@article{gerard_blikslager_marais_2023, title={A novel case of tracheal injury secondary to gunshot trauma in a white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.23.05.0254}, abstractNote={Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To describe a case of tracheal injury secondary to gunshot trauma in a rhinoceros.


ANIMALS
5-year-old female white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum).


CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES
The rhinoceros was found alive with an apparent bullet entry wound cranial to the left shoulder. The rhinoceros was agitated and had bilateral epistaxis and increased respiratory noise. Immobilization of the animal facilitated closer examination and initiation of medical therapy. Radiographs obtained of the neck region at this first examination were nondiagnostic. Subsequent immobilization events allowed for further diagnostics and treatment.


TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
Initial treatment included a broad-spectrum antibiotic and a corticosteroid. Five days following the injury, the rhinoceros was considered stable, and the animal was immobilized to investigate the cause of the epistaxis and respiratory signs. Tracheoscopy revealed a full-thickness penetrating wound in the mid to caudal region of the trachea, and the surface of a metallic projectile was viewed within the wound. Medical treatment was continued and the rhinoceros was managed conservatively. At 14 days, radiographs of the neck made with a more powerful unit revealed tissue emphysema dorsal to the trachea. A subsequent tracheoscopy 54 days after injury revealed a granulated wound. Follow-up at 4 years after injury determined that the rhinoceros was reported to be behaving normally and had successfully calved.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Gunshot wounds associated with poaching are a prevalent problem in rhinoceros in Africa. Although more aggressive therapy including surgery may likely be considered in zoo or domestic animals, limited conservative treatment was successful in this wild-managed rhinoceros.
}, number={10}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gerard, Mathew P. and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Marais, H. Johan}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{mones_santangelo_gorges_lewbart_gerard_harrison_2023, title={Evaluation of lidocaine for brachial plexus blockade in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2022.11.003}, abstractNote={To evaluate latency and duration of a brachial plexus block technique in eastern box turtles performed with 2% lidocaine at three dose rates.Prospective, randomized, blinded crossover study.Adult eastern box turtles, two for drug dose evaluation and a group of six (three male, three female) weighing 432 ± 40 g (mean ± standard deviation) for the main study.Animals were randomly assigned to four brachial plexus blocks with lidocaine at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 or 0.9% saline (treatments LID5, LID10, LID20 and CON, respectively), separated by 1 week. Treatment side was randomized and blocks were performed unilaterally. Baseline observations of mentation, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), skin temperature and limb response to manipulation or toe pinch were evaluated. Assessments were made every 10 minutes until 1 hour of normal sensory and motor function to the treated thoracic limb, or for a total of 2 hours if no block was evident.Motor and sensory blockade was achieved in treatments LID10 and LID20 in one turtle, with a latency of 10 minutes and duration of 50 minutes for both doses. Raising of the ipsilateral lower palpebra occurred with both blocks. Turtles administered lidocaine experienced higher HR compared with CON, and HR decreased over time for all individuals. Mentation and fR were not changed with any lidocaine dose.The technique was unreliable in producing brachial plexus motor and sensory blockade at the lidocaine doses evaluated in this study. HR was higher in lidocaine-administered turtles but remained within normal limits for the species. No change in mentation or fR was observed among treatments.General anesthesia with systemic analgesia is recommended for surgical procedures involving the chelonian thoracic limb. Further studies are needed to optimize a brachial plexus block in this species.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Santangelo, Stephen M. and Gorges, Melinda A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Gerard, Mathew P. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={98–101} }
 @article{gerard_2021, title={Anatomy and Physiology of the Equine Foot}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1558-4224"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2021.07.002}, abstractNote={This article provides an overview of foot anatomy and physiology, with a focus on fundamental knowledge. The foot is defined as the epidermal hoof capsule and all structures enveloped by the capsule. The anatomy is described using terminology published in Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE}, author={Gerard, Mathew P.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={529–548} }
