@article{adams_johnson_2020, title={Acculturation, pluralism, empowerment: Cultural images as strategic communication on Hispanic nonprofit websites}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1751-3065"]}, DOI={10.1080/17513057.2019.1627483}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This quantitative visual content analysis investigated the use of acculturation, pluralism, empowerment, and resistance-themed messages and images in nonprofit strategic communication and digital intercultural communication. The study analyzed data from 135 U.S.-based Latino nonprofit websites. Based on study findings, the authors argue that these nonprofits may be missing opportunities to strengthen relationships and cultural ties with target publics. This analysis applies acculturation theory to visual communication and extends the literature on digital intercultural public relations.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION}, author={Adams, Melissa B. and Johnson, Melissa A.}, year={2020}, pages={309–327} }
 @misc{johnson_2020, title={Engaging Diverse Communities}, ISBN={9781613767870 9781625345417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1d37dn4}, DOI={10.2307/j.ctv1d37dn4}, publisher={University of Massachusetts Press}, author={Johnson, Melissa A.}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{johnson_cester_2015, title={Communicating Catalan culture in a global society}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.06.010}, abstractNote={This case study describes the communication objectives of the Catalan! Arts organization based in the autonomous region of Catalonia in Spain. Best practices in public relations, particularly in digital and social media, are described. The authors highlight the use of sound and bold visuals in public relations programming, and address the importance of interactive tactics. Program evaluation includes digital analytics plus an analysis of cultural industry export data and employment statistics in the creative industries. The case is an example of identity-based communication in international public relations. It also adds to the literature on public relations in government and arts organizations.}, number={5}, journal={Public Relations Review}, author={Johnson, M. A. and Cester, X.}, year={2015}, pages={809–815} }
 @article{a. johnson_sink_2015, title={Ethnic Museum Websites, Cultural Projection, and Self-Categorization Concepts}, volume={26}, ISSN={1064-6175 1096-4649}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2015.1014981}, DOI={10.1080/10646175.2015.1014981}, abstractNote={This qualitative research features in-depth interviews along with observations of respondents' navigation of African American and Latino museum websites. Respondents self-identified as of African American, Latino, or White cultural heritage and ranged in age from the late teens to over 50. Interviewees noted the organizations' projection of their cultures to non-group members as well as to racial or ethnic group members. Respondents who interacted with the ethnic digital media also demonstrated the application of the self-categorization process, including the concepts of prototypes, norms, accessibility and fit. The authors provide suggestions for expanding dimensions of these concepts beyond the dichotomous measures typically found in the self-categorization literature. In addition, concepts from self-categorization and cultural projection theories are integrated and their usefulness to digital communication scholars is explicated. Besides these contributions to communication methodology and theory, the study also suggests practical considerations for ethnic organization website producers.}, number={2}, journal={Howard Journal of Communications}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={A. Johnson, Melissa and Sink, William}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={206–225} }
 @article{johnson_carneiro_2014, title={Communicating visual identities on ethnic museum websites}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1741-3214"]}, DOI={10.1177/1470357214530066}, abstractNote={ This article combines qualitative and quantitative content analysis to explore the websites of 43 ethnic museums in the United States. The use of multiple modes of communication to represent ethnic identity and cultural heritage is detailed. Also delineated is how websites present relationships with the ethnic diaspora, the homeland, the museums’ local communities, and the US community. }, number={3}, journal={VISUAL COMMUNICATION}, author={Johnson, Melisa A. and Carneiro, Larisa}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={357–372} }
 @article{johnson_norris martin_2014, title={When Navigation Trumps Visual Dynamism: Hospital Website Usability and Credibility}, volume={20}, ISSN={1049-6491 1540-7594}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2014.946205}, DOI={10.1080/10496491.2014.946205}, abstractNote={In-depth interviews about hospital websites were conducted with 15 participants ranging in age, gender, occupation, and computer proficiency. Interviewees completed detailed usability tasks along with questionnaires that gauged perceptions of organizational and website credibility, including visual and technical dynamism. Participants ranked the most dynamic site lower than the less dynamic one because of navigation difficulties. Researchers advocate including usability tasks in website studies, rather than assessing perceptions based on short-term browsing protocols. They present a schema of website concepts organized into language credibility, visual credibility, and technical credibility that can be used in future research or by health communication practitioners. A list of best practices in navigation features is also included.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Promotion Management}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Johnson, Melissa A. and Norris Martin, Kelly}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={666–687} }
 @article{martin_johnson_2010, title={Digital Credibility & Digital Dynamism in Public Relations Blogs}, volume={17}, ISSN={1555-1393 1555-1407}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15551393.2010.502475}, DOI={10.1080/15551393.2010.502475}, abstractNote={The authors performed a content analysis of 50 blogs related to public relations. The study extended the literature on credibility to investigate visual credibility and technical credibility. Of particular interest was the dimension of dynamism. The results showed that visual credibility and technical credibility were strongly related. In addition, visual dynamism contributed 30% of the variance in visual credibility and technical dynamism explained 46% of the variance in technical credibility. Seven interactive features such as number of links, five customization features like RSS feeds, and six visual features like moving images were also investigated for their associations with visual and technical dynamism and credibility. A proposed model for scholars and practitioners is presented.}, number={3}, journal={Visual Communication Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Martin, Kelly Norris and Johnson, Melissa A.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={162–174} }
