@article{bocarro_casper_bush_steptoe_dupree_blake_kanters_2023, title={An Exploratory Study of a Health and Wellness Intervention on STEM College Students During COVID-19}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1558-867X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/15588661231154490}, DOI={10.1177/15588661231154490}, abstractNote={ To address the growing health challenges faced by college students, campus recreation departments have evolved from a primary university intramural sport setting to organizations that have an increased emphasis on student recruitment, retention, and overall wellness. Among the strategies used to attract and engage students in campus recreation programs and services, health coaching shows some promise as a potentially effective intervention strategy. This study examined the efficacy of a university campus recreation health coaching program. Students from Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) disciplines (n = 34) were provided with individual, group, and virtual support to assist in developing effective strategies for academic success. Fitbit data measuring participants’ sleep and physical activity were collected along with self-reported measures of stress and perceived happiness and focus group qualitative data focused on participants’ perceptions of the program. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic forcing the program to adapt, findings suggest that health coaching may be an effective intervention strategy to help university students cope with the heightened anxiety and stress levels associated with campus life. }, journal={RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Bush, Kimberly A. and Steptoe, Alexis and DuPree, Shannon and Blake, Virginia and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{carlton_mckenzie_bocarro_edwards_casper_suau_kanters_2021, title={Objective Assessment of Physical Activity and Associated Contexts During High School Sport Practices}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2624-9367"]}, DOI={10.3389/fspor.2021.548516}, abstractNote={Background: Organized sports provide children and adolescents with opportunities to achieve recommended amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and schools are a primary setting for sports programs. The main aims of this study were to examine participant physical activity (PA) levels during the most popular high school sports in the United States and to assess the influences of practice contextual factors on PA levels.Methods: Participant PA and its contexts were assessed during practices for the 10 most popular girls' and boys' high school sports in the United States. Data were obtained during 598 practice sessions in 12 schools in North Carolina using a validated direct observation instrument (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT). A regression model was applied to understand the association between sport context and athletes' PA.Results: Overall, athletes were observed engaging in MVPA 60% of practice time. MVPA varied among sports and levels were highly influenced by practice contexts. Among girls' sports, cross country and soccer practices provided the highest proportion of MVPA and MVPA percent during boys' practice sessions was highest during cross country and track and field. Practice contexts were associated with MVPA accrual with time allocated for gameplay and fitness activities associated with the highest levels of PA.Conclusions: The results contribute to an understanding of which sports and how their practices are conducted facilitate increased PA. Findings indicate athletes accrue substantial amounts of PA during high school practices, but that it varies from sport to sport. As well, the context that characterizes sport practices is a significant determinant in how much PA occurs. Most sports that emphasized game simulation, fitness, and skill development drills had higher levels of MVPA. Given the length and frequency of practices and how the content is delivered, we can accurately predict how much PA athletes are likely to achieve during a given sport season. The findings from this study demonstrate that sport can make a useful, if not sufficient role in helping high school athletes reach recommended PA levels. PA engagement can be optimized by attending to the management of contexts surrounding the sports.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING}, author={Carlton, Troy and McKenzie, Thomas L. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Edwards, Michael and Casper, Jonathan and Suau, Luis and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{edwards_bocarro_bunds_bush_casper_dorsch_chalip_kanters_kanters_2021, title={Parental perceptions of the impact of COVID-19 and returning to play based on level of sport}, volume={25}, ISSN={1743-0437 1743-0445}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.2016703}, DOI={10.1080/17430437.2021.2016703}, abstractNote={Abstract This study examined the impact of COVID-19 on youth sport parents based on competition level to understand how the pandemic affected youth sport and factors associated with youth returning to sport. Survey data were collected from samples of US sport parents in two waves - early in the pandemic (N = 751) and as programs began to resume (N = 707). Data showed elite sport parents were more willing to return. Although most participants returned to play, significant numbers had not resumed participation. Parent comfort was the most important factor associated with resuming. However, parents allowed children to resume play due to perceived external pressure, potentially creating stress among parents regarding sport participation decisions. Attending school in person and household income were associated with the ability to resume sport suggesting the need to provide school sport environments and consider the financial impacts of COVID-19 on sport families.}, number={7}, journal={Sport in Society}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Bush, Kimberly A. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Dorsch, Travis E. and Chalip, Laurence and Kanters, David and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={1273–1290} }
