@article{pinckney_hicks_sene_floyd_2024, title={"We have our own cultural ways of being in nature": New perspectives on African Americans' relationships to US National Parks}, volume={1}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2023.2295869}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2023.2295869}, abstractNote={Explanations for why African Americans are under-represented in U.S. national parks tend to focus on socioeconomic barriers, cultural norms, socialization practices, and discrimination. There exist, however, counternarratives that challenge prevailing notions that African Americans lack strong connections to national parks focusing on their environmentalism and offers new directions for further research. Using focus groups and qualitative methods, this study explored how African Americans perceive national parks. Our findings revealed nuanced and critical Black-centered themes. One encapsulates resurgent fear of racial oppression in nature driven by the current political climate. We also found a desire to reclaim and recreate a Black-centric environmental narrative. We conclude that applying a historical and cultural lens and recognizing environmental values among African Americans provide a basis for the National Park Service and other agencies to build stronger relationships with African Americans.}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Pinckney, Harrison P. and Hicks, Akiebia S. and Sene, Aby L. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @inbook{lapan_morais_wallace_barbieri_floyd_2023, title={Gender, work, and tourism in the Guatemalan Highlands}, url={https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003435457-13}, DOI={10.4324/9781003435457-13}, author={LaPan, Chantell and Morais, Duarte B. and Wallace, Tim and Barbieri, Carla and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{sene-harper_mowatt_floyd_2022, title={A People's Future of Leisure Studies: Political Cultural Black Outdoors Experiences}, volume={40}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2021-11006}, abstractNote={Public lands and the outdoor opportunities they afford are imbued with a long history of cultural and political contestations between the White settler colonial regime, Black and Native Americans. These contestations are grounded in starkly different values and beliefs systems pertaining to the landscape and human-nature relations. Despite the contestations, whiteness continues to dominate the narratives about public lands and its institutions. Furthermore, the ideology of wilderness - as a place of refuge, the antidote to urban living – remains the main frame of reference to explore outdoor experiences. Thus, as researchers continue to espouse this ideology of wilderness, they effectively suppress the experiences and values that African Americans and other people of color hold towards nature and historically shaped by their social and political realities. The history of slavery, post-slavery and Black dispossession, have conjured up innovative Black diasporic cultural practices of resistance, survival and self-determination. Through hidden outdoor spaces they have forged a culture of resistance, built social structures centered on African traditional practices, and engaged in alternative modes of environmental stewardship. The Black outdoors culture today have roots in this robust legacy of resistance and political struggle for self-determination and provide inspiration for outdoor recreation and environmental education programs that culturally and politically relevant to African Americans.  In this paper we engage in an investigation on Black peoples’ political outlook of the outdoors and/or their political outlook on engagement with those spaces both historically and presently. In doing so, we first call attention to the need to critically examine diversity practices designed to accommodate a multi-cultural society and how they contribute to a cultural hegemony. We also review the history of research on outdoor experiences putting into sharper relief the Euro-centric values that dominate the analysis and maintain the cultural power of white racial identities. Finally, pulling from African American literary works, we propose Black-centered interpretations of nature centered on their cultural worldviews and political resistance against hegemonic models of dispossession, abstraction and commodification. The aim here is to advocate for the co-existence of multiple cultural imaginaries of nature defined by the social and political realities of different racialized people, thus responding to the call for different paradigms of outdoor recreation highlighted in this special issue.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Sene-Harper, Aby and Mowatt, Rasul and Floyd, Myron}, year={2022}, pages={9–23} }
 @article{lee_casper_powell_floyd_2022, title={African Americans’ outdoor recreation involvement, leisure satisfaction, and subjective well-being}, volume={11}, ISSN={1046-1310 1936-4733}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03905-2}, DOI={10.1007/s12144-022-03905-2}, journal={Current Psychology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Powell, Roslynn and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{mullenbach_larson_floyd_marquet_huang_alberico_ogletree_hipp_2022, title={Cultivating social capital in diverse, low-income neighborhoods: The value of parks for parents with young children}, volume={219}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.lurbplan.2021.104313}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Mullenbach, Lauren E. and Larson, Lincoln R. and Floyd, Myron F. and Marquet, Oriol and Huang, Jing-Huei and Alberico, Claudia and Ogletree, S. Scott and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{huang_floyd_tateosian_hipp_2022, title={Exploring public values through Twitter data associated with urban parks pre- and post- COVID-19}, volume={227}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104517}, abstractNote={Since school and business closures due to the evolving COVID-19 outbreak, urban parks have been a popular destination, offering spaces for daily fitness activities and an escape from the home environment. There is a need for evidence for parks and recreation departments and agencies to base decisions when adapting policies in response to the rapid change in demand and preferences during the pandemic. The application of social media data analytic techniques permits a qualitative and quantitative big-data approach to gain unobtrusive and prompt insights on how parks are valued. This study investigates how public values associated with NYC parks has shifted between pre- COVID (i.e., from March 2019 to February 2020) and post- COVID (i.e., from March 2020 to February 2021) through a social media microblogging platform –Twitter. A topic modeling technique for short text identified common traits of the changes in Twitter topics regarding impressions and values associated with the parks over two years. While the NYC lockdown resulted in much fewer social activities in parks, some parks continued to be valued for physical activity and nature contact during the pandemic. Concerns about people not keeping physical distance arose in parks where frequent human interactions and crowding seemed to cause a higher probability of the coronavirus transmission. This study demonstrates social media data could be used to capture park values and be specific per park. Results could inform park management during disruptions when use is altered and the needs of the public may be changing.}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Huang, Jing-Huei and Floyd, Myron F. and Tateosian, Laura G. and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{howard_bocarro_floyd_sanderson_2022, title={Promoting Recreational Interests of Black Undergraduate Students Attending Historically White Institutions}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1558-867X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/15588661211068502}, DOI={10.1177/15588661211068502}, abstractNote={ Research shows that collegiate recreation contributes to a greater sense of campus belonging for undergraduate students. Few studies, however, have examined the recreational interests of Black undergraduate students attending four-year colleges and universities. As part of a study comparing recreational preferences of Black and White students attending historically White institutions, 150 Black and 154 White undergraduate students were surveyed related to their interest in 27 recreational activities. Significant differences existed in several categories, but overall interest in outdoor recreation among Black undergraduate students was higher than expected, compared to prior literature. Moreover, findings were notable in several sport activities when comparing gender differences. Results support the notion that social, psychological, and institutional barriers exist that limit recreational involvement for certain groups. Findings may be useful for collegiate recreation professionals looking to promote sport and outdoor opportunities for undergraduate students of color on college campuses in the U.S. }, number={1}, journal={RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL}, author={Howard, Keith and Bocarro, Jason N. and Floyd, Myron F. and Sanderson, Heather}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={52–63} }
 @article{lee_fernandez_scott_floyd_2022, title={Slow violence in public parks in the US: can we escape our troubling past?}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1470-1197"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2022.2028182}, DOI={10.1080/14649365.2022.2028182}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Previous studies on environmental justice have paid limited attention to procedural injustice in parks. Using the concept of slow violence, this paper interrogates the ideological and philosophical foundations of American public parks in order to unearth enduring structural patterns of procedural injustice. The paper illustrates that community, state, and national parks in the U.S. were founded upon the elitism, eugenics, and racism of affluent and powerful White conservationists and social reformers. To materialize their own interests, the White elite defined, built, and managed public parks by displacing, excluding, and criminalizing the Indigenous, the poor, people of color, and immigrants. As such, many of today’s park injustices, such as inequitable park availability and quality, gentrification, and non-visitation of people of color, originated from the beginning of the public parks in the 19th century and have been sustained ever since. The paper discusses corrective justice strategies to alleviate the enduring slow violence in parks.}, journal={SOCIAL & CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Fernandez, Mariela and Scott, David and Floyd, Myron}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{sene-harper_floyd_hicks_2021, title={Black Philanthropy and National Parks: Giving Green to Give Black}, volume={39}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2021-10666}, abstractNote={Philanthropic partners have always played a critical role in the management and maintenance of national parks in the U.S. Cultivating strong relationships with the communities of color, particularly African Americans, has been a major challenge for the National Park Service (NPS). As ethnic populations increase in share of the U.S. total population, the lack of diversity in NPS partnerships will be increasingly problematic for national parks funding and stewardship. Building philanthropic partnerships with African American audiences will be critical to the long-term sustainability of the NPS. While philanthropy is present and strong in the Black community, further research is needed to ascertain how the NPS can inspire and sustain philanthropic actions among Black donors in support of national parks. This paper presents an overview of the literature on Black philanthropy and the findings from focus group interviews to understand how African Americans perceive their philanthropy and the ways they connect their giving to national parks. The focus group interviews occurred between February and June 2018 in Raleigh, NC; Atlanta, GA; Charlotte, NC; and Washington, DC. Participants included mostly African American donors who were actively involved in community foundations, philanthropic associations, and giving circles. The study found that Black philanthropy is embedded in the community life; measured not only in money, but also in time and talent; and, driven by race and humanity. Participants also noted that a general lack of awareness as an important reason why they had not considered giving in support of national parks in the past. They suggested that making more visible the Black history of national parks would likely increase African American donors’ interests and stewardship. We suggest the NPS broaden its lens in forming strategies for connecting to Black donors (and audiences in general). Findings in this report present unique opportunities for the NPS to cultivate enduring and meaningful relationships with African American communities in support of national parks. Specifically, the NPS should leverage Black philanthropy to build partnerships, recognize the importance of social empowerment, expand cultural memory as part of the NPS visitor experience, and build on the concept of giving circles.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Sene-Harper, Aby and Floyd, Myron and Hicks, Akiebia}, year={2021}, pages={95–110} }
 @article{lapan_morais_wallace_barbieri_floyd_2021, title={Gender, work, and tourism in the Guatemalan Highlands}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1747-7646"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1952418}, DOI={10.1080/09669582.2021.1952418}, abstractNote={Abstract While much of modern tourism research centers on the tourist as a leisure consumer, workers are frequently overlooked. Despite a recent uptick in attention to tourism work, the primary focus remains on employee’s skills and qualifications. In contrast, the key contextual factors of race, ethnicity, and gender that surround tourism work are seldom examined. This comparative study addresses the theme of traditional gender roles, particularly in patriarchal societies, and how they affect tourism work. Specifically, it investigates how the presence of tourism influences cultural norms determining appropriate jobs for men and women. Utilizing an ethnographic field research approach, data were collected from participants in two indigenous Maya communities in Guatemala, each with differing models and lengths of tourism development. Free-listing exercises were used to elicit residents’ perceptions of employment as it relates to gender in their community and cultural consensus analysis was used to analyze the data. Results show that neither community shares consensus on jobs for women and only one community shares consensus on men’s jobs. Results suggest that tourism disrupts cultural norms related to gender roles; yet this may not always benefit women.}, journal={JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={LaPan, Chantell and Morais, Duarte B. and Wallace, Tim and Barbieri, Carla and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{fry_hipp_alberico_huang_lovasi_floyd_2021, title={Land use diversity and park use in New York City}, volume={22}, ISSN={["2211-3355"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101321}, abstractNote={Neighborhood parks and mixed-use land development are both understood to be important independent contributors to physical activity levels. It has been hypothesized that mixed-use land development could increase park use as a result of mixed-use neighborhoods being consistently activated throughout the day, but the results of previous research on this question have been inconsistent and the mediational role of neighborhood activation has not been tested. This study leverages data from Google Places Popular Times and the National Establishment Time Series to directly test the mediational role of the daily temporal distribution of neighborhood activation, to construct a novel measure of commercial activity diversity, and to help disentangle built-environment density from commercial diversity. Park use data was measured from 10,004 systematic observations of 20 neighborhood parks in New York City in the spring and summer of 2017. The hypothesis that commercial activity diversity is positively associated with park use was not supported in any models. However, a positive relationship between built-environment density and park use was found, which may help to explain prior inconsistent findings.}, journal={PREVENTIVE MEDICINE REPORTS}, author={Fry, Dustin and Hipp, J. Aaron and Alberico, Claudia and Huang, Jing-Huei and Lovasi, Gina S. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{dietsch_jazi_floyd_ross-winslow_sexton_2021, title={Trauma and Transgression in Nature-Based Leisure}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2624-9367"]}, DOI={10.3389/fspor.2021.735024}, abstractNote={The following article contains language, including discussion of racialized trauma, violent oppression, and more, that could trigger strong emotions and other physiological reactions. Our intent is not to retraumatize anyone, but to instead center the voices and experiences of people who have transgressed significant historical trauma and long sought lasting change and equitable outcomes for all.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING}, author={Dietsch, Alia M. and Jazi, Everly and Floyd, Myron F. and Ross-Winslow, Danielle and Sexton, Natalie R.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{stevenson_moore_cosco_floyd_sullivan_brink_gerstein_jordan_zaplatosch_2020, title={A national research agenda supporting green schoolyard development and equitable access to nature}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2325-1026"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.406}, DOI={10.1525/elementa.406}, abstractNote={The diverse benefits of nature are increasingly well-known, but access to nature and its associated benefits are inequitable. In parallel, because school attendance is compulsory, schools are ubiquitous in every community. However, only a small fraction extend classroom settings into outdoor spaces developed as educational resources richly endowed with nature. By greening schoolyards, every community in the United States would provide safe, accessible, natural areas, greatly expanding available educational space and resources benefiting the entire school community. Greening schoolyards offers a promising strategy to ensure all children and communities have access to the health, wellness, learning, and myriad other benefits contact with nature provides. This paper makes the case for green schoolyards as a tool for providing access to nature for all children and sets a research agenda to support that goal.}, number={1}, journal={ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE}, author={Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Moore, Robin and Cosco, Nilda and Floyd, Myron F. and Sullivan, William and Brink, Lois and Gerstein, Dana and Jordan, Cathy and Zaplatosch, Jaime}, year={2020} }
 @article{huang_hipp_marquet_alberico_fry_mazak_lovasi_robinson_floyd_2020, title={Neighborhood characteristics associated with park use and park-based physical activity among children in low-income diverse neighborhoods in New York City}, volume={131}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85076341472&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105948}, abstractNote={Urban parks provide spaces and facilities for children's physical activity (PA) and can be a free resource in low-income communities. This study examined whether neighborhood characteristics were associated with children's park use and park-based moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) in low-income diverse communities and how associations differed between ethnic groups. Data on park visits and MVPA came from 16,402 children 5–10-years old directly observed using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities in 20 parks in low-income neighborhoods with majority Latino or Asian populations in New York City. Neighborhood characteristics included land use mix (LUM), street audits, crime rates, and an area deprivation index. We employed Poisson and negative binomial models to estimate effects of neighborhood-level variables on the number of children observed in parks and engaging in MVPA, overall and by ethnicity. Results for Asian, Latino, and African American children indicated that higher levels of LUM and pedestrian-friendly streets were associated with greater numbers of children in parks and higher MVPA across all three groups. For Asian and Latino children only, quality of environment was positively associated with MVPA, whereas level of deprivation and crime rates in the surrounding neighborhood were negatively associated with children's park-based MVPA. In contrast, a park's access to public transportation was negatively associated with number of all children observed and engaging in MVPA. Study findings suggest that park-based MVPA interventions can be informed by understanding how neighborhood characteristics facilitate and constrain park use and park-based MVPA.}, journal={PREVENTIVE MEDICINE}, author={Huang, Jing-Huei and Hipp, J. Aaron and Marquet, Oriol and Alberico, Claudia and Fry, Dustin and Mazak, Elizabeth and Lovasi, Gina S. and Robinson, Whitney R. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2020} }
