@article{zhang_kalmath_abernathy_giandomenico_nolan_reiskind_boyce_2024, title={<i>Rickettsia africae</i> infections in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review of epidemiological studies and summary of case reports}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1365-3156"]}, DOI={10.1111/tmi.14002}, abstractNote={Rickettsia africae is a tick-borne bacteria known to cause African tick bite fever (ATBF). While the disease was first described more than 100 years ago, knowledge of transmission risk factors and disease burden remain poorly described. To better understand the burden of R. africae, this article reviewed and summarized the published literature related to ATBF epidemiology and clinical management. Using a systematic approach, consistent with the PRISMA guidelines, we identified more than 100 eligible articles, including 65 epidemiological studies and 41 case reports. Most reports described R. africae in ticks and livestock, while human studies were less common. Human disease case reports were exclusively among returning travellers from non-endemic areas, which limits our disease knowledge among at-risk populations: people living in endemic regions. Substantial efforts to elucidate the ATBF risk factors and clinical manifestations among local populations are needed to develop effective preventative strategies and facilitate appropriate and timely diagnosis.}, journal={TROPICAL MEDICINE & INTERNATIONAL HEALTH}, author={Zhang, Elizabeth Y. and Kalmath, Prarthana and Abernathy, Haley A. and Giandomenico, Dana A. and Nolan, Melissa S. and Reiskind, Michael H. and Boyce, Ross M.}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{maurer_seminoff_reiskind_stapleton_2024, title={Diverse migratory strategies for a hawksbill sea turtle population}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1099-0755"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.4080}, DOI={10.1002/aqc.4080}, abstractNote={Abstract

Outside of short, infrequent visits to reproductive habitats, sea turtle lifespans are largely spent in foraging areas. Supporting imperilled populations in an era of biodiversity declines and environmental change requires improvements in the understanding of foraging distributions, plus the migratory corridors that connect foraging and reproductive habitats.
This study evaluates the migratory strategies and foraging geography of hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Western Atlantic. The post‐nesting migrations of 22 females were tracked via satellite telemetry from Long Island, Antigua, during 2016–2019, and a state‐space model was utilized to estimate true turtle locations from Argos satellite fixes. Model output was used to characterize migratory routes and home ranges occupied during non‐migratory inter‐nesting and foraging periods.
Hawksbill migrations (N = 19) resulted in displacements to foraging areas ranging 7–2300 km. Foraging geography varied considerably—whereas eight turtles remained in the immediate vicinity of Antigua and Barbuda (<30 km), there were also longer‐distance migrations (>470 km) to locations such as The Bahamas and Nicaragua. Inter‐nesting core home ranges (50% utilization distributions) ranged from 7 to 72 km2, while foraging core areas ranged from 7 to 46 km2.
These results add to evidence suggesting that, broadly, post‐nesting hawksbills forage in neritic habitats throughout the Wider Caribbean, including several high‐use areas. Short displacements to foraging habitats relatively nearby to nesting beaches appear to be the most common migratory behaviour, but individuals in a single population may exhibit various migratory strategies, resulting in basin‐wide connectivity between nesting and foraging sites. Given that a single individual or nesting population may inhabit several management jurisdictions, an idealized scenario for regional hawksbill conservation would entail data sharing between managers at linked nesting areas, foraging habitats and migratory corridors such that policies to protect key habitats and mitigate human impacts are designed and evaluated based on best‐available science.
}, journal={AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS}, author={Maurer, Andrew S. and Seminoff, Jeffrey A. and Reiskind, Martha O. Burford and Stapleton, Seth P.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{adams_figurskey_barbarin_reiskind_2024, title={Don't go chasing waterfalls: the phenology of Amblyomma americanum and increased collection of medically relevant ticks further away from hiking trails in the Piedmont of North Carolina, USA}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjae057}, abstractNote={Abstract Hiking is a popular recreational activity in North Carolina that may expose people to ticks and tick-borne pathogens. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how ticks are distributed on and near trails. Our study tested the hypothesis that ticks are more likely to be encountered when moving further away from trails by measuring differences in relative abundance at various distances. We tested 4 distances (middle of trail, edge of trail, 5 m, 20 m), as well as an on-trail and off-trail grouping. We collected significantly more ticks and ticks were more likely to be collected at our 20 m and 5 m sampling distances rather than directly on or adjacent to trails, and significantly more were collected during off-trail collections than on-trails. When looking only at Amblyomma americanum, post hoc comparisons revealed that significantly more juvenile stages were collected at 5 m and 20 m distances, but not for adults. Our monthly sampling also allowed us to describe the phenology of A. americanum in North Carolina, which is consistent with the phenology of this species in the southeastern United States with adults peaking May–Jun, nymphs Jun–Jul, and larvae in Jul–Aug. These results generally demonstrate the importance of utilizing established trails when hiking to decrease tick-borne disease risk and should be communicated to the public as a recommendation for reducing tick-encounter risk.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Adams, Dayvion R. and Figurskey, Anastasia C. and Barbarin, Alexis M. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2024}, month={May} }
 @article{ponnusamy_travanty_watson_seagle_boyce_reiskind_2024, title={Microbiome of Invasive Tick Species Haemaphysalis Longicornis in North Carolina, USA}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2075-4450"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/3/153}, DOI={10.3390/insects15030153}, abstractNote={Ticks are one of the most important vectors of human and animal disease worldwide. In addition to pathogens, ticks carry a diverse microbiota of symbiotic and commensal microorganisms. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to survey the microbiomes of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) at different life stages collected from field populations in North Carolina (NC), USA. Sequence analyses were performed using QIIME2 with the DADA2 plugin and taxonomic assignments using the Greengenes database. Following quality filtering and rarefaction, the bacterial DNA sequences were assigned to 4795 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in 105 ticks. A core microbiome of H. longicornis was conserved across all ticks analyzed, and included bacterial taxa: Coxiella, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonadaceae, Actinomycetales, and Sphingobium. Less abundant bacterial taxa, including Rickettsia and Aeromonas, were also identified in some ticks. We discovered some ASVs that are associated with human and animal infections among the identified bacteria. Alpha diversity metrics revealed significant differences in bacterial diversity between life stages. Beta diversity metrics also revealed that bacterial communities across the three life stages were significantly different, suggesting dramatic changes in the microbiome as ticks mature. Based on these results, additional investigation is necessary to determine the significance of the Haemaphysalis longicornis microbiome for animal and human health.}, number={3}, journal={INSECTS}, author={Ponnusamy, Loganathan and Travanty, Nicholas V. and Watson, D. Wes and Seagle, Steven W. and Boyce, Ross M. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{adams_barbarin_reiskind_2024, title={New report of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in Mecklenburg County, Virginia from field collections}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjae090}, abstractNote={Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann) was first established in New Jersey and has rapidly spread across most of the eastern United States. This tick has the potential to infest a wide variety of hosts and can reproduce quickly via parthenogenesis, presenting a new threat to animal health. Here we report the first record of a single H. longicornis tick in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, from incidental field collections of ticks. In addition to H. longicornis, we collected 787 Amblyomma americanum, 25 Dermacentor variabilis, 6 Ixodes affinis, 1 Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, and 1 Amblyomma maculatum using standard dragging and flagging techniques. The expansion of H. longicornis will have economic consequences for livestock producers in south-central Virginia, who must now manage this species. Enhanced surveillance is needed to fully understand its growing geographic distribution in the United States and the subsequent consequences of its spread.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Adams, Dayvion R. and Barbarin, Alexis M. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @article{abernathy_boyce_reiskind_2023, title={Exploring the effects of caffeine on Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) survival and fecundity}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjad047}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Investigating new avenues of mosquito control is an important area of entomological research. Examining the effects of various compounds on mosquito biology contributes to the foundation of knowledge from which novel control methods can be built. Caffeine, in particular, is a commonly consumed compound that has not been thoroughly studied for its potential in disrupting the natural life cycle of mosquitoes. In this exploratory study, we analyzed caffeine’s effect on the blood-feeding behavior, survival, and fecundity of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Two outcomes, blood-feeding behavior and fecundity, were analyzed in the first experiment in which mosquitoes were exposed to caffeine doses ranging from 0.2 to 2.4 mg/ml. We found a negative linear relationship between dose and fecundity, but no significant impact on blood-feeding behavior. Adjustments were made to the experimental design in which mosquitoes were exposed to doses ranging from 2.5 to 20 mg/ml. From this experiment, we found that caffeine negatively affected blood-feeding behavior, survival, and fecundity especially at higher concentrations. These results suggest that caffeine could be a potential target for future mosquito control research.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Abernathy, Haley A. and Boyce, Ross M. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{soghigian_sither_justi_morinaga_cassel_vitek_livdahl_xia_gloria-soria_powell_et al._2023, title={Phylogenomics reveals the history of host use in mosquitoes}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2041-1723"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41467-023-41764-y}, abstractNote={AbstractMosquitoes have profoundly affected human history and continue to threaten human health through the transmission of a diverse array of pathogens. The phylogeny of mosquitoes has remained poorly characterized due to difficulty in taxonomic sampling and limited availability of genomic data beyond the most important vector species. Here, we used phylogenomic analysis of 709 single copy ortholog groups from 256 mosquito species to produce a strongly supported phylogeny that resolves the position of the major disease vector species and the major mosquito lineages. Our analyses support an origin of mosquitoes in the early Triassic (217 MYA [highest posterior density region: 188–250 MYA]), considerably older than previous estimates. Moreover, we utilize an extensive database of host associations for mosquitoes to show that mosquitoes have shifted to feeding upon the blood of mammals numerous times, and that mosquito diversification and host-use patterns within major lineages appear to coincide in earth history both with major continental drift events and with the diversification of vertebrate classes.}, number={1}, journal={NATURE COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Soghigian, John and Sither, Charles and Justi, Silvia Andrade and Morinaga, Gen and Cassel, Brian K. and Vitek, Christopher J. and Livdahl, Todd and Xia, Siyang and Gloria-Soria, Andrea and Powell, Jeffrey R. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{michaud_iverson_reiskind_kearney_richards_2022, title={Brief Review of Japanese Encephalitis Virus: Recommendations Related to North Carolina Swine Farms and Wider Implications for Swine Farming}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6772/2/4/25}, DOI={10.3390/parasitologia2040025}, abstractNote={Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne virus primarily found in Asia and Australia and is one of the few with an associated human/animal vaccine. Swine are amplifying hosts and wading birds are reservoirs of JEV, while horses and humans are incidental hosts. The primary vector is Culex tritaeniorhynchus, a generalist blood feeder not found in the United States (US); secondary vectors (e.g., Cx. pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Aedes japonicus, Ae. vexans) are widespread in the US (including North Carolina [NC]). The risk of JEV to NC was investigated because of widespread swine production, human populations, bird hosts, and possible mosquito vectors; however, recommendations can also apply to other swine producing states and regions. A brief review was conducted to identify transmission competent arthropod vectors, vertebrate hosts, and vector-host interactions for JEV. NC and other areas may be at risk for JEV emergence because of factors such as active international trade, volume of swine production, permissive climate, and widespread occurrence of potential vector species. Improved knowledge of the spatial distribution of swine farms, tracking movement of live swine, assessment of vector competence/capacity and blood feeding habits of potential JEV vectors, investigation of a JEV sentinel surveillance system, and assessment of efficacy for current biosecurity and control measures is needed to protect public and veterinary health.}, journal={Parasitologia}, author={Michaud, Kenneth and Iverson, Guy and Reiskind, Michael and Kearney, Greg and Richards, Stephanie L.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{figurskey_hollingsworth_doyle_reiskind_2022, title={Effectiveness of autocidal gravid trapping and chemical control in altering abundance and age structure of Aedes albopictus}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.6917}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundAedes albopictus is a nuisance pest mosquito of public health importance commonly managed with adulticides and larvicides. We investigated whether adding Gravid Aedes Traps (GATs), Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps (AGOs) or In2Care traps would extend the effectiveness of chemical control methods in Wake County, North Carolina, USA, by combining barrier sprays and larval habitat management (LHM) with each trap type at suburban households. We compared these three treatment groups to untreated controls and to backyards treated only with barrier sprays and LHM. Once a week, for ten weeks, we collected adult mosquitoes at each house using lure‐baited surveillance traps and dissected a portion of Ae. albopictus females to determine parity.ResultsBarrier sprays and LHM alone or combined with any supplemental autocidal ovitrap significantly reduced female Ae. albopictus through Week 3 post‐treatment. GATs significantly extended chemical control effectiveness for the duration of the study. Compared to the untreated control, the AGO and GAT treatment groups had significant overall female Ae. albopictus reductions of 74% and 80.4%, respectively, with populations aging significantly slower at houses treated with AGOs.ConclusionThis household‐level study, though limited in size, observed significant reductions in nuisance Ae. albopictus when combining AGOs and GATs with chemical controls for an eight‐week period. Delayed population aging in AGO‐treated yards suggests that traps also could mitigate disease transmission risk. Future studies should test these control methods at the neighborhood level to evaluate large‐scale effectiveness as well as assess the effect of autocidal ovitraps without chemical intervention. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Figurskey, Anastasia C. and Hollingsworth, Brandon and Doyle, Michael S. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{reed_reiskind_reiskind_2022, title={Life-history stage and the population genetics of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus at a fine spatial scale}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1365-2915"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mve.12618}, DOI={10.1111/mve.12618}, abstractNote={AbstractAs a widespread vector of disease with an expanding range, the mosquito Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) is a high priority for research and management. A. albopictus has a complex life history with aquatic egg, larval and pupal stages, and a terrestrial adult stage. This requires targeted management strategies for each life stage, coordinated across time and space. Population genetics can aid in A. albopictus control by evaluating patterns of genetic diversity and dispersal. However, how life stage impacts population genetic characteristics is unknown. We examined whether patterns of A. albopictus genetic diversity and differentiation changed with life stage at a spatial scale relevant to management efforts. We first conducted a literature review of field‐caught A. albopictus population genetic papers and identified 101 peer‐reviewed publications, none of which compared results between life stages. Our study uniquely examines population genomic patterns of egg and adult A. albopictus at five sites in Wake County, North Carolina, USA, using 8425 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found that the level of genetic diversity and connectivity between sites varied between adults and eggs. This warrants further study and is critical for research aimed at informing local management.}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Reed, Emily M. X. and Reiskind, Michael H. and Reiskind, Martha O. Burford}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{abernathy_hollingsworth_giandomenico_moser_juliano_bowman_george_reiskind_boyce_2022, title={Prevalence of Knock-Down Resistance F1534S Mutations in Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in North Carolina}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjac054}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Aedes species mosquitoes are biomarkers for resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. In the United States, few studies have reported kdr mutations among Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) populations. In this study, we sought to compare the presence of kdr alleles among Ae. albopictus mosquitoes collected from Fort Bragg and Wake County, North Carolina. We collected 538 Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, including 156 from 4 sites at Fort Bragg, North Carolina and 382 from 15 sites in Wake County, North Carolina to compare the prevalence of kdr mutations. Of those successfully sequenced, we identified 12 (3.0%) mosquitoes with kdr mutations, all of which were attributed to variants at position 1534 within domain 3. All mutations were found in mosquitoes collected at Wake County sites; no mutations were identified in collections from Fort Bragg. There was a focus of mutations observed at the Wake County sites with approximately 92% (11 of 12) of the mosquitoes with the mutation coming from one site, where kdr mutations represented 24.4% (11 of 45) of all mosquitoes collected. We observed highly focal resistance in a suburban area of Raleigh, which may be attributable to peri-domestic mosquito control activities that involve area dispersal of pyrethroid insecticides. More robust surveillance is needed to monitor the emergence and spread of resistance.