 @article{jones_carlton_hyun_kanters_bocarro_2020, title={Assessing the contribution of informal sport to leisure-time physical activity: a new perspective on social innovation}, volume={25}, ISSN={["2375-0480"]}, DOI={10.1080/23750472.2019.1620627}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Rationale/purpose: Most social innovation research within health-oriented SDP initiatives has focused on improvements to structured program contexts, with less attention to informal sport. The purpose of this study was to analyze leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) across a range of activity settings, and provide informed recommendations for SDP organizations to integrate informal sport into LTPA-promoting initiatives. Methodology: Data was collected through systematic observations of sport facilities at twenty schools in North Carolina. A two-way factorial analysis of variance was utilized to assess variation in physical activity across different activities and levels of organization (i.e. formal vs. informal). Findings: Findings reveal significant variation across different activities, as well as the level of organization (i.e. formal vs. informal). In addition, sport activities were not associated with significantly higher levels of physical activity than other forms of physically active leisure. Practical implications: Sport managers must recognize the contribution of various sport and leisure activities to maximize the role of sport in promoting LTPA. In addition, preconceived notions regarding the inherent health benefits of sport must be altered in order to promote LTPA. Research contribution: SDP organizations incorporate informal sport are key to promoting LTPA, but require program-, process-, and socially transformative social innovation.}, number={3}, journal={MANAGING SPORT AND LEISURE}, author={Jones, Gareth J. and Carlton, Troy and Hyun, Moonsup and Kanters, Michael and Bocarro, Jason}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={161–174} }
 @article{bunds_kanters_venditti_rajagopalan_casper_carlton_2018, title={Organized youth sports and commuting behavior: The environmental impact of decentralized community sport facilities}, volume={65}, ISSN={1361-9209}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.08.017}, DOI={10.1016/j.trd.2018.08.017}, abstractNote={• Previous research has not quantified the extent of travel required for participation in organized sport. • Participants spent an average of 106 min/week in car transport accounting for 28% of the participant’s average driving time per week. • The environmental impact of this youth sport program annually is about 400 tonnes of CO2eq. • Assigning children to practice at the closest facility to their homes could reduce emissions from this travel by 12% whereas upgrading vehicle gas mileage efficiency could reduce emissions by 40%.}, journal={Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bunds, Kyle S. and Kanters, Michael A. and Venditti, Richard A. and Rajagopalan, Neethi and Casper, Jonathan M. and Carlton, Troy A.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={387–395} }
 @article{hardison-moody_edwards_bocarro_stein_kanters_sherman_rhew_stallings_bowen_2017, title={Shared Use of Physical Activity Facilities Among North Carolina Faith Communities, 2013}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1545-1151"]}, DOI={10.5888/pcd14.160393}, abstractNote={Introduction Shared use of recreational facilities is a promising strategy for increasing access to places for physical activity. Little is known about shared use in faith-based settings. This study examined shared use practices and barriers in faith communities in North Carolina. Methods Faith communities in North Carolina (n = 234) completed an online survey (October–December 2013) designed to provide information about the extent and nature of shared use of recreational facilities. We used binary logistic regression to examine differences between congregations that shared use and those that did not share use. Results Most of the faith communities (82.9%) that completed the survey indicated that they share their facilities with outside individuals and organizations. Formal agreements were more common when faith communities shared indoor spaces such as gymnasiums and classroom meeting spaces than when they shared outdoor spaces such as playgrounds or athletic fields. Faith communities in the wealthiest counties were more likely to share their spaces than were faith communities in poorer counties. Faith communities in counties with the best health rankings were more likely to share facilities than faith communities in counties that had lower health rankings. The most frequently cited reasons faith communities did not share their facilities were that they did not know how to initiate the process of sharing their facilities or that no outside groups had ever asked. Conclusion Most faith communities shared their facilities for physical activity. Research is needed on the relationship between shared use and physical activity levels, including the effect of formalizing shared-use policies.}, number={E11}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, author={Hardison-Moody, A. and Edwards, M.B. and Bocarro, J.N. and Stein, A. and Kanters, M.A. and Sherman, D. and Rhew, L.K. and Stallings, W.M. and Bowen, S.K.}, year={2017} }
