@article{louis_houck_lewbart_posner_balko_2020, title={EVALUATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ADMINISTERED VIA THREE ROUTES FOR EUTHANASIA OF ANESTHETIZED KOI (CYPRINUS CARPIO)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0207}, abstractNote={Abstract: Immersion in tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is insufficient for euthanasia in at least one species of fish. The current study investigated the effectiveness of potassium chloride (KCl) to euthanize anesthetized koi (Cyprinus carpio). Twenty-eight healthy koi were anesthetized via immersion in 500 mg/L of buffered MS-222 for 10–12 min, manually removed to room air, and randomly administered 10 mEq/kg KCl (333 mg/ml) via one of three routes—intracardiac injection (IC) (n = 7), intracoelomic injection (ICe) (n = 7), or topical instillment over the gill filaments bilaterally (T) (n = 7)—or received no treatment (control, C) (n = 7). A Doppler ultrasonic flow detector was placed over the heart, and sounds were assessed continuously from immediately prior to treatment until 5 min posttreatment and every 5 min thereafter until Doppler sound cessation, resumption of operculation, or 30 min. Time to Doppler sound cessation or resumption of operculation was recorded. Doppler sound cessation occurred in 7/7 fish in IC (median 0.08, range 0–2.75 min) and 1/7 fish in T (10 min). In T, ICe, and C, 6/7, 7/7, and 7/7 fish, respectively, maintained Doppler sounds to 30 min. All fish in ICe (7/7) and C (7/7) resumed operculation with median (range) times of 22 (7–30) min and 16 (9–29) min from treatment, respectively. Intracardiac KCl at 10 mEq/kg rapidly ceases Doppler sounds and is a successful technique for euthanasia of anesthetized koi. Intracoelomic and topical KCl at 10 mEq/kg were not effective for euthanasia of koi.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Louis, Meghan M. and Houck, Emma L. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Posner, Lysa P. and Balko, Julie A.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={485–489} }
 @article{louis_cerreta_griffioen_mehalick_lewbart_petritz_2020, title={Homologous whole blood transfusion for treatment of severe anemia in five Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2020.05.013}, abstractNote={Abstract Background The Eastern box turtle (EBT) (Terrapene carolina carolina) is an iconic North American species and the state reptile of North Carolina. In recent decades its numbers have been threatened by various anthropogenic factors including habitat loss, vehicular trauma, domestic pet predation, climate change, and collection for both the legal and illegal pet trade. Since 1997 the NC State College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team (NC State TRT) has been treating and rehabilitating EBTs. In some cases, injury or disease result in extremely low packed cell volumes (PCVs). In such cases, and when an appropriate donor is available, a whole blood transfusion is performed. Methods Homologous whole blood transfusions were performed to treat severe anemia in four wild EBTs and one client-owned EBT. The PCV of each patient was measured at between 1% and 3% and the donor PCV's were over 15%. No more than 1% total body weight of blood was removed from each donor. This amounts to approximately 3.0 mL of whole blood from a donor. Prior to the transfusion, a macroagglutination cross-match was performed. Blood was either collected from the jugular vein or postoccipital sinus and administered via these same two routes with the exception of one case which received whole blood via the subcarapacial sinus. Results All wild turtles survived to release, and the client-owned turtle has survived at least 18 months post transfusion. None of the patients or donors were observed to have any reaction or problem with the procedure. Conclusions and case series relevance The jugular vein was the preferred route for both blood extraction and transfusion. A one-time homologous whole blood transfusion is likely a safe, emergency intervention to treat severe anemia in the EBT.}, number={C}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Louis, Meghan M. and Cerreta, Anthony J. and Griffioen, John A. and Mehalick, Michelle L. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Petritz, Olivia A.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={27–33} }
 @article{louis_minter_flowers_stoskopf_kennedy-stoskopf_2020, title={Raccoon roundworm prevalence (Baylisascaris procyonis) at the North Carolina Zoo, USA}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.9426}, abstractNote={Baylisascaris procyonis is an important zoonotic nematode of raccoons (Procyon lotor). Infection with this parasite has important health implications for humans, zoo animals, and free-ranging wildlife. As a large, natural habitat zoo, the North Carolina Zoo (NC Zoo) coexists with native wildlife. Raccoons are abundant at the NC Zoo and the prevalence of B. procyonis is unknown. Raccoon latrines were located through employee reporting and systematic searching throughout the zoo and sampled for B. procyonis in October and November of 2018 and 2019. Parasite prevalence, latrine location, substrate category and latrine persistence were recorded. Thirty-three latrines were located in 2018 and eight new latrines in 2019 while four latrines from the prior year were no longer available to be sampled. Of the 29 latrines sampled over the two years, 16 (55%) persisted for at least one year. The majority of the latrines were found on natural substrate with rock showing the highest preference. Just over half (n = 21 of 41 total) of the active latrines in the study were in or immediately adjacent to animal enclosures. Two latrines were found in public areas including one contaminating children’s play equipment. Additionally, fresh fecal samples were collected from five adult raccoons presented to the zoo’s veterinary clinic in 2018 and 2019. All fecal samples tested by centrifugal flotation for both years were negative for B. procyonis. The results of this study show the value of field sampling to properly assess risk and enable informed decision-making regarding public health and wildlife management.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Louis, Meghan M. and Minter, Larry J. and Flowers, James R. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }