogen excretion by changing the intestinal environment, enhancing the intestinal morphology, immune status, and the microbiota composition. Enhanced intestinal health with increased beneficial microbiota would increase the efficiency of nitrogen utilization consequently reducing nitrogen excretion. In summary, different nutritional strategies can be adopted to improve growth efficiency related to enhanced intestinal health and nutrient utilization, consequently reducing nitrogen excretion. Finally, improved feed efficiency and reduced nutrient waste would assure sustainable swine production, economic incentives to producers, and public welfare.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={123–123} }
 @article{duarte_kim_2022, title={Phytobiotics from Oregano Extracts Enhance the Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Pigs}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-3921"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/10/2066}, DOI={10.3390/antiox11102066}, abstractNote={This study aimed to investigate the effects of phytobiotics on the intestinal health and growth performance of pigs. Totals of 40 newly-weaned pigs with 6.4 ± 0.3 kg BW (Exp. 1) and 120 growing pigs with 27.9 ± 2.3 kg BW (Exp. 2) were allotted in RCBD in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The factors were: antibiotics as growth promoter (AGP) and phytobiotics (PHY). Pigs were fed experimental diets during 21 d (Exp. 1) and 42 d (Exp. 2). Growth performance, health parameters, and nutrient digestibility were evaluated. In Exp. 1, AGP diet increased (p < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with a diet without AGP or PHY and a diet with AGP combined with PHY. PHY decreased (p < 0.05) TNF-α and IgG in the jejunum and protein carbonyl in plasma, whereas it increased (p < 0.05) the villus height. In Exp. 2, AGP or PHY diets increased (p < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with a diet without AGP or PHY and a diet with AGP combined with PHY. PHY decreased (p < 0.05) IgG and PC in plasma. Collectively, AGP and PHY improved growth performance by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing immune status and jejunal morphology. However, the combinational use of phytobiotics with antibiotics suppressed their effect.}, number={10}, journal={ANTIOXIDANTS}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{xu_duarte_kim_2022, title={Postbiotic effects of Lactobacillus fermentate on intestinal health, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth efficiency of nursery pigs challenged with F18(+)Escherichia coli}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac210}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac210}, abstractNote={This study determined the supplemental effects of Lactobacillus fermentate (LBF, Adare Biome, France) on intestinal health and prevention of post-weaning diarrhea caused by F18 +  Escherichia coli in nursery pigs. Sixty-four weaned pigs (6.6 ± 0.7 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design to 4 treatments: NC: no-challenge/no-supplement; PC: E. coli challenge/no-supplement; AGP: E. coli challenge/bacitracin (30 g/t feed); and PBT: E. coli challenge/LBF (2 kg/t feed). Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) was used as source of bacitracin. At d 7, challenged groups were orally inoculated with F18 +  E. coli (2.4 x 10 10 CFU) whereas NC received sterile saline solution. Growth performance was analyzed weekly, and pigs were euthanized at the end of 28 d feeding to analyze intestinal health. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. During post-challenge period, PC tended to decrease (P = 0.067) ADG when compared with NC, whereas AGP increased (P < 0.05) it when compared with PC; PBT tended to increase (P = 0.081) ADG when compared with PC. The PC increased fecal score (P < 0.05) during d 7 to 14 when compared with NC, whereas AGP decreased it (P < 0.05) during d 14 to 21 when compared with PC. The PC increased (P < 0.05) protein carbonyl, crypt cell proliferation, and the relative abundance of Helicobacter rodentium when compared with NC. However, AGP decreased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation and Helicobacter rodentium and increased (P < 0.05) villus height, Bifidobacterium boum, Pelomonas spp., and Microbacterium ginsengisoli when compared with PC. The PBT reduced (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation and Helicobacter rodentium and increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillus salivarius and Propionibacterium acnes when compared with PC. At the genus level, AGP and PBT increased (P < 0.05) the alpha diversity of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in pigs estimated with Chao1 richness estimator when compared with PC. Collectively, F18 +  E. coli reduced growth performance by adversely affecting microbiota and intestinal health. The LBF and BMD improved growth performance and it was related to the enhanced intestinal health, and increased diversity and abundance of beneficial microbiota in pigs challenged with F18 +  E. coli.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Xu, Xiangyi and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{duarte_kim_2022, title={Significance of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota and Its Impacts on Intestinal Health of Pigs Challenged with F18(+) E. coli}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-0817"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/5/589}, DOI={10.3390/pathogens11050589}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the significance of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota and its impacts on the intestinal health of pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli. Forty-four newly-weaned pigs were allotted to two treatments in a randomized complete block design with sex as blocks. Pigs were fed common diets for 28 d. At d 7 post-weaning, pigs were orally inoculated with saline solution or F18+ E. coli. At d 21 post-challenge, feces and blood were collected and pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal tissue to evaluate microbiota and intestinal health parameters. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes was lower (p < 0.05) in jejunal mucosa than in feces, whereas Proteobacteria was greater (p < 0.05) in jejunal mucosa. F18+ E. coli increased (p < 0.05) protein carbonyl, Helicobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae and reduced (p < 0.05) villus height, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacteraceae, Brachyspiraceae, and Caulobacteraceae in jejunal mucosa, whereas it reduced (p < 0.05) Spirochaetaceae and Oscillospiraceae in feces. Collectively, jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota differed from those in feces. Compared with fecal microbiota, the change of mucosa-associated microbiota by F18+ E. coli was more prominent, and it was mainly correlated with increased protein carbonyl and reduced villus height in jejunal mucosa impairing the intestinal health of nursery pigs.