@article{mayer_mershon_lim_chipley_mcallister_2006, title={Visual factors affecting touchdown point judgments during off-airport emergency landings}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1050-8414"]}, DOI={10.1207/s15327108ijap1604_4}, abstractNote={This article provides a comprehensive discussion of research designed to examine the possible existence of consistent visual misperceptions that may occur during off-airport emergency landings. The importance of 2 particular visual experiences was evaluated: (a) the view of the world seen from the unusually steep bank at a low altitude, and (b) the visual distraction of a "windmilling" propeller. The influences of experience and environmental structure were also considered. Studies of these factors were conducted using a visually realistic cockpit mounted within a VisionDome® virtual reality environment. Behavioral responses were collected from both naive participants and pilot participants. The findings indicated that judgments of the position of the touchdown point made while the airplane is turning are underestimated in distance, whereas judgments made while the airplane is on a straight approach to the touchdown point are overestimated. In most cases, the windmilling propeller decreased touchdown point judgment accuracy. In addition, pilot experience was associated with improved judgment accuracy during the turning approaches. The presented environmental structure had a weak and inconsistent effect.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Mayer, Celeste M. and Mershon, Donald H. and Lim, Raymond W. and Chipley, M. Ryan and McAllister, David F.}, year={2006}, pages={401–418} }
 @article{min_mershon_2005, title={An  adjacency effect in auditory distance perception}, volume={91}, number={3}, journal={Acta Acustica United With Acustica}, author={Min, Y. K. and Mershon, D. H.}, year={2005}, pages={480–489} }
 @article{philbeck_mershon_2002, title={Knowledge about typical source output influences perceived auditory distance}, volume={111}, ISSN={["0001-4966"]}, DOI={10.1121/1.1471899}, abstractNote={Vocal effort is known to influence the judged distance of speech sound sources. The present research examined whether this influence is due to long-term experience gained prior to the experiment versus short-term experience gained from exposure to speech stimuli earlier in the same experiment. Speech recordings were presented to 192 blindfolded listeners at three levels of vocal output. Even upon the first presentation, shouting voices were reported as appearing farthest, whispered voices closest. This suggests that auditory distance perception can be affected by past experience in a way that does not require explicit comparisons between individual stimuli.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Philbeck, JW and Mershon, DH}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={1980–1983} }
 @article{young_mershon_hicks_2002, title={The far-anchor effect: Errors in the perception of motion and implications for aviation safety}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0018-7208"]}, DOI={10.1518/0018720024494793}, abstractNote={The far-anchor effect is responsible for a motion-in-depth illusion that has only recently been recognized. When viewing conditions are limited, motions in depth of a farther target in a two-object display may readily be perceived as opposite motions in depth of the nearer target. The present studies determined whether this error could be avoided through controlled fixation or training with feedback. Under conditions of reduced visibility, participants (college students) viewed 64 two-target presentations varying in the position of the moving target and its direction of motion. Neither fixation instructions nor informational feedback about motion errors affected the occurrence of the basic illusion, nor did a vertical separation of the targets eliminate the main effect, indicating the robustness of the motion illusion under some relatively realistic variations. Such errors in judging motion in depth have significance for both midair collisions between aircraft and ground-incursion accidents under conditions of reduced visibility. Potential applications include the elaboration of examples used in pilot training programs or in training programs for ground personnel.}, number={1}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Young, KR and Mershon, DH and Hicks, LJ}, year={2002}, pages={133–143} }
 @book{mershon_mayer_mcalister_2002, title={Visual factors affecting pilots' judgments of the position of the touchdown during emergency landings}, number={NAG 2-1281}, journal={Final Technical Report on Research Grant NAG 2-1281}, institution={NASA-Ames}, author={Mershon, D. H. and Mayer, C. M. and McAlister, D. F.}, year={2002} }
 @inproceedings{mcallister_hogan_morris_mershon_mayer_lim_holmes_tomlinson_2001, title={Some problems encountered in the development of a virtual reality system for evaluating human performance during emergency power-off aircraft landings}, volume={4297}, ISBN={0819439770}, booktitle={Human vision and electronic imaging VI : 22-25 January, 2001, San Jose, USA}, author={McAllister, D. F. and Hogan, R. C. and Morris, B. E. and Mershon, D. H. and Mayer, C. M. and Lim, R. and Holmes, M. and Tomlinson, J.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{mayer_mershon_lim_mcallister_matson_morris_2001, title={Visual factors affecting pilots' judgments of trajectory-to-touchdown during emergency landings}, volume={11}, booktitle={Focusing Attention on Aviation Safety the 11th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, March 5-8, 2001, Columbus, Ohio, USA}, author={Mayer, C. M. and Mershon, D. H. and Lim, R. and McAllister, D. F. and Matson, K. and Morris, B. E.}, year={2001} }
 @article{pennell_mershon_1999, title={An unexpected variation of the Muller-Lyer illusion}, number={2}, journal={Cots and Safety Critical Systems}, author={Pennell, T. K. and Mershon, D. H.}, year={1999}, pages={9–11} }
 @article{pennell_mershon_1998, title={An unexpected variation of the Muller-Lyer illusion}, journal={Worm Runner's Digest}, author={Pennell, T. K. and Mershon, D. H.}, year={1998} }
