@article{tuxbury_shaw_montali_clayton_kwiatkowski_dykstra_mankowski_2014, title={Fusarium solani species complex associated with carapace lesions and branchitis in captive American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao02764}, abstractNote={Captive American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus housed at the National Aquarium presented with a variety of shell and gill lesions over a 3 yr period. Carapace lesions were located on both the dorsal and ventral prosoma and opisthosoma and included multifocal circular areas of tan discoloration, ulcerations, and/or pitting lesions, extending from superficial to full thickness. Gill lesions involved both the book gill cover (operculum) and individual book gill leaflets and included multifocal circular areas of tan discoloration, tan to off-white opaque proliferative lesions, and/or areas of black discoloration. Histopathology revealed fungal hyphae, with variable morphology throughout the thickened and irregular cuticle of the carapace and occasionally penetrating into subcuticular tissues, with associated amebocytic inflammation. Book gill leaflets were infiltrated by fungal hyphae and contained necrotic debris and amebocytes. Thirty-eight of 39 animals (97%) evaluated via histopathological examination had intralesional fungal hyphae. Fungal cultures of carapace and gill lesions were attempted in 26 tissue samples from 15 individuals and were positive in 13 samples (50%), with 10 cultures (77%) yielding identification to genus. Fusarium sp. was identified in 8 of the 10 cultures (80%) via culture morphology. The Fusarium solani species complex was confirmed in 6 of these 8 (75%) via polymerase chain reaction amplification of 2 different ribosomal-specific sequences of isolated fungal DNA. Ante-mortem systemic and topical treatments were performed on some affected individuals, but no appreciable change in lesions was observed. Mycotic dermatitis and branchitis are serious health issues for captive American horseshoe crabs.}, number={3}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Tuxbury, Kathryn A. and Shaw, Gillian C. and Montali, Richard J. and Clayton, Leigh Ann and Kwiatkowski, Nicole P. and Dykstra, Michael J. and Mankowski, Joseph L.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={223–230} }
 @article{yang_jiang_hsu-kim_badireddy_dykstra_wiesner_hinton_meyer_2014, title={Silver Nanoparticle Behavior, Uptake, and Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans: Effects of Natural Organic Matter}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es404444n}, abstractNote={Significant progress has been made in understanding the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. Natural organic matter (NOM) is omnipresent in complex environmental systems, where it may alter the behavior of nanoparticles in these systems. We exposed the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to Ag NP suspensions with or without one of two kinds of NOM, Suwannee River and Pony Lake fulvic acids (SRFA and PLFA, respectively). PLFA rescued toxicity more effectively than SRFA. Measurement of total tissue silver content indicated that PLFA reduced total organismal (including digestive tract) uptake of ionic silver, but not of citrate-coated Ag NPs (CIT-Ag NPs). The majority of the CIT-Ag NP uptake was in the digestive tract. Limited tissue uptake was detected by hyperspectral microscopy but not by transmission electron microscopy. Co-exposure to PLFA resulted in the formation of NOM-Ag NP composites (both in medium and in nematodes) and rescued AgNO3- and CIT-Ag NP-induced cellular damage, potentially by decreasing intracellular uptake of CIT-Ag NPs.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Yang, Xinyu and Jiang, Chuanjia and Hsu-Kim, Heiken and Badireddy, Appala Raju and Dykstra, Michael and Wiesner, Mark and Hinton, David E. and Meyer, Joel N.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={3486–3495} }
 @article{jacquet_salinas-mondragon_liang_therit_buie_dykstra_campbell_ostrowski_brody_ghashghaei_2009, title={FoxJ1-dependent gene expression is required for differentiation of radial glia into ependymal cells and a subset of astrocytes in the postnatal brain}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1477-9129"]}, DOI={10.1242/dev.041129}, abstractNote={Neuronal specification occurs at the periventricular surface of the embryonic central nervous system. During early postnatal periods, radial glial cells in various ventricular zones of the brain differentiate into ependymal cells and astrocytes. However, mechanisms that drive this time- and cell-specific differentiation remain largely unknown. Here, we show that expression of the forkhead transcription factor FoxJ1 in mice is required for differentiation into ependymal cells and a small subset of FoxJ1+ astrocytes in the lateral ventricles, where these cells form a postnatal neural stem cell niche. Moreover, we show that a subset of FoxJ1+ cells harvested from the stem cell niche can self-renew and possess neurogenic potential. Using a transcriptome comparison of FoxJ1-null and wild-type microdissected tissue, we identified candidate genes regulated by FoxJ1 during early postnatal development. The list includes a significant number of microtubule-associated proteins, some of which form a protein complex that could regulate the transport of basal bodies to the ventricular surface of differentiating ependymal cells during FoxJ1-dependent ciliogenesis. Our results suggest that time- and cell-specific expression of FoxJ1 in the brain acts on an array of target genes to regulate the differentiation of ependymal cells and a small subset of astrocytes in the adult stem cell niche.}, number={23}, journal={DEVELOPMENT}, author={Jacquet, Benoit V. and Salinas-Mondragon, Raul and Liang, Huixuan and Therit, Blair and Buie, Justin D. and Dykstra, Michael and Campbell, Kenneth and Ostrowski, Lawrence E. and Brody, Steven L. and Ghashghaei, H. Troy}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={4021–4031} }
 @article{wada_kurata_hatai_noga_dykstra_burke_2009, title={Reovirus-like Infection of Cultured Summer Flounder Paralichthys dentatus}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0388-788X"]}, DOI={10.3147/jsfp.44.151}, abstractNote={Examination via light and electron microscopy of juvenile summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus experiencing a subacute to chronic mortality revealed severe necrotizing hepatitis characterized by necrotic multinucleated giant cells (syncytia). The cytoplasms of syncytia contained paracrystalline arrays of reovirus-like particles, strongly suggesting that the epidemic was caused by the virus. This is the first report of a putative viral infection in summer flounder.}, number={3}, journal={FISH PATHOLOGY}, author={Wada, Shinpei and Kurata, Osamu and Hatai, Kishio and Noga, Edward J. and Dykstra, Michael J. and Burke, John S.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={151–153} }
 @article{hild_reel_dykstra_mann_marshall_2007, title={Acute adverse effects of the indenopyridine CDB-4022 on the ultrastructure of Sertoli cells, spermatocytes, and spermiatids in rat testes: Comparison to the known Sertoli cell toxicant di-n-pentylphthalate DPP}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0196-3635"]}, DOI={10.2164/jandrol.106.002295}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT:  Acute effects of CDB‐4022 on testicular ultrastructure were determined. Rats were treated orally with vehicle or a maximally effective single dose of CDB‐4022 or Di‐n‐pentylphthalate (DPP). Preserved testes were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Sertoli and germ cells of vehicle‐treated rats demonstrated normal morphological characteristics. Disruption of Sertoli cell ultrastructure was apparent in CDB‐4022‐treated rats by 3 hours. A decrease in the presence of nucleoli, an increase in the amount and diameter of swollen smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and decreases in cytoplasmic ground substance were observed. The severity of these degenerative effects increased at 6 and 12 hours: Vacuoles were apparent; increased cellular debris, swollen mitochondria, and phagocytic structures were observed; and membranes became more disorganized. Similar ultrastructural changes were observed in the Sertoli cells of DPP‐treated rats. By 3 hours, spermatocytes and spermatids were adversely affected by CDB‐4022 treatment with swelling of the nuclear envelope. The Step 8 spermatids were especially noteworthy; chromatin was more diffuse and rarefied, the nuclear envelopes were incomplete or broken, and the position of the spermatid nucleus within the cell and relative to Sertoli cell cytoplasm was unusual. Fusion of spermatids to form giant cells was observed by 12 hours. CDB‐4022 acts acutely on Sertoli cells to induce marked cellular rarefaction and degeneration, but not necrosis. A rapid and direct effect of CDB‐4022 on spermatocytes and spermatids was observed. The antispermatogenic activity of CDB‐4022 appears to be a consequence of direct effects on Sertoli and germ cells.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY}, author={Hild, Sheri Ann and Reel, Jerry R. and Dykstra, Michael J. and Mann, Peter C. and Marshall, Gary R.}, year={2007}, pages={621–629} }
 @article{dykstra_reininger_2007, title={Aviary air-handler design and its relationship to fungal spore loads in the air}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2007)38[540:AADAIR]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Fungal spore loads in the air of cool-temperature, temperate, and tropical aviaries were collected with an Andersen N-6 air sampler. The relationship of spore loads to air-handler and exhibit design in these three environments was examined. In addition, a 2-yr longitudinal study of fungal spore loads in the air of a newly designed and installed air-handling system in the R. J. Reynolds Forest Aviary at the North Carolina Zoological Park was compared to the earlier air-handling system that it replaced. High-efficiency particulate air filters installed in cool-temperature aviaries produced the cleanest air, although pleated filters showed only marginally higher spore loads. Temperate and tropical aviaries with pleated filters or bag filters with variable-velocity fans had much higher spore loads. Tropical and temperate exhibits with bag filters and constant-velocity fans produced the cleanest air in tropical and temperate exhibits. Information on the relative effectiveness of different air-handling system designs and related costs/benefits should be used by zoo managers when they are designing or retrofitting aviary air-handling systems.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Dykstra, Michael J. and Reininger, Kenneth}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={540–547} }
 @article{osorio_fletcher_dykstra_post_barnes_2007, title={Comb candidiasis affecting roosters in a broiler breeder flock}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[618:CCARIA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A cutaneous mycosis caused by Candida albicans that involved the combs and less frequently the wattles, facial skin, ear lobes, and neck of male broiler breeders is described. Roosters were 35 wk old and housed with hens in two conventional broiler breeder houses on a farm in western North Carolina. Morbidity was approximately 10% in one house and less than 2% in the other house. Mortality and flock fertility were not affected. Three birds from the most affected house were examined. All birds had white adherent material on their combs that presented as crusty patches or lighter diffuse areas. Often, lesions were roughly circular or had a defined margin. Small black scabs were present in a few lesions. Similar but less extensive lesions were located on the wattles, facial skin, ear lobes, and rictus. In one bird, lesions extended down the neck, and they were accompanied by hyperemia and feather loss. Hyperkeratosis with little to no inflammation and intralesional fungi occurring as yeast and pseudohyphae were seen microscopically. High numbers of C. albicans were isolated and identified from the lesions.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Osorio, Claudia and Fletcher, Oscar and Dykstra, Michael J. and Post, Karen and Barnes, H. John}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={618–622} }