 @article{lee_casper_floyd_2020, title={Racial and Ethnic Diversity and Inclusion Efforts of Public Park and Recreation Agencies}, volume={38}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-9785}, abstractNote={People of color are less likely to use public parks and recreation programs compared to Whites. Communities of color tend to have less park areas, fewer recreation opportunities, or inferior quality of parks and recreation facilities. These disparities in public leisure service delivery run counter to the foundational philosophy of the field, which is an equal and fair distribution of social and health benefits to all citizens. How should public park and recreation agencies address these issues and make their services more equitable? To date, a relatively small number of studies have investigated what public recreation agencies are currently doing or can do to promote racial and ethnic diversity and inclusion within the organizations and user groups. The purpose of this study is to add to the existing literature on the marketing of public leisure service delivery in two ways. First, the study uses a qualitative research method to explore organizational efforts of public parks and recreation agencies focusing on racial and ethnic inclusion. Second, the collected information is analyzed using a usage market segmentation approach, the escalator concept, to better understand if the organizational efforts meet varying usage levels. A purposive sampling strategy recruited employees from eight agencies located in a large city or urban area with more racial and ethnic diversity than the U.S. national average. Those employees were directors, managers, or staff members primarily responsible for issues related to racial and ethnic inclusion. Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted during September and October of 2016. The participants were asked about their work responsibilities, as well as diversity and inclusion efforts of the agency. The collected data were analyzed with the five basic steps of qualitative data analysis method. The study identified 38 organizational efforts for promoting racial and ethnic diversity and inclusion within the agencies and user groups. Those 38 organizational efforts were categorized into six major themes: (1) Specific programs for people of color, (2) Communication, (3) Financial aid, (4) Youth programs, (5) Internal administrative efforts, and (6) Research. The identified six themes were further distinguished based on the usage levels. The findings show that a majority of the programs and efforts specific to people of color are focused on non-users and light users. Other efforts focused on retention for medium to heavy users. These findings suggested that the agencies might need to focus more on moving the existing user groups to higher usage levels so they would become repeat users. Thus, it is important that public park and recreation agencies segment their markets to increase program sustainability and make a long-term commitment to the existing programs or new strategic plans for promoting racial and ethnic inclusion. In any case, marketing and communication at all user levels to people of color is essential. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Floyd, Myron}, year={2020}, pages={88–105} }
 @article{sallis_botchwey_floyd_porter_meyer_hipp_kim_conway_2019, title={Building evidence to reduce inequities in youth physical activity and obesity: Introduction to the Physical Activity Research Center (PARC) Special Section}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1096-0260"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85075094408&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105767}, abstractNote={This guest editorial introduces the rationale and goals of the Physical Activity Research Center. It provides an overview of the five papers in this Special Section plus six commissioned studies intended to inform advocacy efforts.}, journal={PREVENTIVE MEDICINE}, author={Sallis, James F. and Botchwey, Nisha and Floyd, Myron F. and Porter, Keshia M. Pollack and Meyer, M. Renee Umstattd and Hipp, J. Aaron and Kim, Anna and Conway, Terry L.}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{marquet_hipp_alberico_huang_mazak_fry_lovasi_floyd_2019, title={How Does Park Use and Physical Activity Differ between Childhood and Adolescence? A Focus on Gender and Race-Ethnicity}, volume={96}, ISSN={1099-3460 1468-2869}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00388-8}, DOI={10.1007/s11524-019-00388-8}, abstractNote={Physical activity typically declines between childhood and adolescence. Despite urban parks being a great venue for physical activity, children change both the frequency of park use and their park use habits as they age into adolescence. However, little is known about how these differences vary by gender and how distinct race/ethnicity groups differentially change their park habits. This study analyzed the differences in park use and per capita energy expenditure between children and teenagers of different gender and race/ethnicity backgrounds. Using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), systematic observations were conducted in 20 New York City parks in 2017, located in low-income areas with high presence of Latino or Asian residents. A total of 9963 scans in 167 distinct target areas counted 16,602 children (5-10 years old) and 11,269 teenagers (11 or older). Using adjusted marginal means, we estimated the number of park users of each age range, gender, and race/ethnicity expected to be found in each park activity setting. Teenagers of both genders and most race/ethnicity groups were less likely to be in a park and had lower per capita energy expenditure, compared with children. The difference in park attendance was greater than the difference in per capita energy expenditure. Dissimilarities were clearly gendered and race/ethnicity dependent. Asian and Latino females showed the greatest divergence between childhood and adolescence. African American boys were the only group to show a positive age contrast in park attendance and per capita energy expenditure.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Urban Health}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. Aaron and Alberico, Claudia and Huang, Jing-Huei and Mazak, Elizabeth and Fry, Dustin and Lovasi, Gina S. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={692–702} }
 @article{marquet_aaron hipp_alberico_huang_fry_mazak_lovasi_floyd_2019, title={Park use preferences and physical activity among ethnic minority children in low-income neighborhoods in New York City}, volume={38}, ISSN={1618-8667}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.01.018}, DOI={10.1016/j.ufug.2019.01.018}, abstractNote={Urban parks offer a broad range of opportunities for children’s recreation and physical activity. Park use patterns however are not equal in terms of race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. In order to design policies to improve park design and to provide healthy park experiences among children of communities of color, insight on park use patterns is needed. This research examines the association between park characteristics and park use among children 5–10 years old from Asian, Latino and African American backgrounds. Using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), systematic observations were conducted in 20 New York City parks in 2017, located in low-income areas with high presence of Latino or Asian residents. 16,577 children from 5 to 10 years old were observed. Playgrounds and swings were common use areas across ethnicities, both in terms of number of children and their physical activity. Other activity settings such as basketball courts, handball and baseball fields showed distinct patterns of use among the different ethnicities. Significant associations between park use, physical activity levels and the characteristics of the park area, with distinct patterns by race/ethnicity. Findings underline the importance of considering different design and features when trying to appeal to different populations.}, journal={Urban Forestry & Urban Greening}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Aaron Hipp, J. and Alberico, Claudia and Huang, Jing-Huei and Fry, Dustin and Mazak, Elizabeth and Lovasi, Gina S. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={346–353} }
 @article{floyd_stodolska_2019, title={Scholarship on Race and Ethnicity: Assessing Contributions to Leisure Theory and Practice}, volume={37}, ISSN={2160-6862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-8339}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-8339}, abstractNote={Increasing racial and ethnic diversity along with a recent surge in racial conflict highlight the need for leisure studies to reflect on its capacity to provide scientific understanding and inform practice related to these issues. As these events unfold, questions emerge about how such trends will shape leisure experiences and opportunities. There are also questions about how we prepare future professionals to manage leisure services in an increasingly multiracial and multiethnic society. These and related issues were addressed in the Butler Lecture at 2016 National Recreation and Park Association Research Symposium. Based on the lecture, this paper provides an assessment of the field’s positioning to provide theoretical perspective on contemporary challenges pertaining to race and ethnicity and explores how the academy can address racial disparities in leisure contexts and within the academy itself. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, publisher={Sagamore Publishing, LLC}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Stodolska, Monika}, year={2019}, pages={80–94} }
 @article{marquet_hipp_alberico_huang_fry_mazak_lovasi_floyd_2019, title={Short-term associations between objective crime, park-use, and park-based physical activity in low-income neighborhoods}, volume={126}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.023}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.023}, abstractNote={Crime and safety perceptions are commonly cited barriers to park use and physical activity (PA). Given the importance of parks as settings for outdoor recreation and physical activity, the presence of crime may have a detrimental effect on public health. This study uses objective police crime reports and observational park use data to assess type of crime and the time when the crime was committed effects on park user behaviors in 20 parks located in low-income neighborhoods in New York City. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) was used to assess the number of park users and their physical activity during 78 park visits in Spring 2017. The association between crime rates and park use was assessed using two types of crimes (violent and property crimes). The timing of the crime was assessed using the crimes committed within periods of one week, one month, and three months prior to the visit to the park. By including objective measures of crime together with the exact time on which they were committed, we were able to analyze the short and long term effects of crime on park behavior. Overall, there was a consistent negative association between crime and park use. This relationship was stronger at the 1 month and 3 months' period and weaker at the 1-week period. Violent crimes were strongly associated with lower park use, and crimes proved to be associated with child park use to a greater degree. Girls were more affected by crime than boys.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. Aaron and Alberico, Claudia and Huang, Jing-Huei and Fry, Dustin and Mazak, Elizabeth and Lovasi, Gina S. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={105735} }
 @article{marquet_hipp_alberico_huang_fry_mazak_lovasi_floyd_2019, title={Use of SOPARC to assess physical activity in parks: do race/ethnicity, contextual conditions, and settings of the target area, affect reliability?}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1471-2458"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85077054262&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1186/s12889-019-8107-0}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={BMC PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. Aaron and Alberico, Claudia and Huang, Jing-Huei and Fry, Dustin and Mazak, Elizabeth and Lovasi, Gina S. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{schultz_bocarro_lee_sene-harper_fearn_floyd_2019, title={Whose National Park Service? An Examination of Relevancy, Diversity, and Inclusion Programs from 2005-2016}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-9052}, abstractNote={As the U.S. population becomes more diverse, there has been a growing concern about the ability of the National Park Service (NPS) to remain relevant to individuals from different backgrounds, establish deeper connections with future generations, and to address the underrepresentation of diverse groups among national park visitors and in the NPS workforce. Implementing successful diversity and inclusion programs to foster relevancy, diversity and inclusion (RDI) is critical for the agency’s future. As the NPS implements RDI programs system wide, an assessment of current programs and initiatives is timely, providing information on the extent of follow-through, given policy directives and calls for increased focus on diversity in management. Thus, the purpose of this study was to catalogue NPS RDI programs targeting the areas of race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, ability, age, economic status, gender, non-English speakers, tribal communities, urban populations, and veteran status, as well as examine some of the key characteristics related to the management and administration of these programs. In fall 2016, NPS employees were invited to participate in a comprehensive online inventory of RDI programs implemented between 2005 and 2016. A total of 161 park units participated, yielding a park unit response rate of 39%. A total of 1,359 RDI programs were reported, resulting in an average of 2.68 diversity aspects per program. Age ( n =662; 17.7%), ethnicity ( n =456; 12.2%), race ( n =434; 11.6%), economic status ( n =391; 10.4%), and urban population ( n =361; 9.6%) were the dominant aspects of diversity reported across the RDI programs and initiates. The majority of the reported RDI programs (61.6%) were located in three regions: Northeast ( n = 364; 26.8%), Midwest ( n = 247; 18.2%), and Intermountain ( n = 225; 16.6%) and concentrated in one of two emphasis areas: Co-creation and Community Engagement ( n =563; 41.4%) and Connecting Youth with Our Mission ( n =251; 18.4%). Nearly half of the identified programs ( n =645; 47.5%) focused on an external audience such as visitors and 497 (36.6%) programs focused on both an external and internal audience. The number of new RDI programs has steadily increased from 16 new programs in 2006 to 256 new programs in 2016. Of the 1,359 RDI programs, 17.7% ( n =240) of reported RDI programs are conducted annually. Internal funding supported 61.7% ( n =838) of the reported RDI programs. For the collaboration structure, 42.8% ( n =581) of programs collaborated internally and 53.9% ( n =733) relied upon external collaborations. These findings were discussed based upon previous NPS management scholarship as well as Stanfield McCown’s (2011, 2012) conceptual model comprised of six connected themes critical to the success of NPS diversity efforts. The discussion also presented several managerial recommendations for the NPS such as refocusing efforts to broaden the amount of diversity aspects represented in RDI programming, creating more repeat programs to ensure youth and community members establish long-term relationships, initiating more RDI programs specifically for internal audiences, increasing external funding sources, and cultivating external partnerships to improve program sustainability. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Schultz, Courtney L. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Sene-Harper, Aby and Fearn, Mickey and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, pages={51–69} }
 @article{baran_tabrizian_zhai_smith_floyd_2018, title={An exploratory study of perceived safety in a neighborhood park using immersive virtual environments}, volume={35}, ISSN={1618-8667}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.08.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.ufug.2018.08.009}, abstractNote={Spatial configuration and physical characteristics of landscape features can strongly influence perceptions of fear and danger. This study examined how situational characteristics, particularly spatial enclosure shaped by surrounding vegetation, are related to perception of safety in a park setting. Study stimuli involved eight 360° immersive virtual environments (IVE) representing low, medium, and high spatial enclosure situations based on the degree of visual and locomotive permeability shaped by the physical arrangement of vegetation. Forty-eight students experienced the IVEs wearing a head mounted display device and then indicated on a 5-point scale how safe they would feel walking alone in that location during the day. Immediately after rating each IVE, participants indicated the main reasons they would feel either safe or unsafe in that particular location. Analysis results indicated that subjects perceived high enclosure environments as significantly less safe than medium and low enclosure environments. In addition to enclosure formed by vegetation, attributes that contributed to perception of safety were presence of non-threatening people and paths. Results indicated that gender differences in perceived safety were significant for the high and medium enclosed environments only. Study findings would allow urban planners and park managers to better understand how the spatial characteristics of existing or planned urban greenspace are likely to influence perceived safety and consequently use patterns and the attainment of social and psychological benefits provided by urban parks. Such an understanding can help generate evidence-based guidelines for improving safety while preserving desired aesthetic and ecological properties of the landscape.}, journal={Urban Forestry & Urban Greening}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Baran, Perver K. and Tabrizian, Payam and Zhai, Yujia and Smith, Jordan W. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={72–81} }
 @article{marquet_floyd_james_glanz_jennings_jankowska_kerr_hipp_2018, title={Associations Between Worksite Walkability, Greenness, and Physical Activity Around Work}, volume={9}, ISSN={0013-9165 1552-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916518797165}, DOI={10.1177/0013916518797165}, abstractNote={ This article explores the role of the work environment in determining physical activity gained within and around the workplace. With most adults spending more than half of their waking day at work, the workplace is a promising venue for promoting physical activity. We used a sample of 147 employed women—median age = 53 years old; 42% meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) physical activity recommendations—wearing a GPS device and accelerometer on the hip for 7 days to assess location and physical activity at minute-level epochs. We analyzed the association between geographic information systems (GIS) measures of walkability and greenness around the workplace and the amount of physical activity gained while in the work neighborhood. Our results showed that working in high walkable environments was associated with higher levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity while at work, and with higher moderate to vigorous physical activity gained within the work neighborhood. Increasing walkability levels around workplaces can contribute to increasing physical activity of employees. }, number={2}, journal={Environment and Behavior}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Floyd, Myron F. and James, Peter and Glanz, Karen and Jennings, Viniece and Jankowska, Marta M. and Kerr, Jacqueline and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={001391651879716} }
 @article{pinckney_mowatt_outley_brown_floyd_black_2018, title={Black Spaces/White Spaces: Black Lives, Leisure, and Life Politics}, volume={40}, ISSN={0149-0400 1521-0588}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2018.1454361}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2018.1454361}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Racial neutrality does not exist within digital and virtual spaces. Our racialized identities are imported into these spaces, as are the ideologies of our respective societies. This reality begs the question, how do Black people situate themselves in digital White leisure spaces, especially when these spaces maintain and replicate off-line spaces of racial discrimination and overt racism? This article presents a background on Black Internet users and highlights how Black people have used digital spaces to counter and disrupt messages that perpetuate inaccurate stereotypes and social inequalities. Examples are offered to support this claim. This article underlines how behaviors of Black people in digital spaces can demonstrate the presence of Black leisure and highlight the realities of Black life. Finally, critical technocultural discourse analysis will be introduced as a technique for advancing this discussion within the context of race and leisure.}, number={4}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Pinckney, Harrison P. and Mowatt, Rasul A. and Outley, Corliss and Brown, Aishia and Floyd, Myron F. and Black, Katrina L.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={267–287} }
 @article{larson_szczytko_bowers_stephens_stevenson_floyd_2018, title={Outdoor Time, Screen Time, and Connection to Nature: Troubling Trends Among Rural Youth?}, volume={10}, ISSN={0013-9165 1552-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916518806686}, DOI={10.1177/0013916518806686}, abstractNote={Evidence suggests that contemporary children are spending less time outdoors than their predecessors. Concurrent reports also highlight the rise of electronic media use in the lives of youth. We explored relationships between self-reported outdoor time, screen time, and connection to nature in a sample of sixth- to eighth-grade students across rural South Carolina ( N = 543). We found that most youth spent time outdoors, but they spent more time with electronic media. The outdoor versus screen time discrepancy was particularly pronounced for girls, African Americans, and eighth graders. Connection to nature, linked to outdoor time, was highest among boys, White students, and sixth graders. Our study contributes to growing evidence highlighting the negative influence of escalating screen time on outdoor time and connection to nature during adolescence. Programs designed to address these troubling trends could focus on two groups at particularly high risk: girls and youth of color.}, journal={Environment and Behavior}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Szczytko, Rachel and Bowers, Edmond P. and Stephens, Lauren E. and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={001391651880668} }
 @article{botchwey_floyd_pollack porter_cutter_spoon_schmid_conway_hipp_kim_umstattd meyer_et al._2018, title={Policy and Practice-Relevant Youth Physical Activity Research Center Agenda}, volume={15}, ISSN={1543-3080 1543-5474}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0327}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2017-0327}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
The Physical Activity Research Center developed a research agenda that addresses youth physical activity (PA) and healthy weight, and aligns with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Culture of Health. This paper summarizes prioritized research studies with a focus on youth at higher risk for inactive lifestyles and childhood obesity in urban and rural communities.