 @inbook{mershon_1997, title={Phenomenal geometry and the measurement of perceived auditory distance}, booktitle={Binaural and Spatial Hearing in real and virtual environments}, publisher={Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.}, author={Mershon, D. H}, editor={R. Gilkey and Anderson, T. R.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={257–274} }
 @book{mershon_1997, title={Report on perceptual issues raised by statements of eye witnesses to the crash of TWA Flight 800}, institution={National Transportation Safety Board}, author={Mershon, D. H.}, year={1997} }
 @book{mcgregor_mershon_pastore_davis_timble_1994, title={Fundamental and practical aspects of the perception and analysis of real and illusory appearance defects in fabrics}, volume={257}, journal={Annual Report of the National Textile Center (Project 92-9)}, institution={Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce}, author={McGregor, R. M. and Mershon, D. H. and Pastore, C. and Davis, H. and Timble, N.}, year={1994}, pages={249} }
 @article{mcgregor_mershon_pastore_1994, title={PERCEPTION, DETECTION, AND DIAGNOSIS OF APPEARANCE DEFECTS IN FABRICS}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051759406401006}, abstractNote={ High uniformity of appearance is essential for textiles. Unintended variations of color between and within fabrics pose serious problems: their avoidance makes great demands on manufacturing and quality control at all stages from the extrusion of synthetic fibers and yarns up to the final finishing of a fabric. Most fabric inspection for quality control is visual. Unfortunately in some cases, the appearance of a color defect is a very poor guide to the true nature of the defect, a fact not generally recognized by the industry. This paper describes studies of the responses of observers to well . characterized model color defects using standard psychophysical methods. The results from this new approach will help the industry to understand these problems and provide a basis for the design of sensor systems to be used in automated fabric in spection. }, number={10}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={MCGREGOR, R and MERSHON, DH and PASTORE, CM}, year={1994}, month={Oct}, pages={584–591} }
 @article{mershon_jones_taylor_1993, title={ORGANIZATIONAL-FACTORS AND THE PERCEPTION OF MOTION IN DEPTH}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0031-5117"]}, DOI={10.3758/BF03211760}, abstractNote={When two stationary, stereoscopically separated targets are viewed in a completely dark surround, and no cues concerning their egocentric distances from the observer are salient, the farther target tends to be seen at the same distance it would have assumed if it were by itself. The nearer target is seen as being closer than it would have been if seen alone. The present studies extend this previous finding (now termed the far-anchor effect) into the domain of targets that move in stereoscopic space. Observers viewed two small illuminated targets, which began at either the same or different stereoscopic distances. One of the targets was moved in depth and the observers identified the target that appeared to move. Conditions varied according to the initial depth location of the moving target. Significantly more correct responses were reported when the nearer target moved than when the farther one moved, consistent with the hypothesis that the perception of motion in depth is affected by the aforementioned perceptual anchoring effect of the farther target.}, number={2}, journal={PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS}, author={MERSHON, DH and JONES, TA and TAYLOR, ME}, year={1993}, month={Aug}, pages={240–249} }
 @article{little_mershon_cox_1992, title={SPECTRAL CONTENT AS A CUE TO PERCEIVED AUDITORY DISTANCE}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0301-0066"]}, DOI={10.1068/p210405}, abstractNote={ Changes in the spectral content of wide-band auditory stimuli have been repeatedly implicated as a possible cue to the distance of a sound source. Few of the previous studies of this factor, however, have considered whether the cue provided by spectral content serves as an absolute or a relative cue. That is, can differences in spectral content indicate systematic differences in distance even on their first presentation to a listener, or must the listener be able to compare sounds with one another in order to perceive some change in their distances? An attempt to answer this question and simultaneously to evaluate the possibly confounding influence of changes in the sound level and/or the loudness of the stimuli are described in this paper. The results indicate that a decrease in high-frequency content (as might physically be produced by passage through a greater amount of air) can lead to increases in perceived auditory distance, but only when compared with similar sounds having a somewhat different high-frequency content, ie spectral information can serve as a relative cue for auditory distance, independent of changes in overall sound level. }, number={3}, journal={PERCEPTION}, author={LITTLE, AD and MERSHON, DH and COX, PH}, year={1992}, pages={405–416} }
 @article{mershon_hutson_1991, title={TOWARD THE INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF PERCEIVED AUDITORY DISTANCE}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0090-5054"]}, DOI={10.3758/BF03335208}, abstractNote={In previous research on perceived auditory distance, simple verbal reports have often been used, because alternative measurement procedures were limited. This research has explored the question of whether Gogel’s “indirect” methods (for measuring visually perceived distance) could also measure auditory distance. Observers described the apparent horizontal alignment of two sound sources, presented either with the head stationary or before and after a lateral head movement. Room reverberation was manipulated in an effort to generate the sorts of errors in perceived distance that were necessary to test the predictions. Although consistent underperception occurred effectively when reverberation was low, the corresponding condition of overperception was not produced by the use of a highly reflective room. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, the present data were consistent with those predicted from Gogel’s analysis of the consequences of errors in perceived distance. The development of an indirect measure of auditory distance appears feasible.}, number={2}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY}, author={MERSHON, DH and HUTSON, WE}, year={1991}, month={Mar}, pages={109–112} }