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Abernathy, Haley A. and Hollingsworth, Brandon D. and Giandomenico, Dana A. and Moser, Kara A. and Juliano, Jonathan J. and Bowman, Natalie M. and George, Phillip J. and Reiskind, Michael H. and Boyce, Ross M.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{reinbold-wasson_reiskind_2021, title={Comparative Skip-Oviposition Behavior Among Container Breeding Aedes spp. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjab084}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Container Aedes mosquitoes are the most important vectors of human arboviruses (i.e., dengue, chikungunya, Zika, or yellow fever). Invasive and native container Aedes spp. potentially utilize natural and artificial containers in specific environments for oviposition. Several container Aedes spp. display ‘skip-oviposition’ behavior, which describes the distribution of eggs among multiple containers during a single gonotrophic cycle. In this study, we compared individual skip-oviposition behavior using identical eight-cup testing arenas with three container Aedes species: Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), and Aedes triseriatus (Say). We applied the index of dispersion, an aggregation statistic, to individual mosquitoes’ oviposition patterns to assess skip-oviposition behavior. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus utilized more cups and distributed eggs more evenly among cups than Ae. triseriatus under nutritionally enriched oviposition media (oak leaf infusion) conditions. When presented with a nutritionally unenriched (tap water) oviposition media, both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus increased egg spreading behavior. Aedes albopictus did not modify skip-oviposition behavior when reared and assessed under fall-like environmental conditions, which induce diapause egg production. This study indicates specific oviposition site conditions influence skip-oviposition behavior with ‘preferred’ sites receiving higher amounts of eggs from any given individual and ‘non-preferred’ sites receive a limited contribution of eggs. A further understanding of skip-oviposition behavior is needed to make the best use of autodissemination trap technology in which skip-ovipositing females spread a potent larvicide among oviposition sites within the environment.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Reinbold-Wasson, Drew David and Reiskind, Michael Hay}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={2091–2100} }
 @article{nunn_vining_chakraborty_reiskind_young_2021, title={Effects of host extinction and vector preferences on vector-borne disease risk in phylogenetically structured host-hector communities}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0256456}, abstractNote={Anthropogenic disturbance impacts the phylogenetic composition and diversity of ecological communities. While changes in diversity are known to dramatically change species interactions and alter disease dynamics, the effects of phylogenetic changes in host and vector communities on disease have been relatively poorly studied. Using a theoretical model, we investigated how phylogeny and extinction influence network structural characteristics relevant to disease transmission in disturbed environments. We modelled a multi-host, multi-vector community as a bipartite ecological network, where nodes represent host and vector species and edges represent connections among them through vector feeding, and we simulated vector preferences and threat status on host and parasite phylogenies. We then simulated loss of hosts, including phylogenetically clustered losses, to investigate how extinction influences network structure. We compared effects of phylogeny and extinction to those of host specificity, which we predicted to strongly increase network modularity and reduce disease prevalence. The simulations revealed that extinction often increased modularity, with higher modularity as species loss increased, although not as much as increasing host specificity did. These results suggest that extinction itself, all else being equal, may reduce disease prevalence in disturbed communities. However, in real communities, systematic patterns in species loss (e.g. favoring high competence species) or changes in abundance may counteract these effects. Unexpectedly, we found that effects of phylogenetic signal in host and vector traits were relatively weak, and only important when phylogenetic signal of host and vector traits were similar, or when these traits both varied.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Nunn, Charles L. and Vining, Alexander Q. and Chakraborty, Debapriyo and Reiskind, Michael H. and Young, Hillary S.}, year={2021} }
 @article{noden_cote_reiskind_talley_2021, title={Invasive Plants as Foci of Mosquito-Borne Pathogens: Red Cedar in the Southern Great Plains of the USA}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1612-9210"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10393-021-01562-8}, abstractNote={West Nile virus (WNV) is the most significant mosquito-borne disease affecting humans in the United States. Eastern redcedar (ERC) is a native encroaching plant in the southern Great Plains that greatly alters abiotic conditions and bird and mosquito populations. This study tested the hypotheses that mosquito communities and their likelihood of WNV infection differ between ERC and other habitats in the southern Great Plains of the United States. We found support for our first hypothesis, with significantly more Culex tarsalis and Culex erraticus in ERC than deciduous and grass habitats. Mosquito communities in Central Oklahoma were more diverse (21 species) than western Oklahoma (11 species) but this difference was not associated with vegetation. Our second hypothesis was also supported, with significantly more WNV-infected Culex from ERC in both regions, as was our third hypothesis, with significantly more Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens collected in ERC than other habitats in urban areas. The connection of mosquito-borne disease with invasive plants suggests that land management initiatives can affect human health and should be considered in light of public health impact. Evidence from other vector-borne disease suggests invasive plants, both in the Great Plains and globally, may facilitate the transmission of vector-borne pathogens.}, journal={ECOHEALTH}, author={Noden, Bruce H. and Cote, Noel M. and Reiskind, Michael H. and Talley, Justin L.}, year={2021}, month={Oct} }
 @article{chen_deguenon_cave_denning_reiskind_watson_stewart_gittins_zheng_liu_et al._2021, title={New thinking for filth fly control: residual, non-chemical wall spray from volcanic glass}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1365-2915"]}, DOI={10.1111/mve.12521}, abstractNote={AbstractFilth flies are of medical and veterinary importance because of the transfer of disease organisms to animals and humans. The traditional control methods include the use of chemical insecticides. A novel mechanical insecticide made from volcanic glass and originally developed to control mosquitoes (Imergard™ WP; ImG) was investigated for control of adult grey flesh flies, Sarcophaga bullata (Parker), secondary screwworms, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), and house flies, Musca domestica L. In a modified WHO cone test device, the time to 50% mortality (LT50) when applied at 5 g/m2 (tested at 30 °C and 50% relative humidity (rH)) was 7.1, 4.3 and 3.2 h, respectively. When knockdown was included, the LT50s were 5.5, 1.5 and 2.8 h, respectively. Application rates of 1.25 and greater g/m2 had the shortest LT50s. The time to the LT50 increased for M. domestica as rH increased, but ImG was still active at the highest rH tested of 70%. Scanning electron micrographs showed ImG was present on all body parts, unlike that for mosquitoes where it was found mostly on the lower legs. These first studies on the use of Imergard WP against flies suggest this could be an alternative method for filth fly control.}, number={3}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Chen, K. and Deguenon, J. M. and Cave, G. and Denning, S. S. and Reiskind, M. H. and Watson, D. W. and Stewart, D. A. and Gittins, D. and Zheng, Y. and Liu, X. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={451–461} }
 @article{nadai_maletzke_corbi_batista_reiskind_2021, title={The impact of body size on Aedes [Stegomyia] aegypti wingbeat frequency: implications for mosquito identification}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1365-2915"]}, DOI={10.1111/mve.12540}, abstractNote={AbstractBillions of people are at risk due to mosquito‐borne diseases. Ideally, the control of mosquito‐borne diseases should integrate mosquito control and surveillance to maximize transmission prevention while minimizing environmental impacts. Mosquito surveillance is often limited in scope by logistical constraints, especially the labour and expertise in identifying captured mosquitoes. Mosquito sounds, primarily the wingbeat frequencies (WBF), have been extensively studied in the literature, often targeting a straightforward assessment of this technology with species identification in laboratory conditions. Optical sensors for measuring the WBF of free‐flying mosquitoes are the most recent proposal to automate species identification. However, many of the factors that may influence WBF within and between species have not been fully examined, resulting in failures in the species identification. Here we show that body size and temperature modify the wingbeat frequency of female Aedes [Stegomyia] aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera:Culicidae) and such an optical sensor can capture these alterations. We demonstrate that this study's optical sensor can distinguish wingbeat frequency from large and small mosquitoes at different temperatures. The relationship between WBF and size should be taken into account to improve the accuracy of devices that automatically identify species using WBF.}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nadai, B. L. and Maletzke, A. G. and Corbi, J. J. and Batista, G. E. A. P. A. and Reiskind, M. H.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{richards_byrd_reiskind_white_2020, title={Assessing Insecticide Resistance in Adult Mosquitoes: Perspectives on Current Methods}, volume={14}, ISBN={1178-6302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220952790}, DOI={10.1177/1178630220952790}, abstractNote={ Mosquito insecticide resistance (IR) is a growing global issue that must be addressed to protect public health. Vector control programs (VCPs) should regularly monitor local mosquito populations for IR and plan control measures accordingly. In some cases, state/federal resources financially support this testing with expertise and/or training programs. Standardization of methods (eg, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassay, World Health Organization tube testing, dose-mortality bioassay) for monitoring IR must be prioritized. One solution is regional hubs of IR monitoring at the state or other level. Training programs on methodology and interpretation of results should be developed and routinely offered to local VCPs conducting IR testing in mosquitoes. Here, current methods for assessing mosquito IR are discussed and insights into a variety of questions from VCPs are considered. It is critical that methods for IR monitoring and data interpretation are standardized through routine training, with the goal of evidence-driven decision making to improve control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease. }, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Richards, Stephanie L. and Byrd, Brian D. and Reiskind, Michael H. and White, Avian V}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={117863022095279} }
 @article{day_richards_reiskind_doyle_byrd_2020, title={Context-Dependent Accuracy of the BG-Counter Remote Mosquito Surveillance Device in North Carolina}, volume={36}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/19-6903.1}, DOI={10.2987/19-6903.1}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
               There is a clear need for improved vector surveillance approaches that are affordable, labor efficient, and safer than traditional methods. The BG-Counter (Biogents USA, Moorefield, WV) is a device for remotely monitoring mosquito activity in combination with the BG-Sentinel (Biogents USA), a widely used trap for the collection of host-seeking mosquitoes. The BG-Counter uses a wireless connection to provide real-time counts of mosquitoes captured by the BG-Sentinel, allowing users to remotely monitor mosquito populations. This study tested the effectiveness of the BG-Counter in 5 North Carolina counties. A total of 96 trap-days resulted in the collection of >45,000 individual mosquitoes representing 35 species. Aedes albopictus was the most common species collected in all counties, except for New Hanover County where Culex nigripalpus was the most common. The mean daily accuracy ranged from 80.1% (New Hanover County) to 9.4% (Jackson County). There was a significant linear relationship between the actual number of mosquitoes collected and the device counts at all sites except Jackson County, the site with the lowest relative mosquito abundance compared with nontarget organisms. A linear regression of daily BG-Counter accuracy and the daily proportion of mosquitoes to the total number of arthropods collected revealed a significant positive linear relationship, supporting the premise that the BG-Counter is less effective when the relative abundance of mosquitoes is low. Mosquito surveillance programs using the BG-Counter should recognize its context-dependent accuracy and routinely evaluate the accuracy of the device based on local conditions.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, publisher={The American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Day, Corey A. and Richards, Stephanie L. and Reiskind, Michael H. and Doyle, Michael S. and Byrd, Brian D.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={74–80} }
 @article{hollingsworth_hawkins_lloyd_reiskind_2020, title={Efficacy and Spatial Extent of Yard-Scale Control of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Using Barrier Sprays and Larval Habitat Management}, volume={57}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa016}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjaa016}, abstractNote={Abstract
               The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), is a peridomestic, container-ovipositing mosquito commonly found throughout the southeastern United States. In the United States, Ae. albopictus is typically considered a nuisance pest; however, it is capable of transmitting multiple pathogens. Ae. albopictus is an important pest species and the target of numerous mosquito control efforts in the United States. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness and spatial extent of Ae. albopictus population reduction using a bifenthrin (AI Bifen IT, 7.9%) barrier spray and larval habitat management (LHM) in a temperate, suburban setting. Sixteen pairs of adjoining neighbors were randomly assigned to treatment groups with one neighbor receiving a treatment and the other monitored for evidence of a spillover effect of the treatments. Ae. albopictus populations in both yards were monitored for 33 d, with treatments occurring on the eighth day. Barrier sprays, both alone and combined with LHM, resulted in a significant reduction in Ae. albopictus abundance posttreatment. While LHM alone did not result in a significant reduction over the entire posttreatment period, Ae. albopictus populations were observed to be in decline during this period. No treatments were observed to have any reduction in efficacy 25 d posttreatment, with treatments involving LHM having a significantly increased efficacy. Yards neighboring treated yards were also observed to have reduced population sizes posttreatment, but these differences were rarely significant. These results provide insights into the population dynamics of Ae. albopictus following two common treatments and will be useful for integrated pest management plans.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Hollingsworth, Brandon and Hawkins, Pete and Lloyd, Alun L and Reiskind, Michael H}, editor={Fonseca, DinaEditor}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={1104–1110} }
 @article{hopperstad_sallam_reiskind_2021, title={Estimations of Fine-Scale Species Distributions of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Eastern Florida}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa216}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjaa216}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Many species distribution maps indicate the ranges of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) overlap in Florida despite the well-documented range reduction of Ae. aegypti. Within the last 30 yr, competitive displacement of Ae. aegypti by Ae. albopictus has resulted in partial spatial segregation of the two species, with Ae. aegypti persisting primarily in urban refugia. We modeled fine-scale distributions of both species, with the goal of capturing the outcome of interspecific competition across space by building habitat suitability maps. We empirically parameterized models by sampling 59 sites in south and central Florida over time and incorporated climatic, landscape, and human population data to identify predictors of habitat suitability for both species. Our results show human density, precipitation, and urban land cover drive Ae. aegypti habitat suitability, compared with exclusively climatic variables driving Ae. albopictus habitat suitability. Remotely sensed variables (macrohabitat) were more predictive than locally collected metrics (microhabitat), although recorded minimum daily temperature showed significant, inverse relationships with both species. We detected minor Aedes habitat segregation; some periurban areas that were highly suitable for Ae. albopictus were unsuitable for Ae. aegypti. Fine-scale empirical models like those presented here have the potential for precise risk assessment and the improvement of operational applications to control container-breeding Aedes mosquitoes.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Hopperstad, Kristen A. and Sallam, Mohamed F. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, editor={Hamer, GabrielEditor}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={699–707} }
 @article{spence beaulieu_federico_reiskind_2020, title={Mosquito diversity and dog heartworm prevalence in suburban areas}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1756-3305"]}, DOI={10.1186/s13071-019-3874-0}, abstractNote={Abstract
                Background
                Urbanization is occurring rapidly on a global scale and is altering mosquito communities, creating assemblages that are characteristically less diverse. Despite high rates of urbanization and ample examples of vector-borne diseases transmitted by multiple species, the effects of urbanization-driven mosquito diversity losses on disease transmission has not been well explored. We investigated this question using the dog heartworm, a filarial parasite vectored by numerous mosquito species.