METHODS
Systematic literature reviews, a survey, and discussions with practitioners and researchers provided guidance on research questions to build evidence and inform effective strategies to promote healthy weight and PA in youth across race, cultural, and economic groups.


RESULTS
The research team developed a matrix of potential research questions, identified priority questions, and designed targeted studies to address some of the priority questions and inform advocacy efforts. The studies selected examine strategies advocating for activity-friendly communities, Play Streets, park use, and PA of youth in the summer. A broader set of research priorities for youth PA is proposed.


CONCLUSION
Establishing the Physical Activity Research Center research agenda identified important initial and future research studies to promote and ensure healthy weight and healthy levels of PA for at-risk youth. Results will be disseminated with the goal of promoting equitable access to PA for youth.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Physical Activity and Health}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Botchwey, Nisha and Floyd, Myron F. and Pollack Porter, Keshia and Cutter, Carmen L. and Spoon, Chad and Schmid, Tom L. and Conway, Terry L. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Kim, Anna J. and Umstattd Meyer, M. Renee and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={626–634} }
 @article{tsai_mchale_jennings_marquet_hipp_leung_floyd_2018, title={Relationships between Characteristics of Urban Green Land Cover and Mental Health in U.S. Metropolitan Areas}, volume={15}, ISSN={1660-4601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020340}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph15020340}, abstractNote={Urbanization increases risk for depression and other mental disorders. A growing body of research indicates the natural environment confers numerous psychological benefits including alleviation of mental distress. This study examined land cover types and landscape metrics in relation to mental health for 276 U.S. counties within metropolitan areas having a population of 1 million or more. County Health Rankings and Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) provided a measure of mental health. The 2011 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) provided data on green land cover types, from which seven landscape metrics were generated to characterize landscape patterns. Spearman’s rho correlation and stepwise logistic regression models, respectively, were employed to examine bivariate and multivariate relationships. Models were adjusted for county population and housing density, region, race, and income to account for potential confounding. Overall, individual measures of landscape patterns showed stronger associations with mental health than percent total cover alone. Greater edge contrast was associated with 3.81% lower odds of Frequent Mental Distress (FMD) (Adjusted Odd’s Ratio (AOR) = 0.9619, 95% CI = 0.9371, 0.9860). Shrubland cohesion was associated with greater odds of FMD (AOR = 1.0751, 95% CI = 1.0196, 1.1379). In addition, distance between shrubland cover was associated with greater odds of FMD (AOR = 1.0027, 95% CI = 1.0016, 1.0041). Although effect sizes were small, findings suggest different types of landscape characteristics may have different roles in improving mental health.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Tsai, Wei-Lun and McHale, Melissa and Jennings, Viniece and Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Floyd, Myron}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={340} }
 @article{tsai_leung_mchale_floyd_reich_2018, title={Relationships between urban green land cover and human health at different spatial resolutions}, volume={22}, ISSN={1083-8155 1573-1642}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0813-3}, DOI={10.1007/s11252-018-0813-3}, number={2}, journal={Urban Ecosystems}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Tsai, Wei-Lun and Leung, Yu-Fai and McHale, Melissa R. and Floyd, Myron F. and Reich, Brian J.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={315–324} }
 @article{mowatt_floyd_hylton_2017, title={A People’s History of Leisure Studies: Old Knowledge, New Knowledge and The Philadelphia Negro as a Foundational Text}, volume={1}, ISSN={2520-8683 2520-8691}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41978-017-0004-4}, DOI={10.1007/s41978-017-0004-4}, abstractNote={There is a great realization that a professor teaching an introductory or philosophical foundations course in the field of leisure studies comes to, if that professor may not be from the dominant culture of most Western societies. This realization is as stark as their numerical presence in their respective departments. Why are the philosophical foundations of the field devoid of the experiences, voices, and perspectives populations of colour, or even more broadly, the populations of the global majority? The objectives of this manuscript are: 1) to briefly categorize the research in the field on Race and ethnicity; 2) to outline the key canonical texts of the field; 3) to consider and reconceptualize a racially and ethnically inclusive foundation for the field utilizing W. E. B. Du Bois’ (1899) The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study as an example. Within the 520 pages of The Philadelphia Negro, the term leisure is mentioned 21 times. Recreation as a term is used 19 times; and, 4) to identify how the integration of The Philadelphia Negro could impact or realign the field’s history and master narratives and master concepts. What we are granted in leisure studies through the addition of The Philadelphia Negro as a foundational text is quite possibly the first sociological study, the first empirical study, the first large sample study, and the first mixed methods designed study.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Mowatt, Rasul A. and Floyd, Myron F. and Hylton, Kevin}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={55–73} }
 @article{jennings_floyd_shanahan_coutts_sinykin_2017, title={Emerging issues in urban ecology: implications for research, social justice, human health, and well-being}, volume={39}, ISSN={0199-0039 1573-7810}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-017-0276-0}, DOI={10.1007/s11111-017-0276-0}, number={1}, journal={Population and Environment}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Jennings, Viniece and Floyd, Myron F. and Shanahan, Danielle and Coutts, Christopher and Sinykin, Alex}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={69–86} }
 @article{carlton_kanters_bocarro_floyd_edwards_suau_2017, title={Shared use agreements and leisure time physical activity in North Carolina public schools}, volume={95}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.037}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.037}, abstractNote={Although increasing community access to public schools through shared use agreements (SUAs) has been a recommended strategy for promoting physical activity (PA) among national, state and local organizations, empirical evidence examining the efficacy of SUAs is limited. This study examined the degree of usage and production of PA among schools with shared use, and how variation in PA output is related to characteristics of the school, type of activity, facility type, and when activity occurs. Data were collected in 20 schools across North Carolina using System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and Structured Physical Activity Surveys (SPAS) to assess PA in school athletic facilities during out of school time. Findings indicated that although schools had a policy of shared or open use, most facilities were empty during non-school hours. Hierarchal linear regression models also showed that formal programming was positively associated with both use and PA levels. Given the abundance of empty facilities, community groups in need of space to facilitate structured PA programs should pursue avenues of sharing facilities with public schools. Furthermore, to increase the efficacy of shared use, structured physical activity programs may be needed. Future studies are encouraged to further explore the effects of the specific types of shared use programs on PA production as well other aspects of the built environment surrounding schools.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carlton, Troy A. and Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Floyd, Myron F. and Edwards, Michael B. and Suau, Luis J.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={S10–S16} }
 @inbook{mowatt_ostermeyer_floyd_2016, place={State College, PA}, title={DuSable Museum Case Study}, booktitle={Diversity issues and the recreation profession: Organization perspectives}, publisher={Venture Publishing}, author={Mowatt, R.A. and Ostermeyer, M.D. and Floyd, M.F.}, editor={Kivel, D. and Schneider, I.Editors}, year={2016} }
 @article{schultz_layton_edwards_bacarro_moore_tepperberg_bality_floyd_2016, title={Potential Measures for Linking Park and Trail Systems to Public Health}, volume={34}, ISSN={2160-6862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2016-v34-i1-7143}, DOI={10.18666/jpra-2016-v34-i1-7143}, abstractNote={Executive Summary: The connection between the outdoor environment and general well-being has been intuitively recognized for centuries. Recent research has built a body of knowledge supporting the role of parks and trails in public health regarding physical, mental, social and ecological health domains. However, different populations and communities use parks and trails in varying ways and to different degrees. Understanding these differences can play an important role in guiding systematic park and trail system planning for maximizing beneficial health outcomes. In light of this, a collaborative process involving the National Park Service (NPS) Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program (RTCA) and North Carolina State University (NCSU), with support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was used to identify potential health measures associated with public parks and trails that could be used for future surveillance, advocacy, and planning. This literature review is the initial step in the process of recommending measures that are both valid and feasible for practitioner and planning use. A systematic strategy was utilized to search for studies that incorporated measures of health or well-being related to parks and trail system planning. A total of 37 study measures were identified that focused on one of five health categories: physical, psychological, social, ecosystem services, and the built environment. Current practices for allocating parks and trails in the planning process are not based on empirical evidence and may or may not support the goals of public health and well-being that were a large part of the original impetus for providing public parks and trails. The health problems agencies are trying to address are not going away, and may be exacerbated by new ones as cities continue to grow and change. The intent of this study is to identify validated metrics, which link parks and trails to public health goals. The collection of park and trail data related to these public health outcomes could be used to inform policies, practices, guidelines, and other strategies for the allocation and management of parks and trails. Results from this research have four important implications for professionals and advocates in the fields of parks, recreation, trails, greenways, open space, and health: (1) to help make the case for public health goals related to park and trail system planning; (2) guide practitioners in their efforts to provide health-related recreation opportunities; (3) support community recreation and conservation projects; and (4) encourage more productive conversations among planners, advocates, managers, and researchers.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, publisher={Sagamore Publishing, LLC}, author={Schultz, Courtney L. and Layton, Robby and Edwards, Michael B. and Bacarro, Jason N. and Moore, Roger L. and Tepperberg, Stephanie and Bality, Attila and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2016}, pages={4–23} }
 @inbook{stodolska_floyd_2016, place={State College, PA}, title={Race, ethnicity and immigrant in leisure research: prospects and challenges}, booktitle={Leisure matters: The state and future of leisure studies}, publisher={Venture Publishing}, author={Stodolska, M. and Floyd, M.F.}, editor={Walker, G. and Scott, D. and Stodolska, M.Editors}, year={2016} }
 @article{lee_scott_floyd_edwards_2016, title={Social stratification in fishing participation in the United States: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective}, volume={48}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85032070642&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.18666/JLR-2016-V48-I3-6544}, abstractNote={Abstract Using the multiple hierarchy stratification perspective (MHSP), this paper investigated Americans' freshwater and saltwater fishing participation in 2011. Data from the 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation were examined using two hierarchical generalized linear models. Level 1 variables were age, education, sex (male, female), income, and race/ethnicity. Interactions among these demographic variables were also examined. Level 2 variables for freshwater and saltwater fishing were per capita inland water area in a state and the existence of coastline within each state, respectively. Sex was the most important Level 1 predictor for both freshwater and saltwater fishing participation. The two Level 2 variables were also significantly associated with freshwater fishing and saltwater fishing participation. Moreover, MHSP was an effective theoretical approach to explain Americans' fishing participation. Implications and suggestions for fishery management are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, author={Lee, K.J. and Scott, D. and Floyd, M.F. and Edwards, M.B.}, year={2016}, pages={245–263} }
 @inbook{mowatt_ostermeyer_floyd_2016, place={State College, PA}, title={Taking critical stances on race and ethnicity in recreation and tourism}, booktitle={Diversity issues and the recreation profession: Organization perspectives}, publisher={Venture Publishing}, author={Mowatt, R.A. and Ostermeyer, M.D. and Floyd, M.F.}, editor={Kivel, D. and Schneider, I.Editors}, year={2016}, pages={183–208} }
 @article{tsai_floyd_leung_mchale_reich_2016, title={Urban Vegetative Cover Fragmentation in the US Associations With Physical Activity and BMI}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1873-2607"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84961144121&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.022}, abstractNote={Introduction Urban vegetative cover provides a range of ecosystem services including contributions to human health and well-being. Urbanization exerts tremendous pressure on this natural resource, causing fragmentation and loss of urban greenspace. This study aimed to examine associations between vegetative cover fragmentation and physical activity and BMI at the county scale in the U.S. metropolitan statistical areas greater than 1 million in population. Methods National Land Cover Database 2006 and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2008 provided land cover and human health data, respectively. Analyses were performed in 2013 at the county scale where the health data were reported. Spearman rank correlation and stepwise and hierarchical regression models were applied to estimate relationships between land cover and health variables. Results After controlling for median household income and race, greater forest edge density (β=0.272, p<0.05) and larger size of herbaceous patches (β=0.261, p<0.01) were associated with a higher percentage of participation in physical activity within counties. More connections between forest and developed area (β=0.37, p<0.01) and greater edge density of shrubland (β=0.646, p<0.001) were positively associated with a higher percentage of normal BMI (<25) within counties. Conclusions Forest land cover and some degree of fragmentation are associated with population physical activity. Future studies should examine how built environments and varying land cover configurations influence physical activity and weight status.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE}, author={Tsai, Wei-Lun and Floyd, Myron F. and Leung, Yu-Fai and McHale, Melissa R. and Reich, Brian J.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={509–517} }