 @article{mershon_ballenger_little_mcmurtry_buchanan_1989, title={EFFECTS OF ROOM REFLECTANCE AND BACKGROUND-NOISE ON PERCEIVED AUDITORY DISTANCE}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0301-0066"]}, DOI={10.1068/p180403}, abstractNote={ Perceptions of egocentric auditory distance were investigated within an environment for which the reverberation time could be systematically varied without changes in the size or shape of the room. Two levels of wide-band background noise, differing by 20 dB, were used as a masking stimulus. Target sounds were presented from distances between 0.75 and 6.0 m and verbal reports of distance were collected from 288 listeners in two separate experiments. Changes in physical distance produced variation in reported distance in each configuration. Reported distance was generally proportional to real distance, but considerably underestimated when room reflectance was low. When room reflectance was high ( T60 ≈ 1.7 s for the range of frequencies used), initial reports of distance were often overestimates; upon repeated presentation, judgments in the high reflectance room became more nearly veridical. The effect of increasing the background noise level was to decrease the perceived distance. These findings are in accord with expectations based upon the importance of reverberation cue(s) to distance and upon previous analyses from this laboratory. }, number={3}, journal={PERCEPTION}, author={MERSHON, DH and BALLENGER, WL and LITTLE, AD and MCMURTRY, PL and BUCHANAN, JL}, year={1989}, pages={403–416} }
 @article{mershon_amerson_1988, title={A seminal study of sunlight sneezing}, volume={34}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Irreproducible Results}, author={Mershon, D. H. and Amerson, T. L., Jr.}, year={1988}, pages={21–23} }
 @article{amerson_mershon_1988, title={TIME-OF-DAY VARIATIONS IN OCULOMOTOR FUNCTION .1. TONIC ACCOMMODATION AND TONIC VERGENCE}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1475-1313"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01178.x}, abstractNote={Time‐of‐day variations were studied both in tonic accomodation and in tonic vergence. Thirty‐six male volunteers were measured once in the morning and at one other time on the same day. The mean baseline value of tonic accomodation was 2.02 D. Time‐of‐day variations were found, with a late evening measure being + 0.6 D greater than the morning value. No independent time‐of‐day fluctuations were found in tonic vergence. Post‐hoc analysis, however, showed that tonic vergence tended to shift in the same direction as an individual's tonic accommodation during the afternoon. During the evening, tonic vergences tended to shift oppositely to tonic accommodation.}, number={4}, journal={OPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS}, author={AMERSON, TL and MERSHON, DH}, year={1988}, month={Oct}, pages={415–422} }
 @article{mershon_lin_1987, title={DIRECTIONAL LOCALIZATION IN HIGH AMBIENT NOISE WITH AND WITHOUT THE USE OF HEARING PROTECTORS}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0014-0139"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140138708966005}, abstractNote={Personal hearing protective devices (HPDs) are becoming increasingly common in settings where levels of noise above 85 dB(A) represent a potential threat to hearing. Several previous studies have indicated that the use of such devices adversely affects the localization of sounds, but none of these experiments employed very precise measures of location discriminability. The major study in the present report examined just such fine discrimination, using a forced-choice task, and compared the effects of three different HPDS. Localization signals were 1.5 s bursts of noise (≥ 1 kHz). Both of the described experiments were conducted in acoustically complex, reverberant environments, to simulate real working conditions. Results indicated that greater attenuation (especially at higher frequencies) was the primary factor associated with poor performance on the fine discrimination task.}, number={8}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={MERSHON, DH and LIN, LJ}, year={1987}, month={Aug}, pages={1161–1173} }
 @inproceedings{hill_mershon_1985, title={Age-related changes in distance judgments}, DOI={10.1177/154193128502900718}, abstractNote={ Research was conducted to evaluate age-related changes in the strength of the Equidistance Tendency originally described by W.C. Gogel. This factor refers to the tendency on the part of a human observer to perceive two (or more) objects as if they were located at the same distance. A configuration of binocular and monocular objects was produced in a visually reduced, laboratory setting, so that individual measures of the strength of this effect could be obtained for observers who differed in age. Three groups were used: 18–22 years, 35–45 years, and over-60 years old. The Equidistance Tendency increased significantly for the older observers, suggesting that such individuals have a greater likelihood of underestimating the relative depth separation of visual targets. Implications of this work for transportation safety were discussed. }, booktitle={Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting : Baltimore, Maryland, September 29-October 3, 1985}, author={Hill, G. W. and Mershon, D. H.}, year={1985}, pages={711–714} }