 @article{martin_bouck_helm_dykstra_wages_barnes_2007, title={Disseminated Aspergillus flavus infection in broiler breeder pullets}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2007)51[626:DAFIIB]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Increased morbidity and mortality occurred in a 5-wk-old broiler breeder replacement pullet flock. The affected broiler pullet flock was housed on the first floor of a two-story confinement building. Mortality increased to 0.1%/day compared to the flock on the second floor, which had mortality levels of less than 0.01%/day. Clinical signs in the affected chickens included inactivity, decreased response to stimuli, and anorexia. No respiratory or neurologic signs were observed. On necropsy, affected pullets were dehydrated and emaciated and had disseminated variably sized single or multiple heterophilic granulomas that contained intralesional septate and branching fungal hyphae. Lesions were extensive around the base of the heart in the thoracic inlet and in the kidneys. Other affected organs included eyelid, muscle, proventriculus, ventriculus, intestine, liver, spleen, lung, and heart. Aspergillus flavus was cultured from the visceral granulomas. The source of flock exposure to the organism was not determined.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Martin, Michael P. and Bouck, Karla Pecelunas and Helm, Julie and Dykstra, Michael J. and Wages, Dennis P. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={626–631} }
 @article{levy_litaker_goldstein_dykstra_vandersea_noga_2007, title={Piscinoodinium, a fish-ectoparasitic dinoflagellate, is a member of the class Dinophyceae, subclass Gymnodiniphycidae: Convergent evolution with Amyloodinium}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1937-2345"]}, DOI={10.1645/GE-3585.1}, abstractNote={All dinoflagellates that infest the skin and gills of fish have traditionally been placed within the class Blastodiniphyceae. Their relatedness was primarily based upon a similar mode of attachment to the host, i.e., attachment disc with holdfasts. Results of recent molecular genetic analyses have transferred these parasites, including Amyloodinium, to the class Dinophyceae, subclass Peridiniphycidae. In our study, a small subunit rDNA gene from a parasitic dinoflagellate that has features diagnostic for species in the genus Piscinoodinium, i.e., typical trophont with attachment disc having rhizocysts, infesting the skin of freshwater tropical fish, places this organism within the dinophycean subclass Gymnodiniphycidae. This suggests a close relationship of Piscinoodinium spp. to dinoflagellates that include symbionts, e.g., species of Symbiodinium, and free-living algae, e.g., Gymnodinium spp. These molecular and morphological data suggest that evolution of this mode of fish ectoparasitism occurred independently in 2 distantly related groups of dinoflagellates, and they further suggest that the taxonomic status of parasites grouped as members of Piscinoodinium requires major revision.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Levy, Michael G. and Litaker, R. Wayne and Goldstein, Robert J. and Dykstra, Michael J. and Vandersea, Mark W. and Noga, Edward J.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={1006–1015} }
 @article{mukha_chumachenko_dykstra_kurtti_schal_2006, title={Characterization of a new densovirus infecting the German cockroach, Blattella germanica}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1465-2099"]}, DOI={10.1099/vir.0.81638-0}, abstractNote={A new DNA virus (Parvoviridae:Densovirinae,Densovirus) was isolated and purified from descendants of field-collected German cockroaches,Blattella germanica. Viral DNA and cockroach tissues infected withB. germanicadensovirus (BgDNV) were examined by electron microscopy. Virus particles, about 20 nm in diameter, were observed both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Virus DNA proved to be a linear molecule of about 1.2 μm in length.BgDNV isolated from infected cockroaches infected successfully and could be maintained in BGE-2, aB. germanicacell line. The completeBgDNV genome was sequenced and analysed. Five open reading frames (ORFs) were detected in the 5335 nt sequence: two ORFS that were on one DNA strand encoded structural capsid proteins (69.7 and 24.8 kDa) and three ORFs that were on the other strand encoded non-structural proteins (60.2, 30.3 and 25.9 kDa). Three putative promoters and polyadenylation signals were identified. Structural analysis of the inverted terminal repeats revealed the presence of extended palindromes. The genome structure ofBgDNV was compared with that of other members of the familyParvoviridae; the predicted amino acid sequences were aligned and subjected to phylogenetic analyses.}, journal={JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY}, author={Mukha, D. V. and Chumachenko, A. G. and Dykstra, M. J. and Kurtti, T. J. and Schal, C.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={1567–1575} }
 @book{dykstra_reuss_2003, title={Biological electron microscopy: Theory, techniques, and troubleshooting (2nd ed.)}, ISBN={0306477491}, publisher={New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers}, author={Dykstra, M. J. and Reuss, L. E.}, year={2003} }
 @article{fan_zurek_dykstra_schal_2003, title={Hydrocarbon synthesis by enzymatically dissociated oenocytes of the abdominal integument of the German cockroach, Blaftella germanica}, volume={90}, number={3}, journal={Naturwissenschaften (Berlin, Germany)}, author={Fan, Y. L. and Zurek, L. and Dykstra, M. J. and Schal, C.}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={121–126} }
 @article{pagan_costa_mcgee_richards_dye_dykstra_2003, title={Metals mimic airway epithelial injury induced by in vitro exposure to Utah Valley ambient particulate matter extracts}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1087-2620"]}, DOI={10.1080/15287390390213908}, abstractNote={Epid emiologic studies have shown positive associations between changes in ambient particulate matter (PM) levels in Utah Valley during 1986–1988, and the respiratory health of the local population. Ambient PM reductions coincided with closure of an open-hearth steel mill, the major industrial source of particulate emissions in the valley. In this report, water extracts of PM filters from steel mill ope rational (UE-86, UE-88) and closure (UE-87) periods were analyzed for their elemental composition. Their relative toxicity was determined by expos ing primary rodent airway epithelial cultures to equal masses of extracted material. To elucidate extract subcomponents mediating the effects observed, cells were also exposed to surrogate metal mixtures. Potential interactions between the two predominant metals in the UE-86/88 