 @article{bocarro_floyd_smith_edwards_schultz_baran_moore_cosco_suau_2015, title={Social and Environmental Factors Related to Boys’ and Girls’ Park-Based Physical Activity}, volume={12}, ISSN={1545-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140532}, DOI={10.5888/pcd12.140532}, abstractNote={Introduction Parks provide opportunities for physical activity for children. This study examined sex differences in correlates of park-based physical activity because differences may indicate that a standard environmental intervention to increase activity among children may not equally benefit boys and girls. Methods The System for Observation Play and Recreation in Communities was used to measure physical activity among 2,712 children and adolescents in 20 neighborhood parks in Durham, North Carolina, in 2007. Sedentary activity, walking, vigorous park activity, and energy expenditure were the primary outcome variables. Hierarchical logit regression models of physical activity were estimated separately for boys and girls. Results Type of activity area and presence of other active children were positively associated with boys’ and girls’ physical activity, and presence of a parent was negatively associated. A significant interaction involving number of recreation facilities in combination with formal activities was positively associated with girls’ activity. A significant interaction involving formal park activity and young boys (aged 0–5 y) was negatively associated with park-based physical activity. Conclusion Activity area and social correlates of park-based physical activity were similar for boys and girls; findings for formal park programming, age, and number of facilities were mixed. Results show that girls’ physical activity was more strongly affected by social effects (eg, presence of other active children) whereas boys’ physical activity was more strongly influenced by the availability of park facilities. These results can inform park planning and design. Additional studies are necessary to clarify sex differences in correlates of park-based physical activity.}, number={E97}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Floyd, Myron F. and Smith, William R. and Edwards, Michael B. and Schultz, Courtney L. and Baran, Perver and Moore, Robin A. and Cosco, Nilda and Suau, Luis J.}, year={2015}, month={Jun} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_moore_floyd_carlton_2014, title={Afterschool shared use of public school facilities for physical activity in North Carolina}, volume={69}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.003}, abstractNote={To determine the status and common characteristics of shared use in public schools in North Carolina.All public school principals (N=2,359) in North Carolina were invited to participate in an online survey (February - May, 2013) designed to provide baseline information about the extent and nature of shared use of school facilities.Responses (n=1182, 50.1%) indicated that most schools share their facilities (88.9%). Formal agreements were more common when schools shared gyms and outdoor athletic fields. Informal agreements were most common with playgrounds and track facilities. Schools with more low income or Black students were less likely to share facilities. For schools that did not share use of their facilities the most frequent reason was no outside groups had ever asked.Schools may be more accommodating to shared use partnerships. Community organizations seeking to use indoor school facilities or athletic fields should be prepared to complete a formal written agreement. Preconceived notions that schools are unwilling to share their facilities may be preventing community organizations from initiating shared use inquiries. Schools located in the middle tier of economic distress and schools with a greater concentration of Black students were less likely to share their facilities.}, number={S}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Moore, Renee and Floyd, Myron F. and Carlton, Troy A.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={S44–S48} }
 @inbook{floyd_walker_stodolska_shinew_2014, place={Champaign, IL}, title={Conclusions and emerging issues}, booktitle={Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Walker, G.J. and Stodolska, M. and Shinew, K.J.}, editor={Stodolska, M. and Shinew, K.J. and Floyd, M.F. and Walker, G.J.Editors}, year={2014}, pages={297–305} }
 @inbook{sharaievska_stodolska_floyd_2014, place={Champaign, IL}, title={Discrimination in leisure contexts}, booktitle={Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Sharaievska, I. and Stodolska, M. and Floyd, M.F.}, editor={Stodolska, M. and Shinew, K.J. and Floyd, M.F. and Walker, G.J.Editors}, year={2014}, pages={177–189} }
 @article{bruton_floyd_2014, title={Disparities in Built and Natural Features of Urban Parks: Comparisons by Neighborhood Level Race/Ethnicity and Income}, volume={91}, ISSN={1099-3460 1468-2869}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9893-4}, DOI={10.1007/s11524-014-9893-4}, abstractNote={Known associations between the built environment and health outcomes have accelerated research examining racial/ethnic and income disparities in access to parks and other community features that support physical activity. Currently, it cannot be concluded that park characteristics are equal in quantity or condition across areas of disparate race/ethnicity and income composition. This study examined natural and built park characteristics across areas of different race/ethnicity and income composition to identify potential disparities. Twenty-one parks in Greensboro, NC (USA), located in minority or non-minority areas and in low or medium-high income areas were inventoried using a park audit tool and GIS. Parks were compared on number of activity areas, features, amenities, size, percent tree canopy, cleanliness, and condition. Independent sample t tests and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare means of outcome variables. Fisher's exact tests were applied for categorical variables. Fewer wooded areas and more trash cans were found in low-income and minority areas as compared to medium-high income and non-minority areas. Low-income areas were found to have more picnic areas than their counterparts. Sitting and resting features in non-minority areas were found to be cleaner than those in minority areas. Results showed some evidence of disparities in park characteristics. Findings can inform park policy and design as well as renovations and maintenance procedures, particularly in specific areas where existing disparities were identified.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Urban Health}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Bruton, Candice M. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={894–907} }
 @article{walden-schreiner_leung_floyd_2014, title={Incorporating Physical Activity Measures Into Environmental Monitoring of National Parks: An Example From Yosemite}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84920622592&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2012-0361}, abstractNote={Background:To address increasing prevalence of obesity and associated chronic disease, recent national initiatives have called upon federal agencies to promote healthy lifestyles and provide opportunities for physical activity. In response, the U.S. National Park Service has developed strategies promoting health through physical activity in addition to its well-established biodiversity and landscape conservation mission. Incorporating physical activity measures with routine environmental monitoring would help identify areas where parks can promote active pursuits with minimal environmental impact. This study provides one example of how protocols developed for visitor and environmental monitoring can generate data to evaluate physical activity.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Leung, Yu-Fai and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={1284–1290} }
 @inbook{floyd_mowatt_2014, place={Champaign, IL}, title={Leisure among African Americans}, booktitle={Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Mowatt, R.A.}, editor={Stodolska, M. and Shinew, K.J. and Floyd, M.F. and Walker, G.J.Editors}, year={2014}, pages={53–74} }
 @article{barr-anderson_singleton_cotwright_floyd_affuso_2014, title={Outside-of-school time obesity prevention and treatment interventions in African American youth}, volume={15}, ISSN={1467-7881}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obr.12204}, DOI={10.1111/obr.12204}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={Obesity Reviews}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Barr-Anderson, D. J. and Singleton, C. and Cotwright, C. J. and Floyd, M. F. and Affuso, O.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={26–45} }
 @article{baran_smith_moore_floyd_bocarro_cosco_danninger_2014, title={Park Use Among Youth and Adults: Examination of Individual, Social, and Urban Form Factors}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1552-390X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84903973570&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0013916512470134}, abstractNote={This article examines park use in relation to neighborhood social (safety and poverty) and urban form (pedestrian infrastructure and street network pattern) characteristics among youth and adult subpopulations defined by age and gender. We utilized System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and Geographic Information Systems to objectively measure park use and park and neighborhood characteristics in 20 neighborhood parks. Heterogeneous negative binomial regression models indicated that the relationship between park use and types of activity settings, and park use and neighborhood attributes vary by age and gender. In general, the study found that park and activity setting size; activity settings such as playgrounds, basketball courts, pool and water features, shelters, and picnic areas; and availability of sidewalks and intersections in the park’s neighborhood were positively associated with park use, whereas crime, poverty, and racial heterogeneity of the surrounding neighborhood were negatively associated with park use.}, number={6}, journal={Environment & Behavior}, author={Baran, P.K. and Smith, W.R. and Moore, R.C. and Floyd, M.F. and Bocarro, J.N. and Cosco, N. and Danninger, T.}, year={2014}, pages={768–800} }
 @book{stodolska_shinew_floyd_walker_2014, place={Champaign, IL}, title={Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Stodolska, M. and Shinew, K.J. and Floyd, M.F. and Walker, G.J.}, year={2014} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_filardo_edwards_mckenzie_floyd_2014, title={Shared Use of School Facilities With Community Organizations and Afterschool Physical Activity Program Participation: A Cost-Benefit Assessment}, volume={84}, ISSN={0022-4391}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12148}, DOI={10.1111/josh.12148}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={Journal of School Health}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Filardo, Mary and Edwards, Michael B. and McKenzie, Thomas L. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={302–309} }
 @article{floyd_2014, title={Social Justice as an Integrating Force for Leisure Research}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84904696213&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2014.917002}, abstractNote={As enthusiasm for social justice inquiry in leisure studies builds, this essay identifies three concerns related to the practice of social justice research involving race and ethnicity in leisure. First, social justice research must rely on diverse paradigms to respond to urgent social problems facing communities of color. Second, researchers must acknowledge the moral dimension in social justice inquiry. Third, power differentials between researchers and communities of practice and the community members involved in studies should be recognized and minimized when possible.}, number={4}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2014}, pages={379–387} }
 @inbook{floyd_stodolska_2014, place={Champaign, IL}, title={Theoretical frameworks in leisure research on race and ethnicity}, booktitle={Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Stodolska, M.}, editor={Stodolska, M. and Shinew, K.J. and Floyd, M.F. and Walker, G.J.Editors}, year={2014}, pages={9–19} }
 @article{leung_barbieri_floyd_2014, title={Tourism and recreation research along the natural-rural-urban gradient: Global trends and implications for China}, volume={29}, DOI={10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2014.06.001}, number={6}, journal={Tourism Tribune}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Barbieri, C. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2014}, pages={3–5} }
 @article{santucci_floyd_bocarro_henderson_2014, title={Visitor services staff perceptions of strategies to encourage diversity at two urban national parks}, volume={32}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Santucci, D.C. and Floyd, M.F. and Bocarro, J.N. and Henderson, K.A.}, year={2014}, pages={15–28} }
 @article{harrolle_floyd_casper_kelley_bruton_2013, title={Physical Activity Constraints among Latinos Identifying Clusters and Acculturation Differences}, volume={45}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84874785690&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i1-2943}, abstractNote={Abstract Understanding leisure-time physical activity among Latinos is a national public health concern. This study examined constraints to leisure-time physical activity among Latinos in North Carolina in relation to their level of acculturation. Data (N = 457) were obtained through a community survey. Four subgroups with similar constraints were identified using cluster analysis: Access and Partner Constrained, Safety and Access Constrained, Least Constrained, and Highly Constrained. Results showed that low acculturation was significantly associated with being highly constrained. Latinos born outside the U.S. were more likely to be classified as Access and Partner Constrained and Safety and Access Constrained. The findings contribute to understanding constraints in the context of acculturation and offer practitioners perspective on creating physical activity programs for Latinos.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Harrolle, Michelle Gacio and Floyd, Myron F. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Kelley, Katharine E. and Bruton, Candice M.}, year={2013}, pages={74–90} }
 @article{smith_floyd_2013, title={The urban growth machine, central place theory and access to open space}, volume={4}, ISSN={1877-9166}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2013.03.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.ccs.2013.03.002}, abstractNote={The provision of urban open space occurs through political and economic mechanisms that could marginalize racial minority groups. In this research, we explore two competing hypotheses of marginalized access to open space (greenways, parks, and natural areas). The first hypothesis couples Logan and Molotch’s “growth machine” theory with the concepts of laissez-faire racism and White privilege. Urban space is conceptualized as contested terrain being sought after by local elites who utilize their political and economic will to co-opt government decision making authority. The second hypothesis—central place theory—posits that access to open space is determined by the spatial patterns of economic agglomeration. Analyzing Raleigh, North Carolina as a case study, the results do not support either the growth machine theory or central place theory. Rather, urban growth is found to have very localized social consequences, seen through variations in different racial/ethnic groups’ level of access to open space.}, number={2}, journal={City, Culture and Society}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={87–98} }
 @article{slater_fitzgibbon_floyd_2013, title={Urban Adolescents' Perceptions of their Neighborhood Physical Activity Environments}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84875956368&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2013.761912}, abstractNote={Reduced physical activity is particularly pronounced among lower income individuals and racial/ethnic minorities, and may be related to unsupportive neighborhood environments for physical activity. The purpose of this research was to conduct focus groups with low-income urban Black and Latino adolescents to identify whether these adolescents were physically active, in what settings, and what features of the settings were important for encouraging their physical activity. Results suggest potential gender differences, but little difference across race/ethnicity. Results can inform the development of a park/physical activity setting characteristics survey to help improve conditions of parks.}, number={2}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Slater, Sandy and Fitzgibbon, Marian and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={167–183} }
 @article{floyd_2012, title={Contributions of the community stakeholder park audit tool}, volume={42}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84857209375&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2011.12.002}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Preventive Medicine}, author={Floyd, M.F.}, year={2012}, pages={332–333} }
 @article{suau_floyd_spengler_maddock_gobster_2012, title={Energy Expenditure Associated With the Use of Neighborhood Parks in 2 Cities}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1550-5022"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84864616157&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1097/phh.0b013e3182464737}, abstractNote={CONTEXT
Availability of public neighborhood parks is associated with physical activity. Little is known about how parks contribute to population energy balance.


PURPOSE
This study estimated energy expenditure associated with the use of neighborhood parks and compared energy expenditure by activity areas within parks and by neighborhood race/ethnicity and income.


DESIGN
The System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity among Youth (SOPLAY), a direct observation approach, was used to estimate energy expenditure in 10 Tampa (Florida) parks and 19 Chicago (Illinois) parks.