 @inproceedings{mcmurtry_mershon_1985, title={Auditory distance judgments in noise, with and without hearing protection}, DOI={10.1177/154193128502900820}, abstractNote={ Previous studies of the effects of hearing protective devices (HPDs) on auditory localization have all been concerned with directional judgments. The present study examined the influence of such devices upon judgments of distance under conditions of noise. Blindfolded observers were required to verbally report the apparent distance to a target sound under one of three conditions: quiet (60 dBA), noise (90 dBA) or noise (90 dBA) while wearing inserted foam plugs. Judgments in quiet were found to be reasonably correct. The presence of high-level noise, however, decreased the judged distances significantly. The use of the HPD neither improved these latter judgments, nor did it produce any further error. The findings are fully consistent with present understanding of the bases for auditory distance perception. }, booktitle={Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting : Baltimore, Maryland, September 29-October 3, 1985}, author={McMurtry, P. L. and Mershon, D. H.}, year={1985}, pages={811–813} }
 @inproceedings{karn_mershon_1984, title={Dark focus, dark vergence and subjective reports of visual fatigue during CRT display viewing}, DOI={10.1177/154193128402801022}, abstractNote={This study investigated the effects of two hours of CRT display viewing on dark focus, dark vengence, and subjective ratings of visual fatigue. Recently several studies have reported shifts of the dark focus of accommodation and dark vergence after short periods of display viewing at extreme distances. Many studies have attempted to link these and other changes in the oculomotor systems with subjective feelings of visual fatigue. Despite these research efforts and intense interest, causes and correlates of visual fatigue have not yet been adequately quantified. The research reported here is part of a larger study or changes in oculomotor functions during display viewing. Methods used for measuring oculomotor functions included use of a laser-Badal optometer to measure dark focus and use of a dichoptic alignment task for dark vergence measurements. A five-point rating scale was used to collect subject assessments of visual fatigue. Thirty students (age 18–25) screened for normal visual function (corrections allowed) were divided into two groups. One group viewed a display at a standard viewing distance (0.4m), the other group viewed a display at a farther distance (2m). Alphanumeric and pictographic information was presented to the subjects on standard video monitors (white characters on a dark background). The sizes of the two displays were selected such that height of the characters subtended the same visual angle when viewed on each display. The subject's primary task was to read text and interpret pictographic displays on the CRT while playing a menu-based computer game. Dependent variables, including dark vergence, dark focus, and the subjective ratings of visual fatigue, were measured three times (before, midway, and after) the two-hour display viewing task, in order to investigate changes in these variables over time. The split-plot factorial designs were subjected to analysis of variance tests. The results of the subjective ratings indicated that visual fatigue increased significantly with time-on-task (P < 0.005). The mean values for pretest measures of dark focus (1.63 diopters) and dark vergence (5.08 prism diopters) were in accord with results previously reported in the literature for similar populations and did not differ significantly for near versus tar display viewers. Also in accord with previous findings, the pre-test dark focus and dark vergence values showed little evidence of correlation (r = 0.11). Although there was a slight inward shift in mean dark focus over time for the near display viewers, there were no significant main or interactive effects of time-on-task and display viewing distance on dark focus. Dark vergence, however, was significantly higher for those who viewed the near display than for the far display viewers (P< 0.05). There was also an interesting interaction between time-on-task and viewing distance on dark vergence (P< 0.05). As expected, the subjects who viewed the near display exhibited an inward shift in mean dark vergence after the first hour on the task, while the mean dark vergence for those who viewed the far display shifted outward during this time. Surprisingly, during the second hour, these trends reversed such that the mean dark vergence shifted back to approximately pre-test levels for both groups. This return of mean dark vergence toward initial values indicates that the vergence system may have a mechanism by which it can compensate for prolonged demands for convergence at fixed distances. The fact that none of the oculomotor changes were significantly correlated with the subjective reports of visual fatigue suggests that visual fatigue is a complex phenomenon. Perhaps no single measure of oculomotor function will be adequate to explain the mechanisms of visual fatigue. The data also indicates that two-hour work sessions should have little effect on oculomotor variables, provided that the displays are within the normal range of display viewing distances.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 28th annual meeting : San Antonio, Texas, October 22-26, 1984}, author={Karn, K. and Mershon, D. H.}, year={1984}, pages={935–936} }
 @article{mershon_1982, title={AN INEXPENSIVE SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING EXAMINATIONS WITH MINIMAL TYPING AND PROOFREADING}, volume={9}, ISSN={["0098-6283"]}, DOI={10.1207/s15328023top0902_16}, abstractNote={has presented no problems Of-course, no student has yet been Injured by a chlck The students are not afrald of the chlcks and most f~nd them "cute ' and fun to handle In addltlon no students or staff have yet shown an allerglc reactlon to them In add~tlon to prov~d~ng a solut~on to the problems we exper~enced wlth rats we have found that using chlcks offers add~t~onal beneflts One benef~t IS that each student can qulckly bulld a cond~tlonlng chamber, allowlng all students to have lndlv~dual chambers and subjects Instead of havlng to share Constructing a cond~t~onlng chamber for chlcks takes only 20-30 minutes and can easily be done at home by the students.' Chicks quickly show the effects of relnforcement schedules, quality of reinforcement, and other effects, as well as the initial operant. Data from these student-run experiments are almost indistinguishable from data produced In automated laboratories using pigeons or rats. The fact that chicks possess color vision adds greatly to the variety of discrimination