 @article{carlton_kanters_bocarro_floyd_edwards_suau_2017, title={Shared use agreements and leisure time physical activity in North Carolina public schools}, volume={95}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.037}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.037}, abstractNote={Although increasing community access to public schools through shared use agreements (SUAs) has been a recommended strategy for promoting physical activity (PA) among national, state and local organizations, empirical evidence examining the efficacy of SUAs is limited. This study examined the degree of usage and production of PA among schools with shared use, and how variation in PA output is related to characteristics of the school, type of activity, facility type, and when activity occurs. Data were collected in 20 schools across North Carolina using System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and Structured Physical Activity Surveys (SPAS) to assess PA in school athletic facilities during out of school time. Findings indicated that although schools had a policy of shared or open use, most facilities were empty during non-school hours. Hierarchal linear regression models also showed that formal programming was positively associated with both use and PA levels. Given the abundance of empty facilities, community groups in need of space to facilitate structured PA programs should pursue avenues of sharing facilities with public schools. Furthermore, to increase the efficacy of shared use, structured physical activity programs may be needed. Future studies are encouraged to further explore the effects of the specific types of shared use programs on PA production as well other aspects of the built environment surrounding schools.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carlton, Troy A. and Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Floyd, Myron F. and Edwards, Michael B. and Suau, Luis J.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={S10–S16} }
 @article{hodge_bocarro_henderson_zabriskie_parcel_kanters_2015, title={Family Leisure An Integrative Review of Research from Select Journals}, volume={47}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, DOI={10.18666/jlr-2015-v47-i5-5705}, abstractNote={Abstract Understanding the relationship between leisure and families has been and will continue to be an important area of study. The purpose of this study is to review existing family leisure research from four select journals between 1990 and 2012. Articles are examined for sample characteristics, methods, analytical approaches, and thematic trends. Overall, 181 articles regarding family leisure, leisure in context of family life or roles, and individual experiences of family leisure are identified. Findings suggest scholars made strides toward expanding methods, analyses, and sampling diversity, though more diversity in sampling and analytical approaches is needed. Three major research themes are present: promoting family well-being through leisure, the costs and constraints to family leisure, and family leisure in the margins.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Hodge, Camilla and Bocarro, Jason N. and Henderson, Karla A. and Zabriskie, Ramon and Parcel, Toby L. and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2015}, pages={577–600} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_moore_floyd_carlton_2014, title={Afterschool shared use of public school facilities for physical activity in North Carolina}, volume={69}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.003}, abstractNote={To determine the status and common characteristics of shared use in public schools in North Carolina.All public school principals (N=2,359) in North Carolina were invited to participate in an online survey (February - May, 2013) designed to provide baseline information about the extent and nature of shared use of school facilities.Responses (n=1182, 50.1%) indicated that most schools share their facilities (88.9%). Formal agreements were more common when schools shared gyms and outdoor athletic fields. Informal agreements were most common with playgrounds and track facilities. Schools with more low income or Black students were less likely to share facilities. For schools that did not share use of their facilities the most frequent reason was no outside groups had ever asked.Schools may be more accommodating to shared use partnerships. Community organizations seeking to use indoor school facilities or athletic fields should be prepared to complete a formal written agreement. Preconceived notions that schools are unwilling to share their facilities may be preventing community organizations from initiating shared use inquiries. Schools located in the middle tier of economic distress and schools with a greater concentration of Black students were less likely to share their facilities.}, number={S}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Moore, Renee and Floyd, Myron F. and Carlton, Troy A.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={S44–S48} }