}, number={5}, journal={PATHOGENS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{deng_duarte_jang_kim_2022, title={Soy protein concentrate replacing animal protein supplements and its impacts on intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress status, nutrient digestibility, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth performance of nursery pigs}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac255}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac255}, abstractNote={Abstract This study was to evaluate the effects of soy protein concentrate (SPC) supplementation replacing animal protein supplements on intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress status, nutrient digestibility, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Thirty-two newly weaned pigs at 21 d of age with 6.4 ± 0.4 kg body weight (BW) were allotted to four treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks. Pigs were fed for 35 d in three phases. Dietary treatments were SPC 0% (diets with fish meal 4/2/1%, poultry meal 10/8/4%, blood plasma 4/2/1%, and crude protein 24.6/22.6/20.9% for phase 1/2/3, respectively), SPC 33%, SPC 66%, and SPC 100% (SPC 0% diets with SPC replacing 33/66/100% of animal protein supplements, respectively). Pigs were euthanized on day 35 to collect jejunal mucosa and tissues to evaluate intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress status, intestinal morphology, and mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum. Titanium dioxide was added in phase three diets as an indigestible marker. Ileal digesta was collected to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. Data were analyzed using MIXED and NLMIXED procedures of SAS. Increasing SPC supplementation by replacing animal protein supplements linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the BW, ADG, and ADFI of pigs during the overall period, and linearly increased (P < 0.05) peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in jejunum. Increasing SPC supplementation linearly decreased (P < 0.05) feed cost per weight gain. In the exponential model, SPC can replace animal protein supplements up to 10.5% and 16.5% without reducing the ADG and ADFI of pigs, respectively. The SPC 100% decreased (P < 0.05) Helicobacteraceae, Campylobacteraceae, alpha diversity, and changed beta diversity of microbiota in the jejunal mucosa. In conclusion, SPC supplementation replacing animal protein supplements reduced growth performance by reducing feed intake, which might be related to increased PYY. However, 10.5% and 16.8% of animal protein supplements can be replaced by SPC without affecting BW gain and feed intake of nursery pigs, respectively. Complete removal of animal protein supplements by SPC supplementation modulated the composition of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota by reducing Helicobacteraceae and Campylobacteraceae, whereas without affecting the intestinal immune status, intestinal oxidative stress status, intestinal morphology, and AID of nutrients in nursery pigs.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Deng, Zixiao and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Jang, Ki Beom and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{sun_duarte_kim_2021, title={Dietary inclusion of multispecies probiotics to reduce the severity of post-weaning diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli F18+ in pigs}, volume={7}, ISSN={2405-6545}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.012}, abstractNote={This study was aimed to determine the efficacy of multispecies probiotics in reducing the severity of post-weaning diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F18+ on newly weaned pigs. Thirty-two pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts, BW = 6.99 ± 0.33 kg) at 21 d of age were individually allotted in a randomized complete block design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Pigs were selected from sows not infected previously and not vaccinated against ETEC. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 25 d based on 10 d phase 1 and 15 d phase 2. The factors were ETEC challenge (oral inoculation of saline solution or E. coli F18+ at 2 × 109 CFU) and probiotics (none or multispecies probiotics 0.15% and 0.10% for phase 1 and 2, respectively). Body weight and feed intake were measured on d 5, 9, 13, 19, and 25. Fecal scores were measured daily. Blood samples were taken on d 19 and 24. On d 25, all pigs were euthanized to obtain samples of digesta, intestinal tissues, and spleen. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), malondialdehyde (MDA), peptide YY (PYY), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were measured in serum and intestinal tissue. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The fecal score of pigs was increased (P < 0.05) by ETEC challenge at the post–challenge period. The ETEC challenge decreased (P < 0.05) jejunal villus height and crypt depth, tended to increase (P = 0.056) jejunal TNFα, increased (P < 0.05) ileal crypt depth, and decreased (P < 0.05) serum NPY. The probiotics decreased (P < 0.05) serum TNFα, tended to reduce (P = 0.064) jejunal MDA, tended to increase (P = 0.092) serum PYY, and increased (P < 0.05) jejunal villus height, and especially villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in challenged pigs. Growth performance of pigs were not affected by ETEC challenge, whereas the probiotics increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI and tended to increase (P = 0.069) G:F ratio. In conclusion, ETEC F18+ challenge caused diarrhea, intestinal inflammation and morphological damages without affecting the growth performance. The multispecies probiotics enhanced growth performance by reducing intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress, morphological damages.}, number={2}, journal={Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sun, Yawang and Duarte, Marcos E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={326–333} }
 @article{cheng_duarte_kim_2021, title={Effects of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> supplementation on growth performance, intestinal health and apparent ileal digestibility of diets fed to nursery pigs}, volume={35}, ISSN={2765-0189 2765-0235}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0369}, DOI={10.5713/ab.21.0369}, abstractNote={Objective The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of increasing supplementation of Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) up to 3.0% replacing 1.6% poultry fat and 0.9% blood plasma for growth performance, intestinal health and nutrient digestibility of diets fed to nursery pigs. Methods Twenty-four pigs weaned at 24 d of age (initial body weight at 7.2±0.6 kg) were allotted to three dietary treatments (n = 8) based on the randomized complete block. The diets with supplementation of YL (0.0%, 1.5%, and 3.0%, replacing poultry fat and blood plasma up to 1.6% and 0.9%, respectively) were fed for 21 d. Feed intake and body weight were recorded at d 0, 10, and 21. Fecal score was recorded at every odd day from d 3 to 19. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect proximal and distal jejunal mucosa to measure intestinal health markers including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8, immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G. Ileal digesta was collected for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients in diets. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS. Results Supplementation of YL (1.5% and 3.0%) replacing poultry fat and blood plasma did not affect growth performance, fecal score and intestinal health. Supplementation of YL at 1.5% did not affect nutrient digestibility, whereas supplementation of YL at 3.0% reduced AID of dry matter (40.2% to 55.0%), gross energy (44.0% to 57.5%), crude protein (52.1% to 66.1%), and ether extract (50.8% to 66.9%) compared to diets without supplementation. Conclusion Yarrowia lipolytica can be supplemented at 1.5% in nursery diets, replacing 0.8% poultry fat and 0.45% blood plasma without affecting growth performance, intestinal health and nutrient digestibility. Supplementation of YL at 3.0% replacing 1.6% poultry fat and 0.9% blood plasma did not affect growth performance and intestinal health, whereas nutrient digestibility was reduced.}, number={4}, journal={Animal Bioscience}, publisher={Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={605–613} }
 @article{moita_duarte_kim_2021, title={Effects of a Functional Oils Blend on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/54495233/}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab054.081}, abstractNote={