problems that can be studied. Indeed. the students seem to understand the logic of color discrimination experiments better than they understand the logic of br~ghtness or pattern discrim~nation. A final attribute of chlcks, one which may be respons~ble for many of the advantages already cited, is the lack of "nervousness" inherent in the b~rds. Rats are often fr~ghtened by noises. but the chicks seem imperv~ous to this sort of distraction. This characterist~c allows the instructor to interact while experiments are being conducted without disturb~ng the performance of the an~mals. In sum, we have been very pleased with the results of several years experience with using chickens In the ~ntroductory undergraduate laboratory course in experlmental psychology. We thlnk you and your budget will appreciate them as well Note}, number={2}, journal={TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY}, author={MERSHON, DH}, year={1982}, pages={108–109} }
 @article{mershon_desaulniers_kiefer_amerson_mills_1981, title={PERCEIVED LOUDNESS AND VISUALLY-DETERMINED AUDITORY DISTANCE}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0301-0066"]}, DOI={10.1068/p100531}, abstractNote={ Three experiments were conducted to determine whether variations in the perceived distance to a test sound could influence its loudness in the absence of physical changes in sound-level. The phenomenon of visual capture provided the means for manipulating apparent distance. A ‘dummy’ loudspeaker was used to vary the apparent source location of a short noise stimulus while the true source of this sound remained fixed (and hidden) with respect to the observer. Sound-levels from 40 to 75 dB(A) were presented to independent groups of observers in either anechoic or semi-reverberant acoustical environments. In general, reported loudness increased with perceived distance. This finding has implications for conceptualizing the phenomenon of loudness constancy. }, number={5}, journal={PERCEPTION}, author={MERSHON, DH and DESAULNIERS, DH and KIEFER, SA and AMERSON, TL and MILLS, JT}, year={1981}, pages={531–543} }
 @article{mershon_granberry-hager_bartlett_decamp_1981, title={Scalar perceptions of distance in a multiobject binocular display}, volume={18}, DOI={10.3758/bf03333618}, abstractNote={Even in the absence of the usual cues to egocentric distance, a single visual object tends to be seen at an “egocentric reference distance” as a combined result of a perceptual tendency and the residual oculomotor cues. It has previously been shown that two objects, separated in depth by relative cues, tend to be seen with the far object located near this reference distance and the near object displaced toward the observer. The present research demonstrates that a similar perceptual positioning of a depth configuration will also occur despite the presence of several intermediate objects in the interval between the near and far objects. The possibility that fixation patterns may be important to this phenomenon is discussed.}, journal={Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society}, author={Mershon, D. H. and Granberry-Hager, S. and Bartlett, K. and DeCamp, B.}, year={1981}, pages={249–252} }
 @article{mershon_1980, title={ADDITIVE (AND SUBTRACTIVE) COLOR MIXTURES WITH A SINGLE SLIDE PROJECTOR}, volume={7}, ISSN={["0098-6283"]}, DOI={10.1207/s15328023top0703_19}, abstractNote={play of the game must span two class meetings, however, always collect the written work prior to dismissing the class. While the game is in progress the instructor should discourage prolonged cross-talk among the groups, avoid offering advice or evaluative comments, and in general maintain a strictly neutral role. Although it is often instructive to discuss various issues that arise during the course of the game, such discussions should be postponed until after the winning group has been declared. Based on my informal observations, the game seems to help students better conceptualize behavior modification as a systematic, step-by-step approach to effective problemsolving (see D'Zurilla & Goldfried, 1971). It is obvious that the game generates verbal behavior in students which more closely approximates that of a behavioral psychologist, depending of course on the level of sophistication at which the elements of behavior modification were mastered prior to their playing the game. However, the need is apparent for empirical research to determine what contri bution this classroom simulation game may make to student interest in and practical knowledge of the techniques and methodology of behavior modification}, number={3}, journal={TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY}, author={MERSHON, DH}, year={1980}, pages={183–184} }
 @article{mershon_amerson_1980, title={Stability of measures of the dark focus of accommodation}, volume={19}, journal={Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science}, author={Mershon, D. H. and Amerson, T. L., Jr.}, year={1980}, pages={217–221} }
 @article{mershon_desaulniers_amerson_kiefer_1980, title={Visual capture in auditory distance perception: Proximity Image Effect reconsidered}, volume={20}, journal={Journal of Auditory Research}, author={Mershon, D. H. and Desaulniers, D. H. and Amerson, T. L., Jr. and Kiefer, S. A.}, year={1980}, pages={129–136} }
 @article{mershon_bowers_1979, title={ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE CUES FOR THE AUDITORY-PERCEPTION OF EGOCENTRIC DISTANCE}, volume={8}, ISSN={["0301-0066"]}, DOI={10.1068/p080311}, abstractNote={ Three experiments were performed to examine the reverberation cue to egocentric auditory distance and to determine the extent to which such a cue could provide ‘absolute’, as contrasted with ‘relative’, information about distance. In experiment 1 independent groups of blindfolded observers (200 altogether) were presented with broadband noise from a speaker at one of five different distances (0·55 to 8 m) in a normal hard-walled room. Half of each group of observers were presented with the sound at 0 deg azimuth, followed (after a delay) by the identical sound at 90 deg azimuth. The order of presentation was reversed for the remaining observers. Perceived distance varied significantly as a function of the physical distance to the speaker, even for the first presentations. The change in the binaural information between the 0 deg and 90 deg presentations did not significantly modify the results. For both orientations, near distances were overestimated and far distances were underestimated. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to evaluate how much prior auditory exposure to the laboratory environment was necessary. A 200 Hz square-wave signal was presented from one of three distances (1, 2, or 6 m) to observers who had either minimal room information or an exposure which included talking within the room. Perceived distance varied significantly with physical distance regardless of exposure condition. }, number={3}, journal={PERCEPTION}, author={MERSHON, DH and BOWERS, JN}, year={1979}, pages={311–322} }