 @article{edwards_kanters_bocarro_2014, title={Policy Changes to Implement Intramural Sports in North Carolina Middle Schools: Simulated Effects on Sports Participation Rates and Physical Activity Intensity, 2008–2009}, volume={11}, ISSN={1545-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.130195}, DOI={10.5888/pcd11.130195}, abstractNote={Introduction Extracurricular school sports programs can provide adolescents, including those who are economically disadvantaged, with opportunities to engage in physical activity. Although current models favor more exclusionary interscholastic sports, a better understanding is needed of the potential effects of providing alternative school sports options, such as more inclusive intramural sports. The purpose of this study was to simulate the potential effect of implementing intramural sports programs in North Carolina middle schools on both the rates of sports participation and on energy expenditure related to physical activity levels. Methods Simulations were conducted by using a school-level data set developed by integrating data from multiple sources. Baseline rates of sports participation were extrapolated from individual-level data that were based on school-level characteristics. A regression model was estimated by using the simulated baseline school-level sample. Participation rates and related energy expenditure for schools were calculated on the basis of 2 policy change scenarios. Results Currently, 37.2% of school sports participants are economically disadvantaged. Simulations suggested that policy changes to implement intramural sports along with interscholastic sports could result in more than 43,000 new sports participants statewide, of which 64.5% would be economically disadvantaged students. This estimate represents a 36.75% increase in economically disadvantaged participants. Adding intramural sports to existing interscholastic sports programs at all middle schools in North Carolina could have an annual effect of an additional 819,892.65 kilogram calories expended statewide. Conclusion Implementing intramural sports may provide economically disadvantaged students more access to sports, thus reducing disparities in access to school sports while increasing overall physical activity levels among all children.}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N.}, year={2014}, month={Jan} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_filardo_edwards_mckenzie_floyd_2014, title={Shared Use of School Facilities With Community Organizations and Afterschool Physical Activity Program Participation: A Cost-Benefit Assessment}, volume={84}, ISSN={0022-4391}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12148}, DOI={10.1111/josh.12148}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPartnerships between school districts and community‐based organizations to share school facilities during afterschool hours can be an effective strategy for increasing physical activity. However, the perceived cost of shared use has been noted as an important reason for restricting community access to schools. This study examined shared use of middle school facilities, the amount and type of afterschool physical activity programs provided at middle schools together with the costs of operating the facilities.METHODSAfterschool programs were assessed for frequency, duration, and type of structured physical activity programs provided and the number of boys and girls in each program. School operating costs were used to calculate a cost per student and cost per building square foot measure. Data were collected at all 30 middle schools in a large school district over 12 months in 2010‐2011.RESULTSPolicies that permitted more use of school facilities for community‐sponsored programs increased participation in afterschool programs without a significant increase in operating expenses.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest partnerships between schools and other community agencies to share facilities and create new opportunities for afterschool physical activity programs are a promising health promotion strategy.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of School Health}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Filardo, Mary and Edwards, Michael B. and McKenzie, Thomas L. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={302–309} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_edwards_casper_mckenzie_2014, title={Prioritizing School Intramural and Interscholastic Programs Based on Observed Physical Activity}, volume={28}, ISSN={["2168-6602"]}, DOI={10.4278/ajhp.130430-quan-205}, abstractNote={Purpose. To examine which school sports engage children in more physical activity. Design. Observational, cross-sectional study examining differences between intramural (IM) and interscholastic (IS) sports. Setting. Athletic facilities at two schools with IM sports and two schools with IS sports in Wake County, North Carolina. Subjects. Middle-school children (N = 6735) Measures. Percentage of children observed in sedentary, moderate, and vigorous activity assessed by the System for Observation Play and Leisure Among Youth (SOPLAY). Energy expenditure and physical activity intensity were also estimated by using MET values. Analysis. T-tests; generalized linear model using cumulative logit link function. Results. IM sports had higher MET values than IS sports (t = −3.69, p < .001), and IM sports ranked in four of the top five sports in terms of average MET values. Regression models found a significant interaction between school sport delivery model and gender, with boys significantly less physically active in IS programs than boys in IM programs (B = –.447, p < .001) but more physically active (B = .359, p < .001) than girls in IM sports. Conclusion. Regardless of sport type, IM sports generated more physical activity than IS sports among boys but not girls. Soccer, basketball, and track, regardless of school delivery approach, provide the highest physical activity levels. Results suggest that school administrators consider reassessing their programs to more efficiently use diminishing resources to increase students' physical activity levels. }, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Edwards, Michael B. and Casper, Jonathan M. and McKenzie, Thomas L.}, year={2014}, pages={S65–S71} }