 @article{mones_gorges_santangelo_lewbart_harrison_gerard_2021, title={Feasibility of a blind perineural injection technique for brachial plexus blockade in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina): a cadaver study}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2021.04.007}, abstractNote={Objective To describe the anatomy of the brachial plexus in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), develop a blind perineural injection technique for brachial plexus blockade and evaluate the distribution of three volumes of new methylene blue dye for injection in cadavers. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded cadaveric study. Animals A total of 24 frozen-thawed box turtle cadavers; two turtles identified with shoulder injuries were subsequently excluded from the study. The remaining 22 turtles weighed 397 (190–581) g, median (range). Methods The brachial plexus and regional anatomy were identified by dissection of seven cadavers to determine anatomic landmarks for a perineural injection technique. This technique was tested by randomizing 15 cadavers into one of three groups to be injected bilaterally with one of three volumes (0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mL) of methylene blue dye 1% aqueous solution. Investigators blinded to the assigned group dissected cadavers 15 minutes after injection and used staining of the four cervical spinal nerves (C5–C8; 25% for each nerve) to record a staining score of the brachial plexus (0–100%). Results Based on descriptions of the anatomy of the brachial plexus, an injection technique was designed. Injections of 0.1 mL methylene blue dye resulted in nine/10 injections with 100% nerve stained, and one/10 injection with 50% (two) nerves stained. All injections of 0.2 or 0.3 mL of methylene blue dye resulted in 100% nerves stained. Conclusions and clinical relevance Perineural injection of the brachial plexus with 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mL methylene blue dye was successful in 29/30 injections in box turtle cadavers weighing 190–581 g. Further studies are needed to determine the minimum volume of injectate that can be successfully used for this technique, and to evaluate its application and efficacy in live turtles.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Gorges, Melinda A. and Santangelo, Stephen M. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harrison, Tara M. and Gerard, Mathew P.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={789–797} }
 @misc{gingold_hassen_milloway_gerard_fowler_2018, title={Caudal intercostal block for abdominal surgery in horses}, volume={183}, ISSN={["2042-7670"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.k3319}, abstractNote={Veterinary RecordVolume 183, Issue 5 p. 164-165 Letters and notices Caudal intercostal block for abdominal surgery in horses Benjamin M. C. Gingold, Corresponding Author bmgingol@ncsu.edu Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USAe-mail: bmgingol@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorKimberly M. Hassen, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorMatthew C. Milloway, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorMathew Gerard, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorAlex W. Fowler, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author Benjamin M. C. Gingold, Corresponding Author bmgingol@ncsu.edu Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USAe-mail: bmgingol@ncsu.eduSearch for more papers by this authorKimberly M. Hassen, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorMatthew C. Milloway, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorMathew Gerard, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorAlex W. Fowler, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 August 2018 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.k3319Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume183, Issue5August 2018Pages 164-165 RelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Gingold, Benjamin M. C. and Hassen, Kimberly M. and Milloway, Matthew C. and Gerard, Mathew and Fowler, Alex W.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={164-+} }
 @article{gerard_glyphis_crawford_blikslager_marais_2018, title={IDENTIFICATION OF A NASOCONCHAL PARANASAL SINUS IN THE WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM)}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2017-0185.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  African rhinoceros are poached for their horns using indiscriminate and aggressive methods. Rhinoceros that survive these attacks often have severe facial trauma, and treatment is limited by a lack of understanding and published information of the normal anatomy. This study was performed to investigate and describe the anatomy of the most commonly injured area of the head of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). Two white rhinoceros cadaver heads were imaged by computed tomography and grossly dissected. A combined dorsal conchal sinus and nasal sinus (named the nasoconchal sinus) was identified and confirmed to be readily exposed by horn removal. The nasoconchal sinus communicates via a relatively large opening with the middle nasal meatus of the nasal cavity. Awareness of the combined sinus space and its single communicating pathway will assist with accurate assessment and treatment of trauma to the dorsal facial region of the white rhinoceros.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Gerard, Mathew R. and Glyphis, Zoe G. and Crawford, Christine and Blikslager, Anthony T. and Marais, JOhan}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={444–449} }