 This study was to investigate the role of castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid (functional oil blend, FOB) on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs and to determine an optimal supplemental level. Newly weaned pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts at 25 d of age, 7.02 ± 0.58 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 5 treatments in a RCBD and fed in 2 phases (13 and 21 d respectively) with increasing levels (0, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, and 0.150%) of FOB. Growth performance was measured by each phase. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to phase 2 diets as an indigestible marker to measure AID. On d 34, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunum to measure immune status, oxidative stress status, microbiota, morphology, and crypt cell proliferation. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS. Supplementation of FOB did not affect the overall growth performance. Supplementation of FOB tended to decrease (P = 0.064) the concentration of jejunal protein carbonyl (3.11 to 2.45 nmol/protein) and tended to increase villus height (P = 0.098, 401 to 453 μm) and crypt depth (P = 0.070, 86 to 99 μm). Increasing FOB reduced (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Helicobacteraceae (46.8 to 21.0%) and increased (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (7.9 to 13.1%), Burkholderiaceae (6.3 to 10.8%) and Pseudomonadaceae (0.1 to 1.0%), and increased (P < 0.05) alpha diversity of the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota at the family level (Chao1 index 42.8 to 56.8%). In conclusion, FOB showed potential benefits on intestinal health of nursery pigs by increasing beneficial and reducing harmful bacteria reducing oxidative damages in the jejunal mucosa, and by enhancing villus structure, whereas without affecting the growth performance. The FOB at a range of 0.050% to 0.150% provided the most benefit for nursery pigs.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={47–47} }
 @article{baker_duarte_holanda_kim_2021, title={Friend or Foe? Impacts of Dietary Xylans, Xylooligosaccharides, and Xylanases on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Monogastric Animals}, volume={11}, ISSN={2076-2615}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030609}, DOI={10.3390/ani11030609}, abstractNote={Simple Summary Xylan is naturally present in typical feedstuffs fed to animals and has been shown to cause increased digesta viscosity reducing nutrient digestibility and growth. Xylooligosaccharides are sugar oligomers consisting of xylose units that can be extracted and purified from biomaterials for use as a prebiotic in monogastric feeds. Xylooligosaccharides can also be obtained from the hydrolysis of xylan either in the intestine of the animal or in-vitro through various techniques. The question of xylanase supplementation versus xylooligosaccharide supplementation as well as symbiosis of both on the intestinal health and performance of monogastric livestock is still up for debate. Xylanase inhibitors present in common cereal grains provide yet another obstacle to overcome and are found to be highly variable. As the fear of antibiotic resistance increases, novel approaches to improve growth performance and enhance intestinal health without the use of antibiotics also increase. The aim of this article is to review the structural difference and its impact on xylan in feeds, classification and the use of various xylanases, as well as the production and use of xylooligosaccharides for the physiological effects on intestinal health and growth performance of monogastric animals. Abstract This paper discusses the structural difference and role of xylan, procedures involved in the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and their implementation into animal feeds. Xylan is non-starch polysaccharides that share a β-(1-4)-linked xylopyranose backbone as a common feature. Due to the myriad of residues that can be substituted on the polymers within the xylan family, more anti-nutritional factors are associated with certain types of xylan than others. XOS are sugar oligomers extracted from xylan-containing lignocellulosic materials, such as crop residues, wood, and herbaceous biomass, that possess prebiotic effects. XOS can also be produced in the intestine of monogastric animals to some extent when exogenous enzymes, such as xylanase, are added to the feed. Xylanase supplementation is a common practice within both swine and poultry production to reduce intestinal viscosity and improve digestive utilization of nutrients. The efficacy of xylanase supplementation varies widely due a number of factors, one of which being the presence of xylanase inhibitors present in common feedstuffs. The use of prebiotics in animal feeding is gaining popularity as producers look to accelerate growth rate, enhance intestinal health, and improve other production parameters in an attempt to provide a safe and sustainable food product. Available research on the impact of xylan, XOS, as well as xylanase on the growth and health of swine and poultry, is also summarized. The response to xylanase supplementation in swine and poultry feeds is highly variable and whether the benefits are a result of nutrient release from NSP, reduction in digesta viscosity, production of short chain xylooligosaccharides or a combination of these is still in question. XOS supplementation seems to benefit both swine and poultry at various stages of production, as well as varying levels of XOS purity and degree of polymerization; however, further research is needed to elucidate the ideal dosage, purity, and degree of polymerization needed to confer benefits on intestinal health and performance in each respective species.}, number={3}, journal={Animals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Baker, Jonathan T. and Duarte, Marcos E. and Holanda, Debora M. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={609} }
 @article{jang_duarte_purvis_kim_2021, title={Impacts of weaning age on dietary needs of whey permeate for pigs at 7 to 11 kg body weight}, volume={12}, ISSN={2049-1891}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00637-4}, DOI={10.1186/s40104-021-00637-4}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Whey permeate is an effective lactose source for nursery pigs and the most benefits are obtained when pigs are at 7 to 11 kg BW. Altering weaning ages could cause different length of early-weaner phases until 7 kg BW and thus it would influence the dietary need of whey permeate during 7 to 11 kg BW of pigs. This study aimed to evaluate if weaning ages would affect the dietary needs of whey permeate for optimum growth performance of pigs at 7 to 11 kg BW. Methods A total of 1,632 pigs were weaned at d 21 (d 21.2 ± 1.3) or d 25 (d 24.6 ± 1.1) after birth. All pigs had a common early-weaner feeds until they reached 7 kg BW. When pigs reached 7 kg BW within a weaning age group, they were allotted in a randomized complete block design (2 × 4 factorial). Two factors were weaning age groups (21 and 25 d of age) and varying whey permeate levels (7.50%, 11.25%, 15.00%, and 18.75%). Data were analyzed using the GLM and NLIN procedures of SAS for slope-ratio and broken-line analyses to determine the growth response to whey permeate and optimal daily whey permeate intake for the growth of the pigs weaned at different ages. Results Pigs weaned at 21 d of age had a common diet for 11 d to reach 7 kg BW whereas pigs weaned at 25 d of age needed 2 d. The G:F of pigs weaned at 25 d of age responded to increased daily whey permeate intake greater ( P < 0.05) than pigs weaned at 21 d of age. Breakpoints were obtained ( P < 0.05) at 88 and 60 g/d daily whey permeate intake or 17.0% and 14.4% of whey permeate for G:F of pigs weaned at 21 and 25 d of age, respectively. Conclusion Pigs weaned at an older age with a short early-weaner phase had a greater growth response to whey permeate intake compared with pigs weaned at a younger age with a long early-weaner phase. Altering weaning ages affected dietary needs of whey permeate for optimum growth performance of pigs from 7 to 11 kg BW.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Jang, Ki Beom and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Purvis, Jerry M. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{zheng_duarte_sevarolli loftus_kim_2021, title={Intestinal Health of Pigs Upon Weaning: Challenges and Nutritional Intervention}, volume={8}, ISSN={2297-1769}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.628258}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.628258}, abstractNote={The primary goal of nursery pig management is making a smooth weaning transition to minimize weaning associated depressed growth and diseases. Weaning causes morphological and functional changes of the small intestine of pigs, where most of the nutrients are being digested and absorbed. While various stressors induce post-weaning growth depression, the abrupt change from milk to solid feed is one of the most apparent challenges to pigs. Feeding functional feed additives may be viable solutions to promote the growth of nursery pigs by enhancing nutrient digestion, intestinal morphology, immune status, and by restoring intestinal balance. The aim of this review was to provide available scientific information on the roles of functional feed additives in enhancing intestinal health and growth during nursery phase. Among many potential functional feed additives, the palatability of the ingredient and the optimum supplemental level are varied, and these should be considered when applying into nursery pig diets. Considering different stressors pigs deal with in the post-weaning period, research on nutritional intervention using a single feed additive or a combination of different additives that can enhance feed intake, increase weight gain, and reduce mortality and morbidity are needed to provide viable solutions for pig producers. Further research in relation to the feed palatability, supplemental level, as well as interactions between different ingredients are needed.}, journal={Frontiers in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Zheng, Lan and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Sevarolli Loftus, Ana and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{duarte_sparks_kim_2021, title={Modulation of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in relation to intestinal health and nutrient digestibility in pigs by supplementation of β-glucanase to corn–soybean meal-based diets with xylanase}, volume={99}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab190}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab190}, abstractNote={Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of β-glucanase on the modulation of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in relation to nutrient digestibility and intestinal health of pigs fed diets with 30% corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles and xylanase. Forty pigs at 12.4 ± 0.5 kg body weight (BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet with xylanase (1,500 endo-pentosanase units [EPU]/kg) and increasing levels of β-glucanase (0, 200, 400, and 600 U/kg) meeting nutrient requirements and fed to pigs for 21 d. Blood samples were collected on day 19. On day 21, all pigs were euthanized to collect intestinal tissues and digesta. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and malondialdehyde were measured in the plasma and mid-jejunal mucosa. Viscosity was determined using digesta from the distal jejunum. Ileal and rectal digesta were evaluated to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients. Mucosa samples from the mid-jejunum were utilized for microbiota sequencing. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure on SAS 9.4. Overall, increasing dietary β-glucanase tended to increase (linear; P = 0.077) the average daily gain of pigs. Increasing dietary β-glucanase affected (quadratic; P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, reduced (linear; P < 0.05) Helicobacter rappini, and increased (linear, P < 0.05) Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. β-Glucanase supplementation (0 vs. others) tended to increase (P = 0.096) the AID of crude protein in the diet, whereas increasing dietary β-glucanase tended to increase (linear; P = 0.097) the ATTD of gross energy in the diet and increased (linear; P < 0.05) the concentration of IL-6 in the plasma of pigs. In conclusion, increasing β-glucanase up to 600 U/kg feed in a diet containing xylanase (1,500 EPU/kg) modulated mucosa-associated microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and reducing potentially harmful bacteria. Furthermore, increasing β-glucanase up to 600 U/kg feed in a diet containing xylanase (1,500 EPU/kg feed) enhanced the status of the intestinal environment and nutrient utilization, as well as reduced systemic inflammation of pigs, collectively resulting in moderate improvement of growth performance. Supplementing β-glucanase at a range of 312 to 410 U/kg with xylanase at 1,500 EPU/kg feed showed the most benefit on jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota and reduced systemic inflammation of pigs.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Sparks, Chris and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{cheng_duarte_kim_2021, title={Nutritional and functional values of lysed Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass for intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs}, volume={99}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab331}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skab331}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective was to determine the nutritional and functional values of lysed Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass (CGCM) as a protein supplement and a source of cell wall fragments supporting the growth and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Thirty-two pigs (21 d of age) were allotted to four treatments (n = 8) based on the randomized block design with sex and initial body weight (BW) as blocks. The main effect was the dietary supplementation of lysed CGCM (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1%) replacing blood plasma and fed in two phases (10 and 11 d, respectively). Feed intake and BW were measured at the end of each phase. Pigs were euthanized on day 21 to collect jejunal tissue and mucosa to evaluate intestinal health. Ileal digesta were collected to measure the apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients in diets. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed and Reg of SAS. Increasing daily intake of CGCM increased (linear; P < 0.05) ADG of pigs. Increasing CGCM supplementation affected (quadratic; P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae (minimum: 26.4% at 1.2% CGCM), Helicobacteraceae (maximum: 29.3% at 1.2% CGCM), and Campylobacteraceae (maximum: 9.0% at 1.0% CGCM). Increasing CGCM supplementation affected (quadratic; P < 0.05) the concentrations of immunoglobulin G (maximum: 4.94 µg/mg of protein at 1.0% CGCM) and protein carbonyl (PC; maximum: 6.12 nmol/mg of protein at 1.1% CGCM), whereas linearly decreased (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) in the proximal jejunal mucosa. Increasing CGCM supplemention affected (quadratic; P < 0.05) intestinal enterocyte proliferation rate (maximum: 13.3% at 1.0% CGCM), whereas it did not affect intestinal morphology and the nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, supplementing 1.0% to 1.2%, reducing blood plasma supplementation by 0.7% to 0.9%, respectively, increased potential pathogenic microbiota associated in the jejunal mucosa resulting in increased immune response, enterocyte proliferation, and PC concentration. However, supplementing diets with 2.1% CGCM, replacing 1.5% blood plasma, improved growth performance, and reduced MDA without affecting nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and microbiota in the jejunal mucosa. In this study, based on the polynomial contrast, supplementing 1.0% to 1.2% CGCM suppressed the benefits from blood plasma, whereas supplementing 2.1% CGCM showed functional benefits of CGCM with similar effects from blood plasma supplementation.