              
                Methods
                We trapped host-seeking mosquitoes in undeveloped areas and neighborhoods of different ages in Wake County, North Carolina, USA, analyzing captured mosquitoes for heartworm DNA. We compared within-mosquito heartworm infection across land-use types by Kruskal–Wallis and likelihood ratio tests. Using zip code level data acquired from dogs in a local shelter, we performed linear regressions of within-host heartworm prevalence by within-mosquito heartworm prevalence as well as by three mosquito diversity measures. We also determined the best predictor of host-level prevalence among models including within-mosquito infection, mosquito diversity and abundance, and socioeconomic status as variables.
              
                Results
                Suburban areas had lower within-mosquito heartworm prevalence and lower likelihood of heartworm-positive mosquitoes than did undeveloped field sites, although no differences were seen between suburban and undeveloped wooded sites. No relationships were noted between within-mosquito and within-host heartworm prevalence. However, mosquito diversity metrics were positively correlated with host heartworm prevalence. Model selection revealed within-host prevalence was best predicted by a positive relationship with mosquito Shannon–Wiener diversity and a negative relationship with household income.
              
                Conclusions
                Our results demonstrate that decreases in mosquito diversity due to urbanization alter vector-borne disease risk. With regard to dog heartworm disease, this loss of mosquito diversity is associated with decreased heartworm prevalence within both the vector and the host. Although the response is likely different for diseases transmitted by one or few species, mosquito diversity losses leading to decreased transmission could be generalizable to other pathogens with multiple vectors. This study contributes to better understanding of the effects of urbanization and the role of vector diversity in multi-vectored pathosystems.
              }, number={1}, journal={PARASITES & VECTORS}, author={Spence Beaulieu, Meredith R. and Federico, Jennifer L. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{reiskind_styers_hayes_richards_doyle_reed_hollingsworth_byrd_2020, title={Short-Term, Large-Area Survey of ContainerAedes spp. (Diptera: Culicidae): Presence and Abundance is Associated with Fine-scale Landscape Factors in North Carolina, USA}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1178-6302"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220952806}, DOI={10.1177/1178630220952806}, abstractNote={ Container Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of anthroponotic and zoonotic viruses to people. The surveillance and control of these mosquitoes is an important part of public health protection and prevention of mosquito-borne disease. In this study, we surveyed 327 sites over 2 weeks in late June and early July in 2017 in North Carolina, USA for the presence and abundance of Aedes spp. eggs in an effort to better target potential Ae. aegypti collections. We examined the ability of 2 types of landscape data, Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) and National Land Cover Database (NLCD) to explain the presence and abundance of eggs using principal component analysis to deal with collinearity, followed by generalized linear regression. We explained variation of both egg presence and abundance for Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes triseriatus (Say) using both NLCD and LIDAR data. However, the ability to make robust predictions was limited by variation in the data. Increased sampling time and better landscape data would likely improve the predictive ability of our models, as would a better understanding of oviposition behavior. }, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Styers, Diane M. and Hayes, Isaac and Richards, Stephanie L. and Doyle, Michael S. and Reed, Emily M. X. and Hollingsworth, Brandon and Byrd, Brian D.}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{spence beaulieu_reiskind_2019, title={Comparative Vector Efficiency of Two Prevalent Mosquito Species for Dog Heartworm in North Carolina}, volume={11}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz190}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjz190}, abstractNote={AbstractThe dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), is a devastating parasite of domestic and wild canines vectored by a multitude of mosquito species. Although many species are implicated as vectors, not all contribute equally to disease transmission, with demonstrated variation in vector efficiency between and within species. We investigated the vector efficiency of mosquitoes derived from wild-caught North Carolina populations of two known heartworm vectors: a native species, Aedes triseriatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae), and an invasive species, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). We compared the parasite developmental times within the mosquito, mosquito longevity and fecundity, and the vector efficiency index between the two species. We found that the tested composite North Carolina population of Ae. triseriatus was an efficient vector of D. immitis under laboratory conditions, whereas the local composite population of Ae. albopictus was a competent but relatively poor vector. Compared with Ae. triseriatus, Ae. albopictus showed a longer time for parasite development, lower infection rates, and lower vector efficiency. Additionally, Ae. albopictus was the sole species to exhibit significant parasite-induced mortality. These results are in contrast to prior studies of populations of Ae. albopictus from locations outside of North Carolina, which have implicated the species as a highly competent heartworm vector. The variation seen for different strains of the same species emphasizes the heritable nature of D. immitis vector competence and highlights the need for local infection studies for accurate transmission risk assessment in a particular locale.}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Spence Beaulieu, Meredith R and Reiskind, Michael H}, editor={Faraji, AryEditor}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{deguenon_zhu_denning_reiskind_watson_roe_2019, title={Control of Filth Flies, Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), and Sarcophaga bullata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Using Novel Plant-Derived Methyl Ketones}, volume={56}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz107}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjz107}, abstractNote={AbstractFilth flies live in close proximity to humans and livestock and transmit pathogens. Current control relies on chemical insecticides, and flies can develop resistance to these insecticides. The public is also interested in natural and safer insecticides. Therefore, alternative pesticides compatible with the synanthropic nature of flies are needed. Four plant aliphatic methyl ketones were evaluated for control of adult house flies, Musca domestica L., blow flies, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), and gray flesh flies, Sarcophaga bullata (Parker). In sealed petri dish assays, 2-heptanone, 2-octanone, 2-nonanone, and 2-undecanone exhibited fumigant activity against house flies with 24-h LC50s of 6.9, 7.5, 8.0, and 9.2 µg/cm3, respectively. Further research focused on undecanone (a U.S. EPA-registered biopesticide). When tested in larger enclosures at 1.7, 2.3, and 2.8 µg/cm3, undecanone provided 60.4, 82.2, and 94.4% house fly mortality; 56.9, 75.6, and 92.5% flesh fly mortality; and 62.1, 84.5, and 97.9% blow fly mortality, respectively, after a 2-h exposure. In a two-choice behavioral assay with 194.6 µg/cm2 of the test compound on the treatment versus an untreated surface of the same area, the overall mean repellencies for blow flies were 84.7% for undecanone versus 87.6% for N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). For house flies, mean repellencies were 80.7% for undecanone and 84.9% for DEET. The house fly topical LD50 for undecanone was 58.1 µg per fly. Undecanone was far less expensive for filth fly control than the gold standard for insect fumigation, methyl bromide.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Deguenon, Jean M and Zhu, Jiwei and Denning, Steven and Reiskind, Michael H and Watson, David W and Roe, R Michael}, editor={Geden, ChristopherEditor}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={1704–1714} }
 @article{deguenon_travanty_zhu_carr_denning_reiskind_watson_roe_ponnusamy_2019, title={Exogenous and endogenous microbiomes of wild-caught Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) flies from a suburban farm by 16S rRNA gene sequencing}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56733-z}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-019-56733-z}, abstractNote={AbstractThe black blow fly,Phormia regina(Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is one of the most abundant carrion flies in North America. Calliphorids are important in agriculture and animal production, veterinary sciences, forensics and medical entomology. While the role of flies in the epidemiology of human and animal diseases is an active area of research, little is known about the microorganisms associated with these insects. We examined the diversity of wild-caught black blow fly endogenous (internal body) and exogenous (external body) microbial communities using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, 27 phyla, 171 families and 533 genera were detected, and diversity was significantly higher (P< 0.05) on external body surfaces. At the genus level,Dysgonomonas,Ignatzschineria,Acinetobacter,Vagococcus,Myroides, andWohlfahrtiimonaswere predominant. Cloning and sequencing of nearly full-length fragments of the 16S rRNA gene showed that some of the species identified are known to be pathogenic to humans, animals, and plants.Myroides odoratimimusandAcinetobacter radioresistensare well-known, multi-drug resistant bacteria. These results provide a snapshot of the microbial communities harbored by adult black blow flies and call for more comprehensive studies to better characterize the role these flies may play in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms.}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Deguenon, Jean M. and Travanty, Nicholas and Zhu, Jiwei and Carr, Ann and Denning, Steven and Reiskind, Michael H. and Watson, David W. and Roe, R. Michael and Ponnusamy, Loganathan}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{seger_drummond_delgado_day_sither_soghigian_wiegmann_reiskind_ellis_byrd_2019, title={FIRST RECORD OF MANSONIA DYARI FROM SAINT CROIX, UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1943-6270"]}, DOI={10.2987/19-6859.1}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
               The first report of Mansonia dyari on Saint Croix, United States Virgin Islands (USVI), is confirmed. Adult and larval specimens were collected in 2018 and 2019 through adult surveillance and larval collections. Specimens were identified by microscopic methods, and a representative specimen was confirmed by DNA sequencing (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I). Morphological features are reviewed and compared with Mansonia flaveola, a species previously reported in the USVI. Notes are provided on the locations, collection methods, and mosquito associates found with Ma. dyari in the USVI.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION}, author={Seger, Krystal R. and Drummond, Aubrey, II and Delgado, David and Day, Corey A. and Sither, Charles B. and Soghigian, John and Wiegmann, Brian M. and Reiskind, Michael H. and Ellis, Brett R. and Byrd, Brian D.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={214–216} }
 @article{juliano_yee_alto_reiskind_2019, title={Papers From a Workshop on Mosquito Ecology and Evolution Inspired by the Career of L. Philip Lounibos}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjy146}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Juliano, Steven A. and Yee, Donald A. and Alto, Barry W. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={299–302} }
 @article{spence beaulieu_hopperstad_dunn_reiskind_2019, title={Simplification of vector communities during suburban succession}, volume={14}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215485}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0215485}, abstractNote={Suburbanization is happening rapidly on a global scale, resulting in changes to the species assemblages present in previously undeveloped areas of land. Community-level changes after anthropogenic land-use change have been studied in a variety of organisms, but the effects on arthropods of medical and veterinary importance remain poorly characterized. Shifts in diversity, abundance, and community composition of such arthropods, like mosquitoes, can significantly impact vector-borne disease dynamics due to varying vectorial capacity between different species. In light of these potential implications for vector-borne diseases, we investigated changes in mosquito species assemblage after suburbanization by sampling mosquitoes in neighborhoods of different ages in Wake County, North Carolina, US. We found that independent of housing density and socioeconomic status, mosquito diversity measures decreased as suburban neighborhoods aged. In the oldest neighborhoods, the mosquito assemblage reached a distinct suburban climax community dominated by the invasive, peridomestic container-breeding Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito. Aedes albopictus is a competent vector of many pathogens of human concern, and its dominance in suburban areas places it in close proximity with humans, allowing for heightened potential of host-vector interactions. While further research is necessary to explicitly characterize the effects of mosquito community simplification on vector-borne disease transmission in highly suburbanized areas, the current study demonstrates that suburbanization is disrupting mosquito communities so severely that they do not recover their diversity even 100 years after the initial disturbance. Our understanding of the community-level effects of anthropogenic land-use change on arthropod vectors will become increasingly important as we look to mitigate disease spread in a global landscape that is continually developed and altered by humans.}, number={5}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Spence Beaulieu, Meredith R. and Hopperstad, Kristen and Dunn, Robert R. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, editor={Leisnham, Paul T.Editor}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={e0215485} }
 @article{monaghan_schmidt_hayden_smith_reiskind_cabell_ernst_2019, title={A Simple Model to Predict the Potential Abundance of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes One Month in Advance}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1476-1645"]}, DOI={10.4269/ajtmh.17-0860}, abstractNote={The mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in the United States. Surveillance for adult Ae. aegypti is limited, hindering understanding of the mosquito's seasonal patterns and predictions of areas at elevated risk for autochthonous virus transmission. We developed a simple, intuitive empirical model that uses readily available temperature and humidity variables to predict environmental suitability for low, medium, or high potential abundance of adult Ae. aegypti in a given city 1 month in advance. Potential abundance was correctly predicted in 73% of months in arid Phoenix, AZ (over a 10-year period), and 63% of months in humid Miami, FL (over a 2-year period). The monthly model predictions can be updated daily, weekly, or monthly and thus may be applied to forecast suitable conditions for Ae. aegypti to inform vector-control activities and guide household-level actions to reduce mosquito habitat and human exposure.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE}, author={Monaghan, Andrew J. and Schmidt, Christopher A. and Hayden, Mary H. and Smith, Kirk A. and Reiskind, Michael H. and Cabell, Ryan and Ernst, Kacey C.}, year={2019}, pages={434–437} }