samples, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), were further investigated. Data indicated that, relative to the UE-87 (plant closed) sample, UE-86/88 samples contained more sulfate, calcium, potassium, magnesium and, although presentin much lower amounts, a variety of metals including Zn, Cu. iron, lead, strontium, nickel, manganese, and vanadium N). Cell expos ure to UE-86 and UE-88, but not UE-87, resulted in time- and concentration-dependent epithelial injury based on biochemical and light/electron microscopic changes. Cell injury induced by metal mixtures containing equivalent amounts of Zn + Cu + V was commensurate with that induced by the corresponding extract, although divergent antioxidant responses were observed. Expos ure to Zn + Cu resulted in significantly greater epithelial toxicity and stress (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase activation) responses than did exposure to Zn or Cu individually. The parallel epithelial injury induced by the extracts and their surrogate Zn+Cu+V mixtures suggests that these metals are mediating the acute airwayep ithelial effects observed; however, metal interactions appear to play a critical role in the overall cellular effects induced by the PM-derived extracts. These experimental findings are in good accord with epidemiologic reports of adverse airway and respiratory health effects in Utah Valley residents.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES}, author={Pagan, I and Costa, DL and McGee, JK and Richards, JH and Dye, JA and Dykstra, MJ}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={1087–1112} }
 @article{levy_gookin_poore_birkenheuer_dykstra_litaker_2003, title={Tritrichomonas foetus and not Pentatrichomonas hominis is the etiologic agent of feline trichomonal diarrhea}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1937-2345"]}, DOI={10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0099:TFANPH]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Recently, several investigators have reported large-bowel diarrhea in cats associated with intestinal trichomonad parasites. These reports have presumptively identified the flagellates as Pentatrichomonas hominis, an organism putatively capable of infecting the intestinal tracts of a number of mammalian hosts, including cats, dogs, and man. The purpose of the present study was to determine the identity of this recently recognized flagellate by means of rRNA gene sequence analysis; restriction enzyme digest mapping; and light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Levy, MG and Gookin, JL and Poore, M and Birkenheuer, AJ and Dykstra, MJ and Litaker, RW}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={99–104} }
 @inbook{dykstra_keller_2002, title={Class Mycetozoa De Bary, 1859}, volume={2}, ISBN={1891276239}, booktitle={An illustrated guide to the protozoa, organisms traditionally referred to as protozoa, or newly discovered groups  (2nd ed.)}, publisher={Lawrence, Kan., U.S.A.: Society of Protozoologists}, author={Dykstra, M. J. and Keller, H. W.}, editor={Lee, J. J. and G. F. Leedale and Bradbury, P. C.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={952–981} }
 @article{dykstra_mann_elwell_ching_2002, title={Suggested Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the preparation of electron microscopy samples for toxicology/pathology studies in a GLP environment}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0192-6233"]}, DOI={10.1080/01926230290166823}, abstractNote={ We provide a set of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for preparing samples for electron microscopic evaluation that allow storage of samples in the primary fixative for at least 17 years without noticeable degradation, do not compromise the ability to prepare the same samples for standard light microscopic evaluation, and provide tips for orientation of samples that may be necessary for evaluation. Guidelines for proper sample size, buffer composition, and fluid concentration s during processing are given. The impact of these procedures on specimen quality, ability to produce truly comparable samples for drug development studies, and ways to minimize time spent by technicians preparing these samples during necropsies is evaluated. Although many laboratories routinely employ most of these techniques, this compilation will facilitate the simultaneou s light and electron microscopic preparation by the pathologist of comparable specimens that can be stored long-term at 4°C in McDowell's and Trump's 4F:1G fixative (4F:1G). }, number={6}, journal={TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY}, author={Dykstra, MJ and Mann, PC and Elwell, MR and Ching, SV}, year={2002}, pages={735–743} }
 @article{dykstra_astrofsky_schrenzel_fox_bullis_farrington_sigler_rinaldi_mcginnis_2001, title={High mortality in a large-scale zebrafish colony (Brachydanio rerio Hamilton & Buchanan, 1822) associated with Lecythophora mutabilis (van Beyma) W. Gam's & McGinnis}, volume={51}, number={4}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Dykstra, M. J. and Astrofsky, K. M. and Schrenzel, M. D. and Fox, J. G. and Bullis, R. A. and Farrington, S. and Sigler, L. and Rinaldi, M. G. and McGinnis, M. R.}, year={2001}, pages={361–368} }
 @article{crosier_farin_dykstra_alexander_farin_2001, title={Ultrastructural morphometry of bovine blastocysts produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0006-3363"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod64.5.1375}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of bovine blastocysts produced in vivo or in vitro by using morphometric analysis. Blastocysts produced in vivo (multiple ovulations, MO) were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. For blastocysts produced in vitro, cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows were matured and fertilized in vitro. At 20 h postinsemination (hpi), zygotes were distributed into one of three culture media: 1) IVPS (in vitro produced with serum): TCM-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS); 2) IVPSR (in vitro produced with serum restriction): TCM-199 + 1% BSA until 72 hpi, followed by TCM-199 + 10% ECS from 72 to 168 hpi; and 3) mSOF (modified synthetic oviductal fluid): mSOF + 0.6% BSA. At 168 hpi, six or seven grade 1 blastocysts from each of the four treatments (MO, IVPS, IVPSR, and mSOF) were fixed