 @article{mershon_luginbuhl_1977, title={Cognitive fear can modify daily behavior under conditions of high salience: A biting criticism of the Green-Waters hypothesis}, volume={19}, journal={Worm Runner's Digest}, author={Mershon, D. H. and Luginbuhl, J. E. R.}, year={1977}, pages={66–68} }
 @article{gogel_mershon_1977, title={LOCAL AUTONOMY IN VISUAL SPACE}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1467-9450"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9450.1977.tb00283.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.— The adjacency principle is considered in the context of the two factor theory of perception which divides the sources of perceptual information into absolute and relative cues. The adjacency principle states that the effectiveness of relative cues between objects varies inversely with the perceived separation of the objects either in a frontoparallel plane or in depth. The evidence regarding this principle is discussed for paradigms in which a test object is displaced spatially with respect to either one induction object or two opposing induction objects. The mqjor cues examined for evidence regarding adjacency effects consists of binocular disparity, achromatic color induction. and relative motion.}, number={3}, journal={SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY}, author={GOGEL, WC and MERSHON, DH}, year={1977}, pages={237–250} }
 @article{mershon_lembo_1977, title={SCALAR PERCEPTIONS OF DISTANCE IN SIMPLE BINOCULAR CONFIGURATIONS}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0002-9556"]}, DOI={10.2307/1421636}, abstractNote={Under reduced viewing, a single visual object tends to appear about 2 m away. Gogel (1972) found that the far point in a binocular configuration of two points of light also tended to appear about 2 m away, while the near point was displaced toward the observer. Attempts to replicate this latter result with points of light, as well as with a large rectangle for the nearer object, proved generally successful. Under some conditions, however, the far point was perceived to be closer to the observer when seen with the near point than when seen alone or with the rectangle. This unexpected result suggests caution in assuming that the far object in such a configuration will always remain at a stable perceived distance.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY}, author={MERSHON, DH and LEMBO, VL}, year={1977}, pages={17–28} }
 @article{mershon_kennedy_falacara_1977, title={USE OF CALIBRATION EQUATIONS IN PERCEPTION RESEARCH}, volume={6}, ISSN={["0301-0066"]}, DOI={10.1068/p060299}, abstractNote={ Gogel's procedure or using ‘calibration equations’ to obtain reports of perceived distance which are at least partially independent of individual differences in response bias, was examined. The procedure involves determining the relationship between reported and physical distances in a full-cue viewing situation. By making four assumptions, this equation can be used to ‘calibrate’ responses gathered from other situations in which perceived distances are under investigation. In the present experiment, both verbal and string-pull measures of perceived distance were obtained for several objects under reduced viewing conditions. Calibration equations were determined for each response measure in a full-cue setting. The usefulness of the calibration technique was tested by comparing the differences between the two response measures for each object seen in reduced viewing, both before and after the application of the calibration procedure. The results indicated that, consistent with the usefulness of the calibration technique, group differences between the measures were almost always decreased by the procedure. However, no general improvement in the agreement of the measures was found when the data were examined on an individual basis. From the results, a modification of the method of calculating calibration equations was suggested that might increase its usefulness by simplifying the arithmetic operations required for the procedure. }, number={3}, journal={PERCEPTION}, author={MERSHON, DH and KENNEDY, M and FALACARA, G}, year={1977}, pages={299–311} }
 @article{mershon_voncannon_windes_1976, title={SCALAR PERCEPTIONS OF DISTANCE FOR A MONOCULARLY DETERMINED DEPTH INTERVAL}, volume={8}, ISSN={["0090-5054"]}, DOI={10.3758/BF03335160}, abstractNote={Even in the absence of the usual cues to egocentric distance, a single visual object tends to be seen at an “egocentric reference distance” as a combined result of a perceptual tendency and the residual oculomotor cues. It has previously been shown that two objects, separated in binocular depth, tend to be seen with the far object located near this reference distance and the near object displaced toward the observer. The present research demonstrates that a similar perceptual positioning of a depth configuration will also occur, if the depth interval is established through multiple monocular cues, rather than stereoscopically.}, number={4}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY}, author={MERSHON, DH and VONCANNON, MG and WINDES, WR}, year={1976}, pages={341–342} }