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{moita_duarte_da silva_kim_2021, title={Supplemental Effects of Functional Oils on the Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota, Intestinal Health, and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs}, volume={11}, ISSN={2076-2615}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061591}, DOI={10.3390/ani11061591}, abstractNote={Simple Summary The earlier establishment of a health-benefiting intestinal microbiota can be an important strategy to improve intestinal health and subsequent growth performance. Functional oils, such as castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid, have been studied for promoting intestinal health due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the benefits of supplementation of functional oils on modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota, enhancing the intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. It was demonstrated that the functional oils enhanced the intestinal health of the pigs by increasing beneficial and reducing harmful bacteria and by potentially reducing jejunal oxidative stress and enhancing intestinal morphology. Our results suggest that the blend composed of castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid can be used in nursery pigs to modulate the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota and intestinal integrity of nursery pigs. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of functional oils on modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal health, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Forty newly weaned pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts) with 7.0 ± 0.5 kg body weight (BW) were housed individually and randomly allotted in a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. The dietary treatments were a basal diet with increasing levels (0.00, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50 g/kg feed) of functional oils (a blend of castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid; Oligo Basics USA LLC, Cary, NC) fed to pigs for 34 days divided in two phases (P1 for 13 days and P2 for 21 days). Growth performance was analyzed weekly. On day 34, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa for analyzing the mucosa-associated microbiota and intestinal health, and ileal digesta for analyzing apparent ileal digestibility. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Supplementation of functional oils did not affect the overall growth performance. Increasing supplementation of functional oils reduced (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Helicobacteraceae, whereas it increased (p < 0.05) Lactobacillus kitasatonis. Supplementation of functional oils tended (p = 0.064) to decrease protein carbonyl and increase the villus height (p = 0.098) and crypt depth (p = 0.070). In conclusion, supplementation of functional oils enhanced intestinal health of nursery pigs by increasing beneficial and reducing harmful bacteria, potentially reducing oxidative stress and enhancing intestinal morphology, without affecting overall growth performance of pigs. Supplementation of functional oils at 0.75–1.50 g/kg feed was the most beneficial to the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota and intestinal integrity of nursery pigs.}, number={6}, journal={Animals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and da Silva, Suelen Nunes and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={1591} }
 @article{moita_duarte_kim_2021, title={Supplemental Effects of Phytase on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in the Jejunum and the Impacts on Nutrient Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, and Bone Parameters in Broiler Chickens}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/12/3351}, DOI={10.3390/ani11123351}, abstractNote={Simple Summary A positive modulation of the gut microbiota is associated with benefits regarding intestinal health and subsequent growth performance. The supplementation of phytase has been studied for improving nutrient digestibility, bone parameters, and growth performance. This study aimed to determine the effects of increasing doses of phytase on the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum enhancing intestinal health and the impacts on nutrient digestibility, bone parameters, and growth performance of broiler chickens. It was demonstrated that the use of phytase enhanced the intestinal health of the broiler chickens by potentially increasing beneficial and reducing harmful bacteria, enhancing intestinal morphology, and consequently improving nutrient digestibility and bone parameters. Our results suggest that the use of phytase can positively modulate the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, enhance intestinal integrity, nutrient digestibility, and bone parameters of broiler chickens. Abstract This study aimed to determine supplemental effects of phytase on modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, bone parameters, and growth performance of broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty newly hatched broiler chickens (Ross 308) (44 ± 2 g BW) were randomly allotted in 6 treatments with 10 birds per cage based on a completely randomized design and fed for 27 d. The treatments consisted of one negative control (NC), diet formulated meeting the requirements suggested by Ross recommendations (2019), and without phytase supplementation. The other treatments consisted of a positive control diet (PC) formulated with 0.15% deficient Ca and P and split into 5 treatments with different phytase inclusion levels (0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 FTU/kg feed). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to feeds as an indigestible marker to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. On d 27, 3 birds were randomly selected from each cage and euthanized to collect samples for analyzing the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, oxidative stress status, AID, and bone parameters. Data were analyzed using the proc Mixed of SAS 9.4. Phytase supplementation tended to have a quadratic effect (p = 0.078) on the overall ADG (maximum: 41 g/d at 2833 FTU/kg of feed). Supplementation of phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and reduced (p < 0.05) Pelomonas. Moreover, it tended to reduce Helicobacter (p = 0.085), Pseudomonas (p = 0.090) Sphingomonas (p = 0.071). Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the villus height and the AID of CP; and tended to increase (p = 0.086) the AID of P. Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) breaking strength and P content in the tibia. In conclusion, phytase supplementation showed potential benefits on the modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum by tending to reduce harmful bacteria (Pelomonas, Helicobacter, and Pseudomonas) and increase beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus). In addition, it showed positive effects increasing apparent ileal digestibility of CP and P, enhancing intestinal morphology (villus height), and improving the bone parameters (bone breaking strength, ash, and P content). Phytase supplementation at a range of 38 to 59 FTU/d or 600 to 950 FTU/kg of feed provided the most benefits related to nutrient digestibility.