 @article{reed_byrd_richards_eckardt_williams_reiskind_2018, title={A Statewide Survey of ContainerAedesMosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in North Carolina, 2016: A Multiagency Surveillance Response to Zika Using Ovitraps}, volume={56}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy190}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjy190}, abstractNote={Abstract Native and invasive container-inhabiting Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) play important roles in the transmission of endemic and traveler-introduced arboviruses in the United States. In response to the emergence of Zika virus into the Americas, we surveyed the distribution of container Aedes spp. of public health importance within North Carolina during 2016 using ovitraps. A seasonal survey was conducted in 18 counties from the mountains to the coast to identify species incriminated in the transmission of chikungunya, dengue, La Crosse, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. Multiple local, state, and federal agencies participated in the study and submitted more than 3,600 ovistrips. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (81.4%, n = 54,458) was the most common and widespread species found in this survey, followed by Aedes triseriatus (Say) (10.7%, n = 7,169) and Aedes japonicus (Theobald) (7.9%, n = 5,262). We did not find Aedes aegypti and rarely found Aedes hendersoni (Cockerell). We assessed broad-scale climatic and other factors and determined that longitude, elevation, rainfall, and temperature had significant effects on explaining the variation in presence, abundance, and phenology of container Aedes in North Carolina. However, much of the variation in these outcomes was not explained at this coarse scale and may benefit from finer-scale analyses. These efforts represent the largest ovitrap survey ever conducted in the state.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reed, Emily M X and Byrd, Brian D and Richards, Stephanie L and Eckardt, Megan and Williams, Carl and Reiskind, Michael H}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={483–490} }
 @article{richards_white_byrd_reiskind_doyle_2018, title={Evaluation of Insecticide Resistance in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in North Carolina, 2017}, volume={56}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy216}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjy216}, abstractNote={Mosquitoes may develop resistance to insecticide active ingredients (AIs) found in formulated products (FPs) due to environmental exposure from insecticides in mosquito control and/or unrelated to mosquito control, e.g., agricultural, household pest control. Mosquito control programs should implement resistance management strategies by assessing resistance in targeted populations, rotating different classes of insecticides based on resistance testing, and/or increasing insecticide concentration (i.e., saturation, using maximum labeled rate) to overcome emerging resistance. Resistance testing is often done solely on AIs, but should, in some cases, include both AIs and FPs at the concentrations mosquitoes may encounter in the field. The resistance/susceptibility status was determined for adulticides used in mosquito control. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassays were used to assess resistance/susceptibility status for eight AIs (i.e., bifenthrin, permethrin, sumethrin/prallethrin, deltamethrin, tau-fluvalinate, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and naled) and eight FPs (TalStar, Biomist 3 + 15, Duet, Suspend Polyzone, Mavrik, MosquitoMist, Fyfanon, and Dibrom) that respectively contain the AIs. Current CDC guidelines were utilized: susceptible (97-100% mortality at diagnostic time [DT]), developing resistance (90-96% mortality at DT), or resistant (<90% mortality at DT). Significant differences were observed in mosquito susceptibility/resistance among and between AIs and FPs.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Richards, Stephanie L and White, Avian V and Byrd, Brian D and Reiskind, Michael H and Doyle, Michael S}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={761–773} }
 @article{burford reiskind_labadie_bargielowski_lounibos_reiskind_2018, title={Rapid evolution and the genomic consequences of selection against interspecific mating}, volume={27}, ISSN={0962-1083}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14821}, DOI={10.1111/mec.14821}, abstractNote={AbstractWhile few species introduced into a new environment become invasive, those that do provide critical information on ecological mechanisms that determine invasions success and the evolutionary responses that follow invasion. Aedes albopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito) was introduced into the naturalized range of Aedes aegypti (the yellow fever mosquito) in the United States in the mid‐1980s, resulting in the displacement of A. aegypti in much of the south‐eastern United States. The rapid displacement was likely due to the superior competitive ability of A. albopictus as larvae and asymmetric mating interference competition, in which male A. albopictus mate with and sterilize A. aegypti females, a process called “satyrization.” The goal of this study was to examine the genomic responses of a resident species to an invasive species in which the mechanism of character displacement is understood. We used double‐digest restriction enzyme DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to analyse outlier loci between selected and control lines of laboratory‐reared A. aegypti females from two populations (Tucson, AZ and Key West, Florida, USA), and individual females classified as either “resisted” or “mated with” A. albopictus males via mating trials of wild‐derived females from four populations in Florida. We found significant outlier loci in comparing selected and control lines and between mated and nonmated A. aegypti females in the laboratory and wild‐derived populations, respectively. We found overlap in specific outlier loci between different source populations that support consistent genomic signatures of selection within A. aegypti. Our results point to regions of the A. aegypti genome and potential candidate genes that may be involved in mating behaviour, and specifically in avoiding interspecific mating choices.}, number={18}, journal={Molecular Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Burford Reiskind, Martha O. and Labadie, Paul and Bargielowski, Irka and Lounibos, L. Philip and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={3641–3654} }
 @article{reiskind_janairo_2018, title={Tracking Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larval Behavior Across Development: Effects of Temperature and Nutrients on Individuals’ Foraging Behavior}, volume={55}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy073}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjy073}, abstractNote={Abstract Immature mosquitoes alter their foraging behavior in response to variation in nutrients, predators, and temperature, with consequences on the adult stage where pathogens are transmitted. These patterns of behavior have not been described with respect to both developmental stage and environmental variation, nor has behavior been examined within an individual across instars. We hypothesized that individual larvae have distinct behavioral syndromes, and predict that the rank of foraging activity in the third instar will be correlated with foraging activity in the fourth instar for an individual across all conditions. We also hypothesized that individuals that fail to achieve adulthood forage more intensely than those that will emerge due to the need for greater resources. To examine these hypotheses, we conducted an experiment in which we exposed 96 individual Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae to four combinations of temperature and nutrients. We recorded larvae in the third and fourth instar, and generated time budgets of active and passive foraging behaviors. We found correlations between individual behavior in the third and fourth instar when conditions were the most stressful (cool temperatures and low nutrients). Controlling for this intra-individual behavior, there was variation between instar behaviors, but this was dependent on both temperature and nutrients. We also found that larvae that failed to pupate within 28 d before emergence foraged more intensely than those that emerged. While we found no evidence that mosquitoes have distinct behavioral syndromes in Ae. aegypti, we did find support that nutrients and temperature affect behavior differently at different instars.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reiskind, Michael H and Janairo, M Shawn}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={1086–1092} }
 @article{richards_balanay_white_hope_vandock_byrd_reiskind_2017, title={Insecticide Susceptibility Screening Against Culex and Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes From the United States}, volume={55}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx198}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjx198}, abstractNote={Abstract Mosquitoes exposed to sublethal doses of insecticides may be selected for resistance to insecticide active ingredients (AIs). Mosquitoes are exposed to AIs through agricultural, public/private mosquito control programs, homeowners, and other sources. Hence, mosquito control programs should routinely measure the resistance/susceptibility status of mosquito populations of public health concern.The objectives here were to determine resistance status for six AIs used in adult mosquito control in the United States to assess how resistance/susceptibility differs between AI, mosquito species (states where > 1 species collected), and between years (some populations sampled for 2 yr). Field-collected eggs from 21 mosquito populations of six different species or hybrid species (Aedes albopictus Skuse [Diptera: Culicidae], Aedes aegypti L. [Diptera: Culicidae], Culex nigripalpus Theobald, Culex pipiens L. [Diptera: Culicidae], Culex quinquefasciatus Say [Diptera: Culicidae], Cx. pipiens/quinquefasciatus) were obtained. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention bottle bioassays were used to assess the resistance/susceptibility status for six AIs (bifenthrin, deltamethrin, etofenprox, malathion, permethrin, and phenothrin). World Health Organization guidelines were used to classify mosquitoes as susceptible (98–100% mortality at diagnostic time [DT]), possibly resistant (80–97% mortality at DT), or resistant (<80% mortality at DT). Significant differences were observed in mosquito susceptibility/resistance between species and AIs. In states where both Aedes and Culex were collected, the odds of exhibiting resistance in Culex were 68–69 times higher than Aedes (Texas odds ratio: 69.30; 95% confidence interval: 5.86, 819.44; P = 0.001; North Carolina odds ratio: 67.99; 95% confidence interval: 15.21, 303.94; P < 0.0001). Some level of resistance was detected against all tested AIs in several mosquito populations and some varied between 2015 and 2016.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Richards, Stephanie L and Balanay, Jo Anne G and White, Avian V and Hope, Joe and Vandock, Kurt and Byrd, Brian D and Reiskind, Michael H}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={398–407} }
 @article{cammack_reiskind_guisewite_denning_watson_2017, title={Quantifying pteridines in the heads of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae): Application for forensic entomology}, volume={280}, ISSN={["1872-6283"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.006}, abstractNote={In forensic cases involving entomological evidence, establishing the postcolonization interval (post-CI) is a critical component of the investigation. Traditional methods of estimating the post-CI rely on estimating the age of immature blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) collected from remains. However, in cases of delayed discovery (e.g., when remains are located indoors), these insects may have completed their development and be present in the environment as adults. Adult fly collections are often ignored in cases of advanced decomposition because of a presumed little relevance to the investigation; herein we present information on how these insects can be of value. In this study we applied an age-grading technique to estimate the age of adults of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius), and Phormia regina (Meigen), based on the temperature-dependent accumulation of pteridines in the compound eyes, when reared at temperatures ranging from 5 to 35 °C. Age could be estimated for all species*sex*rearing temperature combinations (mean r2 ± SE: 0.90 ± 0.01) for all but P. regina reared at 5.4 °C. These models can be used to increase the precision of post-CI estimates for remains found indoors, and the high r2 values of 22 of the 24 regression equations indicates that this is a valid method for estimating the age of adult blow flies at temperatures ≥15 °C.}, journal={FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL}, author={Cammack, J. A. and Reiskind, M. H. and Guisewite, L. M. and Denning, S. S. and Watson, D. W.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={44–48} }
 @article{richards_balanay_byrd_reiskind_styers_2017, title={Regional Survey of Mosquito Control Knowledge and Usage In North Carolina}, volume={33}, ISSN={8756-971X 1943-6270}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/17-6669.1}, DOI={10.2987/17-6669.1}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Mosquitoes are a nuisance and can transmit pathogens to humans and other animals, resulting in notable morbidity and mortality. Organized mosquito control programs conduct surveillance, source reduction, treatment of mosquito oviposition sites, and adulticiding to protect public health. However, in some regions, there has been a decline in county and municipal mosquito control programs, and homeowners increasingly contract with private mosquito control companies or address mosquito-related issues themselves at the household level. The extent to which these services are being used, the potential for mosquito and/or insecticide exposure around the home, and the access to these services by individuals of different socioeconomic categories are not known. We conducted regional (western, central, eastern) assessments of public perception and knowledge of mosquito control services in a variety of communities of different socioeconomic categories (low, moderate, high) and types (urban, suburban, rural) in 3 North Carolina counties. We also assessed the respondents' basic knowledge of mosquito-borne diseases. Most respondents thought mosquito control was important to protect against both nuisance mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease. The majority of people would pay ≤$50/year for mosquito control and most thought this should be covered by municipal/county taxes. Many respondents (31%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 26–35%) personally undertake mosquito control on their properties, but only 5.3% (95% CI 3.1–7.5%) contract with professional mosquito control services, with no significant differences between region, community type, or socioeconomic category in the proportion using private mosquito control services. While there were significant differences between factor levels (3 regions, 3 community types, 3 socioeconomic categories) in some responses, there were no significant differences observed between respondents, regardless of factor level, in the willingness to contribute funds to a community-based mosquito control program.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, publisher={The American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Richards, Stephanie L. and Balanay, Jo Anne G. and Byrd, Brian D. and Reiskind, Michael H. and Styers, Diane M.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={331–339} }
 @article{reiskind_hopperstad_2017, title={Surveillance for Immature Mosquitoes in Windshield Wash Basins at Gas Stations}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx129}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjx129}, abstractNote={Abstract Gas stations often provide windshield wash basins (WWBs) that customers may use to clean their windshields. Motivated by casual observations, we conducted a survey of WWBs in and around Raleigh, NC, to determine whether these WWBs also serve as larval habitats for mosquitoes. We found that 27.7% (95% CI: 12.4–43.14%) of the 36 surveyed gas stations had mosquito larvae in their WWBs, and 22.4% (95% CI: 15.07–29.1%) of the 152 WWBs surveyed were positive for mosquito larvae. Two species were identified inhabiting these containers: Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Aedes albopictus was associated with clear, unturbid water, whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus did not have any significant association with water characteristics. Pupae of both species were observed, suggesting these habitats could be sources of pest mosquitoes. Gas stations may be a convenient surveillance target for vector control specialists and may provide insight into human-aided mosquito dispersal.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, author={Reiskind, M.H. and Hopperstad, K.A.}, year={2017}, pages={1775–1777} }