and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. Random micrographs of each blastocyst were used to determine the volume density of cellular components. Overall, as blastocysts progressed in development, the volume densities of cytoplasm and intercellular space decreased (P < 0.05) and the volume densities of mature mitochondria, nuclei, blastocoele, and apoptotic bodies increased (P < 0.05). Across treatments, the proportional volumes of nuclei and inclusion bodies were increased in inner cell mass cells compared with trophectoderm cells for mid- and expanded blastocysts. For blastocysts produced in vitro, the volume density of mitochondria was decreased (P < 0.05) as compared with that of blastocycts produced in vivo. The proportional volume of vacuoles was increased (P < 0.05) in blastocysts from the mSOF treatment as compared with blastocysts produced in vivo. For mid- and expanded blastocysts from all three in vitro treatments, the volume density of lipid increased (P < 0.05) and the volume density of nuclei decreased (P < 0.05) compared with those of blastocysts produced in vivo. In conclusion, blastocysts produced in vitro possessed deviations in volume densities of organelles associated with cellular metabolism as well as deviations associated with altered embryonic differentiation. However, the specific nature of these deviations varied with the type of culture conditions used for in vitro embryo production.}, number={5}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Crosier, AE and Farin, PW and Dykstra, MJ and Alexander, JE and Farin, CE}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={1375–1385} }
 @article{kane_dykstra_noga_reimschuessel_baya_driscoll_paerl_landsberg_2000, title={Etiologies, observations and reporting of estuarine finfish lesions}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0141-1136"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0141-1136(00)00117-3}, abstractNote={Lesions in estuarine finfish are associated with a variety of organisms including parasites and bacterial, viral, and fungal infectious agents. In addition, trauma, suboptimal water quality, and other abiotic stress factors may result in the loss of homeostasis. We have observed solitary ulcerative lesions on menhaden sampled from the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, the Pamlico River, North Carolina, and the St. Johns River, Florida. Histologically, the lesions demonstrated a marked chronic inflammatory infiltrate and granulomas in response to fungal hyphae throughout large areas of exposed necrotic muscle. Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria were also observed in the lesions, a common finding in ulcers of aquatic organisms. Similar observations in menhaden and other species have been described previously in the literature as ulcerative mycosis, mycotic granulomatosis, red spot disease, and epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Despite the many different known causes of fish lesions, the popular press and the scientific literature have recently emphasized Pfiesteria piscicida and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates (and their bioactive compounds) as the primary causative agent for finfish lesions, particularly mycotic granulomatous ulcers in Atlantic menhaden. While some laboratory data suggest that Pfiesteria may play a role in field-observed lesions, much more cause-and-effect evidence is needed to determine the importance of other risk factors, both alone or and in combination with Pfiesteria. In order to better understand the etiology of lesion initiation and progression in estuarine finfish, accurate assessments of environmental conditions collected on appropriate temporal and spatial scales, and fish morphological indicators consistent with gross and histological pathologic terminology, should be used for reporting fish lesion observations and kills. Further, this outlook will help to avoid bias and may foster a broader perspective for examining the health of estuarine systems in general.}, number={1-5}, journal={MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH}, author={Kane, AS and Dykstra, MJ and Noga, EJ and Reimschuessel, R and Baya, A and Driscoll, C and Paerl, HW and Landsberg, J}, year={2000}, pages={473–477} }
 @article{colitz_malarkey_dykstra_mcgahan_davidson_2000, title={Histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of lens capsular plaques in dogs with cataracts}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.139}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Colitz, CMH and Malarkey, D and Dykstra, MJ and McGahan, MC and Davidson, MG}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={139–143} }
 @article{dykstra_kane_2000, title={Pfiesteria piscicida and ulcerative mycosis of Atlantic menhaden - Current status of understanding}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0018:PPAUMO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Ulcerative lesions in estuarine finfish are associated with a variety of parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infectious agents as well as water quality and other abiotic stress factors. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus are a severely affected species typically exhibiting solitary, perianal, focal, deep, granulomatous lesions containing oomycete hyphae. Intense recent emphasis in the scientific literature and in the popular press has been placed on Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates and their toxins as the causative agents for ulcerative finfish lesions in east coast estuaries of the United States. Dramatic descriptive terms for Pfiesteria, including "phantom," "ambush-predator" and "the cell from hell," capable of affecting humans, have appeared in scientific journals and the news media. However, there is no scientific evidence to date that supports a single, causal relationship between the presence of toxic Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates and fish kills or the associated ulcerative lesions. This is due, at least in part, to the difficulty of maintaining toxic Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates in clonal culture and, in part, to the presence of other microorganisms in laboratory culture systems. Further, there is at present no toxin-specific probe to identify Pfiesteria toxins in estuarine environments during fish kills, nor has Pfiesteria been isolated from fish lesions. Yet, based on the limited published scientific evidence and the popular press coverage, there have been river closures, notable economic losses, and public alarm due to Pfiesteria. Future research into agents infectious to menhaden, such as Aphanomyces (Oomycetes) and toxin-producing estuarine inhabitants like Pfiesteria, is needed. These organisms and the disease processes in which they are implicated may also serve as markers for overall estuarine condition. Control of microorganisms, including Pfiesteria, to improve finfish health in estuaries is unlikely. However, using the presence of these microorganisms and their Atlantic menhaden hosts as sentinels to help monitor water quality may be a viable approach to assist future estuarine management.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Dykstra, MJ and Kane, AS}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={18–25} }