}, number={12}, journal={ANIMALS}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Moita, Vitor Hugo C. and Duarte, Marcos Elias and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{kim_duarte_2021, title={Understanding intestinal health in nursery pigs and the relevant nutritional strategies}, volume={34}, ISSN={2765-0189 2765-0235}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0010}, DOI={10.5713/ab.21.0010}, abstractNote={In the modern pig production, pigs are weaned at early age with immature intestine. Dietary and environmental factors challenge the intestine, specifically the jejunum, causing inflammation and oxidative stress followed by destruction of epithelial barrier and villus structures in the jejunum. Crypt cell proliferation increases to repair damages in the jejunum. Challenges to maintain the intestinal health have been shown to be related to changes in the profile of mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum of nursery pigs. All these processes can be quantified as biomarkers to determine status of intestinal health related to growth potential of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs with impaired intestinal health show reduced ability of nutrient digestion and thus reduced growth. A tremendous amount of research effort has been made to determine nutritional strategies to maintain or improve intestinal health and microbiota in nursery pigs. A large number of feed additives have been evaluated for their effectiveness on improving intestinal health and balancing intestinal microbiota in nursery pigs. Selected prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and other bioactive compounds can be used in feeds to handle issues with intestinal health. Selection of these feed additives should aim modulating biomarkers indicating intestinal health. This review aims to define intestinal health and introduce examples of nutritional approaches to handle intestinal health in nursery pigs.}, number={3}, journal={Animal Bioscience}, publisher={Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies}, author={Kim, Sung Woo and Duarte, Marcos E.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={338–344} }
 @article{duarte_tyus_kim_2020, title={Effects of dietary supplementation with xylanase and probiotics on growth performance and gut health of newly weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic E. coli on d 7 post weaned}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.140}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa054.140}, abstractNote={Abstract This study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with xylanase and probiotic on growth performance, and gut health of nursery pigs challenged with ETEC. Sixty-four weaned pigs (7.9 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted in a RCBD (2 x 2 factorial). ETEC (0, and ETEC, 6 x 109 CFU/mL) and synbiotic (0, and xylanase 10,000 XU/kg combined with Bacillus sp. 6 x 108 CFU/kg) were the factors. ETEC was orally inoculated on d 7. Growth performance were measured on d 7, 10, 15, and 21. On d 21, 48 pigs were euthanized for sampling to measure gut health parameters. Synbiotic increased (P < 0.05) ADG in P1 (53.5 to 96.0 g). Overall, ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) ADG (387.5 to 322.5 g) and G:F (0.810 to 0.706). ETEC increased (P < 0.05) fecal score from d 7 to 13, whereas synbiotic reduced (P < 0.05) it at d 9 and 11 in challenged pigs. ETEC increased (P < 0.05) MDA (0.259 to 0.818 μmol/mg), IL6 (2.96 to 4.30 pg/mg), ki-67+ (29.1 to 33.9%), and crypt depth (260 to 290 μm), whereas synbiotic tended to reduce TNF-α (1.05 to 0.87 pg/mg), protein carbonyl (3.13 to 2.51 nmol/mg), and IL6 (4.07 to 3.19 pg/mg); reduced (P < 0.05) crypt depth (290 to 260 μm), and ki-67+ (32.7 to 30.3%) and increased (P < 0.05) villus height (368.5 to 421.4 μm). ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) abundance of Veillonellaceae (7.11 to 3.02%), tended to reduce (P = 0.067) Clostridiaceae (1.1 to 0.55%), and Prevotellaceae (38.0 to 27.2%) and tended (P = 0.063) to increase Helicobacteraceae (34.5 to 49.5%). Collectively, ETEC reduced growth performance by affecting the microbiome, oxidative stress, and immune response. Synbiotic improve growth performance by enhancing gut health regardless of the challenge, whereas it reduced fecal score in challenged pigs.}, number={Supplement_3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Duarte, Marcos E. and Tyus, James and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={78–78} }
 @article{cheng_duarte_kim_2020, title={Efficacy and safety of amino acids with biomass for growth and health of newly-weaned pigs}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.138}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa054.138}, abstractNote={
 The objective was to test the efficacy of L-Thr or L-Val with biomass (ThrPro or ValPro; CJ BIO, Fort Dodge, IA) on growth performance and health compared with L-Thr or L-Val (purified) in newly-weaned pigs. There were 9 dietary treatments based on NRC (2012) requirements: NC (basal diet meeting 70% of requirements for SID Thr and Val); 4 treatments based on basal diet meeting 95% of requirements: LT (with L-Thr), LV (with L-Val), PT (with ThrPro), and PV (with ValPro); HLT (fivefold L-Thr in LT), HLV (fivefold L-Val in LV), HPT (fivefold ThrPro in PT), and HPV (fivefold ValPro in PV). Pigs were fed for 26 d in 2 phases. Feed intake and BW were measured at d 0, 5, 10, 17, and 26. Blood was collected on d 21 for liver function analysis. Pigs were euthanized on d 26 to collect jejunal mucosa for gut health parameters. Data were analyzed by SAS using MIXED procedure. Pigs fed LT and LV or PT and PV had higher (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed NC during phase 2. Pigs fed LT, LV, PT, and PV had higher ADFI and G:F than pigs fed NC during d 17 to 26. Pigs fed PT and PV had lower (P < 0.05) G:F than pigs fed HPT and HPV during phase 2. Pigs fed LT and LV or PT and PV had lower (P < 0.05) BUN than pigs fed NC. Overall, pigs fed PT and PV had no differences in any analyzed measurements from pigs fed LT and LV and pigs fed HPT and HPV. In conclusion, PT and PV were equally efficient to LT and LV for growth performance and health. HPT and HPV did not impair liver and gut health compared with PT and PV.}, number={Supplement_3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Duarte, Marcos E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={77–77} }
 @article{cheng_duarte_kim_2020, title={Lysed Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass from lysine production as a novel feed additive to enhance gut health and growth of newly-weaned pigs}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.139}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa054.139}, abstractNote={
 The objective was to determine the functional and nutritional values of Corynebacterium glutamicum Cell Mass (CGCM) on growth performance and gut health of newly-weaned pigs. Forty newly-weaned pigs (21 d of age; initial BW 7.1 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments based on randomized complete block design with sex and BW as blocks. The lysine broth of CGCM (CJ Bio, Fort Dodge, IA) was homogenized by using French press and dried to obtain lysed CGCM. Dietary treatments were: basal diet with lysed CGCM at 0, 0.7, 1.4, 2.1%, and with 1.4% intact CGCM. Experimental diets were formulated based on nutrient requirements (NRC, 2012) and pigs were fed based on 2 phases (10 and 11 d for each phase). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to phase 2 diets as an indigestible external marker to calculate nutrient digestibility. Feed intake and BW were measured at d 0, 10, and 21. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect proximal and distal jejunal mucosa to measure TNF-α, IL-8, MDA, IgA, and IgG concentrations. Diets and ileal digesta were collected to measure AID. Data were analyzed by SAS using MIXED, REG, and GLM procedures. Overall, increasing daily lysed CGCM intake increased (P < 0.05) ADG (211 to 296 g) and ADFI (432 to 501 g). Increasing levels of lysed CGCM decreased (P < 0.05) MDA and changed (quadratic, P < 0.05) IgA (max: 4.90 ng/mg at 1.13%) and IgG (max: 3.37 ng/mg at 1.04%) in the proximal jejunal mucosa. Increasing daily lysed CGCM intake had quadratic effect (P< 0.05) of protein carbonyl (max: 6.3 μmol/mg at 4.9 g/d). Lysed CGCM potentially benefits growth performance and gut health of newly-weaned pigs by reducing oxidative stress and increasing immune response.}, number={Supplement_3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cheng, Yi-Chi and Duarte, Marcos E. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={77–77} }