 @article{edwards_bocarro_kanters_2012, title={Place Disparities in Supportive Environments for Extracurricular Physical Activity in North Carolina Middle Schools}, volume={45}, ISSN={0044-118X 1552-8499}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x11416677}, DOI={10.1177/0044118x11416677}, abstractNote={ Disadvantaged rural youth may be especially at risk for obesity and poorer health due to physical inactivity. Research suggests that extracurricular school programs can increase physical activity for this population. This study sought to determine whether local differences existed in the availability of supportive environments for extracurricular physical activity in North Carolina middle schools. Multiple data sources, including a self-administered questionnaire to personnel at 325 schools were integrated. Multilevel models were estimated using a composite index for supportive environments as the dependent variable and school compositional factors, economic resources, and community social factors as explanatory variables. Study findings suggested adolescents living in socioeconomically deprived rural areas had fewer environmental resources for extracurricular physical activity. Rural schools in poor areas of the state with high racial heterogeneity demonstrated the lowest environmental support. Reduced availability of supportive school environments may be one factor contributing to physical inactivity in the state. }, number={2}, journal={Youth & Society}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={265–285} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_edwards_casper_floyd_2013, title={School Sport Participation Under Two School Sport Policies: Comparisons by Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status}, volume={45}, ISSN={0883-6612 1532-4796}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S12160-012-9413-2}, DOI={10.1007/S12160-012-9413-2}, abstractNote={School-based extracurricular sport remains an effective strategy to increase physical activity. However, school sport is often limited to a small number of elite athletes. Few schools provide more inclusive sport programs that offer a wider array of activities regardless of ability. The aim of this study was to examine school sport participation in middle schools (ages 11–14) with contrasting school sport delivery strategies (intramural vs. interscholastic). Data were obtained through an online survey administered to students at four public middle schools (grades 6–8) in a southeastern US city (n = 2,582). More students participated in school sports at intramural schools. Boys were more likely to participate in after-school sports at intramural schools. Low-income and Black children, two groups at greater risk of physical inactivity and other negative outcomes, had greater participation in intramural programs. After-school intramural sports in middle school is a promising strategy for increasing sport participation.}, number={S1}, journal={Annals of Behavioral Medicine}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Edwards, Michael B. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={113–121} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_kanters_floyd_2011, title={"Just Let Me Play!"-Understanding Constraints That Limit Adolescent Sport Participation}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.8.s1.s32}, abstractNote={Background:Organized sport is viewed as a viable medium for promoting more physical activity among youth. However, participation in youth sport declines significantly among both boys and girls during their middle school years. This study examined middle school students’ perceived constraints to sport participation.Methods:Middle school students from 4 schools (6th−8th grade, N = 2465) completed a web based survey (97.3% response rate). Descriptive analysis, t tests, and ANOVA were used to assess extent of perceived constraints and differences among demographic and sport participation level subgroups.Results:The most salient constraint perceived by respondents was time, while knowledge was perceived as the lowest among the overall sample. Significant (P < .01) differences in perceived constraints were found among all comparisons groups. Girls, Latinos, lower SES students, and students who did not play sports reported more constraints than respective comparisons groups.Discussion:The sociodemographic characteristics of middle school students appear to be a significant factor in their perception of constraints to sport participation. Identifying constraints associated with sport participation can enable policy-makers and administrators to be more deliberate in channeling resources.