 @article{crosier_farin_dykstra_alexander_farin_2000, title={Ultrastructural morphometry of bovine compact morulae produced in vivo or in vitro}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1529-7268"]}, DOI={10.1095/biolreprod62.5.1459}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the ultrastructure of bovine compact morulae produced in vivo or in vitro using morphometric analysis. Compact morulae produced in vivo were obtained from superovulated Holstein cows. Compact morulae produced in vitro were obtained from cumulus-oocyte complexes aspirated from ovaries of Holstein cows. The complexes were matured and fertilized in vitro. At 20 h postinsemination (hpi), zygotes were distributed into 1 of 3 culture media: 1) IVPS (in vitro produced with serum): TCM-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (ECS); 2) IVPSR (in vitro produced with serum restriction): TCM-199 + 1% BSA until 72 hpi followed by TCM-199 + 10% ECS from 72 to 144 hpi; 3) mSOF (modified synthetic oviductal fluid): SOF + 0.6% BSA. At 144 hpi, five grade 1 compact morulae from each of the four treatments were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. The volume density occupied by cellular components was determined by the point-count method using a sampling of seven to nine random micrographs from each compact morula. The volume density of lipid was greater (P < 0.05) in compact morulae from IVPS, IVPSR, and mSOF treatments compared with those produced in vivo. There was a reduced proportional volume of total mitochondria in compact morulae from the IVPS treatment compared with those produced in vivo (P < 0.05). For compact morulae from the IVPS culture treatment, the volume density of vacuoles was greater than that for compact morulae produced in vivo (P < 0.05). The cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio for compact morulae from the IVPS treatment was increased (P < 0.05) compared with the ratio for those produced in vivo. In conclusion, compact morulae produced in vitro differed ultrastructurally from those produced in vivo. Compact morulae produced in IVPS culture medium possessed the greatest deviations in cellular ultrastructure.}, number={5}, journal={BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION}, author={Crosier, AE and Farin, PW and Dykstra, MJ and Alexander, JE and Farin, CE}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={1459–1465} }
 @article{dykstra_sharp_olivry_hillier_murphy_kaufman_kunkle_pucheu-haston_1999, title={A description of cutaneous-subcutaneous pythiosis in fifteen dogs}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1369-3786"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033429058&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-280X.1999.00248.x}, abstractNote={Information regarding signalment, duration of clinical signs, history of swimming, results of CBC and serum biochemical analyses, biopsy findings and mycological results, together with treatments and outcome, was retrieved from the medical records of 15 dogs with a diagnosis of pythiosis made between 1985 and 1995 at the Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University and the University of Florida. Most of the dogs were young (median age 22 months) and represented larger breeds (> 20 kg). Lesions were characteristically chronic, ulcerated, and nodular with multiple draining tracts on the limbs, thoracic wall or perineal regions. The median duration of these lesions was 3 months with a range of 2 weeks-6 months. Seven dogs had a history of swimming. Peripheral eosinophilia was observed in 14 of the dogs. Cytological evaluation of discharge, aspirates, or impression smears made from biopsy specimens revealed hyphae in five of 11 dogs (45%). Histopathological evaluation using the Gomori Methenamine-Silver (GMS) stain was the most useful test for providing presumptive evidence of cutaneous pythiosis. Immunotherapy or antifungal therapy using either amphotericin B, liposomal nystatin, itraconazole, or ketoconazole were all unsuccessful. The only dog to survive underwent amputation of the affected limb; thus, the prognosis for cutaneous pythiosis in the dog is poor.}, number={6}, journal={MEDICAL MYCOLOGY}, author={Dykstra, MJ and Sharp, NJH and Olivry, T and Hillier, A and Murphy, KM and Kaufman, L and Kunkle, GA and Pucheu-Haston, C}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={427–433} }
 @article{faucette_loomis_reininger_zombeck_stout_porter_dykstra_1999, title={A three-year study of viable airborne fungi in the North Carolina Zoological Park RJR Nabisco Rocky Coast Alcid Exhibit}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Faucette, T. G. and Loomis, M. and Reininger, K. and Zombeck, D. and Stout, H. and Porter, C. and Dykstra, M. J.}, year={1999}, pages={44–53} }
 @article{maas_kleinschuster_dykstra_smolowitz_parent_1999, title={Molecular characterization of QPX (Quahog Parasite Unknown), a pathogen of Mercenaria mercenaria}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Shellfish Research}, author={Maas, P. A. Y. and Kleinschuster, S. J. and Dykstra, M. J. and Smolowitz, R. and Parent, J.}, year={1999}, pages={561–567} }
 @article{halenda_nasisse_dykstra_1998, title={Effect of alpha-chymotrypsin on breaking strength and ultrastructural morphology of canine ciliary zonules}, volume={59}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Halenda, R. M. and Nasisse, M. P. and Dykstra, M. J.}, year={1998}, pages={335–339} }