 @article{enomoto_lascelles_gerard_2017, title={Defining local nerve blocks for feline distal pelvic limb surgery: a cadaveric study}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x17690652}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x17690652}, abstractNote={Objectives Anatomical and methodological detail is lacking regarding local anesthetic peripheral nerve block techniques for distal pelvic limb surgery in cats. The aim of this study was to develop, describe and test nerve block methods based on cadaveric dissections and dye injections. Methods Ten pairs of feline pelvic limbs (n = 20) were dissected and the tibial nerve (T n.), common fibular (peroneal) nerve (CF n., and its two branches, the superficial fibular [peroneal] nerve [SpF n.] and the deep fibular [peroneal] nerve [DpF n.]) and the saphenous nerve (Sa n.) were identified. Based on these dissections, a ‘distal crus block’ (selective blockade of the CF n., T n. and Sa n.) and a ‘distal pes block’ (selective blockade of the SpF n., DpF n., T n. and Sa n.) were developed for surgical procedures in two different regions of the distal pelvic limb. Techniques were tested using new methylene blue (NMB) dye injections in feline pelvic limbs (n = 12). Using a 25 G × 5/8 inch needle and 1 ml syringe, 0.1 ml/kg of NMB dye solution was injected at the site of the CF n., and 0.05 ml/kg was injected at the sites of the SpF n., DpF n., Sa n. and T n. The length and circumference (fully or partially stained) of each stained nerve were measured. Results Positive staining of nerves was observed in 12/12 limbs. The lengths stained for the CF n., DpF n., SpF n., Sa n. and T n. were 27.19 ± 7.13, 20.39 ± 5.57, 22.82 ± 7.13, 30.89 ± 6.99 and 25.16 ± 8.09 mm, respectively. The nerves were fully stained in 12, 12, 10, 11 and 11 out of 12 limbs, respectively. Conclusions and relevance These two, three-point injection methods may be an effective perioperative analgesia technique for feline distal pelvic limb procedures. }, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Enomoto, Masataka and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Gerard, Mathew P.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={1215–1223} }
 @article{enomoto_lascelles_gerard_2016, title={Defining the local nerve blocks for feline distal thoracic limb surgery: a cadaveric study}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x15597967}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x15597967}, abstractNote={Objectives Though controversial, onychectomy remains a commonly performed distal thoracic limb surgical procedure in cats. Peripheral nerve block techniques have been proposed in cats undergoing onychectomy but evidence of efficacy is lacking. Preliminary tests of the described technique using cadavers resulted in incomplete staining of nerves. The aim of this study was to develop nerve block methods based on cadaveric dissections and test these methods with cadaveric dye injections. Methods Ten pairs of feline thoracic limbs (n = 20) were dissected and superficial branches of the radial nerve (RSbr nn.), median nerve (M n.), dorsal branch of ulnar nerve (UDbr n.), superficial branch of palmar branch of ulnar nerve (UPbrS n.) and deep branch of palmar branch of ulnar nerve (UPbrDp n.) were identified. Based on these dissections, a four-point block was developed and tested using dye injections in another six pairs of feline thoracic limbs (n = 12). Using a 25 G × 5/8 inch needle and 1 ml syringe, 0.07 ml/kg methylene blue was injected at the site of the RSbr nn., 0.04 ml/kg at the injection site of the UDbr n., 0.08 ml/kg at the injection site of the M n. and UPbrS n., and 0.01 ml/kg at the injection site of the UPbrDp n. The length and circumference of each nerve that was stained was measured. Results Positive staining of all nerves was observed in 12/12 limbs. The lengths stained for RSbr nn., M n., UDbr n., UPbrS n. and UPbrDp n. were 34.9 ± 5.3, 26.4 ± 4.8, 29.2 ± 4.0, 39.1 ± 4.3 and 17.5 ± 3.3 mm, respectively. The nerve circumferences stained were 93.8 ± 15.5, 95.8 ± 9.7, 100 ± 0.0, 100 ± 0.0 and 93.8 ± 15.5%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance This described four-point injection method may be an effective perioperative analgesia technique for feline distal thoracic limb procedures. }, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England}, author={Enomoto, Masataka and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Gerard, Mathew P.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={838–845} }