 @article{duarte_tyus_kim_2020, title={Synbiotic Effects of Enzyme and Probiotics on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs Challenged With Enterotoxigenic F18+Escherichia coli}, volume={7}, ISSN={2297-1769}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00573}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.00573}, abstractNote={This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with xylanase and probiotics on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Sixty-four newly weaned pigs (32 barrows and 32 gilts with 7.9 ± 0.4 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design (2 × 2 factorial). Two factors were ETEC challenge (oral inoculation of saline solution or E. coli F18+ at 6 × 109 CFU) and synbiotics (none or a combination of xylanase 10,000 XU/kg and Bacillus sp. 2 × 108 CFU/kg). All pigs were fed experimental diets following NRC (2012) in two phases (P1 for 10 d and P2 for 11 d). The ETEC was orally inoculated on d 7 after weaning. Feed intake and BW were measured on d 7, 10, 15, and 20. On d 20, pigs were euthanized to collect samples to measure gut health parameters and microbiome. Synbiotics increased (P < 0.05) ADG in phase 1 and ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F in the post-challenge period. ETEC increased (P < 0.05) the fecal score of pigs from d 7 to 13; however, synbiotics reduced (P < 0.05) it at d 9 and 11 in challenged pigs. ETEC increased (P < 0.05) mucosal MDA, IL-6, Ki-67+, and crypt depth, whereas synbiotics tended to reduce TNFα (P = 0.093), protein carbonyl (P = 0.065), and IL-6 (P = 0.064); reduced (P < 0.05) crypt depth and Ki-67+; and increased (P < 0.05) villus height. ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. In conclusion, ETEC challenge reduced growth performance by affecting microbiome, immune response, and oxidative stress in the jejunum. Synbiotics enhanced growth performance by reducing diarrhea, immune response, and oxidative stress in the jejunum.}, journal={Frontiers in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Duarte, Marcos Elias and Tyus, James and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{carvalho_sanglard_nascimento_moriel_sommer_merrill_poore_duarte_serao_2020, title={miRNAs explain the variation in muscle and blood transcriptomes of beef calves born from dams with or without energy restriction during late gestation}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa054.292}, abstractNote={
 Maternal energy restriction during late gestation affects the expression of genes related to energy metabolism in muscle and immune response in blood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. The aim of this study was to identify potentials miRNA involved in the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEG) in muscle and blood following exposure to maternal gestational energy restriction. Forty days before the expected calving date, cows were assigned to one of two diets: 100% (CTRL) or 70% (REST) of the daily energy requirement. For RNA-seq analysis, muscle samples were collected from 12 heifers and 12 steers, and blood samples were collected from 12 steers. miRNAs were identified from the RNA-seq data based on the bovine genome annotation, with 38 and 10 miRNAs identified in blood and muscle, respectively. The expression of the miRNAs and the previously identified 160 and 450 DEGs in muscle and blood, respectively, was pre-adjusted for fixed effects before final analyses. A stepwise selection (P-value < 0.05) was used to identify miRNAs (dependent variables) explaining variation in DEGs, for each DEG at a time, and analyses performed separately for blood and muscle. The R2 of selected models ranged from 0.88 to 0.99 in muscle and 0.92 to 0.99 in blood. Of the most selected miRNA in muscle, MiR-133a and MiR-1 are known to be related to muscle hypertrophy, and MiR-143 and bta-let-7i promote adipocyte differentiation. Of the most selected miRNA in blood, MiR-21 regulates immune system by different pathways. Using RNA-seq data, we identified miRNAs explaining a large amount of the variation of DEGs, with the identification of important miRNAs related to muscle development and immune system.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Carvalho, Elisa B. and Sanglard, Leticia P. and Nascimento, Moyses and Moriel, Philipe and Sommer, Jeffrey and Merrill, Melissa and Poore, Matthew and Duarte, Marcio and Serao, Nick}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={165–165} }
 @article{duarte_grilli_kim_2019, title={371 Effects of dietary supplementation with lauric acid and AviPlusS on growth performance and gut health of newly weaned pigs}, volume={97}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.272}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz258.272}, abstractNote={
 This study was to determine the supplemental effects of lauric acid and a microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals (AviPlusS, Vetagro, Chicago, IL) on growth performance and gut health in newly weaned pigs. Ninety-six pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts, 21 d-of-age, 6.5 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly allotted (3 pigs/ pen) to 4 treatments in RCBD arranged by 2 factors: lauric acid (0 or 0.1%) and AviPlusS (0 or 0.3%). Initial BW and sex were blocks. Diets met the NRC (2012) requirements, medicated, included ZnO, and prepared in 3 phases (phase 1 for 7 d; phase 2 for 11 d; and phase 3 for 14 d). At the end of each phase, ADG, ADFI, and G:F was measured. On d 32, 1 pig representing the median BW of each pen was euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa to analyze immune and oxidative stress status and microbiome. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Two factors were fixed effects and blocks were random effects. Overall performance was not affected by 2 factors. Combinational use of lauric acid and AviPlusS tended to increase (P = 0.053) the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae (18.11 vs. 9.59 and 10.26%). Lauric acid tended to reduce (P = 0.081) the relative abundance of Methylobacteriaceae (10.34 to 6.30%). Lauric acid tended to increase (P = 0.083) the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae (2.05 to 9.28%) which tended to be reduced (P = 0.078) when combined with AviPlusS. Combinational use of lauric acid and AviPlusS increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillus (23.34 vs. 13.21 and 17.56%) compared with the use of lauric acid or AviPlusS alone. Collectively, lauric acid can modulate the microbiome to enhance gut health, which can be further enhanced when combined with AviPlusS.}, number={Supplement_3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Duarte, M E and Grilli, E and Kim, S W}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={133–134} }
 @article{duarte_zhou_dutra_kim_2019, title={Dietary supplementation of xylanase and protease on growth performance, digesta viscosity, nutrient digestibility, immune and oxidative stress status, and gut health of newly weaned pigs}, volume={5}, ISSN={2405-6545}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2019.04.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.aninu.2019.04.005}, abstractNote={This study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with xylanase and protease on growth performance, digesta viscosity, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, and gut health in nursery pigs. Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts at 21 d of age with 7.2 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (2 × 2 factorial arrangement) in a randomized complete block design and fed in 2 phases (phase 1 for 10 d and phase 2 for 14 d). Factors were xylanase (0 or 45,000 XU/kg) and protease (0 or 300,000 U/kg). Feed intake and BW gain were measured on d 10 and 24. Titanium dioxide (0.25%) was added to all diets as an indigestible external marker from d 20 to 24. On d 24, all pigs were euthanized to obtain jejunal and ileal digesta to measure viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility. The jejunal mucosa was collected to measure immune and oxidative stress status. Jejunal tissues were used to measure morphology and crypt cells proliferation. In phase 2, xylanase increased (P < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) which was further increased (P < 0.05) when combined with protease. Overall, combinational use of xylanase and protease increased (P < 0.05) ADG compared with the use of xylanase or protease alone, whereas protease improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency. In jejunum, xylanase reduced (P < 0.05) viscosity of digesta, mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA), crypt depth and crypt cells proliferation, and protease increased (P < 0.05) villus height, and decreased (P < 0.05) crypt depth and crypt cells proliferation. Collectively, xylanase improved growth performance, digesta viscosity, and oxidative stress, whereas protease improved feed efficiency and gut morphology. The combinational use of xylanase and protease enhanced growth performance of newly weaned pigs.}, number={4}, journal={Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Duarte, Marcos E. and Zhou, Fang X. and Dutra, Wilson M., Jr. and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={351–358} }