SETTING
Parks were selected from census tracts with a moderate to high representation of white, Latino, and African American populations.


PARTICIPANTS
A total of 9454 park users were observed.


OUTCOME
Sedentary, moderate, and vigorous activities were assigned metabolic equivalence intensity (MET) values of 1.5, 3, and 6, respectively.


RESULTS
Park use in Tampa generated 15 336 total METs over the study period. Chicago parks generated 7305.6 METs. Mean METs varied by activity areas in parks. For Chicago parks, mean METs were higher for parks in African American and higher-income neighborhoods.


CONCLUSIONS
Public parks can contribute to population energy balance. Policies to make parks available, promotions to encourage park use, and programs to encourage active use of parks are necessary to achieve this potential.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE}, author={Suau, Luis J. and Floyd, Myron F. and Spengler, John O. and Maddock, Jay E. and Gobster, Paul H.}, year={2012}, pages={440–444} }
 @article{sallis_floyd_rodriguez_saelens_2012, title={Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease}, volume={125}, ISSN={["1524-4539"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856854408&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1161/circulationaha.110.969022}, abstractNote={There is a growing consensus that large changes in population levels of physical activity and other behaviors required to improve cardiovascular health will require major modifications in environments and policies. Ecological models are the conceptual basis for comprehensive interventions that emphasize environmental and policy changes and that can have widespread and sustainable effects. These interventions are complemented with individual education and motivation and efforts to change social support and norms. Physical activity-specific ecological models indicate which environmental factors are expected to be related to physical activity in multiple life domains: Leisure/recreation/exercise, occupation (school for youth), transportation, and household. Over the past decade, a proliferation of interdisciplinary research has generally supported hypotheses derived from ecological models and identified specific built environment attributes and combinations of attributes that are related to physical activity, mainly for recreation and transportation purposes, and obesity. It is becoming clear that racial/ethnic minority and low-income communities are disadvantaged in access to recreation facilities, positive aesthetics, and protection from traffic. These results provide an empirical rationale for intervention. There are recent examples of environmental changes or community-wide multilevel interventions that had positive effects on physical activity or obesity. Continuing research needs are to improve the rigor of study designs, confirm subgroup- or context-specific built environment associations, identify optimal combinations of attributes, improve understanding of the policy change processes required to achieve environmental changes, and evaluate multilevel interventions. Both research teams and community-based initiatives are collaborating with a wide range of professionals and sectors of society, such as recreation, transportation, city planning, architecture, landscape architecture, geography, criminal justice, and law, in addition to health professionals and behavioral scientists. These diverse teams have stimulated innovations in research, new approaches to intervention, and improved connections with decision makers who can make environment and policy changes in nonhealth sectors of society. The practice of physical activity promotion, obesity prevention, and CVD risk reduction has changed to reflect the shift to multilevel interventions. Major foundations and public health agencies are implementing community-based interventions targeting environment and policy change. Continuing challenges for these community-wide interventions are to maintain support for the multisector, long-term efforts required to change environments, evaluate interventions so they become ever more evidence-based, and integrate explicit chronic disease prevention objectives into professional practices of diverse disciplines, government agencies, and industries whose primary work can affect physical activity and health. Among the largest initiatives was the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Communities Putting Prevention to Work grant program, which awarded more than $250 million in 2010 to change environments and policies to improve nutrition and physical activity and prevent obesity. Recommended strategies were based on MAPPS: Media, Access, Point of decision information, Price, and Social support/services. Strategies ranged from improving physical activity in school physical education (access) to subsidizing memberships to recreational facilities (price) to promoting safe routes to school (eg, social support/services). Experience with these initiatives, as well as systematic evaluations, will lead to a better understanding of how to accomplish policy and environmental change in diverse communities and provide important information about the impact of these changes. Language: en}, number={5}, journal={CIRCULATION}, author={Sallis, James F. and Floyd, Myron F. and Rodriguez, Daniel A. and Saelens, Brian E.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={729–737} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_edwards_casper_floyd_2012, title={School Sport Participation Under Two School Sport Policies: Comparisons by Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status}, volume={45}, ISSN={0883-6612 1532-4796}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9413-2}, DOI={10.1007/s12160-012-9413-2}, abstractNote={School-based extracurricular sport remains an effective strategy to increase physical activity. However, school sport is often limited to a small number of elite athletes. Few schools provide more inclusive sport programs that offer a wider array of activities regardless of ability. The aim of this study was to examine school sport participation in middle schools (ages 11–14) with contrasting school sport delivery strategies (intramural vs. interscholastic). Data were obtained through an online survey administered to students at four public middle schools (grades 6–8) in a southeastern US city (n = 2,582). More students participated in school sports at intramural schools. Boys were more likely to participate in after-school sports at intramural schools. Low-income and Black children, two groups at greater risk of physical inactivity and other negative outcomes, had greater participation in intramural programs. After-school intramural sports in middle school is a promising strategy for increasing sport participation.}, number={S1}, journal={Annals of Behavioral Medicine}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Edwards, Michael B. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={113–121} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_cerin_floyd_casper_suau_mckenzie_2012, title={School sport policy and school-based physical activity environments and their association with observed physical activity in middle school children}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1873-2054"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855707754&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.007}, abstractNote={Empirical research on the effects of school sport policies on children's physical activity is limited. This study examined sport policies (intramural vs. varsity), physical settings within schools, and supervision in relation to physical activity using the System for Observing Play and Leisure in Youth (SOPLAY). Data were collected on physical activity levels of children in four middle schools. Regression analyses assessed the main effects of sport policy, type of physical activity setting, and supervision as well as interactions. Regression models were stratified by gender. Children in intramural schools were more likely to use indoor spaces and be boys. Regression models indicated that varsity sport programs were associated with lower physical activity levels among boys but not girls. Significant associations between type of physical activity settings and physical activity levels were observed only for boys. Adult supervision was not associated with children's physical activity levels. Finally, descriptive results showed athletic facilities were under-utilized in all schools.}, number={1}, journal={HEALTH & PLACE}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Cerin, Ester and Floyd, Myron F. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Suau, Luis J. and McKenzie, Thomas L.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={31–38} }
 @book{floyd_gibson_pennington-gray_thapa_2012, title={The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84917303158&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4324/9780203049464}, journal={Safety and Security in Tourism: Relationships, Management, and Marketing}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Gibson, H. and Pennington-Gray, L. and Thapa, B.}, year={2012}, pages={19–38} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_kanters_floyd_2011, title={"Just Let Me Play!"-Understanding Constraints That Limit Adolescent Sport Participation}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79955695972&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.8.s1.s32}, abstractNote={Background:Organized sport is viewed as a viable medium for promoting more physical activity among youth. However, participation in youth sport declines significantly among both boys and girls during their middle school years. This study examined middle school students’ perceived constraints to sport participation.}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={S32–S39} }
 @article{spengler_floyd_maddock_gobster_suau_norman_2011, title={Correlates of park-based physical activity among children in diverse communities: Results from an observational study in two cities}, volume={25}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79961156215&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4278/ajhp.090211-QUAN-58}, abstractNote={Purpose. This study examined correlates of park-based physical activity (PA) among children in neighborhood parks. }, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Health Promotion}, author={Spengler, J.O. and Floyd, M.F. and Maddock, J.E. and Gobster, P.H. and Suau, L.J. and Norman, G.J.}, year={2011} }
 @article{edwards_jillcott_floyd_moore_2011, title={County-Level Disparities in Access to Recreational Resources and Associations with Adult Obesity}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Edwards, M.B. and Jillcott, S.S. and Floyd, M.F. and Moore, J.B.}, year={2011}, pages={39–54} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_kanters_floyd_2011, title={Measurement properties of constraints to sport participation: A psychometric examination with adolescents}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79952415242&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2011.550221}, abstractNote={Constraint are a major focus of theoretical and empirical study in leisure research. However, analyses of psychometric properties of constraints measures are rare. This study assessed the factor structure and invariance of a leisure constraints measure applied to sport participation among middle school adolescents (ages 11 to 15 years old) using panel data over two time periods nine months apart (N = 2,029). We compared the validity of three baseline models: a theoretical 3-factor model, a 7-factor model, and a second-order factor model. The 7-factor model exhibited a more appropriate measurement model based on fit indices and statistical comparisons. Using the 7-factor model, construct validity and invariance of the model over time (Time 1 and Time 2) was examined by gender, grade level, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The model was found to be invariant at the factor loading and intercept levels, while there was some evidence of non-invariance at further constrained levels. In general, the 7-factor model appeared to be psychometrically stable and applicable over a range of demographic subgroups, lending evidence to its use as a measure in leisure or sport participation constraint studies that involve socio-demographic comparisons. The findings suggest that while the theoretical structure may be effective in simplifying constraint categories, a more detailed specification using subfactors of the dimensions is better for measurement.}, number={2}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Casper, J. and Bocarro, J.N. and Kanters, M. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2011}, pages={127–146} }
 @article{floyd_bocarro_smith_baran_moore_cosco_edwards_suau_fang_2011, title={Park-Based Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents}, volume={41}, ISSN={0749-3797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.04.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2011.04.013}, abstractNote={Background Availability of parks is associated with higher levels of physical activity among children and adolescents. Few studies examine actual park use and park-based physical activity in these populations. Purpose This study examined associations among individual, park, and neighborhood environmental characteristics and children's and adolescent's park-based physical activity. Methods Data were collected in 2007 on 2712 children in 20 randomly selected parks in Durham NC. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) provided measures of physical activity. Hierarchic regression analysis assessed associations among individual, park, and neighborhood environmental characteristics and children's park-based physical activity. Data were analyzed in 2010. Results Of the 2712 children observed, 34.2% and 13.2% were engaged in walking or vigorous physical activity. Environmental features of parks were associated with activity levels whereas neighborhood characteristics were not. Physical activity was negatively associated with gender (girls) (p=0.003); presence of a parent (p<0.0001); presence of nonparental adult (p=0.006); and an interaction involving the 0–5 years age group and style of play (p=0.017). Higher level of physical activity was associated with presence of other active children (p<0.0001); courts (e.g., basketball); and an interaction between number of recreation facilities and formal activities (p=0.004). Conclusions These social factors and design features should be considered in order to stimulate higher levels of park-based physical activity among children and adolescents. Availability of parks is associated with higher levels of physical activity among children and adolescents. Few studies examine actual park use and park-based physical activity in these populations. This study examined associations among individual, park, and neighborhood environmental characteristics and children's and adolescent's park-based physical activity. Data were collected in 2007 on 2712 children in 20 randomly selected parks in Durham NC. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) provided measures of physical activity. Hierarchic regression analysis assessed associations among individual, park, and neighborhood environmental characteristics and children's park-based physical activity. Data were analyzed in 2010. Of the 2712 children observed, 34.2% and 13.2% were engaged in walking or vigorous physical activity. Environmental features of parks were associated with activity levels whereas neighborhood characteristics were not. Physical activity was negatively associated with gender (girls) (p=0.003); presence of a parent (p<0.0001); presence of nonparental adult (p=0.006); and an interaction involving the 0–5 years age group and style of play (p=0.017). Higher level of physical activity was associated with presence of other active children (p<0.0001); courts (e.g., basketball); and an interaction between number of recreation facilities and formal activities (p=0.004). These social factors and design features should be considered in order to stimulate higher levels of park-based physical activity among children and adolescents.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Smith, William R. and Baran, Perver K. and Moore, Robin C. and Cosco, Nilda G. and Edwards, Michael B. and Suau, Luis J. and Fang, Kunsheng}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={258–265} }
 @article{bruton_floyd_bocarro_henderson_casper_kanters_2011, title={Physical activity and health partnerships among park and recreation departments in North Carolina}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Bruton, C.M. and Floyd, M.F. and Bocarro, J.N. and Henderson, K.A. and Casper, J.M. and Kanters, M.A.}, year={2011}, pages={55–68} }
 @inbook{whitt-glover_floyd_2010, place={State College, PA}, title={Health disparities and physical activity, parks, and recreation}, booktitle={Leisure, health, and wellness: Making the connections}, publisher={Venture Publishing}, author={Whitt-Glover, M. and Floyd, M.F.}, editor={Payne, L. and Godbey, G. and Ainsworth, B.E.Editors}, year={2010} }
 @article{hoehner_brownson_allen_gramann_behrens_floyd_leahy_liddle_smaldone_spain_et al._2010, title={Parks Promoting Physical Activity: Synthesis of Findings From Interventions in Seven National Parks}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77749240198&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.7.s1.s67}, abstractNote={Background:We synthesized the results of 7 National Park Service pilot interventions designed to increase awareness of the health benefits from participation in recreation at national parks and to increase physical activity by park visitors.}, number={SUPPL.1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, author={Hoehner, Christine M. and Brownson, Ross C. and Allen, Diana and Gramann, James and Behrens, Timothy K. and Floyd, Myron F. and Leahy, Jessica and Liddle, Joseph B. and Smaldone, David and Spain, Diara D. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={S67–S81} }
 @article{bocarro_floyd_moore_baran_danninger_smith_cosco_2009, title={Adaptation of the System for Observing Physical Activity and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) to Assess Age Groupings of Children}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-73349133665&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.6.6.699}, abstractNote={Background:To better measure physical activity (PA) in outdoor environments, McKenzie and colleagues developed the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC). However, previous SOPARC research has focused on adults, seniors, teens and children. One avenue for extending this work is to expand the child age group code to capture important nuances that can influence children's PA and their environments. This study reports on the reliability of a measure designed to account for PA in parks among children in different childhood age groups.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Floyd, Myron and Moore, Robin and Baran, Perver and Danninger, Tom and Smith, William and Cosco, Nilda}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={699–707} }
 @article{whitt-glover_taylor_floyd_yore_yancey_matthews_2009, title={Disparities in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors Among US Children and Adolescents: Prevalence, Correlates, and Intervention Implications}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1745-655X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-59849086120&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1057/jphp.2008.46}, abstractNote={Regular physical activity is important for health benefits among youth, but disparities exist. This paper describes disparities in physical activity participation and sedentary behaviors among youth in the United States, provides intervention implications, and offers recommendations for future research focused on reducing disparities related to levels of physical activity. Secondary analysis of national accelerometer data showed that achievement of recommended levels of physical activity ranged across subgroups from 2% to 61%. Mean hours per day spent in sedentary behavior ranged from 5.5 to 8.5. The largest disparities were by gender and age. An improved understanding of correlates may inform the design of interventions to increase physical activity in targeted subgroups. Additional theoretically based research is needed to elucidate which factors contributing to physical activity disparities are amenable to change via intervention. To eliminate health disparities, changes in policies that have an impact on physical activity may be necessary to promote physical activity among high-risk youth.}, number={SUPPL. 1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY}, author={Whitt-Glover, Melicia C. and Taylor, Wendell C. and Floyd, Myron F. and Yore, Michelle M. and Yancey, Antronette K. and Matthews, Charles E.}, year={2009}, pages={S309–S334} }