 @article{mershon_gogel_1975, title={FAILURE OF FAMILIAR SIZE TO DETERMINE A METRIC FOR VISUALLY PERCEIVED DISTANCE}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0031-5117"]}, DOI={10.3758/BF03204007}, abstractNote={The use of knowledge of the familiar sizes of objects in determining the apparent distances of those objects is known as the familiar size cue to distance. If effective, this cue might be one of the factors responsible for supplying the metric (scalar) characteristics of perceptions of spatial extent within a visual display in which other information concerning scalar extents has been reduced to a minimum. Two groups of observers were presented with realistic objects of the same angular, but different assumed, sizes presented in such a cue-restricted display. Perceptions of size and distance within the display did not differ significantly as a function of the type of object initially presented. This result was consistent with the notion that scalar perceptions under these conditions probably are determined by a factor known as the specific distance tendency, rather than by the experiential factor of familiar size.}, number={1}, journal={PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS}, author={MERSHON, DH and GOGEL, WC}, year={1975}, pages={101–106} }
 @article{mershon_king_1975, title={INTENSITY AND REVERBERATION AS FACTORS IN AUDITORY-PERCEPTION OF EGOCENTRIC DISTANCE}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0031-5117"]}, DOI={10.3758/BF03204113}, abstractNote={Both auditory intensity and reverberation have previously been shown to be sufficient to produce systematically varying judgments of perceived distance when several values of the variable are presented repeatedly to the same observer. Such studies do not, however, indicate clearly whether these cues are functioning in an absolute or in a relative manner. An absolute cue to auditory distance would require that two groups presented with different values of the variable in question should report different values of perceived distance. Two experiments are reported in which intensity variation and reverberation are examined. The results showed that auditory intensity differences over a range of 20 dB did not serve as an absolute cue to auditory distance, but could serve as a strong cue to changes in such distance. A comparison of data obtained in a normally reverberatory setting (Experiment 1) and an anechoic chamber (Experiment 2) indicated that the state of reverberation could serve as an absolute cue, with greater reverberation being associated with greater perceived distances. Some of the results were discussed in terms of the possibility that the specific distance tendency (a concept developed to handle some phenomena in visual space perception) might have applicability to the study of auditory perceived distance as well.}, number={6}, journal={PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS}, author={MERSHON, DH and KING, LE}, year={1975}, pages={409–415} }
 @article{mershon_1972, title={RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF DEPTH AND DIRECTIONAL ADJACENCY TO SIMULTANEOUS WHITENESS CONTRAST}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0042-6989"]}, DOI={10.1016/0042-6989(72)90018-1}, abstractNote={Simultaneous whiteness contrast is a decreasing function of the spatial separation of the test and induction objects, either laterally or in depth. The present paper describes an experiment which represents the first attempt to compare simultaneously the relative effectiveness of the two kinds of separation in reducing contrast. Seventy-two subjects observed a test object at several positions within a three-dimensional configuration of induction objects. The perceived whiteness of the test object was found to vary systematically with changes in both directional and depth position. The comparison of the effects of the two kinds of separation was dependent upon whether physical or perceptual measures of separation were used. The possible confounding effect of successive contrast was discussed. Le contraste simultanéde blancheur est une fonction décroissante de la séparation spatiale entre test et objet inducteur, soit latéralement soit en profondeur. On décrit dans cet article une expérience qui représente le premier essai pour comparer simultanément les efficacités relatives des deux types de séparation pour réduire le contraste. Soixante douze sujets ont examinéun objet test dans diverses positionsàl'intérieur d'une configurationàtrois dimensions d'objets inducteurs. La blancheur perçue du test varie systématiquementàla fois pour des changements de direction et de profondeur. La comparaison des effets des deux types de séparation dépend de l'utilisation de mesures de séparation soit physiques soit perceptives. On discute d'un effet possible de confusion du contraste successif. Der simultante Helligkeitskontrast ist eine abnehmende Funktion des Abstandes von induzierendem und Testobjekt, sowohl lateral als auch in der Tiefe. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt ein Experiment, das den ersten Versuch zu einem Simultanvergleich der relativen Wirksamkeit der beiden Abstandsarten bezüglich der Kontrastverminderung darstellt. 27 Testpersonen beobachteten ein Testobjekt an verschiedenen Stellen innerhalb einer dreidimensionalen Konfiguration von Induktionsobjekten. Die empfundene Helligkeit des Testobjektes variierte systematisch mit der Anderung der Lage sowohl bezüglich der Richtung als auch bezüglich der Tiefe. Der Vergleich der Wirkung der beiden Abstandsarten hing davon ab, ob physikalische oder empfindungsgemäße Abstandsmaße verwendet wurden. Die Möglichkeit einer Beeinflußung durch den Sukzessivkontrast wird diskutiert. CимyльтAнный кoнтpAcт “бeлизны” yмeньщAeтcя в зAвиcимocти oт цpocтpAнcтвeннoгo pAздeлeния тecтoвoгo и индyциpyющeгo oбъeктoв, либo лAтepAльнo, либo в глyбинy. B нAcтoящeй pAбoтe oциcывAeтcя зкcцepимeнт, кoтopый пpeдcтAвляeт пepвyю цoпыткy oднoвpeмeннo cpAвнивAть oтнocитeльнyю зффeктивнocть зтих двyх видoв pAздeлeния в yмeньшeнии кoнтpAcтA. Ceмьдecят двA иcцытyeмых нAблюдAли тecтoвый oбьeкт в pAзных пoлoжeниях внyтpи тpeхмepнoгo индyциpyющeгo oбъeктA. ПAйдeнo, хтo вocпpинимAeмAя бeлизнA тecтoвoгo oбьeктA измeняeтcя cиcтeмAтихecки c измeиeниeм eгo цoлoжeния кAк в oднoй плocкocтн, тAк и в глyбинy. CpAвнитeльнAя зффeктивнocть зтих двyх видoв pAздeлeния зAвиcит oт тoгo кAкиe были иcпoльзoвAны cцocoбы измepeиия. физихecкиe или пepцeцтyAльныe. OбcyждAeтcя вoзмoжнoe мeщAющee влияниe cyкцeccивнoгo кoнтpAcтA.}, number={5}, journal={VISION RESEARCH}, author={MERSHON, DH}, year={1972}, pages={969-&} }