 @article{davis_fogle_gerard_levine_blikslager_2012, title={Return to use and performance following exploratory celiotomy for colic in horses: 195 cases (2003-2010)}, volume={45}, ISSN={0425-1644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00615.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00615.x}, abstractNote={SummaryReasons for performing study: There are few objective data on return to use and performance in horses following colic surgery.Objective: To investigate return to functional use of horses following colic surgery and factors associated with a negative outcome.Methods: The North Carolina State University Equine Colic Database was reviewed for horses that underwent exploratory celiotomy for colic (2003–2010). Horses were excluded from the study if they survived <6 months, had no intended use preoperatively, or if further data were not available at attempted follow‐up. Information retrieved included history, background, use, and selected pre‐, intra‐, and post operative factors. Telephone interviews were used to obtain follow‐up data. Logistic regression was used to investigate associations between clinical data and outcome, reported as odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval and corresponding P value.Results: Of patients surviving to 6 months, 133/195 (68%) were performing their intended use and 85/156 (54%) were at or above preoperative performance. At one year, 145/190 (76%) horses were performing their intended use and 101/153 (66%) were at or above preoperative performance. Animals were significantly less likely to return to use/performance if they had a previous celiotomy, stall rest for an orthopaedic condition, a nonstrangulating lesion type, incisional hernia, diarrhoea or laminitis.Conclusions: The overall prognosis for return to use and performance following colic surgery is fair to good. Multiple pre‐ and post operative factors may affect the likelihood of return to use and performance.Potential relevance: Targeted owner education regarding preoperative lameness, post operative rehabilitation and treatment for complications, such as incisional hernioplasty, may help inform owners about their horse's potential for return to use and performance following colic surgery.}, number={2}, journal={Equine Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Davis, W. and Fogle, C. A. and Gerard, M. P. and Levine, J. F. and Blikslager, A. T.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={224–228} }
 @article{smith_davis_smith_gerard_campbell_foster_2010, title={Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Pantoprazole in Alpacas}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0508.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0508.x}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Despite frequent clinical use, information about the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pantoprazole in camelids is not available.


OBJECTIVES
To examine the pharmacokinetics of both IV and SC pantoprazole and to determine whether pantoprazole administration would increase 3rd compartment pH in alpacas.


ANIMALS
Six healthy adult alpacas.


METHODS
Alpacas were fitted with a 3rd compartment cannula for measuring gastric pH. After recovery, alpacas received 1 mg/kg pantoprazole IV, q24h for 3 days or 2 mg/kg SC q24h for 3 days. Alpacas received both IV and SC pantoprazole, with a minimum of 3 weeks between treatments. Third compartment pH was recorded and plasma samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis.


RESULTS
Pantoprazole induced a slow but sustained increase in 3rd compartment pH when given by both the IV and SC routes. Third compartment pH was significantly increased as compared with baseline values (1.81+/-0.7; mean+/-SD) at 24 (2.47+/-0.8), 48 (3.53+/-1.0) and 72 hours (4.03+/-1.3) after daily IV administration of pantoprazole. Third compartment pH increased from 1.73+/-0.6 at baseline to 3.05+/-1.1, 4.02+/-1.4, and 3.61+/-1.6 at 24, 48, and 72 hours after SC administration, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that pantoprazole had a short elimination half-life (0.47+0.06 h) and a high clearance rate (12.2+/-2.9 mL/kg/min) after both IV and SC administration.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Based on the results of this study, pantoprazole represents a safe and effective drug for increasing 3rd compartment pH in camelids. Either IV or SC administration is likely to be an effective treatment for gastric ulcers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Smith, G. W. and Davis, J. L. and Smith, S. M. and Gerard, M. P. and Campbell, N. B. and Foster, D. M.}, year={2010}, pages={949–955} }
 @article{gerard_pruitt_thrall_2010, title={RADIATION THERAPY COMMUNICATION: NASAL PASSAGE AND PARANASAL SINUS LYMPHOMA IN A PONY}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01630.x}, abstractNote={An aged pony with extensive paranasal sinus and nasal passage B‐cell lymphoma was treated with palliative radiation therapy. Sixteen gray were administered in two fractions, 7 days apart. A lateral field was used for the first fraction and a dorsal field for the second. Because of tumor being present in the left frontal sinus, gross tumor was knowingly excluded from the treated volume in the lateral field. The tumor regressed within 2 months and the pony remained free of clinical disease for 2.5 years. Acute, temporary blindness developed shortly after the second radiation fraction, but a direct causal relationship with the radiation therapy was not confirmed. The only radiation side effect was leukotrichia. Palliative treatment was successful in improving and prolonging the quality of life. These results suggest that localized equine B‐cell lymphoma is radiosensitive, and that palliative radiation therapy is a reasonable consideration for large tumors, even when tumor volume prevents all gross tumor from being irradiated.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Gerard, Mathew and Pruitt, Amy and Thrall, Donald E.}, year={2010}, pages={97–101} }