 @article{floyd_taylor_whitt-glover_2009, title={Measurement of Park and Recreation Environments That Support Physical Activity in Low-Income Communities of Color: Highlights of Challenges and Recommendations}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1873-2607"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-61649091840&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.009}, abstractNote={The capacity of public parks and recreation environments to promote physical activity for low-income communities of color is receiving increased attention from researchers and policymakers. As a result, several systems to measure park and recreation environments have been recently developed. Developing measures is important because they are critical to establishing key correlates and determinants that drive physical activity and inform intervention strategies. This paper briefly reviews recently developed approaches for measuring physical environments within public parks and recreation areas. It critiques the capacity of these approaches to advance an understanding of how parks and recreation settings contribute to physical activity in low-income communities of color. Residents of low-income communities of color are usually found to have lower physical activity, and this may be due partly to a disparity in access to parks and other recreation environments. Three primary recommendations are presented. First, future measurement tools should explicitly reflect inequality in the built environment in terms of availability and quality of parks and recreation areas. Second, measurement strategies should incorporate research on recreation activity and setting preferences important in low-income communities of color. Finally, the perceptions of residents of low-income communities of color should be reflected in measurement approaches. One strategy for incorporating the perceptions is community-based participatory research. The rapid development of high-quality tools for measuring parks and recreation environments is encouraging. However, existing measures should be tested and refined in varying social-ecologic conditions, and new tools should be developed specifically for nuances associated with low-income minority communities.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Taylor, Wendell C. and Whitt-Glover, Melicia}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={S156–S160} }
 @article{bocarro_casper_henderson_floyd_moore_kanters_laven_edwards_2009, title={Physical activity promotion in North Carolina: Perceptions of public park and recreation directors}, volume={27}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Casper, J. and Henderson, K.A. and Floyd, M.F. and Moore, R. and Kanters, M. and Laven, K. and Edwards, M.}, year={2009}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{warren_moorman_dunn_mitchell_fisher_floyd_2009, title={Southeast Raleigh Minority Faith-based Health Promotion Project}, volume={7}, DOI={10.32398/cjhp.v7iSI.2003}, abstractNote={Faith-based organizations are a powerful resource for addressing health issues within the African American community. In this paper, we describe two projects led by volunteer faith-based leaders and community residents who collaborated with public agencies to design programs to combat obesity. The first project, the Southeast Raleigh Community Garden Project, involved the construction of a community garden and the delivery of educational programs on healthy eating among youth. The second one, Project FACT (Faith-based groups Addressing health issues through Community outreach Together in the community), implemented church-based nutrition education programs and community walking programs led by church volunteers. The purpose of the two faith-based health promotion projects was to increase opportunities for physical activity and to encourage consumption of more fruits and vegetables. These projects resulted in the construction of a walking trail with the community garden as its destination, implementation of education programs to increase nutritional awareness, the initiation of multiple walking programs, and policy changes within the church to encourage a healthier lifestyle. The projects demonstrated the feasibility of collaboration among faith-based organizations, community residents and government agencies to promote physical activity and healthful eating among families by creating physical changes in the environment and implementing educational and walking programs in low income communities.}, number={S1}, journal={Californian Journal of Health Promotion}, author={Warren, N. and Moorman, P. and Dunn, M.J. and Mitchell, C.S. and Fisher, A. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={87–98} }
 @article{floyd_crespo_sallis_2008, title={Active living research in diverse and disadvantaged communities}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1873-2607"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40949091509&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.014}, abstractNote={Eliminating disparities in physical activity and related health outcomes is a formidable public health challenge. While the prevalence of obesity and overweight has increased significantly and inactivity remains high in the general population, emerging evidence paints a disturbing picture for members of low-income and racial/ethnic minority populations and other vulnerable populations. It is widely known that moderate and vigorous physical activity is a protective factor against a variety of chronic diseases. Yet, 2005 prevalence data show that 56% of Hispanic and 54% of African-American adults reported accumulating no leisure-time physical activity, while 35% percent of non-Hispanic whites reported no leisure-time physical activity. 1 Barnes P. Physical activity among adults: United States, 2000–2005. www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/physicalactivity/physicalactivity_tables.pdf#1 Google Scholar Moreover, national data show that prevalence of no leisure-time physical activity has remained the same for white non-Hispanic individuals but disparities with non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics have increased. Other trend data further support that little progress has been made to eliminate disparities in physical activity participation in communities of color. 2 Haskell W.L. Lee I. Pate R.R. et al. Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007; 39: 1423-1434 Crossref PubMed Scopus (3711) Google Scholar Prevalence of overweight and obesity is also greater in low-income and minority communities. 3 Ogden C.L. Carroll M.D. Curtin L.R. MacDowell M.A. Tabak C.J. Flegal K.M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA. 2006; 295: 1549-1555 Crossref PubMed Scopus (7359) Google Scholar}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Crespo, Carlos J. and Sallis, James F.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={271–274} }
 @article{floyd_spengler_maddock_gobster_suau_2008, title={Environmental and social correlates of physical activity in neighborhood parks: An observational study in Tampa and Chicago}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-47649106654&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400802165156}, abstractNote={This study used observational methods to examine physical activity (PA) and selected correlates in 28 parks in Tampa, Florida, and Chicago, Illinois. We observed 9,454 park users within predetermined activity zones and coded their activity as sedentary, walking (i.e., moderate intensity), or vigorous PA. In Tampa, higher temperature, unorganized activity, lower amounts of shade, lower neighborhood income, Hispanic neighborhood ethnicity, male gender and child age group were significantly associated with walking. Vigorous activity was not associated with income and ethnicity. Morning hours, unorganized activity, lower neighborhood income and African American neighborhood ethnicity were associated with walking in Chicago. Vigorous activity was associated with children, lower neighborhood income and African American ethnicity. Findings from this study can inform policy decisions and future research directions.}, number={4}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Spengler, J. O. and Maddock, Jay E. and Gobster, Paul H. and Suau, Luis}, year={2008}, pages={360–375} }
 @article{floyd_spengler_maddock_gobster_suau_2008, title={Park-based physical activity in diverse communities of two US cities - An observational study}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1873-2607"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40949159782&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.009}, abstractNote={BackgroundSystematic study of human behavior in public parks and specific activity settings can inform policy to promote physical activity in diverse communities.MethodsDirect observation was used to assess physical activity in public parks in Tampa FL (n=10) and Chicago IL (n=18). Parks were selected from census tracts with high concentrations of white, African-American, and Hispanic populations. Representation from low- and high-income census tracts was also achieved. Physical activity was measured by a modified version of the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY). Activity codes from SOPLAY were transformed to energy expenditure per person (kcal/kg/min).ResultsSeventy percent of Tampa and 51% of Chicago park users were observed engaged in sedentary behavior. In both cities, children were more likely than adults to be observed in walking or vigorous activity. In Tampa, parks located in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of Hispanic residents were associated with greatest levels of energy expenditure. In Chicago, parks in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of African Americans showed the highest energy expenditure per person. Gender was associated with physical activity only in Tampa parks. Energy expenditure also varied by activity areas.ConclusionsMore than one half of park users in both cities engaged in sedentary behavior. While differences in park-based physical activity by neighborhood income and racial/ethnic composition were observed, these differences can more likely be attributed to the types of designated activity areas that support physical activity. The study findings suggest that specific configurations of park environments can enhance physical activity in parks. Systematic study of human behavior in public parks and specific activity settings can inform policy to promote physical activity in diverse communities. Direct observation was used to assess physical activity in public parks in Tampa FL (n=10) and Chicago IL (n=18). Parks were selected from census tracts with high concentrations of white, African-American, and Hispanic populations. Representation from low- and high-income census tracts was also achieved. Physical activity was measured by a modified version of the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY). Activity codes from SOPLAY were transformed to energy expenditure per person (kcal/kg/min). Seventy percent of Tampa and 51% of Chicago park users were observed engaged in sedentary behavior. In both cities, children were more likely than adults to be observed in walking or vigorous activity. In Tampa, parks located in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of Hispanic residents were associated with greatest levels of energy expenditure. In Chicago, parks in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of African Americans showed the highest energy expenditure per person. Gender was associated with physical activity only in Tampa parks. Energy expenditure also varied by activity areas. More than one half of park users in both cities engaged in sedentary behavior. While differences in park-based physical activity by neighborhood income and racial/ethnic composition were observed, these differences can more likely be attributed to the types of designated activity areas that support physical activity. The study findings suggest that specific configurations of park environments can enhance physical activity in parks.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Spengler, John O. and Maddock, Jason E. and Gobster, Paul H. and Suau, Luis J.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={299–305} }
 @article{floyd_bocarro_thompson_2008, title={Research on race and ethnicity in leisure studies: A review of five major journals}, volume={40}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-41749089357&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2008.11950130}, abstractNote={Research on race and ethnicity in leisure will take on greater significance in coming years. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine research related to race and ethnicity within five major leisure journals since their inception to discern quantity of research, thematic patterns in topical areas and to document the research methods used. This assessment identified 150 articles related to race and ethnicity. Nineteen thematic categories were identified. Articles with conceptual discussions, activity and participation studies, and outdoor recreation/forest-based recreation occurred most frequently. Similar to other analyses of the literature, survey research was the most frequently used method of data collection. The discussion focuses on implications for future research on race and ethnicity in leisure studies.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Bocarro, Jason and Thompson, T. D.}, year={2008}, pages={1–22} }
 @inbook{floyd_nicholas_2008, place={State College, PA}, edition={Rev.}, title={Trends and Research on Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Implications for Management}, ISBN={9781892132802}, booktitle={Diversity and the recreation profession : organizational perspectives}, publisher={Venture Publishing}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Nicholas, L.}, editor={Allison, M. and Schneider, I.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={109–210} }
 @article{hunt_floyd_ditton_2007, title={African-American and Anglo anglers' attitudes toward the catch-related aspects of fishing}, volume={12}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548331765&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/10871200701442825}, abstractNote={Race and ethnic differences with respect to catch and harvest related attitudes are poorly known. Based on previous research, African Americans and Anglos were expected to differ with respect to importance attached to four constructs related to the catch-related aspects of recreational fishing: catching something, catching a lot of fish, catching large fish, and retaining fish. Four Texas statewide angler surveys conducted from 1989–1997 were used to explore possible differences between African-American and Anglo males on the four catch-related constructs. Meta-analysis techniques were used to determine treatment by study interactions and provided a weighted average effect size. African Americans had stronger attitudes toward catching large numbers of fish, catching large fish, and retaining the fish they catch than Anglos. African Americans and Anglos did not differ on the catching something construct. Results supported subcultural theory explaining differences in attitudes between race and ethnic groups. Group differences were useful for better understanding consumptive behavior and environmental justice.}, number={4}, journal={Human Dimensions of Wildlife}, author={Hunt, K.M. and Floyd, M.F. and Ditton, R.B.}, year={2007}, pages={227–239} }
 @article{shores_scott_floyd_2007, title={Constraints to outdoor recreation: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective}, volume={29}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34247636118&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400701257948}, abstractNote={A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective was adopted to investigate outdoor recreation constraints for 3,000 Texans interviewed by telephone in 1998. This theoretical perspective contends that individuals' socio-demographic characteristics are accorded a position in society relative to others and that this position effects the individual's access to services. Logistic regression models tested whether nine outdoor recreation constraints were important to respondents based on age, gender, race/ethnicity and SES. With the exception of time constraints, all other outdoor recreation constraints were most important to elderly, female or minority respondents with lower SES. The probability of experiencing constraints to outdoor recreation is multiplied when respondents had more than one of these statuses. Implications for theory development, outdoor recreation, and service provision are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Shores, K.A. and Scott, D. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2007}, pages={227–246} }
 @article{taylor_floyd_whitt-glover_brooks_2007, title={Environmental justice: a framework for collaboration between the public health and parks and recreation fields to study disparities in physical activity.}, volume={4 Suppl 1}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548425988&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, journal={Journal of physical activity & health}, author={Taylor, W.C. and Floyd, M.F. and Whitt-Glover, M.C. and Brooks, J.}, year={2007} }
 @article{floyd_2007, title={Research on race and ethnicity in leisure: Anticipating the fourth wave}, volume={31}, ISSN={1492-7713 2151-2221}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2007.9651380}, DOI={10.1080/14927713.2007.9651380}, abstractNote={Abstract Because the quantity of research on race and ethnicity in leisure has increased significantly in recent years, there is opportunity for identifying trends and likely trajectories for future work. This paper briefly outlines three waves of research on race and ethnicity in leisure studies. It concludes by calling for systematic assessments of the literature on race and ethnicity, re‐focusing on race and racism, and engaging practitioners in race and ethnicity research.}, number={1}, journal={Leisure/Loisir}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={245–254} }
 @article{johnson_floyd_2006, title={A tale of two towns: Black and white municipalities respond to urban growth in the South Carolina Lowcountry}, volume={13}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646241043&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, journal={Human Ecology Review}, author={Johnson, C.Y. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2006}, pages={23–38} }
 @article{shinew_stodolska_floyd_hibbler_allison_johnson_santos_2006, title={Race and ethnicity in leisure behavior: Where have we been and where do we need to go?}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0149-0400"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33749825026&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400600745902}, abstractNote={Race and Ethnicity in Leisure Behavior: Where Have We Been and Where Do We Need to Go? Kimberly J. Shinew a , Monika Stodolska b , Myron Floyd c , Dan Hibbler d , Maria Allison e , Cassandra Johnson f & Carla Santos b a Department of Recreation, Sport, and Tourism , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign, IL, USA b University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , USA c North Carolina State University , USA d DePaul University , USA e Arizona State University , USA f USDA Forest Service , USA Published online: 22 Sep 2006.}, number={4}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Shinew, KJ and Stodolska, M and Floyd, M and Hibbler, D and Allison, M and Johnson, C and Santos, C}, year={2006}, pages={403–408} }