}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={S32–S39} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_kanters_floyd_2011, title={Measurement properties of constraints to sport participation: A psychometric examination with adolescents}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79952415242&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2011.550221}, abstractNote={Constraint are a major focus of theoretical and empirical study in leisure research. However, analyses of psychometric properties of constraints measures are rare. This study assessed the factor structure and invariance of a leisure constraints measure applied to sport participation among middle school adolescents (ages 11 to 15 years old) using panel data over two time periods nine months apart (N = 2,029). We compared the validity of three baseline models: a theoretical 3-factor model, a 7-factor model, and a second-order factor model. The 7-factor model exhibited a more appropriate measurement model based on fit indices and statistical comparisons. Using the 7-factor model, construct validity and invariance of the model over time (Time 1 and Time 2) was examined by gender, grade level, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The model was found to be invariant at the factor loading and intercept levels, while there was some evidence of non-invariance at further constrained levels. In general, the 7-factor model appeared to be psychometrically stable and applicable over a range of demographic subgroups, lending evidence to its use as a measure in leisure or sport participation constraint studies that involve socio-demographic comparisons. The findings suggest that while the theoretical structure may be effective in simplifying constraint categories, a more detailed specification using subfactors of the dimensions is better for measurement.}, number={2}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Casper, J. and Bocarro, J.N. and Kanters, M. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2011}, pages={127–146} }
 @article{edwards_kanters_bocarro_2011, title={Opportunities for Extracurricular Physical Activity in North Carolina Middle Schools}, volume={8}, ISSN={1543-3080 1543-5474}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.5.597}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.8.5.597}, abstractNote={Background:This study’s purpose was to assess the opportunities for North Carolina adolescents to be physically active in extracurricular middle school environments and to compare opportunities across community types.Methods:Data were analyzed based on the results of an electronic questionnaire distributed to a sample of 431 schools with a response rate of 75.4% (N = 325).Results:Nearly all schools offered interscholastic sports while fewer than half offered intramurals or noncompetitive activities to students. “Open gym” was offered at only 35% of schools, while 24% of schools offered extracurricular activities to students with disabilities. Overall, 43.4% of schools offered special transportation to students who participated in some extracurricular physical activities. Schools in rural areas generally offered fewer programs and had fewer supports than schools located in more urbanized areas. Over two-thirds of rural schools offered no extracurricular programs other than interscholastic sports.Conclusions:Schools can be important settings for physical activity. North Carolina’s middle schools and its rural schools in particular, are falling short in efforts to provide extracurricular physical activity programming recommended by researchers and policy groups.1−6 Lower accessibility to extracurricular physical activities may partially contribute to higher levels of physical inactivity found in the state.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Physical Activity and Health}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={597–605} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_cerin_floyd_casper_suau_mckenzie_2012, title={School sport policy and school-based physical activity environments and their association with observed physical activity in middle school children}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1873-2054"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855707754&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.007}, abstractNote={Empirical research on the effects of school sport policies on children's physical activity is limited. This study examined sport policies (intramural vs. varsity), physical settings within schools, and supervision in relation to physical activity using the System for Observing Play and Leisure in Youth (SOPLAY). Data were collected on physical activity levels of children in four middle schools. Regression analyses assessed the main effects of sport policy, type of physical activity setting, and supervision as well as interactions. Regression models were stratified by gender. Children in intramural schools were more likely to use indoor spaces and be boys. Regression models indicated that varsity sport programs were associated with lower physical activity levels among boys but not girls. Significant associations between type of physical activity settings and physical activity levels were observed only for boys. Adult supervision was not associated with children's physical activity levels. Finally, descriptive results showed athletic facilities were under-utilized in all schools.}, number={1}, journal={HEALTH & PLACE}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Cerin, Ester and Floyd, Myron F. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Suau, Luis J. and McKenzie, Thomas L.