 @article{burford reiskind_coyle_daniels_labadie_reiskind_roberts_roberts_schaff_vargo_2016, title={Development of a universal double-digest RAD sequencing approach for a group of nonmodel, ecologically and economically important insect and fish taxa}, volume={16}, ISSN={1755-098X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12527}, DOI={10.1111/1755-0998.12527}, abstractNote={AbstractThe generation of genome‐scale data is critical for a wide range of questions in basic biology using model organisms, but also in questions of applied biology in nonmodel organisms (agriculture, natural resources, conservation and public health biology). Using a genome‐scale approach on a diverse group of nonmodel organisms and with the goal of lowering costs of the method, we modified a multiplexed, high‐throughput genomic scan technique utilizing two restriction enzymes. We analysed several pairs of restriction enzymes and completed double‐digestion RAD sequencing libraries for nine different species and five genera of insects and fish. We found one particular enzyme pair produced consistently higher number of sequence‐able fragments across all nine species. Building libraries off this enzyme pair, we found a range of usable SNPs between 4000 and 37 000 SNPS per species and we found a greater number of usable SNPs using reference genomes than de novo pipelines in STACKS. We also found fewer reads in the Read 2 fragments from the paired‐end Illumina Hiseq run. Overall, the results of this study provide empirical evidence of the utility of this method for producing consistent data for diverse nonmodel species and suggest specific considerations for sequencing analysis strategies.}, number={6}, journal={Molecular Ecology Resources}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Burford Reiskind, M. O. and Coyle, K. and Daniels, H. V. and Labadie, P. and Reiskind, M. H. and Roberts, N. B. and Roberts, R. B. and Schaff, J. and Vargo, E. L.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={1303–1314} }
 @article{reiskind_griffin_janairo_hopperstad_2016, title={Mosquitoes of field and forest: the scale of habitat segregation in a diverse mosquito assemblage}, volume={31}, ISSN={0269-283X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mve.12193}, DOI={10.1111/mve.12193}, abstractNote={AbstractKnowledge of the distribution of arthropod vectors across a landscape is important in determining the risk for vector‐borne disease. This has been well explored for ticks, but not for mosquitoes, despite their importance in the transmission of a variety of pathogens. This study examined the importance of habitat, habitat edges, and the scale at which mosquito abundance and diversity vary in a rural landscape by trapping along transects from grassland areas into forest patches. Significant patterns of vector diversity and distinct mosquito assemblages across habitats were found. The scale of individual species' responses to habitat edges was often dramatic, with several species rarely straying even 10 m from the edge. The present results suggest blood‐seeking mosquito species are faithful to certain habitats, which has consequences for patterns of vector diversity and risk for pathogen transmission. This implies that analysts of risk for pathogen transmission and foci of control, and developers of land management strategies should assess habitat at a finer scale than previously considered.}, number={1}, journal={Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Reiskind, M. H. and Griffin, R. H. and Janairo, M. S. and Hopperstad, K. A.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={44–54} }
 @article{monaghan_morin_steinhoff_wilhelmi_hayden_quattrochi_reiskind_lloyd_smith_schmidt_et al._2016, title={On the Seasonal Occurrence and Abundance of the Zika Virus Vector Mosquito Aedes Aegypti in the Contiguous United States}, ISSN={2157-3999}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.50dfc7f46798675fc63e7d7da563da76}, DOI={10.1371/currents.outbreaks.50dfc7f46798675fc63e7d7da563da76}, abstractNote={Introduction: An ongoing Zika virus pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean has raised concerns that travel-related introduction of Zika virus could initiate local transmission in the United States (U.S.) by its primary vector, the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Methods: We employed meteorologically driven models for 2006-2015 to simulate the potential seasonal abundance of adult Aedes aegypti for fifty cities within or near the margins of its known U.S. range. Mosquito abundance results were analyzed alongside travel and socioeconomic factors that are proxies of viral introduction and vulnerability to human-vector contact. Results: Meteorological conditions are largely unsuitable for Aedes aegypti over the U.S. during winter months (December-March), except in southern Florida and south Texas where comparatively warm conditions can sustain low-to-moderate potential mosquito abundance. Meteorological conditions are suitable for Aedes aegypti across all fifty cities during peak summer months (July-September), though the mosquito has not been documented in all cities. Simulations indicate the highest mosquito abundance occurs in the Southeast and south Texas where locally acquired cases of Aedes-transmitted viruses have been reported previously. Cities in southern Florida and south Texas are at the nexus of high seasonal suitability for Aedes aegypti and strong potential for travel-related virus introduction. Higher poverty rates in cities along the U.S.-Mexico border may correlate with factors that increase human exposure to Aedes aegypti. Discussion: Our results can inform baseline risk for local Zika virus transmission in the U.S. and the optimal timing of vector control activities, and underscore the need for enhanced surveillance for Aedes mosquitoes and Aedes-transmitted viruses.}, journal={PLoS Currents}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Monaghan, Andrew J. and Morin, Cory W. and Steinhoff, Daniel F. and Wilhelmi, Olga and Hayden, Mary and Quattrochi, Dale A. and Reiskind, Michael and Lloyd, Alun L. and Smith, Kirk and Schmidt, Chris A. and et al.}, year={2016} }
 @article{hopperstad_reiskind_2016, title={Recent Changes in the Local Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in South Florida, USA}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjw050}, abstractNote={Abstract Disease transmission is directly tied to the spatial distribution of disease vectors. The distribution of Aedes aegypti (L.) in the United States has diminished since the introduction of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in the 1980s. However, Ae. aegypti persists in some urban areas, particularly in south Florida. The pattern of habitat segregation of these two species is well documented, but the consistency of this phenomenon over time is unknown. To examine the dynamics of the local distributions of these two species, we studied the spatial pattern of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus over time at a fine landscape scale in Palm Beach County, FL. We compared patterns from 2006–2007 with their distributions in 2013, taking into account abiotic factors of microclimate and land cover. We found evidence for a local shift in Ae. aegypti distribution, but could not attribute this to changes in measured abiotic factors. Alternatively, the interaction between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus that initially resulted Ae. aegypti decline may be being attenuated through natural selection. This study confirms the importance of monitoring the changing ranges of these two important vector species.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Hopperstad, K. A. and Reiskind, M. H.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={836–842} }
 @article{de jesus_reiskind_2016, title={The importance of male body size on sperm uptake and usage, and female fecundity in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus}, volume={9}, ISSN={1756-3305}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1734-8}, DOI={10.1186/s13071-016-1734-8}, abstractNote={Adult mosquito density is a critical factor in the transmission of arboviruses by container Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Female fecundity drives population growth, and therefore contributes to adult mosquito density. Previous studies have focused on female body size as the major determinant of fecundity, paying little attention to male condition. In this study, we examined the effects of male body size on the abundance of sperm in spermatheca, depletion of sperm over time, and female fecundity. We generated males in two size classes using different larval densities, and allowed them to mate with females generated from a moderately dense larval environment. We counted sperm in female spermatheca in a sample of females immediately after mating, then every week for four weeks post-mating. We provided weekly blood meals to females and determined their fecundity over four weeks after the initial blood meal. We found significantly more sperm in Aedes albopictus females than in Aedes aegypti, and detected depletion of sperm in Ae. aegypti, but not in Ae. albopictus. We did not see significant differences in number of sperm in spermathecae in relation to male body size in either species over subsequent gonotrophic cycles. We found a significant effect of male body size on fecundity in Ae. albopictus, but not Ae. aegypti, with a 46 % increase in fecundity for female Ae. albopictus offered four blood meals. Our results suggest substantial differences in the mating biology of these ecologically similar species and the importance of considering males in understanding female fecundity. The substantial increase in fecundity in Ae. albopictus has implications for population growth, estimating vector density, and modeling the transmission of pathogens.}, number={1}, journal={Parasites & Vectors}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={De Jesus, Carrie E. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @inproceedings{de jesus_reiskind_2016, title={Timed observations of precopulatory interactions between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus}, booktitle={Proceedings and Papers of the Eighty-fourth Annual Conference of the Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California}, author={De Jesus, C. and Reiskind, M.}, year={2016}, pages={22–27} }
 @article{reiskind_janairo_2015, title={Late-instar Behavior of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae in Different Thermal and Nutritive Environments}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjv088}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The effects of temperature on ectotherm growth have been well documented. How temperature affects foraging behavior is less well explored, and has not been studied in larval mosquitoes. We hypothesized that temperature changes foraging behavior in the aquatic larval phase of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti L. Based on empirical results in other systems, we predicted that foraging effort would increase at higher temperatures in these insects. We tested this prediction over three temperature conditions at two food levels. We measured behaviors by video recording replicated cohorts of fourth-instar mosquitoes and assessing individual behavior and time budgets using an ethogram. We found both food level and temperature had significant impacts on larval foraging behavior, with more time spent actively foraging at low food levels and at low temperatures, and more occurrences of active foraging at both temperature extremes. These results are contrary to some of our predictions, but fit into theoretical responses to temperature based upon dynamic energy budget models.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Janairo, M. Shawn}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={789–796} }
 @article{paras_o'brien_reiskind_2014, title={Comparison of the vector potential of different mosquito species for the transmission of heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in rural and urban areas in and surrounding Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1365-2915"]}, DOI={10.1111/mve.12069}, abstractNote={AbstractDirofilaria immitis Leidy (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), or heartworm, is a mosquito‐borne nematode that causes a fatal disease in carnivores. Although infection is preventable through prophylactic drugs, compliance and the spectre of resistance suggest vector control is a viable alternative. There were two main objectives in this study: (a) to evaluate the relationships between landscape and social factors and the number and species of heartworm‐positive mosquitoes, with a specific focus on the importance of the invasive Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Stegomyia albopicta) (Diptera: Culicidae), and (b) to test the hypothesis that dog heartworm is more prevalent in suburban than in rural areas. To achieve these objectives, mosquitoes were collected from May to November 2010 at 16 rural and 16 urban locations in Payne County, Oklahoma, U.S.A. using three trapping methods that utilized, respectively, resting boxes, carbon dioxide traps and BG Sentinel traps. Urban areas showed greater numbers of Ae. albopictus and a higher overall likelihood of infection with D. immitis. Because many species of mosquito are responsible for heartworm transmission, current prophylactic treatment remains the best method of controlling this parasite.}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Paras, K. L. and O'Brien, V. A. and Reiskind, M. H.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={60–67} }
 @article{masloski_greenwood_reiskind_payton_2014, title={Evidence for Diet-Driven Habitat Partitioning of Melanoplinae and Gomphocerinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Along a Vegetation Gradient in a Western Oklahoma Grassland}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/en13349}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are important arthropods in the grassland ecosystem as sources of herbivory, nutrient recycling through frass production, and as prey items for other insects, mammals, and birds. It has been observed in previous research that common Acrididae subfamilies have dietary preferences: many species of Gomphocerinae are specialists on grass plants, many Melanoplinae species are polyphagous forb eaters. We characterized the community of Acrididae along a vegetation gradient in the Beaver River Wildlife Management Area, Beaver County, OK, and tested the hypothesis that these subfamilies would be in greater abundance in areas dominated by their preferred food resource. Vegetation types were characterized into four different functional groups: grass, forb, litter, and bare ground. The proportion of cover of functional groups was found to be correlated with relative abundance of Gomphocerinae and Melanoplinae grasshoppers. Gomphocerinae were in greater abundance in vegetation types consisting of a larger proportion of grass. Melanoplinae were in greater abundance in vegetation types consisting of larger proportions of forb cover.Afactor analysis indicated that forb cover and grass cover contributed more than litter and bare ground cover to the relative abundance of these grasshopper subfamilies and it is our conclusion that this is evidence for dietary-based habitat partitioning as observed through subfamilial relative abundance.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Masloski, Kenneth and Greenwood, Carmen and Reiskind, Michael and Payton, Mark}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={1209–1214} }
 @article{starkey_panciera_paras_allen_reiskind_reichard_johnson_little_2013, title={Genetic diversity of Hepatozoon spp. in coyotes from the south-central United States}, volume={99}, DOI={10.1645/ge-3104.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: To better define the strains and species of Hepatozoon that infect coyotes in the south-central United States, whole blood and muscle samples were collected from 44 coyotes from 6 locations in Oklahoma and Texas. Samples were evaluated by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers amplifying a variable region of the apicomplexan 18S rRNA gene as well as histopathology (muscle only) for presence of tissue cysts. Hepatozoon spp. infections were identified in 79.5% (35/44) of coyotes tested including 27 of 44 (61.4%) whole blood samples and 17 of 44 (38.6%) muscle samples tested by PCR and 23 of 44 (52.3%) muscle samples evaluated by histological examination. Analysis revealed 19 distinct sequences comprising 3 major clusters of Hepatozoon spp., i.e., 1 most closely related to Hepatozoon americanum, another most closely related to Hepatozoon canis, and the third an intermediate between the 2 groups. The diversity of Hepatozoon spp. in wild canids appears greater than previously recognized and warrants further investigation.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Parasitology}, author={Starkey, L.A. and Panciera, R.H. and Paras, K. and Allen, K.E. and Reiskind, M.H. and Reichard, M.V. and Johnson, E.M. and Little, S.E.}, year={2013}, pages={375–378} }
 @article{reiskind_zarrabi_2013, title={Habitat quality favoured over familiarity: a rejection of natal habitat preference induction in the mosquito Aedes albopictus}, volume={38}, ISSN={0307-6946}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2012.01406.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2311.2012.01406.x}, abstractNote={1. Natal habitat preference induction (NHPI) is a behavioural phenomenon in which offspring show a change in preference in adult oviposition choice as a function of experience as an immature.2. Although well known in certain systems, such as herbivorous insects, this behaviour has not been well studied in aquatic insects.3. The container–breeding mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was used to test if NHPI occurs in aquatic insects under natural conditions of two leaf species as a nutritive base (Juniperus virginiana L. and Quercus virginiana Mill) and two larval densities.4. Significant effects of leaf species and density on adult mosquito attributes were found, with J. virginiana and low larval density associated with more, faster developing, larger and more fecund mosquitoes. However, no evidence for NHPI was found. Instead a canalised behavior was found that included spreading eggs between high– and low–quality oviposition choices in the same proportions regardless of larval experience.}, number={1}, journal={Ecological Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Zarrabi, Ali A.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={96–100} }