 @article{close_gerard_davidson_schramme_2011, title={Successful treatment of infectious (Salmonella type III: 44) polyarthritis and osteomyelitis in a 4-week-old foal}, volume={23}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00152.x}, abstractNote={Summary 
 
This article describes the acute onset of infectious polyarthritis and osteomyelitis in a 4-week-old foal. Analysis of synovial fluid obtained from the left femoropatellar and right tarsocrural joints combined with clinical signs consisting of joint effusion and lameness yielded a diagnosis of septic arthritis. Bacterial culture of synovial fluid from the left stifle revealed Salmonella type III: 44. Rapid, sustained clinical improvement was noted following discontinuation of empirical antimicrobial therapy (potassium penicillin and amikacin sulphate) and initiation of treatment with ceftiofur and ampicillin. The importance of combining knowledge of veterinary pharmacology and microbiology so that appropriate antimicrobials may be selected with regard to the local environment in which they are to eradicate infection is emphasised. Despite frequent reference to amikacin sulphate as an effective antimicrobial for treating infections in foals caused by Salmonella, factors are discussed that explain why amikacin may not be clinically effective for treating infectious arthritis caused by Salmonella.}, number={3}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Close, K. and Gerard, M. and Davidson, G. and Schramme, M.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={121–126} }
 @article{little_redding_gerard_2009, title={Osseous cyst-like lesions of the lateral infertubercular groove of the proximal humerus: A report of 5 cases}, volume={21}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.2746/095777308X382678}, abstractNote={SummaryThis report documents the case presentation, evaluation, treatment and outcome of 5 horses with an osseous cystlike lesion (OCLL) of the intertubercular groove of the proximal aspect of the humerus. In 3 of the 5 cases, delayed phase gamma scintigraphic findings demonstrated increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the region of the intermediate tubercle of the proximal humerus of the affected limb, demonstrating increased bone remodelling in this region. In 4 of the 5 horses, an OCLL was identified in the intermediate tubercle of the proximal humerus, and in one horse the OCLL was identified in the greater tubercle. Medial‐lateral and craniomedial‐caudolateral oblique radiographic views were helpful to see the lesions in all cases. Ultrasonography confirmed the location of the subchondral and fibrocartilage defect associated with the OCLL and confirmed communication of the cyst with the lateral intertubercular groove of the humerus in 3 of the 5 cases. Ultrasonography also confirmed a variable degree of bicipital tendonitis in 3 of the horses. OCLL of the lateral intertubercular groove of the proximal humerus should be considered in the evaluation of any mature horse with lameness isolated to the bicipital bursa. Development of these OCLL may be a result of trauma or altered limb biomechanics as a result of shoulder osteoarthritis or concurrent chronic lameness, which leads to disruption or thinning of the fibrocartilage, remodelling of the subchondral bone and subsequent cyst development.}, number={2}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Little, D. and Redding, W. R. and Gerard, M. P.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={60–66} }
 @article{smith_gerard_campbell_foster_smith_davis_2009, title={Third-compartment cannulation in alpacas using a polyurethane gastrostomy tube}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1751-0813"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00510.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00510.x}, abstractNote={Objective To develop a simple and effective surgical technique for third‐compartment cannulation in alpacas.Design Prospective study using six adult male alpacas.Methods General anaesthesia was induced and a polyurethane gastrostomy tube was surgically implanted into the distal portion of the third compartment.Results Three of the alpacas retained their cannulas for a 100‐day period; however, three cannulas were dislodged during the study. Two of the three dislodged cannulas were replaced during a second surgical procedure. Cannulas were well tolerated by the alpacas and all animals remained clinically healthy during the study period. Third compartment contents did not leak from the cannulation site. The tubes were manually removed following the completion of the study and the small defect in the body wall quickly healed over in all animals.Conclusion Surgical placement of polyurethane tubes designed for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is a useful method of cannulating the third compartment in camelids. This technique can be used for experimental studies and possibly could be used for nutritional support and fluid therapy in sick camelids that might need long‐term care.}, number={12}, journal={AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Smith, G. W. and Gerard, M. P. and Campbell, N. B. and Foster, D. M. and Smith, S. M. and Davis, J. L.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={487–491} }