 @article{floyd_nicholas_lee_lee_scott_2006, title={Social stratification in recreational fishing participation: Research and policy implications}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0149-0400"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33749861604&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400600745860}, abstractNote={Using the multiple stratification hierarchy perspective, this study examined the combined effects of age, race and ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status on recreational fishing. Sample data from 3,000 Texas residents were used to develop logistic regression models corresponding to three dependent variables for fishing participation. The dependent variables were measures of participation ever, in the past 5 years, and in the past 12 months. Gender, race/ethnicity, and age were the most consistent predictors across the three dependent variables. Gender and age exhibited a negative effect on fishing participation across the three models. Results for race/ethnicity were mixed. An analysis of predicted probabilities did not reveal strong evidence of a multiple stratification hierarchy in recreational fishing. The article concludes with implications associated with angler recruitment.}, number={4}, journal={LEISURE SCIENCES}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Nicholas, Lorraine and Lee, Injae and Lee, Jin-Hyung and Scott, David}, year={2006}, pages={351–368} }
 @article{godbey_caldwell_floyd_payne_2005, title={Contributions of leisure studies and recreation and park management research to the active living agenda}, volume={28}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-13444252393&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.027}, abstractNote={Although the fields of leisure studies and recreation and parks were founded on addressing health and wellness needs of people, only recently have these needs been addressed by major, systematic research efforts. This paper examines the origins of leisure studies and the study of recreation behavior and park use and their potential contribution to active living research. Over the past 2 decades, leisure studies research has generated a body of literature pertinent to understanding and increasing active living, including studies on time use, motivation for initiating and maintaining activity, influence of user fees, and urban park use. Environmental, transportation, and public recreation policy and management practices also are important considerations in recreation and parks research. This article concludes with a list of recommendations to integrate these and other considerations into transdisciplinary research on active living. Opportunities for leisure studies/recreation and park research on active living include studies of environmental, life span, and motivational influences; greater use of objective measures of physical activity; and forming partnerships with allied industries to study physical activity. Among suggestions for facilitating such studies are training seminars for leisure studies and recreation researchers in active living research methods, changes in point allocation on grant proposals, providing incentives for transdisciplinary collaboration, and special journal issues.}, number={2 SUPPL. 2}, journal={American Journal of Preventive Medicine}, author={Godbey, G.C. and Caldwell, L.L. and Floyd, M. and Payne, L.L.}, year={2005}, pages={150–158} }
 @inbook{shinew_floyd_2005, place={State College, PA}, title={Racial Inequality and Constraints to Leisure in the Post-Civil Rights Era: Toward an Alternative Framework}, ISBN={9781892132543}, booktitle={Constraints to Leisure}, publisher={Venture Publishing}, author={Shinew, K.J. and Floyd, M.F.}, editor={Jackson, E.L.Editor}, year={2005}, pages={35–51} }
 @article{floyd_pennington-gray_2004, title={Profiling risk perceptions of tourists}, volume={31}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-10244234136&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.annals.2004.03.011}, number={4}, journal={Annals of Tourism Research}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Pennington-Gray, L.}, year={2004}, pages={1051–1054} }
 @inbook{floyd_2004, place={Jefferson City, MO}, title={Race, ethnicity and culture – implications for resource management: An overview and synthesis}, booktitle={Society and natural resources: A summary of knowledge}, publisher={Modern Litho}, author={Floyd, M.F.}, editor={Manfredo, M. and Vaske, J. and Bruyere, B. and Field, D. and Brown, P.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={71–92} }
 @article{floyd_gibson_pennington-gray_thapa_2004, title={The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of september 11, 2001}, volume={15}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85017225340&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1300/J073v15n02_02}, abstractNote={Abstract This study examined the relationship between perceived risk and travel intentions among residents in the New York City area. The timing of the survey (November 2001) provided opportunity to examine the effect of perceived risk on travel intentions during the period of aftershock following September 11, 2001. The study found that intentions to take a pleasure trip in the next 12 months (at the time of the survey) was related to safety concerns, perceived social risk, travel experience and income. Results from the study hold potential for better understanding risk perceptions and their impact on travel behavior and in the marketing of travel services during periods of uncertainty like that following September 11, 2001}, number={2-3}, journal={Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Gibson, H. and Pennington-Gray, L. and Thapa, B.}, year={2004}, pages={19–38} }
 @article{shinew_floyd_parry_2004, title={Understanding the relationship between race and leisure activities and constraints: Exploring an alternative framework}, volume={26}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2342539677&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400490432109}, abstractNote={This study addresses the continuing relevance of race as a persistent societal issue in the U.S., and tackles criticism (Floyd, 1998; Henderson & Ainsworth, 2001; Philipp, 1995) regarding the lack of models to guide research that links race and leisure constraints. Shaw's (1994) framework for analyzing women's leisure is explored as a potential vehicle for understanding racial variation in leisure constraints. More specifically, leisure constraints and preferences of African-Americans and Caucasians were examined, and some of the findings challenge the results of previous studies by suggesting African-Americans are not as constrained as are Caucasians. Our findings do, however, support previous research that indicates the two racial groups have distinct leisure preferences. Several explanations for the findings are discussed, particularly the concept of resistance as introduced by Shaw (1994).}, number={2}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Shinew, K.J. and Floyd, M.F. and Parry, D.}, year={2004}, pages={181–199} }
 @article{stewart_floyd_2004, title={Visualizing leisure}, volume={36}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-12344265727&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, author={Stewart, W.P. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2004}, pages={445–460} }
 @article{floyd_johnson_2002, title={Coming to terms with environmental justice in outdoor recreation: A conceptual discussion with research implications}, volume={24}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036186956&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400252772836}, abstractNote={Much of the research on environmental justice centers on environmental hazards. This article offers an overview of the emergence of environmental justice issues in outdoor recreation management and research. The authors argue that a major challenge to future research on environmental justice in outdoor recreation is clarifying definitions of environmental justice and generating awareness of the different dimensions of environmental justice. The authors also examine recent empirical studies of environmental justice issues related to outdoor recreation and other resource amenities. Based on an overview of the literature and these recent studies, the authors set forth some broad outlines to guide future research.}, number={1}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Johnson, C.Y.}, year={2002}, pages={59–77} }
 @inbook{floyd_2002, place={Miami, FL}, title={Deconstructing diversity in leisure studies}, ISBN={9780971873001}, booktitle={Unsilencing the dialogue: Voices of minority faculty}, publisher={Florida International University Center for Urban Education and Innovation}, author={Floyd, M.F.}, editor={Hibbler, D.K.Editor}, year={2002}, pages={75–83} }
 @article{bixler_floyd_hammitt_2002, title={Environmental socialization: Quantitative tests of the childhood play hypothesis}, volume={34}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036829234&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/001391602237248}, abstractNote={ Two studies with adolescent youth ( N = 1,376, N = 450) help clarify the relationship between childhood play experiences in wild environments and later environmental preferences in the life domains of work, leisure, and school. Respondents reporting having played in wild environments had more positive perceptions of natural environments, outdoor recreation activities, and future indoor/outdoor occupational environments. No significant differences were found for preferences for environmental sciences activities conducted in schools. Results suggest that childhood play in wildland environments is related to environmental competencies and preferences but not necessarily an intellectual interest in environmental sciences or environmentalism. }, number={6}, journal={Environment and Behavior}, author={Bixler, R.D. and Floyd, M.F. and Hammitt, W.E.}, year={2002}, pages={795–818} }
 @article{lee_floyd_shinew_2002, title={The Relationship Between Information Use and Park Awareness: A Study of Urban Park Users}, volume={20}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Lee, I. and Floyd, M.F. and Shinew, K.J.}, year={2002}, pages={22–41} }
 @article{outley_floyd_2002, title={The home they live in: Inner city children's views on the influence of parenting strategies on their leisure behavior}, volume={24}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036078067&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400252900130}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to gain insight into how parenting strategies affect African-American children's leisure experiences in socially isolated urban neighborhoods. From the perspective of children, we describe strategies used by their parents and families to combat constraints imposed by poverty and the physical risks in their neighborhood. Over a two-year period, 43 children were interviewed about their leisure experiences within the context of their family and neighborhood. Four themes regarding parenting strategies emerged from a qualitative analysis of the data: utilization of kinship networks, serving as arrangers of leisure activities, isolation and confinement, and chaperonage. These parenting strategies allowed some children to participate in mainstream leisure activities, despite risks present in their neighborhood. On the other hand, parental restrictions on children's social interactions with peers and others perceived to be undesirable curtailed the range of leisure for some children. These findings are discussed in terms of (a) constraints to children's leisure and, (b) the programmatic implications for the planning of children's leisure in inner city neighborhoods.}, number={2}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Outley, C.W. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2002}, pages={161–179} }
 @article{floyd_lee_2002, title={Who buys fishing and hunting licenses in texas? Results from a statewide household survey}, volume={7}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85013656895&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/10871200290089364}, abstractNote={This study examined the extent of current fishing and hunting license purchases and identified socioeconomic and demographic factors that influence license purchases among Texas residents. Data for the study were obtained from a telephone survey of 3,000 Texas residents sampled from the general population conducted in 1998. Descriptive analysis revealed that about one-third (30.3%) of the sample purchased some type of fishing license; 18.5% held a hunting license. Results from logistic regression analyses were consistent with previous literature on relationships between sociodemographic variables and hunting and fishing participation. Gender and race were the most consistent predictors of license purchases. Hispanic respondents and African-Americans were significantly less likely to have purchased any type of fishing and hunting license. The significant effects associated with Hispanic ethnic background and African-American ethnic background were observed controlling for the effects of age, gender, education, income, and place of residence. The study concluded by acknowledging some strategic implications associated with demographic change in addition to identifying future research needs.}, number={2}, journal={Human Dimensions of Wildlife}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Lee, I.}, year={2002}, pages={91–106} }
 @inbook{floyd_2001, place={Alexandria, VA}, title={Defining best practices in boating, fishing and stewardship education: challenges and opportunities for reaching diverse audiences}, booktitle={Defining best practices in boating, fishing and stewardship education}, publisher={Recreational Boating and Fishing Foundation}, author={Floyd, M.F.}, editor={Fedler, A.J.Editor}, year={2001}, pages={87–97} }
 @article{lee_scott_floyd_edwards_2001, title={Structural Inequalities in Outdoor Recreation Participation: A Multiple Hierarchy Stratification Perspective}, volume={33}, ISSN={0022-2216 2159-6417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2001.11949953}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2001.11949953}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study is to empirically test the multiple hierarchy stratification perspective on outdoor recreation participation. Data for this study are from a telephone survey conducted of 3,000 Texas residents in 1998. Logistic regression analyses provided strong support for the multiple hierarchy stratification perspective. The results show that elderly minority females who do not have a college degree, and who do not make more than $20,000 per year occupy the lowest rank in the hierarchy of outdoor recreation participation probability. In contrast, young Anglo males who have a college degree, and who make more than $20,000 per year occupy the highest rank in the hierarchy. The remaining groups fall somewhere in the middle. The results indicate that if equity is to be achieved, outdoor recreation managers and planners must make an effort to find ways to enhance outdoor recreation participation among multiple disadvantaged populations.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lee, K. J. and Scott, D. and Floyd, Myron F. and Edwards, Michael}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={427–449} }
 @article{floyd_shinew_1999, title={Convergence and divergence in leisure style among Whites and African Americans: Toward an interracial contact hypothesis}, volume={31}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001240920&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Shinew, K.J.}, year={1999}, pages={359–384} }
 @article{bixler_floyd_1999, title={Hands on or hands off? Disgust sensitivity and preference for environmental education activities}, volume={30}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0005173753&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/00958969909601871}, abstractNote={Abstract Detailed descriptions of barriers to environmental education (EE) can provide opportunities for educators to foresee potential problems in programs. High disgust sensitivity is an intrapersonal barrier that constrains preference for learning opportunities involving manipulation of some organic materials. Middle school students in Texas (N = 450) completed a science activity preference scale and a disgust-sensitivity scale. Respondents who expressed the lowest interest in activities that required manipulation of organic substances also had the highest disgust-sensitivity scores. However, no differences were found among students for activities that required observation only. Using a photographic scale, students rated their preference for lake shore environments as places to conduct an aquatic entomology study. Students with high disgust sensitivity were significantly more likely to prefer the poorer locations, which were characterized by clear water and no algae or submerged objects. The addition o...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Environmental Education}, author={Bixler, R.D. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={1999}, pages={4–11} }
 @article{floyd_1998, title={Getting Beyond Marginality and Ethnicity: The Challenge for Race and Ethnic Studies in Leisure Research}, volume={30}, ISSN={0022-2216 2159-6417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1998.11949816}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.1998.11949816}, abstractNote={Over the past 30 years leisure scholars have produced a substantial literature around the dynamics of race and ethnicity in leisure behavior. Two major social forces have impelled research questions involving race and ethnicity to the foreground of leisure studies. During the 1960s, the marginal social and economic conditions of racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. and abroad arrested attention of public policymakers and social scientists. In the U.S., the Civil Rights movement climaxed, leading to the dismantling of longstanding institutional barriers to political participation and public accommodations, including specific actions targeted at public parks and other recreation areas (Murphy, 1972). The heightened awareness of racial inequality during this period brought about sharper focus on "black-white" differentials in outdoor recreation participation and leisure activity preferences. Initial research questions dealing with race and ethnicity were contextualized by the socio-political agenda of this era. Thus, it is not surprising that differential rates of participation in public recreation and leisure programs exhibited by different ethnic groups, primarily between the black minority and white majority, received the greatest scrutiny from researchers. More recent demographic changes in North America represent the second major factor drawing attention to racial and ethnic issues. Numerous books, articles, and governmental reports have called attention to the rate of growth and projected increase of ethnic minorities relative to nonHispanic whites (e.g., Murdock, 1995; O'Hare, 1992; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994). Using detailed cohort-projection techniques, Murdock and associates (1990, 1991, 1996) and Dwyer (1994) have examined how growth of ethnic minority populations is likely to impact participation in a variety of outdoor recreation activities. Their analyses suggest that racial and ethnic minority population growth will be reflected in the composition of activity participants. Specifically, they project that growth in the number of participants in several leisure activities will be due primarily to increases among non-white populations. While only in the last several years have these trends been reported in the scholarly literature, practitioners have witnessed the shift in demographic trends up-close and have been challenged to re-orient programs and services to meet the needs of a more racially and ethnically diverse clientele. Largely in response to such factors, researchers have sought to understand ethnic patterns in leisure participation, attempting to make sense of the race and ethnicity dynamic in leisure settings. It is fitting that the Journal of Leisure Research would devote a special issue to race and ethnicity some 30 years removed from the Civil Rights era and in the midst of the current ethnic transformation of North America. Coincidentally, this issue appears exactly 20 years after Randel Washburne's (1978) seminal article on "black underparticipation" in wildland recreation in Leisure Sciences. Washburne's piece was not the first empirical study of race and ethnic effects on leisure participation. Several research reports, symposium papers, books, and book chapters predate his publication (e.g., Jones, 1927; Mueller & Gurin, 1962; Meeker, Woods, & Lucas, 1972; Cheek, Field, & Burch, 1976). His contribution was the articulation of a conceptual basis-marginality and ethnicity-for interpreting race and ethnic effects in leisure participation. This special issue provides an opportunity to evaluate the extent of progress in understanding race and ethnic effects in leisure. Moreover, the marginality-ethnicity framework stands as a useful benchmark to gauge where the current literature is positioned both theoretically and empirically with respect to race and ethnic concerns. As part of the special issue, several observations about the state of the race and ethnic studies literature within the leisure field will be discussed. …}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Floyd, Myron F.}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={3–22} }