 @article{o'brien_reiskind_2013, title={Host-Seeking Mosquito Distribution in Habitat Mosaics of Southern Great Plains Cross-Timbers}, volume={50}, ISSN={0022-2585 0022-2585}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/me13007}, DOI={10.1603/me13007}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Landscape fragmentation often increases contact between humans, wildlife, and potential disease vectors. We examined how adult host-seeking mosquitoes respond to small-scale habitat differences within southern Great Plains cross-timber habitat mosaics in northern Oklahoma consisting of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginianus L.) woodlands, mixed-deciduous woodlands, and adjacent grasslands. Mosquitoes responded most markedly to an overall grassland-woodland habitat gradient, with species separating by habitat based largely on tree density. Differences in abundance of host-seeking females occurred at fine spatial scales, sometimes varying dramatically over distances as little as 200 m when tree density changed abruptly. Tree type was not as important as tree density, although the West Nile virus vector Culex tarsalis Coquillett showed a greater affinity for areas containing eastern red cedar than for deciduous woodlands. The invasive Aedes albopictus Skuse showed equal affinity for both tree types. Conversion of grassland habitats in the Great Plains to more vegetated environments associated with humans (towns and homesteads) and the invasion of grasslands by eastern red cedar may change the species composition of mosquito, bird, and mammal assemblages and potentially alter arbovirus exposure for humans.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={O'Brien, Valerie A. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={1231–1239} }
 @article{yee_himel_reiskind_vamosi_2013, title={Implications of saline concentrations for the performance and competitive interactions of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia aegypti) and Aedes albopictus (Stegomyia albopictus)}, volume={28}, ISSN={0269-283X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mve.12007}, DOI={10.1111/mve.12007}, abstractNote={AbstractAedes albopictus (Stegomyia albopictus) (Diptera: Culicidae) has probably supplanted Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia aegypti) throughout most of its historical range in the U.S.A., although Ae. aegypti still exists in large coastal cities in southern Florida. We measured salt concentrations in field containers along an axis perpendicular to the coast and examined intraspecific outcomes in these species under different salt concentrations in a factorial study using varying intra‐ and interspecific densities in different conditions of salinity to order to determine if salt could mitigate the documented competitive superiority of Ae. albopictus. Salt in field containers declined away from the coast, with maximal values similar to our lower salt concentrations. Egg hatching and short‐term survival of pupae and late instars were not affected by salt concentrations; survival of early instars of both species decreased at higher concentrations. In high salt conditions, Ae. aegypti achieved higher survival. In the longterm experiment, both species displayed longer development times. Salt did not affect interactions for either species; Ae. aegypti survived in the highest salt conditions, regardless of density. The tolerance of Ae. aegypti to high salt concentrations may allow it to use coastal containers, although because salt did not mediate interspecific interactions between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, the ultimate effects of salt on the coexistence of these species or exclusion of either species remain unknown.}, number={1}, journal={Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Yee, D. A. and Himel, E. and Reiskind, M. H. and Vamosi, S. M.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={60–69} }
 @inbook{reiskind_little_2013, place={Lyon, France}, title={Mosquito Biology and Vector Ecology}, booktitle={Guide to Vector-borne Diseases of Pets}, publisher={Merial Publishing}, author={Reiskind, M.H. and Little, S.E.}, editor={Beugnet, FredericEditor}, year={2013} }
 @article{starkey_west_barrett_saucier_o’connor_paras_reiskind_reichard_little_2013, title={Prevalence of Antibodies to Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in Coyotes (Canis latrans) in Oklahoma and Texas, USA}, volume={49}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2012-08-215}, DOI={10.7589/2012-08-215}, abstractNote={Coyotes (Canis latrans) are commonly infested with ticks, including Amblyomma americanum, the predominant vector of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii; Dermacentor variabilis, an important vector of Rickettsia rickettsii; and Amblyomma maculatum, a major vector of Rickettsia parkeri, a spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia. To determine the degree to which coyotes are infected with or exposed to tick-borne bacterial disease agents, serum samples collected from coyotes in Oklahoma and Texas were tested for antibodies reactive to R. rickettsii, Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) testing or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of the coyotes tested, 60% (46/77) and 64% (47/74) had antibodies reactive to R. rickettsii and E. chaffeensis, respectively, on IFA. Additionally, 5% (4/77) had antibodies reactive to E. canis, but not B. burgdorferi or A. phagocytophilum, on SNAP® 4Dx® ELISA; subsequent serologic analysis by plate ELISA using species-specific peptides revealed antibodies to E. ewingii, E. canis, and E. chaffeensis in 46% (23/50), 18% (9/50), and 4% (2/50) of serum samples, respectively. Taken together, these data indicate that coyotes in this region are commonly exposed to SFG Rickettsia and E. ewingii and that further consideration of coyotes as a component of the maintenance cycle for these pathogens may be warranted.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Starkey, Lindsay A. and West, Misti D. and Barrett, Anne W. and Saucier, Jill M. and O’Connor, Tom P. and Paras, Kelsey L. and Reiskind, Michael H. and Reichard, Mason V. and Little, Susan E.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={670–673} }
 @article{paras_little_reichard_reiskind_2012, title={Detection of Dirofilaria immitis and Ehrlichia Species in Coyotes (Canis latrans), from Rural Oklahoma and Texas}, volume={12}, ISSN={1530-3667 1557-7759}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0815}, DOI={10.1089/vbz.2011.0815}, abstractNote={There is a lack of knowledge regarding the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and Ehrlichia spp. in coyotes in Oklahoma and Texas. Documenting the prevalence of these vector-borne disease agents in coyotes from Oklahoma and Texas underscores the importance of wild canids as reservoir hosts that infect companion animals and humans. To learn more about the sylvatic cycle of D. immitis and Ehrlichia spp. in coyotes from Oklahoma and Texas, we tested for infection with and exposure to, respectively, these disease agents. Coyote carcasses were collected opportunistically from animal control experts and hunters in seven counties in Oklahoma and Texas from January to March, 2010. Serum samples from 77 coyotes were tested with a commercial ELISA test. Five (6.5%) coyotes had D. immitis antigens, and four (5.2%) had antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. The overall prevalence of D. immitis was low relative to studies from the eastern United States. Little is known about the prevalence of Ehrlichia spp. throughout the United States, but coyotes from rural Oklahoma in the current study had a higher exposure rate than those reported from California, and a lower rate than data from an earlier study from Oklahoma.}, number={7}, journal={Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Paras, Kelsey L. and Little, Susan E. and Reichard, Mason V. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={619–621} }
 @article{reiskind_zarrabi_lounibos_2012, title={Effects of combination of leaf resources on competition in container mosquito larvae}, volume={102}, ISSN={0007-4853 1475-2670}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485311000861}, DOI={10.1017/s0007485311000861}, abstractNote={AbstractResource diversity is critical to fitness in many insect species, and may determine the coexistence of competitive species and the function of ecosystems. Plant material provides the nutritional base for numerous aquatic systems, yet the consequences of diversity of plant material have not been studied in aquatic container systems important for the production of mosquitoes. To address how diversity in leaf detritus affects container-inhabiting mosquitoes, we examined how leaf species affect competition between two container inhabiting mosquito larvae,Aedes aegyptiandAedes albopictus, that co-occur in many parts of the world. We tested the hypotheses that leaf species changes the outcome of intra- and interspecific competition between these mosquito species, and that combinations of leaf species affect competition in a manner not predictable based upon the response to each leaf species alone (i.e. the response to leaf combinations is non-additive). We find support for our first hypothesis that leaf species can affect competition, evidence that, in general, leaf combination alters competitive interactions, and no support that leaf combination impacts interspecific competition differently than intraspecific competition. We conclude that combinations of leaves increase mosquito production non-additively such that combinations of leaves act synergistically, in general, and result in higher total yield of adult mosquitoes in most cases, although certain leaf combinations forA. albopictusare antagonistic. We also conclude that leaf diversity does not have a different effect on interspecific competition betweenA. aegyptiandA. albopictus, relative to intraspecific competition for each mosquito.}, number={4}, journal={Bulletin of Entomological Research}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Reiskind, M.H. and Zarrabi, A.A. and Lounibos, L.P.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={424–434} }
 @article{reiskind_zarrabi_2012, title={Is bigger really bigger? Differential responses to temperature in measures of body size of the mosquito, Aedes albopictus}, volume={58}, ISSN={0022-1910}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.04.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.04.006}, abstractNote={When confronted with variation in temperature, most ectotherms conform to a growth rule that "hotter is smaller". This phenomenon can have important implications on population dynamics, interactions with other species, and adaptation to new environments for arthropods. However, the impact of other environmental factors and genetics may affect that general rule. Furthermore, most studies measure a single body part, and do not examine how temperature and other factors alter the allometric relationship between measurements of growth. In this study, we test the hypothesis that temperature and nutrition, while strongly affecting growth, do not change the allometric relationship between body mass and wing length in the mosquito Aedes albopictus. We tested this hypothesis by growing larval mosquitoes from two populations at five temperatures with three food levels. Contrary to our hypothesis, we find that temperature has a profound effect on allometry, with higher temperatures resulting in mosquitoes with shorter wings and greater body mass, and that the effects of temperature are dependent upon available food and population origin. We therefore reject our hypothesis and propose several testable mechanisms that will provide greater insight into the relationship between temperature, food, and measures of growth.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Insect Physiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Zarrabi, Ali A.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={911–917} }
 @article{reiskind_lounibos_2013, title={Spatial and temporal patterns of abundance of Aedes aegypti L. (Stegomyia aegypti) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) [Stegomyia albopictus (Skuse)] in southern Florida}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1365-2915"]}, DOI={10.1111/mve.12000}, abstractNote={Invasion by mosquito vectors of disease may impact the distribution of resident mosquitoes, resulting in novel patterns of vectors and concomitant risk for disease. One example of such an impact is the invasion by Aedes albopictus (Skuse) [Stegomyia albopictus (Skuse)] (Diptera: Culicidae) of North America and this species' interaction with Aedes aegypti L. (Stegomyia aegypti L). We hypothesized that Ae. aegypti would be found in urban, coastal areas that experience hotter and drier conditions, whereas Ae. albopictus would be more commonly found in suburban and rural areas that are cooler and wetter. In addition, we hypothesized that Ae. aegypti would be more abundant early in the wet season, whereas Ae. albopictus would be more abundant later in the wet season. Urban areas were drier, hotter and contained more Ae. aegypti than suburban or rural areas. Aedes aegypti was relatively more abundant early in the wet season, whereas Ae. albopictus was more abundant in both the late wet season and the dry season. The spatial patterns of inter‐ and intraspecific encounters between these species were also described. The distribution of these mosquitoes is correlated with abiotic conditions, and with temperature, humidity and the relative availability of rain‐filled containers. Understanding the ecological determinants of species distribution can provide insight into the biology of these vectors and important information for their appropriate control.}, number={4}, journal={MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Reiskind, M. H. and Lounibos, L. P.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={421–429} }
 @article{reiskind_zarrabi_2012, title={Water Surface Area and Depth Determine Oviposition Choice in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)}, volume={49}, ISSN={0022-2585 0022-2585}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/me10270}, DOI={10.1603/me10270}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Oviposition choice is a well-studied aspect of the mosquito life cycle, and offers a potential avenue for species-specific surveillance and control. In container inhabiting mosquitoes, there has been a focus on how the components of the aquatic media determine choice, with little work on the physical characteristics of the containers themselves. We performed five experiments examining the effect of physical container parameters on oviposition choice by Aedes albopictus. We examined containers of three different surface areas (small, 496 cm2; medium, 863 cm2; and large, 1,938 cm2) at the same water depth and the same or different heights in a series of binary choice assays. We also examined different depths with the same surface area in clear containers (where the depth may be perceived by the darkness of the water) and in opaque containers, which appear uniformly dark at different depths. We found a significant preference for medium containers over large containers, whether the containers were different or the same heights, and a trend toward a preference for small containers over medium containers. There was a preference for deeper water regardless of whether containers were clear or opaque. These behaviors suggest mosquitoes take into account physical aspects of their habitats and their oviposition choices are consistent with minimizing the risk of habitat drying.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Zarrabi, Ali A.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={71–76} }
 @article{reichard_tiernan_paras_interisano_reiskind_panciera_pozio_2011, title={Detection of Trichinella murrelli in coyotes (Canis latrans) from Oklahoma and North Texas}, volume={182}, ISSN={0304-4017}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.001}, abstractNote={We determined the prevalence and mean intensity of Trichinella sp. infection in coyotes from six counties in Oklahoma and one in northern Texas. Tongues from 77 coyotes were examined using histology and artificial tissue digestion. Histological examination showed a prevalence of 3.9% (3 of 77) whereas the prevalence was 6.5% (5 of 77) based on artificial digestion of 5.0 g of muscle from coyote tongues. One sample was positive for Trichinella sp. on histology but negative by artificial digestion. Combining data from both diagnostic techniques showed that six of 77 (7.8%) coyotes were infected with Trichinella spp. The mean intensity of Trichinella sp. larvae ranged from 0.2 to 66.2 with an average of 16.0 larvae per gram (LPG) of tongue. Genotyping results demonstrated that the coyotes were infected with Trichinella murrelli. This is the first report of T. murrelli infection in coyotes in Oklahoma. T. murrelli had previously been isolated from coyotes in Texas.}, number={2-4}, journal={Veterinary Parasitology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Reichard, Mason V. and Tiernan, Kathryn E. and Paras, Kelsey L. and Interisano, Maria and Reiskind, Michael H. and Panciera, Roger J. and Pozio, Edoardo}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={368–371} }