 @article{johnson_2010, title={Good Neighbor, No Neighbor Visual Fidelity in U.S. Network Television's Portrayals of Mexico President Vicente Fox}, volume={17}, ISSN={1555-1393 1555-1407}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15551390903553648}, DOI={10.1080/15551390903553648}, abstractNote={A content analysis of U.S. television news reports about Mexican President Vicente Fox from January 2001 through March 2005 explored the main visual themes and the presence or absence of visual stereotypes. Lack of coverage and a neighborly theme corresponded to U.S. political priorities. Flattering television portrayals of Fox were sandwiched between violent images of Mexico. Stereotypical news stories were attributed to news production conventions, especially file footage reliance and story packaging. The article introduces the concept of visual fidelity and implications for international news are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={Visual Communication Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Johnson, Melissa A.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={18–30} }
 @article{searson_johnson_2010, title={Transparency laws and interactive public relations: An analysis of Latin American government Web sites}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1873-4537"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.03.003}, abstractNote={A content analysis of 50 Latin American government Web sites was conducted to assess whether new transparency laws in the hemisphere impacted the interactivity, usability, technological expertise, and national symbolism manifest on the sites. Web sites were found to be generally usable but limited in interactivity. There was no difference in Web site interactivity between countries with transparency laws and those without them, but countries with laws used more visual symbols aimed at national branding. The article offers a model of Web site features for public relations practitioners interested in increasing the sophistication, usability, and interactivity of their sites in order to improve relationship building with stakeholders.}, number={2}, journal={PUBLIC RELATIONS REVIEW}, author={Searson, Eileen M. and Johnson, Melissa A.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={120–126} }
 @article{johnson_davis_cronin_2009, title={Mexican Expatriates Vote? Framing and Agenda Setting in US News Coverage About Mexico}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1520-5436"]}, DOI={10.1080/15205430801935990}, abstractNote={This content analysis examined framing and second-level agenda setting in U.S. newspaper pre-election coverage of the 2006 Mexican presidential elections and the new Mexican expatriate voting law. The authors conducted a quantitative analysis of 161 articles and a qualitative analysis of 36 articles in U.S. newspapers from August 2005 through mid-April 2006. Findings indicated that Andrés Manuel López Obrador received more coverage (59.6%) than Roberto Madrazo (27.8%) or the eventual winner, Felipe Calderón (29.1%). Candidate attributes were highlighted more than Mexican domestic or Mexico–U.S. issues. The dominant procedural frame was the election horse race. The main substantive frames were the election as an extension of U.S.–Mexico economic relations and the election as an extension of Latin American leftist/populist movements. The expatriate voting law was characterized as unsuccessful and blamed on apathetic voters, the Mexican government's faulty implementation, and a corrupt system.}, number={1}, journal={MASS COMMUNICATION AND SOCIETY}, author={Johnson, Melissa A. and Davis, John L. and Cronin, Sean}, year={2009}, pages={4–25} }
 @article{johnson_kim_2009, title={News Coverage of the Failed Plensa Project: How Framing Affected the Diffusion of Public Art}, volume={17}, ISSN={1545-6870 1545-6889}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15456870903182783}, DOI={10.1080/15456870903182783}, abstractNote={This study combines diffusion theory and framing theory to analyze news coverage of a failure to diffuse a large-scale public art project into a renovated Southern downtown. Parallel concepts between framing and diffusion are outlined and used in the quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The authors found that the dominant procedural frames boosted the legitimacy of the donor and museum director while shorting elected officials and the artist. Substantive frames focused on blame while emphasizing a punch-list of practical concerns rather than artistic notions. This shaped the proposed remedies and directed the public's reaction to those same problems. Elites' addition of complexity to the public art proposal slowed its diffusion, along with its lack of compatibility with local artistic norms and limited resonance with the city's identity.}, number={4}, journal={Atlantic Journal of Communication}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Johnson, Melissa A. and Kim, Daniel H.}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={184–201} }
 @article{johnson_2005, title={Five decades of Mexican public relations in the United States: from propaganda to strategic counsel}, volume={31}, ISSN={0363-8111}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2004.11.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.pubrev.2004.11.002}, abstractNote={This article describes U.S. public relations for Mexico through a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of 940 Foreign Agents Registration Act listings from 1942 to 1991. The research delineates the shift from government to industry representation, the move from press agentry and public information to more research and counsel, centralization trends, and the evolving roles of U.S. public relations from technicians to public relations managers. The continuing robust technician role is confirmed.}, number={1}, journal={Public Relations Review}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Johnson, Melissa A.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={11–20} }