 @article{frederico_gerard_pinto_gradil_2007, title={Bilateral occurrence of granulosa-theca cell tumors in an Arabian mare}, volume={48}, number={5}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={Frederico, L. M. and Gerard, M. P. and Pinto, C. R. F. and Gradil, C. M.}, year={2007}, pages={502–505} }
 @misc{gerard_wotman_komaromy_2006, title={Infections of the head and ocular structures in the horse}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1558-4224"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.009}, abstractNote={Infectious conditions of the equine head are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Pathogenic bacterial, viral, and fungal organisms may localize in the extensive nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, and guttural pouches, creating a range of clinical signs and conditions that can be severe enough to lead to unexpected fatality. Renewed interest in equine dentistry has led to a greater recognition of dental disease that is associated with infection. This article focuses on bacterial and fungal infections of the main anatomic regions of the equine head, where advances in diagnosis and management have been made or consolidated in recent years. It also addresses recent advances made in the area of infectious equine corneal disease, including bacterial, viral, and fungal etiologies. Recent developments in equine recurrent uveitis as it relates to infectious diseases and ocular manifestations of systemic disease are also discussed.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE PRACTICE}, author={Gerard, Mathew P. and Wotman, Kathryn L. and Komaromy, Andras M.}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={591-+} }
 @article{pierce_gerard_2006, title={What is your diagnosis?}, volume={229}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.229.1.37}, abstractNote={What Is Your Diagnosis? HistoryA 12-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was referred for evaluation of grade 4/5 lameness 1 of the right hind limb of 4 hours' duration.During exercise under saddle, the horse reared and fell backwards, initially landing on the right side of the pelvis and right hind limb.On physical examination, abrasions were noted on the proximal interphalangeal joint in the right hind limb proximal to the coronary band.Soft tissue swelling was detected, and signs of pain were elicited during palpation of the right semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris muscles, and right ischiatic tuber.During palpation per rectum, a mass (7 cm in diameter) was detected pararectally at the dorsal aspect of the pelvic canal approximately 20 cm from the anus.A transrectal ultrasound-guided fineneedle aspirate of the mass was obtained; the cytologic diagnosis was melanoma.The mass was considered an incidental finding.Standing oblique radiographs of the right and left ischiatic tubers were obtained; however, results were not diagnostic.Radiography during general anesthesia was not considered appropriate for this horse because of concerns that recovery from anesthesia may cause additional trauma to the affected limb.Except for the melanoma, no abnormalities were detected during transrectal ultrasonography of the pelvic canal.Transcutaneous ultrasonography of the right and left ischiatic tubers and regional muscles was performed (Figure 1).Determine whether additional imaging studies are required, or make your diagnosis from Figure 1-then turn the page.}, number={1}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Pierce, Kristi N. and Gerard, Mathew P.}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={37–38} }
 @article{gerard_hodgson_rose_walsh_2005, title={Effects of recombinant equine growth hormone on in vitro biomechanical properties of the superficial digital flexor tendon of Standardbred yearlings in training}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2005.00038.