 @article{reiskind_zarrabi_2011, title={The importance of an invasive tree fruit as a resource for mosquito larvae}, volume={36}, ISSN={1081-1710}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00157.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00157.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: 
 Invasive plants are common and may provide resources through litter for container mosquito larvae. Invasive plant reproductive parts can make up a substantial part of litter but have mostly been ignored as a resource for mosquito larvae. We hypothesized that the reproductive fruits of the invasive eastern red cedar, Juniperus virginiana, provide high quality resources for the invasive, container mosquito Aedes albopictus at the western margin of its invasive range in North America. To test this hypothesis, we performed two laboratory experiments. The first examined the response of individual larvae of Ae. albopictus to different amounts of J. virginiana leaf (fresh and senesced) and J. virginiana fruit (ripe and unripe), as well as to a control leaf (Quercus virginiana, live oak). The second experiment examined the response of different densities of Ae. albopictus larvae to each litter type. We found significant differences in response by individual larvae to different amounts of litter and litter types. We also found J. virginiana litter components could support positive population growth rates as a function of initial larval density where the control leaf could not. We conclude that invasive plants may provide high quality resources, and that the reproductive parts (fruits, flowers, cones) may be an important and overlooked component in provisioning larval habitats. Therefore, the expansion of J. virginiana into grassland areas may contribute to the expansion of Ae. albopictus westward in North America.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Vector Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Zarrabi, Ali A.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={197–203} }
 @article{lounibos_o'meara_juliano_nishimura_escher_reiskind_cutwa_greene_2010, title={Differential Survivorship of Invasive Mosquito Species in South Florida Cemeteries: Do Site-Specific Microclimates Explain Patterns of Coexistence and Exclusion?}, volume={103}, ISSN={0013-8746 0013-8746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/an09142}, DOI={10.1603/an09142}, abstractNote={AbstractWithin 2 yr of the arrival of the invasive container mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse), the previously dominant invasive mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) disappeared from many Florida cemeteries. At some cemeteries, however, Ae. aegypti populations seem stable despite Ae. albopictus invasion. We sought to understand this variation in the outcome (exclusion, coexistence) of this invasion, given that previous experiments show that Ae. albopictus is the superior larval competitor. We tested experimentally the hypothesis that climate-dependent egg survivorship differs between exclusion and coexistence cemeteries and that differences in invasion outcome are associated with microclimate. Viability of eggs oviposited in the laboratory and suspended in vases at six cemeteries was significantly greater for Ae. aegypti than for Ae. albopictus, and greater in 2001 than in 2006. Cemeteries differed significantly in egg survivorship of Ae. albopictus, but not of Ae. aegypti, which is consistent with the hypothesis that Ae. albopictus suffers site-specific, climate-driven egg mortality that mitigates the competitive superiority of larval Ae. albopictus. Principal component (PC) analysis of microclimate records from vases during the experiments yielded three PCs accounting for >96% of the variance in both years of experiments. Multivariate analysis of variance of the three PCs revealed significant microclimate differences among the six cemeteries and between exclusion versus coexistence cemeteries. Stepwise logistic regression of egg survivorship versus microclimate PCs yielded significant fits for both species, and twice as much variance explained for Ae. albopictus as for Ae. aegypti in both years, Higher mortalities in 2006 were associated with high average daily maximum temperatures in vases, with lethal thresholds for both species at ≈40°C. From 1990 to 2007, vase occupancy by Ae. albopictus increased and that by Ae. aegypti decreased, with increasing seasonal precipitation at one well-sampled cemetery. Results support the hypothesis that locally variable climate-driven mortality of Ae. albopictus eggs contributes to patterns of exclusion of, or coexistence with, Ae. aegypti.}, number={5}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Lounibos, L. P. and O'Meara, G. F. and Juliano, S. A. and Nishimura, N. and Escher, R. L. and Reiskind, M. H. and Cutwa, M. and Greene, K.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={757–770} }
 @article{reiskind_westbrook_lounibos_2010, title={Exposure to chikungunya virus and adult longevity in Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse)}, volume={35}, ISSN={1081-1710 1948-7134}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00059.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00059.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) recently emerged as a global threat to public health through its adaptation to the cosmopolitan mosquito Aedes albopictus Skuse. Aedes albopictus is highly susceptible to the emergent strain of CHIKV, relative to the historical vector of CHIKV, Aedes aegypti (L.). We hypothesized that the high susceptibility of Ae. albopictus to CHIKV may have a cost in terms of longevity and fecundity among infected vs non-infected mosquitoes, relative to Ae. aegypti. We performed a longevity experiment comparing Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus exposed to the emergent strain of CHIKV (LR-2006OPY1). We found a small but significant decrease in longevity of Ae. albopictus, but not Ae. aegypti, in response to exposure to CHIKV. We did not observe significant differences in numbers of eggs laid by either species in response to exposure. Longevity and body titer of infected Ae. albopictus were significantly negatively correlated, such that individuals that lived longer had lower viral body titers when they died. The cost of exposure, while not high, suggests there may be physiological constraints in the evolution of viral infectiousness in its insect vector.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Vector Ecology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Westbrook, Catherine J. and Lounibos, L. Philip}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={61–68} }
 @article{westbrook_reiskind_pesko_greene_lounibos_2010, title={Larval Environmental Temperature and the Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) to Chikungunya Virus}, volume={10}, ISSN={1530-3667 1557-7759}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2009.0035}, DOI={10.1089/vbz.2009.0035}, abstractNote={A key feature in the recent widespread epidemic of the mosquito-borne alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was the important role of Aedes albopictus, formerly regarded as a secondary vector, compared to the presumed primary vector Aedes aegypti. Ae. albopictus, a container-inhabiting mosquito, is an invasive species that occurs over a wide geographic range spanning tropical and temperate latitudes. In this study we examine the effects of a broad range of larval rearing temperatures on CHIKV infection, dissemination, and viral titer in Florida F(1) Ae. albopictus. Adults from larvae reared at 18 degrees C, 24 degrees C, and 32 degrees C differed significantly in size, development time, and CHIKV infection rate. Adult females with the largest body size were produced from the coolest temperature, took the longest to mature, and six times more likely to be infected with CHIKV than females reared at 32 degrees C. There was also a significant effect of rearing temperature on viral dissemination, resulting in an increase in population dissemination at the coolest temperature. This study indicates that climate factors, such as temperature, experienced at the larval stage, can influence the competence of adult females to vector arboviruses.}, number={3}, journal={Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases}, publisher={Mary Ann Liebert Inc}, author={Westbrook, Catherine J. and Reiskind, Michael H. and Pesko, Kendra N. and Greene, Krystle E. and Lounibos, L. Philip}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={241–247} }
 @article{pesko_westbrook_mores_lounibos_reiskind_2009, title={Effects of Infectious Virus Dose and Bloodmeal Delivery Method on Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to Chikungunya Virus}, volume={46}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0228}, DOI={10.1603/033.046.0228}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus (genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) that has recently caused disease outbreaks in the Indian Ocean basin and southern Europe. These outbreaks could be associated with a possible shift in primary vector from Aedes aegypti to Ae. albopictus. To evaluate vector competence differences in possible CHIKV vectors, we evaluated the dose-dependant susceptibility of Florida strains of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti for infection with a La Réunion island strain of CHIKV. Pledget and water-jacketed membrane feeding systems were also evaluated. We show that both Aedes spp. were susceptible to the highest CHIKV doses, whereas only Ae. albopictus developed disseminated infections after exposure to the two lowest doses. Infection rates for both mosquito species were significantly affected by the bloodmeal delivery method used. This information is important in assessing risk of an outbreak of imported CHIKV in the United States, in determining differences in vectorial capacity of these two vector species, and in evaluating arbovirus delivery methods in the laboratory.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Pesko, Kendra and Westbrook, Catherine J. and Mores, Christopher N. and Lounibos, L. Philip and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={395–399} }
 @article{reiskind_lounibos_2009, title={Effects of intraspecific larval competition on adult longevity in the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus}, volume={23}, ISSN={0269-283X 1365-2915}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00782.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00782.x}, abstractNote={AbstractLarval competition is common in container‐breeding mosquitoes. The impact of competition on larval growth has been thoroughly examined and findings that larval competition can lead to density‐dependent effects on adult body size have been documented. The effects of larval competition on adult longevity have been less well explored. The effects of intraspecific larval densities on the longevity of adults maintained under relatively harsh environmental conditions were tested in the laboratory by measuring the longevity of adultAedes aegypti(L.) andAedes albopictus(Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) that had been reared under a range of larval densities and subsequently maintained in high‐ or low‐humidity regimes (85% or 35% relative humidity [RH], respectively) as adults. We found significant negative effects of competition on adult longevity inAe. aegypti, but not inAe. albopictus. Multivariate analysis of variance suggested that the negative effect of the larval environment on the longevity ofAe. aegyptiadults was most strongly associated with increased development time and decreased wing length as adults. Understanding how larval competition affects adult longevity under a range of environmental conditions is important in establishing the relationship between models of mosquito population regulation and epidemiological models of vector‐borne disease transmission.}, number={1}, journal={Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Reiskind, M. H. and Lounibos, L. P.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={62–68} }
 @article{reiskind_wund_2009, title={Experimental Assessment of the Impacts of Northern Long-Eared Bats on Ovipositing Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes}, volume={46}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0510}, DOI={10.1603/033.046.0510}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 The importance of predation as a mortality factor in adult mosquitoes has received only limited attention in the scientific literature. Despite the lack of consensus among researchers as to whether bats are important predators of mosquitoes, there have been no attempts to directly document the effect of bats on mosquito populations or behavior. We conducted an enclosure experiment to test the hypothesis that bats reduce the local abundance of ovipositing female mosquitoes by examining whether the northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis Trouessart) had an effect on Culex spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) oviposition, using naturally occurring mosquitoes, either through direct predation or trait mediated effects on mosquito behavior. We found a significant, 32% reduction in egg-laying activity associated with bat predation. Artificial oviposition habitats directly outside bat enclosures experienced no reduction in oviposition; we attributed the observed reduction in egg-laying activity to direct predation on ovipositing females by bats and not changes in mosquito behavior. In addition, we noted a decrease in the number of larval mosquitoes in enclosures exposed to bat predation. These results suggest the impact of aerial predators on pathogen transmission may be large, and warrants further scientific investigation.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Wund, Matthew A.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={1037–1044} }
 @article{reiskind_zarrabi_lounibos_2009, title={Invasive leaf resources alleviate density dependence in the invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus}, volume={12}, ISSN={1387-3547 1573-1464}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-009-9646-6}, DOI={10.1007/s10530-009-9646-6}, abstractNote={Interactions between invasive species can have important consequences for the speed and impact of biological invasions. Containers occupied by the invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus Skuse, may be sensitive to invasive plants whose leaves fall into this larval habitat. To examine the potential for interactions between invasive leaf species and larval A. albopictus, we conducted a field survey of leaf material found with A. albopictus in containers in Palm Beach County, Florida and measured density dependent responses of A. albopictus larvae to two invasive and one native leaf species in laboratory experiments. We found increased diversity of leaf species, particularly invasive species, in areas further from the urbanized coast, and a significant positive association between the presence of Schinus terebinthifolious (Brazilian pepper) and the abundance of A. albopictus. In laboratory experiments, we determined that larval growth and survivorship were significantly affected by both larval density and leaf species which, in turn, resulted in higher population performance on the most abundant invasive species (Brazilian pepper) relative to the most abundant native species, Quercus virginiana (live oak). These results suggest invasive leaf species can alleviate density dependent reductions in population performance in A. albopictus, and may contribute to its invasion success and potential to spread infectious disease.}, number={7}, journal={Biological Invasions}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Zarrabi, Ali A. and Lounibos, L. Philip}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={2319–2328} }