 @article{david_morrison_johnson_ross_2002, title={Body image, race, and fashion models - Social distance and social identification in third-person effects}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1552-3810"]}, DOI={10.1177/0093650202029003003}, abstractNote={ The perceived effects of advertising on body-image factors were tested in both Black and White college-age women. After seeing magazine ads that portrayed either Black fashion models or White fashion models, respondents rated perceived effects of these ads on body-image factors. The effects were rated on self, on other Black women on campus, and other White women on campus. When projecting perceived effects on others—of the same race or a different race—both Blacks and Whites indicated that media effects would be maximal when the race of the model matched the race of the respondent. However, when rating perceived effects on self, whereas Blacks identified strongly with Black models, there was no significant difference in the way Whites identified with fashion models of either race. The results are examined within the framework of social distance and social identification. }, number={3}, journal={COMMUNICATION RESEARCH}, author={David, P and Morrison, G and Johnson, MA and Ross, F}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={270–294} }
 @article{johnson_2002, title={Watchdog journalism in South America}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0021-9916"]}, DOI={10.1093/joc/52.2.467}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION}, author={Johnson, MA}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={467–469} }
 @article{johnson_1999, title={Pre-television stereotypes: Mexicans in US newsreels, 1919-1932}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0739-3180"]}, DOI={10.1080/15295039909367109}, abstractNote={This study explored images of Mexicans and dominant symbols in early U.S. newsreels, whether they changed throughout the 1920s, and whether they reflected the era's film stereotypes. Dominant images were dignitaries, doers, beauties, bystanders, and clerics. Symbols of modernity and class outweighed traditional images. Negative symbols like dirt or weapons were not prevalent. After 1924, symbols of literacy, diplomacy, and construction were more visible. The study provides an historical context for Latino television news images today. In addition, it reflects mass media's role in reinforcing modernity and spectatorship‐allowing power of the gaze comparisons between modern and postmodern eras.}, number={4}, journal={CRITICAL STUDIES IN MASS COMMUNICATION}, author={Johnson, MA}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={417–435} }
 @article{johnson_gotthoffer_lauffer_1999, title={The sexual and reproductive health content of African American and Latino magazines}, volume={10}, number={3}, journal={Howard Journal of Communications}, author={Johnson, M. A. and Gotthoffer, A. R. and Lauffer, K. A.}, year={1999}, pages={169–187} }
 @book{johnson_1998, title={A study of sexual health coverage in Latino magazines, 1997-1998 = Estudio sobre la cobertura de temas de salud sexual en revistas Latinos, 1997-98}, publisher={Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation}, author={Johnson, M. A.}, year={1998} }
 @inproceedings{johnson_1998, title={Background}, booktitle={What's the diagnosis?: A study of sexual health coverage in Latino magazines, 1997-1998}, publisher={Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation}, author={Johnson, M. A.}, year={1998} }
 @book{johnson_1998, title={Sexual health content of Latino magazines}, publisher={Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation}, author={Johnson, M. A.}, year={1998} }
 @article{david_johnson_1998, title={The role of self in third-person effects about body image}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0021-9916"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02769.x}, abstractNote={This study examines the perceived effect of idealized media images on self and classmates for three levels of outcome undesirability: perception of ideal body weight, effect on self-esteem, and likelihood of developing an eating disorder. A significant third-person effect was observed, which widened as the outcome increased in social undesirability. Those with high self-esteem exhibited stronger third-person effect than those with low self-esteem. The overall pattern of findings suggests that two related but distinct processes might be involved in the third person effect: (a) a general process associated with self-esteem, which explains perceived effect of media both on self and others; and (b) a specific process tied to situational personal vulnerability, which explains perceived effect on self, but does not explain perceived effect on others.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION}, author={David, P and Johnson, MA}, year={1998}, pages={37–58} }
 @article{johnson_1997, title={Predicting news flow from Mexico}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1077-6990"]}, DOI={10.1177/107769909707400206}, abstractNote={ This study investigated the role of geographic proximity, cultural proximity, and organizational factors on the quantity of U.S. newspaper coverage of Mexico, using a computer-assisted content analysis of 515 index citations from thirty-four U.S. newspapers. The percentage of the population having a Mexican heritage and circulation size were the strongest predictors of coverage of Mexico. Circulation size was the sole predictor of length and source of articles about Mexico and Mexicans. The data support cultural proximity and organizational factor concepts over geographic proximity. }, number={2}, journal={JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY}, author={Johnson, MA}, year={1997}, pages={315–330} }
 @article{johnson_1997, title={Public relations and new technologies: Practitioner perspectives}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1207/s1532754xjprr0903_02}, abstractNote={The purpose of this research was to gather detailed information about public relations practitioners' new technology use. Seventeen semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted. This study describes how use of communication technologies can affect public relations roles. It discusses practitioner challenges associated with diffusing new technologies; practitioner perceptions of technology, organizational status, and power; and how public relations professionals are employing new technologies to improve research, increase productivity, and advance two-way symmetric communication in their organizations.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Public Relations Research}, author={Johnson, M. A.}, year={1997}, pages={213–236} }