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={31–38} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_forrester_2008, title={Guidelines for positively engaging parents in children's sports}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Youth Sports}, author={Kanters, M. A. and Bocarro, J. and Casper, J. M. and Forrester, S.}, year={2008}, pages={8–11} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_forrester_2008, title={School intramural sports: A platform for lifetime sport participation & active leisure}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={Recreational Sports Journal}, author={Kanters, M. and Bocarro, J. and Casper, J. M. and Forrester, S.}, year={2008}, pages={134–151} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_casper_forrester_2008, title={School physical education, extracurricular sports, and lifelong active living}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1543-2769"]}, DOI={10.1123/jtpe.27.2.155}, abstractNote={The purpose of this article is to examine the role of school-based extracurricular initiatives in facilitating immediate and long-term positive impact on physical activity, healthy behavior, and obesity in children. A critique of the role of various sports-related initiatives that have been developed to address the obesity epidemic currently facing children within the United States is provided, with a specific emphasis on intramural sports as a preferred mechanism to encourage long-term involvement in sport and physically active pursuits. The article presents support for the notion that a physical education curriculum that includes intramurals before, during, and after school can help children learn the skills to enjoy participation in a variety of sports designed to facilitate lifelong active living.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF TEACHING IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION}, author={Bocarro, Jason and Kanters, Michael A. and Casper, Jonathan and Forrester, Scott}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={155–166} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_2008, title={Supported or pressured? An examination of agreement among parents and children on parent's role in youth sports}, volume={31}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Sport Behavior}, author={Kanters, M. A. and Bocarro, J. and Casper, J. M.}, year={2008}, pages={64–80} }
 @article{greenwood_kanters_casper_2006, title={Sport fan team identification formation in the American Arena Football League}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1080/16184740601095016}, abstractNote={Abstract
 Team identification, the degree to which an individual feels psychologically linked to a team, has been a focal point in studies of sport fans and sport spectatorship (e.g. Fink et al., 2002; Jones, 1997; Wann & Branscombe, 1993; Wann & Dolan, 1994; Wann & Schrader, 1997). Although the development of team identification has been examined extensively in established sport markets, the purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between sport fan team identification and motivations for initially becoming a fan of a new mid-level professional sport in a new market. A convenience sample of spectators (N=351) at an American Arena Football League (AFL) game completed a survey designed to identify and measure this relationship. A simultaneous multiple regression analysis revealed significant and positive predictive value for team identification from the following reasons for becoming a fan: parents and/or family (β=.125, p<.05), born and/or live in area (β=.210, p<.001), players and/or coaches (β=.411, p<.001), and tailgating and party atmosphere (β=.123, p<.05). The results have practical marketing implications for mid-level professional sport franchises (i.e. Women's National Basketball Association, NFL-Europe, Major League Soccer) and highlight the need for additional research across the professional sport spectrum, as franchises in these leagues struggle for market share against competing sport and entertainment options.}, number={3}, journal={European Sport Management Quarterly}, author={Greenwood, P. B. G. and Kanters, M. A. and Casper, Jonathan}, year={2006}, pages={253–265} }
 @article{kanters_2002, title={Parents and youth sports}, volume={37}, ISBN={0031-2215}, number={12}, journal={Parks & Recreation}, author={Kanters, M.}, year={2002}, pages={20} }
 @article{kanters_bristol_attarian_2002, title={The effects of outdoor experiential training on perceptions of college stress}, volume={25}, DOI={10.1177/105382590202500203}, abstractNote={ Students in graduate school experience stress associated with a fear of failure. Heightened stress responses typically occur in situations where students are required to absorb a vast quantity of information in a limited time. Student reports of stress induced anxiety and depression are further exacerbated by an inability to satisfy basic social, recreational, family and financial needs. Outdoor experiential training (OET) activities as a component of student development initiatives have been designed to assist students with the stress caused by the demands of college. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a one-day OET experience on graduate students' perceptions of stress. Using a quasi-experimental design, the results of this study indicated that several mood states, including anxiety-tension, vigor-activity, and depression-dejection, were significantly reduced by a one-day OET experience. }, journal={Journal of Experiential Education}, author={Kanters, M. A. and Bristol, D. G. and Attarian, A.}, year={2002}, pages={257–267} }