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To determine whether recombinant equine growth hormone (rEGH) would alter the in vitro biomechanical properties of the forelimb superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in exercising young Standardbred horses.Study Design—Randomized complete block design.Animals—Twelve Standardbred yearlings.Methods—Horses were trained for 12 weeks on a high‐speed treadmill (10% positive incline). rEGH was administered intramuscularly (IM) daily (10 μg/kg during week 4; 20 μg/kg for weeks 5–9) to 6 horses (treated group), whereas 6 horses (control group) were administered an equivalent daily volume of sterile water IM. At 12 weeks, horses were euthanatized and left forelimb SDFTs were collected and stored (−70°C). A section from the mid‐region of the SDFT was held in cryoclamps with a 4 cm interspace distance and distracted at 10 mm/s until failure. The variables evaluated were maximal load at yield and failure, ultimate and yield tensile stress and strain, tendon stiffness, and mode of failure. Data were analyzed using unpaired, two‐tailed, Student's t‐test. Statistical significance was set atP≤.05.Results—Yield and ultimate tensile stress were significantly lower in the rEGH‐treated horses compared with controls. There was a trend toward increased maximal displacement, increased ultimate tensile strain, and decreased tendon stiffness in rEGH‐treated horses compared with controls. Tensile stress and cross‐sectional area, and tensile stress and stiffness were significantly correlated at yield and failure points.Conclusions—rEGH, administered at the manufacturer's recommended dose rates to maturing Standardbred horses in training, does not significantly augment the in vitro biomechanical properties of the forelimb SDFT.Clinical Relevance—Administration of rEGH to young horses in training is unlikely to enhance the physiologic adaptation of the SDFT to exercise stress.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Gerard, MP and Hodgson, DR and Rose, RJ and Walsh, WR}, year={2005}, pages={253–259} }
 @article{tudor_ramirez_tate_gerard_1999, title={A congenital malformation of the maxilla of a horse}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb02124.x}, abstractNote={A 1‐month‐old male American Paint Horse was evaluated for a hard swelling on the right side of the maxillary region. On radiographs there was a large, expansile outpouching of the right maxillary bone between the second and third premolar teeth. Computed tomography further characterized the expansile lesion to have a soft tissue component and to originate in the region of a caudal maxillary tooth. Surgical reconstruction of the defect was unsuccessful and the animal was euthanetized. Based on failure to find histopathologic evidence of a neoplasm or cyst, the diagnosis was a congenital malformation.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Tudor, RA and Ramirez, O and Tate, LP and Gerard, MP}, year={1999}, pages={353–356} }
 @article{gerard_blikslager_roberts_tate_argenzio_1999, title={The characteristics of intestinal injury peripheral to strangulating obstruction lesions in the equine small intestine}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0425-1644"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03826.x}, abstractNote={SummaryRecent studies suggest that horses requiring surgical correction of strangulating intestinal obstruction may develop post operative complications as a result of ischaemia/ reperfusion injury. Therefore, the mucosal and serosal margins of resected small intestine from 9 horses with small intestinal strangulating lesions were examined for evidence of ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Severe mucosal injury and marked elevations in myeloperoxidase activity were detected at ileal resection margins (n = 4), whereas the mucosa from proximal jejunal (n = 9) and distal jejunal (n = 5) resection margins was normal. However, the serosa from jejunal resection margins had evidence of haemorrhage and oedema, and the proximal jejunal serosa had significantly increased numbers of neutrophils. Histological injury in ileal stumps is indicative of the inability fully to resect the ileum in horses with distal small intestinal strangulations. One of 4 horses subjected to ileal resection was subjected to euthanasia and found to have a necrotic ileal stump. Evidence of serosal injury and neutrophil infiltration in the proximal jejunal resection margins may predispose horses to post operative adhesions. Four of 8 horses discharged from the hospital suffered from recurrent colic in the post operative period.}, number={4}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Gerard, MP and Blikslager, AT and Roberts, MC and Tate, LP and Argenzio, RA}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={331–335} }
 @article{gerard_healy_bowman_miller_1998, title={Cutaneous lymphoma with extensive periarticular involvement in a horse}, volume={213}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Gerard, M. P. and Healy, L. N. and Bowman, K. F. and Miller, R. T.}, year={1998}, pages={391–393} }
 @article{blikslager_roberts_gerard_argenzio_1997, title={How important is intestinal reperfusion injury in horses?}, volume={211}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Blikslager, A. T. and Roberts, M. C. and Gerard, M. P. and Argenzio, R. A.}, year={1997}, pages={1387–1389} }
 @article{gerard_bowman_blikslager_tate_bristol, title={Jejunocolostomy or ileocolostomy for treatment of cecal impaction in horses: Nine cases (1985-1995)}, volume={209}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Gerard, M. P. and Bowman, K. F. and Blikslager, A. T. and Tate, L. P., Jr. and Bristol, D. G.}, pages={1287–1289} }