 @article{dykstra_loomis_reininger_zombeck_faucette_1997, title={A comparison of sampling methods for airborne fungal spores during an outbreak of aspergillosis in the forest aviary of the North Carolina Zoological Park}, volume={28}, number={4 (Index iss.)}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Dykstra, M. J. and Loomis, M. and Reininger, K. and Zombeck, D. and Faucette, T.}, year={1997}, pages={454–463} }
 @article{dykstra_bradleykerr_1994, title={THE ADHESIVE DROPLET OF CAPILLICONIDIA OF BASIDIOBOLUS-RANARUM EXHIBITS UNIQUE ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0027-5514"]}, DOI={10.2307/3760563}, abstractNote={The capilliconidia of Basidiobolus ranarum produce an apical droplet of extracellular material that aids in dispersal by arthropods, such as mites and termites. Electron microscopic examination of the adhesive material comprising the haptor of capilliconidia has shown it to consist of an electron-dense band directly around the capilliconidial beak from which sinuous fibrous filaments extend radially. These filaments are partially digestible with proteinase-K and measure 18–20 nm wide by 3–4 μm long. Interspersed among the filaments are double membrane-bound ovoid organelles that are 0.2-0.3 μm × 0.3-0.4 μm and which contain electron-dense granular contents. Overlying the layer of sinuous filaments is a looser layer of coarsely fibrogranular material that, in turn, is covered with an outermost layer of densely granular material. What are interpreted to be earlier stages of adhesive formation exhibit an almost homogeneous appearance of the haptor material. No clearly defined wall or membrane delimits the droplet surface. A comparison is made between this adhesive material and that reported for other fungi.}, number={3}, journal={MYCOLOGIA}, author={DYKSTRA, MJ and BRADLEYKERR, B}, year={1994}, pages={336–342} }
 @article{morrison_marshall_dykstra_levine_1992, title={Haplospordium nelsoni (MSX) in eastern oyster populations of North Carolina}, volume={4}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(1992)004<0203:hnmieo>2.3.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Populations of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica from 36 locations off the coast of North Carolina were examined cytologically in the fall of 1989 for Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX). The pathogen was found in oysters from 11 (31%) of the sites. Systemic Perkinsus marinus infections were noted in oysters from 26 (72%) of the locations.}, journal={Journal of Aquatic Animal Health}, author={Morrison, N. M. and Marshall, M. D. and Dykstra, M. J. and Levine, Jay}, year={1992}, pages={203–206} }
 @article{noga_wright_levine_dykstra_hawkins_1991, title={DERMATOLOGICAL DISEASES AFFECTING FISHES OF THE TAR-PAMLICO ESTUARY, NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={10}, ISSN={["0177-5103"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao010087}, abstractNote={Over the last several years, various epidemic dermatological diseases have been observed in fishes of the Tar-Pamlico estuary.The most important is ulcerative mycosis, an infection associated with oomycete fungi that affects Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus.In the present report we describe lesions resembling ulcerative mycosis in other estuarine species such as southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma, hickory shad Alosa medjocrjs, striped bass Morone saxatilis, bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix, Atlantic croaker Micropogon~as undulatus, weakfish Cynoscion regalis, spot Leiostomus xanthurus, silver perch Ba~rdella chrysura, plnf~sh Lagodon rhomboides, and hogchoker Trinectes maculatus.Less prevalent dernlatological diseases were also ~bserved~including lymphocystis, bacterial dermatitis and myositis, Argulus dermatitis, Henneguya myositis, and various idiopathic dermatopathies.Only one tumor, a fibroma, was seen.The occurrence of many of these diseases is of concern to fisheries managers because of their potential impact upon estuarine fish populations.Many environmental problems (noxious algae blooms, increasing turbidity, anoxic/hypoxic events, loss of submerged aquatic vegetation, etc.) plague the Tar-Pamlico estuary.The relationship of the observed diseases to these environmental problems is presently unknown.}, number={2}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={NOGA, EJ and WRIGHT, JF and LEVINE, JF and DYKSTRA, MJ and HAWKINS, JH}, year={1991}, month={Apr}, pages={87–92} }
 @article{levine_dykstra_nicholson_walker_massey_1990, title={ATTENUATION OF BORRELIA-ANSERINA BY SERIAL PASSAGE IN LIQUID-MEDIUM}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0034-5288"]}, DOI={10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31511-x}, abstractNote={Borrelia anserina (Sakharoff) was successfully grown in a liquid medium (Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly) for 39 passages. By the 12th serial passage in medium, infectivity of B anserina for chicks was lost. Electron microscopy did not reveal structural differences between non-infective and infective cultured organisms. Changes in the protein profiles were found by electrophoresis as the organisms were passed in culture.}, number={1}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={LEVINE, JF and DYKSTRA, MJ and NICHOLSON, WL and WALKER, RL and MASSEY, G}, year={1990}, month={Jan}, pages={64–69} }
 @article{levine_hawkins_dykstra_noga_moye_cone_1990, title={SPECIES DISTRIBUTION OF ULCERATIVE LESIONS ON FINFISH IN THE TAR-PAMLICO RIVER ESTUARY, NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={8}, ISSN={["0177-5103"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao008001}, abstractNote={An estuarine survey was conducted between May 1985 and April 1987 to determine the occurrence of ulcerative lesions on finfishes in the Tar-Pamlico River Estuary, North Carolina.Fish were collected by pound net and trawls; with more than 70 000 specimens obtained.Thirty-one species of estuarine fish were collected in the pound nets; Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus represented > 90% of the total catch.Forty-four species were collected in the trawls; spot Leiostomus xanthurus, Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, and Atlantic menhaden were the most frequently collected species.Menhaden was the predominant species affected with ulcerative lesions in both the pound net and trawl samples.