 @article{zheng_duarte_park_kim_2017, title={159 Supplemental effects of fermented rice bran extracts on growth performance, bone characteristics, and immune response of broiler chickens}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasmw.2017.12.159}, DOI={10.2527/asasmw.2017.12.159}, number={suppl_2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zheng, L. and Duarte, M. E. and Park, I. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={75–76} }
 @article{zheng_duarte_park_kim_2017, title={228 Supplemental effects of fermented rice bran extracts on gut health and growth of nursery pigs}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasmw.2017.12.228}, DOI={10.2527/asasmw.2017.12.228}, number={suppl_2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zheng, L. and Duarte, M. E. and Park, I. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={109–109} }
 @article{lee_duarte_kim_2017, title={297 Super dosing effects of corn-expressed phytase on growth performance, bone characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs fed diets deficient in phosphorus and calcium}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasmw.2017.297}, DOI={10.2527/asasmw.2017.297}, number={suppl_2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lee, J. K. and Duarte, M. E. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={144–144} }
 @article{park_parnsen_duarte_yiannikouris_kim_2017, title={406 Effects of modified yeast cell wall extract on gut health and growth of newly weaned pigs under chronic dietary challenges of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasann.2017.406}, DOI={10.2527/asasann.2017.406}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of modified yeast cell wall extract at 2 g/kg (YCWE; Integral A+, Alltech, Lexington, KY) on growth and health of pigs fed diets with aflatoxin (180 µg/kg), deoxynivalenol (1 mg/kg), and fumonisin (9 mg/kg). Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts at 21 d of age with 6.0 ± 0.6 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments (2 × 2 factorial arrangement) with 12 pens per treatment, and fed the experimental diets for 48-d. Factors were mycotoxin and YCWE. Experimental diets were formulated to meet the requirement suggested by the NRC (2012) in 2 phases (phase 1 for 20-d and phase 2 for 28-d). Body weight and feed consumption were measured every 5-d in phase 1 and weekly in phase 2. On d 14 and 45, all pigs were bled to collect serum for biochemical analysis and other measurements. On d 48, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal tissue and mucosa. Tissue was used to measure histology. Mucosa and serum were used to determine tumor necrosis factor-α, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl (PC), and immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS with 2 factors and sex as fixed effects and initial BW as a random effect. Overall, mycotoxin reduced (P < 0.05) BW (37.8 to 31.1 kg), ADG (481 to 416 g/d), and ADFI (726 to 601 g/d). The YCWE tended to improve G:F (P = 0.079, 0.670 to 0.691) and reduce WBC (P = 0.071, 18.7 to 16.3 × 103 cells/µL). Mycotoxins reduced (P < 0.05) villus height (526 to 515 µm), increased (P < 0.05) IgA (5.7 to 6.5 mg/g protein), and increased (P < 0.05) PC (2.32 to 2.67 nmol/mg protein) in the jejunum. The YCWE tended (P = 0.088) to increase villus height (515 to 523 µm), and reduced (P < 0.05) IgA (6.3 to 5.9 mg/g protein) and PC (2.6 to 2.4 nmol/mg protein) in the jejunum. Collectively, feeding diets with mycotoxin at moderate levels reduced growth and impaired gut health in newly weaned pigs. Supplemental YCWE could improve growth and gut health in newly weaned pigs at 3 to 10 wk of age.}, number={suppl_4}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Park, I. and Parnsen, W. and Duarte, M. E. and Yiannikouris, A. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={200–200} }
 @article{duarte_park_parnsen_zhou_kim_2017, title={409 Effects of combinational use of xylanase and protease on growth performance and gut health of newly weaned pigs}, volume={95}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasann.2017.409}, DOI={10.2527/asasann.2017.409}, abstractNote={This study was to investigate the effect of supplemental xylanase (Xylamax, BRI, Durham, NC) and protease (Versazyme, BRI) on growth performance, digesta viscosity, apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, and gut health in nursery pigs. Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts at 21 d of age with 7.2 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments (2 × 2 factorial arrangement). Factors were xylanase (0 or 45,000 XU/kg) and protease (0 or 300,000 U/kg). Experimental diets formulated to meet nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012) in 2 phases (phase 1 for 10 d and phase 2 for 24 d). Feed intake and BW gain were measured d 10 and 24. Titanium oxide (0.25%) was added to all diets as an indigestible external marker from d 20 to 24. On d 24, all pigs were euthanized to obtain jejunal and ileal digesta to measure viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility, respectively. Jejunal mucosa was collected to measure immune and oxidative stress status. Jejunal tissues were used to measure morphology, proliferation of crypt cells by immunohistochemistry of Ki-67, and tight junction proteins by Western blot. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with 2 factors and sex as fixed effects and initial BW block as a random effect. In phase 2, xylanase increased (P < 0.05) ADG (0.518 to 0.560 kg/d) which was further increased (P < 0.05, interaction) with protease. Overall, combinational use of xylanase and protease increased (P < 0.05) ADG (0.503 vs. 0.442 and 0.437 kg/d) compared with the use of xylanase or protease alone, wheras protease improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency (0.765 to 0.793). In jejunum, xylanase reduced (P < 0.05) viscosity of digesta (2.69 to 2.36 mPa.s), mucosal MDA (1.14 to 0.95 μM), crypt depth (220 to 198 μm) and crypt cell proliferation (20.3 to 17.6%), and protease increased (P < 0.05) villus height (439 to 493 μm), crypt depth (229 to 189 μm) and crypt cell proliferation (21.5 to 15.9%). Combinational use of xylanase and protease increased (P < 0.05) claudin (0.047 to 0.076 band intensity) and occludin (0.126 to 0.161 band intensity) in jejunum. Apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients was not different among treatments. Collectively, xylanase could improve growth, digesta viscosity, and oxidative stress, and protease could improve feed efficiency and gut integrity. Combinational use of xylanase and protease enhanced growth performance and tight junction proteins in newly weaned pigs.}, number={suppl_4}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Duarte, M. E. and Park, I. and Parnsen, W. and Zhou, F. X. and Kim, S. W.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={202–202} }