 @article{mershon_1971, title={EVIDENCE FOR RELATIONSHIP OF DEPTH ADJACENCY TO CONTRAST - RESPONSE TO LIE}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0036-5564"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-9450.1971.tb00633.x}, abstractNote={MERSHON, D. H. Evidence for the relationship of depth adjacency to contrast. A response to Lie. Scand. J. Psychol., 1971, 12, 295–302.–Some recent studies indicated that separation of test and induction objects from each other in stereoscopic depth will produce a decrease in simultaneous whiteness contrast. Lie has suggested, however, that this change was merely the result of experimental artifacts such as accommodative blurring, double images, and the presence of the small lateral displacements used to produce the stereopsis. Each of these possible artifacts has been considered, and the original experiments (as well as those of Lie) have been reexamined, in light of these considerations. This reexamination supports the original conclusion that whiteness contrast and separation in stereoscopic depth are related directly and not through the presence of any uncontrolled artifacts.}, number={4}, journal={SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY}, author={MERSHON, DH}, year={1971}, pages={295-&} }
 @article{mershon_gogel_1970, title={EFFECT OF STEREOSCOPIC CUES ON PERCEIVED WHITENESS}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0002-9556"]}, DOI={10.2307/1420855}, abstractNote={It has been found that the introduction of stereoscopic cues between an induction object and a test object will reduce the magnitude of the simultaneous whiteness contrast between the two objects. The present study both verified this result and demonstrated that the reduction in contrast could not be explained as the direct result of the small directional displacements that were necessary in order to produce the stereoscopic cue. The results from the present study also support the conclusion that the perception of depth, and not the stereoscopic cue per se, was the necessary condition for the change in the magnitude of the whiteness contrast. If a large black disk is presented in a dark surround and is illuminated so that white light falls only on the disk, the disk will appear white or whitish gray. If a small object of greater luminance than the large disk is placed on the disk, the apparent whiteness of the disk decreases. This darkening of the large disk in the presence of the small object is known as the Gelb effect. The Gelb effect was long regarded as evidence for the view that knowledge of the conditions of illumination is important in the perception of whiteness, with the insertion of the small object into the beam of light providing the information necessary for this perception. Thus, the Gelb effect was usually considered to be an example of whiteness constancy and was believed to be dependent upon central rather than peripheral (retinal) factors. Stewart, however, demonstrated that the Gelb effect follows the laws of simultaneous contrast (a phenomenon usually believed to take place at a peripheral level).1 Two factors important in simultaneous contrast are the frontoparallel (directional) separation of the test object from the induction object and the size of the induction object. Stewart Received for publication November 3, 1969. The study was supported by Grant 1-R01-MH15651-02 from the U. S. Public Health Service. The authors wish to thank John Brendel for his help in collecting the data. 1 E. C. Stewart, The Gelb effect, J. exp. Psychol., 57, 1959, 235-242.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY}, author={MERSHON, DH and GOGEL, WC}, year={1970}, pages={55-&} }
 @article{gogel_mershon_1969, title={DEPTH ADJACENCY IN SIMULTANEOUS CONTRAST}, volume={5}, ISSN={["0031-5117"]}, DOI={10.3758/BF03210471}, abstractNote={The Gelb phenomenon, as an example of whiteness contrast, was investigated with three amounts of separation in depth between the test and induction disc. The cue of binocular disparity was used to vary the perceived depth between the discs. It was found that the magnitude of the contrast effect decreased with an increase in the perceived depth between the two discs. This change was regarded as an instance of the adjacency principle. The problem of whether the binocular disparity cue per se or perceived depth was the significant variable was discussed. The consequences of the results were considered with respect to the relation between whiteness constancy and whiteness contrast and the problem of neural localization of the contrast effect.}, number={1}, journal={PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS}, author={GOGEL, WC and MERSHON, DH}, year={1969}, pages={13-&} }
 @article{gogel_mershon_1968, title={PERCEPTION OF SIZE IN A DISTORTED ROOM}, volume={4}, ISSN={["0031-5117"]}, DOI={10.3758/BF03210442}, abstractNote={This study was concerned with determining the factors important in the size illusion occurring with respect to extraneous objects introduced into an Ames’ monocular distorted room, It was asserted that the distortion in the room was unnecessary in order for the size illusion to be present, A rectangular room plus the extraneous objects produces the same stimulus conditions found in the Ames’ room and, hence, should produce the same illusion in perceived size, In an experiment using a rectangular room, 24 Os judged the size and distance of objects at the same or different distances behind the windows. As in the case of the Ames’ room it was found that the objects of physically equal size were perceived to be in the plane of the windows with the more distant objects appearing to have the smaller size. These results are explained in terms of the action of the equidistance tendency making the objects appear at the distance of the windows and the concept that objects in the same apparent fronto-parallel plane must have equal values of perceived size per unit of retinal size.}, number={1}, journal={PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS}, author={GOGEL, WC and MERSHON, DH}, year={1968}, pages={26-+} }