}, number={1}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={LEVINE, JF and HAWKINS, JH and DYKSTRA, MJ and NOGA, EJ and MOYE, DW and CONE, RS}, year={1990}, month={Mar}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{dykstra_salkin_mcginnis_1989, title={AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL COMPARISON OF CONIDIOGENESIS IN SCEDOSPORIUM-APIOSPERMUM, SCEDOSPORIUM-INFLATUM AND SCOPULARIOPSIS-BRUMPTII}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0027-5514"]}, DOI={10.2307/3760108}, abstractNote={A comparison of conidiogenesis in Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium inflatum and Scopulariopsis brumptii was conducted with light and transmission electron microscopy. It has been suggested that S. inflatum could occasionally form conidia from sympodially developing conidiogenous cells in addition to forming annelloconidia from percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells. Careful examination of these three taxa by light microscopy revealed conidial ontogeny that could be mistaken for sympodial development which was actually new growth occurring from beneath the terminal conidium. Expansion of a subapical portion of the conidiogenous cell caused the terminal conidium to be pushed aside, though not always severing it completely from the conidiogenous cell. This process results in an incomplete secession of each terminal conidium, which is virtually identical to the process previously reported for Acrogenospora sphaerocephala.}, number={6}, journal={MYCOLOGIA}, author={DYKSTRA, MJ and SALKIN, IF and MCGINNIS, MR}, year={1989}, pages={896–904} }
 @article{dykstra_levine_noga_hawkins_gerdes_jr_grier_strake_1989, title={Ulcerative mycosis: a serious menhaden disease of the southeastern coastal fisheries of the United States}, volume={12}, ISSN={0140-7775 1365-2761}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00289.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00289.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 12, Issue 2 p. 175-178 Ulcerative mycosis: a serious menhaden disease of the southeastern coastal fisheries of the United States M. J. DYKSTRA, Corresponding Author M. J. DYKSTRA School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USADr M. J. Dykstra, School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorJ. F. LEVINE, J. F. LEVINE School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorE. J. NOGA, E. J. NOGA School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. H. HAWKINS, J. H. HAWKINS North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Washington, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorP. GERDES, P. GERDES Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. J. HARGIS JR, W. J. HARGIS JR Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USASearch for more papers by this authorH. J. GRIER, H. J. GRIER Bureau of Marine Research, St Petersburg, Florida, USASearch for more papers by this authorD. TE STRAKE, D. TE STRAKE Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USASearch for more papers by this author M. J. DYKSTRA, Corresponding Author M. J. DYKSTRA School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USADr M. J. Dykstra, School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.Search for more papers by this authorJ. F. LEVINE, J. F. LEVINE School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorE. J. NOGA, E. J. NOGA School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. H. HAWKINS, J. H. HAWKINS North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, Washington, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorP. GERDES, P. GERDES Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USASearch for more papers by this authorW. J. HARGIS JR, W. J. HARGIS JR Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USASearch for more papers by this authorH. J. GRIER, H. J. GRIER Bureau of Marine Research, St Petersburg, Florida, USASearch for more papers by this authorD. TE STRAKE, D. TE STRAKE Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00289.xCitations: 39AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume12, Issue2March 1989Pages 175-178 RelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Fish Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dykstra, M. J. and Levine, J. F. and Noga, E. J. and Hawkins, J. H. and Gerdes, P. and Jr, W. J. Hargis and Grier, H. J. and Strake, D. Te}, year={1989}, month={Mar}, pages={175–178} }
 @article{noga_levine_dykstra_hawkins_1988, title={PATHOLOGY OF ULCERATIVE MYCOSIS IN ATLANTIC MENHADEN BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS}, volume={4}, ISSN={["0177-5103"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao004189}, number={3}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={NOGA, EJ and LEVINE, JF and DYKSTRA, MJ and HAWKINS, JH}, year={1988}, month={Jul}, pages={189–197} }
 @article{dykstra_noga_levine_moye_hawkins_1986, title={CHARACTERIZATION OF THE APHANOMYCES SPECIES INVOLVED WITH ULCERATIVE MYCOSIS (UM) IN MENHADEN}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0027-5514"]}, DOI={10.2307/3807780}, abstractNote={Aphanomyces and Saprolegnia were isolated from characteristic lesions of Ulcerative Mycosis (UM) on Atlantic menhaden and other fish. One of the Aphanomyces isolates was selected for cultural studies which revealed that the fungus was stimulated to increased vegetative growth and improved zoosporulation by low levels of NaCl. The salt tolerance exhibited by this fungus surpassed the known recorded limits for Oomycetes in regard to zoosporogenesis. The relationship of the fungal isolates to the lesions found on fish and the association of prevailing climatological conditions with the disease suggest a complex interaction between the fungus, possibly pre-stressed fish, and the salinity of the estuary systems of North Carolina.}, number={4}, journal={MYCOLOGIA}, author={DYKSTRA, MJ and NOGA, EJ and LEVINE, JF and MOYE, DW and HAWKINS, JH}, year={1986}, pages={664–672} }
 @article{fan_zurek_dykstra_schal, title={Hydrocarbon synthesis by enzymatically dissociated oenocytes of the abdominal integument of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica.}, volume={90}, number={3}, journal={Naturwissenschaften (Berlin, Germany)}, author={Fan, Y.-L. and Zurek, L. and Dykstra, M. J. and Schal, C.}, pages={121–126} }