 @article{floyd_gramann_1997, title={Experience-based setting management: Implications for market segmentation of hunters}, volume={19}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031513151&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490409709512243}, abstractNote={Experience‐based setting management seeks to provide rewarding psychological experiences to recreation participants by managing the physical environments in which recreation occurs. This approach has value to private landowners who provide outdoor recreation opportunities, because it improves their ability to target and attract specific segments of the hunting population. In this study, 4 market segments of hunter were identified: outdoor enthusiasts, high‐challenge harvesters, low‐challenge harvesters, and nonharvesters. They differed significantly in the setting characteristics (accessibility, amount of regimentation, use density, presence of nonrecreational uses, and degree of site management) that enhanced their hunting enjoyment. Such differences may help agencies justify development of different service and marketing strategies to respond to client needs and preferences.}, number={2}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Gramann, J.H.}, year={1997}, pages={113–128} }
 @article{bixler_floyd_1997, title={Nature is scary, disgusting, and uncomfortable}, volume={29}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031390848&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/001391659702900401}, abstractNote={The relationships between fear expectancy, disgust sensitivity, desire for modem comforts, and preference for wildland and built environments and related activiffes were examined. Using a population of predominantly suburban and rural eighth-grade students (n =450), all three variables were found to be significantly related to preferences for wildland environments, recreational activifies, and vocational preferences. Those with high fear expectancy, disgust sensitivity, and desire for modem comforts were more likely to prefer manicured park settings and urban environments and to dislike wildland environments. They were also more likely to prefer indoor social recreation activities and express significantly less interest in future careers working in outdoor environments. Finally, they were less likely to prefer appropnate water bodies for conductng an aquatic entomology lab. Studying negative perceptions may complement existing environmental preference research, which has tended to focus on why people prefer certain environments.}, number={4}, journal={Environment and Behavior}, author={Bixler, R.D. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={1997}, pages={443–467} }
 @article{floyd_1997, title={Pleasure, arousal, and dominance: Exploring affective determinants of recreation satisfaction}, volume={19}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031412502&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490409709512241}, abstractNote={This study explored the application of affective indicators in understanding recreation satisfaction among hunters, using A. Mehrabian and J.A. Russell's (1974) pleasure, arousal and dominance (P‐A‐D) model. Factor analysis was performed to examine the dimensional structure of affective response to a recreation engagement. Regression models examined the relationship between affect and conventional measures of recreation satisfaction. The results showed that affect did not factor into a 3‐dimensional structure suggested by the P‐A‐D model. Rather, a 1‐dimensional structure emerged. Affect explained moderate amounts of variance in four measures of satisfaction. Measures of satisfaction were also regressed on separate P‐A‐D dimensions. The pleasure dimension was the most important predictor of overall satisfaction with a hunting trip and a summated satisfaction measure. The dominance dimension was most important for satisfaction with chance to bag game. The arousal dimension consistently was lowest in predic...}, number={2}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Floyd, M.F.}, year={1997}, pages={83–96} }
 @article{floyd_jang_noe_1997, title={The relationship between environmental concern and acceptability of environmental impacts among visitors to two U.S. national park settings}, volume={51}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0031459811&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1006/jema.1997.0151}, abstractNote={This study examined the relationship between environmental concern and ratings of acceptability of environmental impacts among visitors at two national park settings. Based on the concept of a social ecological paradigm shift, it was hypothesized that individuals with greater levels of environmental concern are less accepting of environmental impacts in national parks than individuals with lesser degrees of concern. Sample data came from Cape Lookout National Seashore (N=392) and Moores Creek National Battlefield (N=236), two national park units in the south-eastern U.S.A. Environmental concern was measured by the New Ecological Paradigm scale. Acceptability was measured by visitor responses to 25 items covering different types of environmental park impacts. Analysis of variance and Tukey's means comparison procedure were used to test for differences between groups defined by levels of environmental concern on impact acceptability. Significant relationships were found between environmental concern and 15 of the 25 specific impacts in the Cape Lookout sample and 13 significant relationships were found in the Moores Creek sample. However, the relationships between environmental concern and acceptability varied somewhat across the two samples. These findings suggested that individuals with greater environmental concern were less accepting (or tolerant) of certain types of park impacts, while individuals with lesser degrees of environmental concern were more accepting of certain park impacts. Differences across the study settings were attributed to the different orientations of park visitors between the two national park units and recency effects. While the data reported are preliminary, they should be informative for park management purposes, particularly in the determination of standards for park impacts.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Environmental Management}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Jang, H. and Noe, F.P.}, year={1997}, pages={391–412} }
 @article{shinew_floyd_mcguire_noe_1996, title={Class polarization and leisure activity preferences of African Americans: Intragroup comparisons}, volume={28}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0000928779&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, author={Shinew, K.J. and Floyd, M.F. and McGuire, F.A. and Noe, F.P.}, year={1996}, pages={219–232} }
 @article{bixler_floyd_hammitt_1995, title={Feared stimuli are expected in specific situations: The use of situationalism and fear expectancy in a self‐report measurement of fears}, volume={51}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029132213&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/1097-4679(199507)51:4<544::AID-JCLP2270510413>3.0.CO;2-4}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Clinical Psychology}, author={Bixler, R.D. and Floyd, M.F. and Hammitt, W.E.}, year={1995}, pages={544–547} }
 @article{shinew_floyd_mcguire_noe_1995, title={Gender, race, and subjective social class and their association with leisure preferences}, volume={17}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-21844509014&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490409509513245}, abstractNote={Abstract This study examines the leisure preferences of subgroups defined by gender, race, and subjective social class. The multiple hierarchy stratification perspective and the class polarization perspective provided the theoretical rationale for the study, and a secondary data set from a national probability telephone survey was used. The interviews obtained information regarding the leisure preferences of adults age 21 to 65. From 2,148 contacts, 1, 711 interviews were completed. The results provide partial support for the study's hypotheses. Poor‐working‐class Black women were distinct from White men and women and middle‐class Black men, but they were similar to the other Black groups. As hypothesized, the leisure preferences of middle‐class Black and White men were similar. However, contrary to the study's hypothesis, Black men of different classes did not exhibit greater dissimilarity when compared with Black women of different classes.}, number={2}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Shinew, K.J. and Floyd, M.F. and McGuire, F.A. and Noe, F.P.}, year={1995}, pages={75–89} }
 @article{floyd_gramann_1995, title={Perceptions of Discrimination in a Recreation Context}, volume={27}, ISSN={0022-2216 2159-6417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1995.11949742}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.1995.11949742}, abstractNote={IntroductionRecently the effect of perceived discrimination on recreation participation has been the subject of a number of empirical investigations. West (1989) found that African Americans in the Detroit area were less frequent users of regional parks partly because of perceptions of prejudice and discrimination. Blahna and Black (1993) in a series of focus group interviews found that discrimination was a significant inhibitor of park use among African American and Hispanic college students in the Chicago area. Floyd, Gramann, and Saenz (1993) reported that perceived discrimination among Mexican Americans tends to be negatively correlated with use of some public recreation facilities in the Southwest U.S.In these studies discrimination is treated as an explanatory variable in relation to recreation behavior. This approach reflects the longstanding concern with matters of equality and equity regarding minority access to public recreation facilities. For example, the marginality hypothesis has been used to explain "under-participation" of minority groups in wildland recreation (Washburne, 1978). The marginal status of African Americans in the U.S. society attributed to historical patterns of discrimination is hypothesized to negatively impact their recreation participation. This paper represents a different approach to and rationale for examining perceptions of discrimination in recreation settings.In this analysis, perceived discrimination is treated as a dependent variable in order to understand how perceived discrimination varies across different segments of an ethnic minority group. This analytical strategy could lead to policy actions that are designed to address specific discrimination concerns rather than broad actions based on assumptions of homogeneity within minority groups. Investigating perceptions of discrimination in a recreation context also contributes to an extensive literature on intergroup relations, particularly the present state of inter-ethnic relationships in the U.S.Theoretical FrameworkTwo competing theoretical perspectives provide empirical expectations with respect to perceptions of discrimination. The first, known as the ethnic enclosure hypothesis, is largely based on Gordon's (1964) theory of ethnic assimilation. Assimilation refers to "a process of boundary reduction that can occur when members of two or more societies or of smaller cultural groups meet" (Yinger, 1981, p. 249). According to Gordon, this progresses along seven dimensions (cultural assimilation, structural assimilation, marital assimilation, identificational assimilation, attitude receptional assimilation, behavioral receptional assimilation, and civic assimilation), albeit at different rates. Of these seven dimensions, Gordon suggested that cultural assimilation is the first to occur. However its achievement does not necessarily lead to the subsequent types. Structural assimilation is viewed as the key subprocess as intergroup interaction begins to occur in primary group relationships (e.g. friendships, family). Its occurrence is thought to lead to the remaining types of assimilation. Thus, behavioral receptional assimilation, the absence of discrimination, should be predicted by increased cultural and structural assimilation. In other words, assimilation theory suggests that as ethnic minority group members acquire greater knowledge of the dominant culture, become socially integrated, and experience upward social mobility they should experience greater acceptance among majority group members and perceive less discrimination.An alternative view, the ethnic competition hypothesis, makes the opposite prediction. This perspective grew out of the work of Glazer and Moynihan (1963) and others who have argued that ethnicity is an emergent phenomenon aroused in the defense of social or economic interests. Recently, it has been highlighted in the work of Portes and colleagues. The hypothesis suggests that increased knowledge of the dominant culture and increased socioeconomic standing leads to greater perception of discrimination and more critical assessments of the dominant society (Portes, 1984; Portes, Parker & Cobas, 1980). …}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Gramann, James H.}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={192–199} }
 @article{bixler_carlisle_floyd_1995, title={Way finding aids: Getting the novice into the woods}, volume={6}, journal={Legacy}, author={Bixler, R.D. and Carlisle, C.L. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={1995}, pages={25–29} }
 @article{bixler_carlisle_hammitt_floyd_1994, title={Observed fears and discomforts among urban students on field trips to wildland areas}, volume={26}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-69249147480&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/00958964.1994.9941430}, abstractNote={Abstract Interpreters at urban nature centers were asked to recall and list fears expressed by students on field trips to wildland areas. Forty-eight interpreters recalled 564 examples of fearful reactions. Responses were interpreted based on the literature on fear. Fears of snakes, insects, nonindigenous animals, and plants were most frequently cited. Enlightening was the high frequency of “fear of getting lost” and the emotion of disgust expressed in relation to natural objects. Results suggest the need to address not only students' fears but also their feelings of disgust. Anxiety reactions from students suggest that interpretive programs for some students may be corrective instead of formative.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Environmental Education}, author={Bixler, R.D. and Carlisle, C.L. and Hammitt, W.E. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={1994}, pages={24–33} }
 @article{floyd_shinew_mcguire_noe_1994, title={Race, Class, and Leisure Activity Preferences: Marginality and Ethnicity Revisited}, volume={26}, ISSN={0022-2216 2159-6417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1994.11969951}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.1994.11969951}, abstractNote={This study examines the relationship between race, leisure preferences, and class awareness. Based on interest-group theory of class identification, we hypothesized that blacks and whites who defin...}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Shinew, Kimberly J. and McGuire, Francis A. and Noe, Francis P.}, year={1994}, month={Apr}, pages={158–173} }
 @article{floyd_gramann_1993, title={Effects of Acculturation and Structural Assimilation in Resource-Based Recreation: The Case of Mexican Americans}, volume={25}, ISSN={0022-2216 2159-6417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1993.11969906}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.1993.11969906}, abstractNote={The study examines the effects of Mexican American acculturation and structural assimilation on outdoor recreation patterns. Based on ethnic assimilation theory, we hypothesized that the greater the level of acculturation or primary structural assimilation, the more similar Mexican Americans would be to Anglo-Americans in their outdoor recreation behavior. Data to test these hypotheses came from a telephone survey of 1,057 households in Maricopa and Gila counties, Arizona. Analysis of covariance indicated that acculturation and primary structural assimilation each had impacts upon Mexican American recreation. In general, primary structural assimilation had its most apparent effects on site visitation, while acculturation was reflected most clearly in activity participation patterns.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Floyd, Myron F. and Gramann, James H.}, year={1993}, month={Jan}, pages={6–21} }
 @article{floyd_gramann_saenz_1993, title={Ethnic factors and the use of public outdoor recreation areas: The case of mexican americans}, volume={15}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0027766448&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490409309513190}, abstractNote={Abstract This study investigated the effects of subculture, marginality, and perceived discrimination on use of selected public outdoor recreation areas. The assimilation perspective from the sociology literature provided theoretical guidance for the study. These concepts were treated as different types of social distance (cultural distance, socioeconomic distance, and intergroup distance). Each was hypothesized to affect the use of outdoor recreation areas. Data for this analysis came from telephone interviews conducted with 1057 households in Maricopa and Gila counties in Arizona. The analysis was conducted using a subsample of respondents of Mexican ancestry. The results support the socioeconomic, or marginality, hypothesis. There was less support for the subcultural, or ethnicity, hypothesis. There was no support for the perceived discrimination hypothesis. Research implications and recommendations are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Gramann, J.H. and Saenz, R.}, year={1993}, pages={83–98} }
 @inbook{gramann_floyd_saenz_1993, place={Boulder, CO}, title={Outdoor recreation and Mexican American ethnicity: A benefits perspective.}, booktitle={Culture, conflict and communication in the wildland/urban interface}, publisher={Westview Press}, author={Gramann, J.H. and Floyd, M.F. and Saenz, R.}, editor={Ewert, A. and Chavez, D. and Magill, A.Editors}, year={1993} }
 @inbook{floyd_noe_1993, place={Boulder, CO}, title={The New Environmental Paradigm and Hispanic cultural influence.}, booktitle={Cultural, conflict and communication in the wildland/urban interface}, publisher={Westview Press}, author={Floyd, M.F. and Noe, F.P.}, editor={Ewert, A. and Chavez, D. and Magill, A.Editors}, year={1993} }
 @inbook{gramann_floyd_ewert_1992, place={Corvallis, Oregon}, title={Interpretation and Hispanic American ethnicity.}, booktitle={On Interpretation: Sociology for interpreters of natural and cultural history}, publisher={Oregon State University Press}, author={Gramann, J.H. and Floyd, M.F. and Ewert, A.}, editor={Machlis, G.E. and Field, D.R.Editors}, year={1992} }