 @article{reiskind_greene_lounibos_2009, title={Leaf species identity and combination affect performance and oviposition choice of two container mosquito species}, volume={34}, ISSN={0307-6946 1365-2311}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01067.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01067.x}, abstractNote={Abstract1. Resource diversity can be an important determinant of individual and population performance in insects. Fallen parts of plants form the nutritive base for many aquatic systems, including mosquito habitats, but the effect of plant diversity on mosquito production is poorly understood.2. To determine the effects of diverse plant inputs on larval mosquitoes, experiments were conducted that examined how leaves ofVitis aestivalis,Quercus virginiana,Psychotria nervosa, andNephrolepis exaltataaffected the container speciesAedes triseriatusandAedes albopictus.3. The hypothesis that leaf species have different effects on larval survival, growth, population performance, and oviposition choice of the two mosquito species was tested. The hypothesis that larval performance ofA. albopictusresponds additively to combinations of the four plant species was also tested.4. Larval survival and growth differed among the four leaf species, and oviposition preference differed among the two leaf species examined. Measurements of population performance demonstrated significant variation between leaf treatments. Larval outcomes forA. albopictuswere significantly affected by leaf combination, and the hypothesis of additivity could be rejected.5. These results indicate that individual leaf species are important in determining the performance of container dwelling mosquitoes, which grow larger and survive better on mixed‐species resource than expected, based on an additive model of resource utilisation.}, number={4}, journal={Ecological Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Greene, Krystle L. and Lounibos, L. Philip}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={447–456} }
 @article{reiskind_wilson_2008, title={Interspecific Competition Between Larval <I>Culex restuans</I> Theobald and <I>Culex pipiens</I> L.(Diptera: Culicidae) in Michigan}, volume={45}, ISSN={0022-2585 0022-2585}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[20:icblcr]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[20:icblcr]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Many invasive species succeed in becoming established in new locations because of their competitive superiority to native species. This has been shown in several examples involving mosquitoes. In this study, we examined the interspecific competition between mosquito larvae of a well-established, non-native species, Culex pipiens, and those of its ecologically similar, native congener Culex restuans. Small but significant differences in survival, growth, and development rates were found in Cx. restuans as a response to varying proportions of Cx. pipiens, suggesting that Cx. restuans is a slightly superior competitor. However, the overall differences between the species were small, and they may be nearly ecological equivalents as larvae. Nevertheless, the observed seasonal pattern of feeding and oviposition activity suggests some phenological avoidance of competition, thus demanding further study of the interaction of these two species.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Wilson, Mark L.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={20–27} }
 @article{alto_lounibos_reiskind_2008, title={Size Alters Susceptibility of Vectors to Dengue Virus Infection and Dissemination}, volume={79}, ISSN={0002-9637 1476-1645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.688}, DOI={10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.688}, abstractNote={The size of arthropod vectors may affect their ability to transmit pathogens. Here we test the hypothesis that body size alters the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes to dengue virus (DENV) infection and subsequent dissemination throughout the body of the mosquito. After feeding on blood containing known quantities of virus, smaller-sized females were significantly more likely to become infected and to disseminate virus than larger individuals. The effects of size were stronger for Ae. aegypti and independent of rearing conditions. Ae. albopictus was more susceptible to DENV infection and had higher virus titer in the body than Ae. aegypti, yet infected Ae. aegypti disseminated DENV more readily than infected Ae. albopictus. These results are consistent with the concept that Ae. aegypti is a more competent vector of DENV and emphasize the importance of body size in determining adult infection parameters.}, number={5}, journal={The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, publisher={American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, author={Alto, Barry W. and Lounibos, L. Philip and Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={688–695} }
 @article{reiskind_westbrook_pesko_mores_2008, title={Susceptibility of Florida Mosquitoes to Infection with Chikungunya Virus}, volume={78}, ISSN={0002-9637 1476-1645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.422}, DOI={10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.422}, abstractNote={Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has caused recent, large epidemics on islands in the Indian Ocean, raising the possibility of more widespread CHIKV epidemics. Historically, CHIKV has been vectored by Aedes aegypti, but these outbreaks likely also involved Ae. albopictus. To examine the potential for an outbreak of CHIKV in Florida, we determined the susceptibility to CHIKV of F1 Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Florida. In addition, we also evaluated two well-characterized laboratory strains (Rockefeller and Lake Charles) of these species. We determined infection and dissemination rates as well as total body titer of mosquitoes 7 days post-exposure (pe) (Ae. albopictus) and 3, 7, and 10 days pe (Ae. aegypti). All mosquito strains were susceptible to both infection and dissemination, with some variation between strains. Our results suggest Florida would be vulnerable to transmission of CHIKV in urban and rural areas where the two vector species occur.}, number={3}, journal={The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, publisher={American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Westbrook, Catherine J. and Pesko, Kendra and Mores, Christopher N.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={422–425} }
 @article{alto_lounibos_mores_reiskind_2007, title={Larval competition alters susceptibility of adult
            Aedes
            mosquitoes to dengue infection}, volume={275}, ISSN={0962-8452 1471-2954}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1497}, DOI={10.1098/rspb.2007.1497}, abstractNote={Dengue, the most important human arboviral disease, is transmitted primarily byAedes aegyptiand, to a lesser extent, byAedes albopictus. The current distributions of these invasive species overlap and are affected by interspecific larval competition in their container habitats. Here we report that competition also enhances dengue infection and dissemination rates in one of these two vector species. We determined the effects of competition on adultA. aegyptiandA. albopictus, comparing their susceptibility to infection with a Southeast Asian strain of dengue-2 virus. High levels of intra- or interspecific competition among larvae enhanced the susceptibility ofA. albopictusto dengue virus infection and potential for transmission, as indicated by disseminated infections. Doubling the number of competing larvae (A. albopictusorA. aegypti), led to a significant (more than 60%) increase in the proportion ofA. albopictuswith disseminated dengue-2 infection. Competition-enhanced vector competence appears to result from a reduction in ‘barriers’ (morphological or physiological) to virus infection and dissemination and may contribute to the importance ofA. albopictusin dengue transmission. Similar results for other unrelated arboviruses suggest that larval competition, common in mosquitoes, should be considered in estimates of vector competence for pathogens that infect humans.}, number={1633}, journal={Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Alto, Barry W and Lounibos, L. Philip and Mores, Christopher N and Reiskind, Michael H}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={463–471} }
 @article{reiskind_2007, title={Vector and Rodent Borne Diseases in Europe and North America: Distribution, Public Health Burden, and Control}, volume={90}, ISSN={0015-4040 1938-5102}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[589:varbdi]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[589:varbdi]2.0.co;2}, number={3}, journal={Florida Entomologist}, publisher={Florida Entomological Society}, author={Reiskind, Michael H.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={589–590} }
 @article{reiskind_wilson_2004, title={Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) Oviposition Behavior Determined by Larval Habitat Quality and Quantity in Southeastern Michigan}, volume={41}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.2.179}, DOI={10.1603/0022-2585-41.2.179}, abstractNote={Abstract Oviposition is a critical stage in the mosquito lifecycle, and may determine population levels, distribution, biting behavior, and pathogen transmission. Knowledge of the oviposition behavior of Culex restuans Theobald has become particularly important with the emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America. Laboratory and field studies have examined some factors that contribute to oviposition choice in Culex spp., but few studies have investigated responses to cues of future competition and breeding habitat availability in the field. We hypothesized that female Cx. restuans mosquitoes avoid laying eggs in habitats containing cues of larval competition, and that increased availability of larval habitat decreases egg density. To test these hypotheses, a series of field experiments were conducted in southeastern Michigan during summer 2002. We found that female mosquitoes prefer nutrient-enriched containers and decrease ovipositing in containers with conspecific larvae. In addition, greater habitat abundance decreased egg clutch density per container, although there was considerable aggregation of egg clutches. These results support our hypotheses and have potentially important implications for pathogen transmission by mosquitoes.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Wilson, Mark L.}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={179–186} }
 @article{reiskind_walton_wilson_2004, title={Nutrient-Dependent Reduced Growth and Survival of Larval Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae): Laboratory and Field Experiments in Michigan}, volume={41}, ISSN={0022-2585 1938-2928}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.650}, DOI={10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.650}, abstractNote={Abstract Culex restuans Theobold, a putative vector of West Nile virus among birds in northern North America, also may serve as a bridge vector to mammals. Despite its potential public health importance, little is known about what regulates populations of this species. Mosquitoes generally are subject to both density-dependent reductions in survival and growth and to density-independent limitations on their population abundances. The mechanisms by which density dependence may occur in this species were examined in both field and laboratory studies. Nutrient-dependent reductions in growth were found in field studies. Under laboratory conditions, nutrient levels in larval habitats and total water volume per container contributed to survival and growth of larvae. We related these findings to density-independent changes in available habitat for larval development observed in other studies. These results may suggest a mechanism for patterns of mosquito abundance.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Walton, Emily T. and Wilson, Mark L.}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={650–656} }
 @article{vandermeer_evans_foster_hook_reiskind_wund_2002, title={Increased competition may promote species coexistence}, volume={99}, ISSN={0027-8424 1091-6490}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.142073599}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.142073599}, abstractNote={
            It is a mainstay of community ecology that local exclusion of species will result if competitive pressures become too large. The pattern of exclusion may be complicated, but the qualitative orthodoxy has changed little since the pioneering work of Lotka, Volterra, and Gause—no two species can occupy the same niche. Stated in a more precise form, the higher the intensity of interspecific competition in an assemblage of species, the fewer the number of species that can coexist in perpetuity. We suggest that this orthodoxy results from “linear” thinking, and that if the classical equations are formulated more realistically with attendant nonlinearities, the orthodoxy breaks down and higher levels of competition may actually increase the likelihood that species will avoid competitive exclusion. Furthermore, this increased probability of coexistence at higher levels of competition is accompanied by characteristic dynamic patterns: (
            i
            ) at lower levels of competition, after all extinction events have occurred, remaining species follow irregular chaotic patterns; (
            ii
            ) at higher levels of competition, when most species coexist, all species are entrained in a single large limit cycle; (
            iii
            ) the transient behavior appears to correspond to a special case of chaos, uniform phase chaotic amplitude.
          }, number={13}, journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Vandermeer, J. and Evans, M. A. and Foster, P. and Hook, T. and Reiskind, M. and Wund, M.}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={8731–8736} }
 @article{cooper_reiskind_miller_shelton_walther_elkinton_ewald_2002, title={Timing of transmission and the evolution of virulence of an insect virus}, volume={269}, ISSN={0962-8452 1471-2954}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.1976}, DOI={10.1098/rspb.2002.1976}, abstractNote={We used the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, to investigate whether the timing of transmission influences the evolution of virulence. In theory, early transmission should favour rapid replication and increase virulence, while late transmission should favour slower replication and reduce virulence. We tested this prediction by subjecting one set of 10 virus lineages to early transmission (Early viruses) and another set to late transmission (Late viruses). Each lineage of virus underwent nine cycles of transmission. Virulence assays on these lineages indicated that viruses transmitted early were significantly more lethal than those transmitted late. Increased exploitation of the host appears to come at a cost, however. While Early viruses initially produced more progeny, Late viruses were ultimately more productive over the entire duration of the infection. These results illustrate fitness trade-offs associated with the evolution of virulence and indicate that milder viruses can obtain a numerical advantage when mild and harmful strains tend to infect separate hosts.}, number={1496}, journal={Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Cooper, V. S. and Reiskind, M. H. and Miller, J. A. and Shelton, K. A. and Walther, B. A. and Elkinton, J. S. and Ewald, P. W.}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={1161–1165} }
 @article{reiskind_baisley_calampa_sharp_watts_wilson_2001, title={Epidemiological and ecological characteristics of past dengue virus infection in Santa Clara, Peru}, volume={6}, ISSN={1360-2276 1365-3156}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00703.x}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00703.x}, abstractNote={To determine risk factors associated with dengue (DEN) virus infection among residents of Santa Clara, Peru, a rural Amazonian village near Iquitos, a cross‐sectional serological, epidemiological and environmental survey was conducted. Demographic, social and behavioural information was obtained by standardized questionnaire from 1225 Santa Clara residents (61.3%) aged 5 years or older. Additional data were obtained on the environmental variables and immature mosquito species and abundance surrounding each household (n=248). Sera that had been collected previously by the Peruvian Ministry of Health from residents were tested by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for DEN virus IgG antibody. Antibody identity was verified as DEN by plaque reduction neutralization test. Data on individuals were analysed by univariate and multivariable methods, and independent sample t‐tests. Spatial clustering was evaluated by comparing distances among DEN positive households. Overall, antibody prevalence was 29.4% and more than doubled from the youngest to the oldest age groups, but did not differ by sex. Curiously, length of residence in Santa Clara was negatively associated with DEN virus antibodies. More frequent travel to Iquitos was positively associated with seroprevalence. Residents who obtained water from a river source rather than a local well also had significantly higher antibody prevalence. None of the environmental variables measured at each household corresponded to the patterns of antibody distribution. Of the larval mosquitoes found around residences, all were determined to be species other than Aedes. No evidence of spatial autocorrelation among antibody‐positive households was detected. These results strongly suggested that recent DEN virus transmission did not occur in the village and that most infections of residents of this rural village were acquired while visiting the city of Iquitos.}, number={3}, journal={Tropical Medicine and International Health}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Reiskind, Michael H. and Baisley, Kathy J. and Calampa, Carlos and Sharp, Trueman W. and Watts, Douglas M. and Wilson, Mark L.}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={212–218} }