@article{wood_morgan_ange-van heugten_serrano_minter_fellner_stoskopf_2022, title={Observable Metabolites and Metabolomic Sampling Protocols for Managed African Savanna Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Whole Blood Using H-NMR Spectroscopy}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2218-1989"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12050400}, DOI={10.3390/metabo12050400}, abstractNote={We used nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) to evaluate the metabolomics of heparinized whole blood drawn from six African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) maintained on a well characterized diet. Whole blood samples obtained under behavioral restraint, then quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen, were stored at −80 °C until analysis. Frozen samples were thawed under controlled conditions and extracted with methanol and chloroform to separate the polar and non-polar metabolites. We identified 18 polar metabolites and 14 non-polar lipids using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra. Despite unexpected rouleaux formation in the thawed frozen samples, spectra were consistent among animals and did not vary dramatically with age or the sex of the animal.}, number={5}, journal={Metabolites}, author={Wood, J. and Morgan, D.R. and Ange-van Heugten, K. and Serrano, M. and Minter, L.J. and Fellner, V. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2022}, pages={400} }
 @article{williams_stoskopf_francis-floyd_koutsos_dierenfeld_harmon_cicotello_german_semmen_keaffaber_et al._2022, title={Recommendations and Action Plans to Improve Ex Situ Nutrition and Health of Marine Teleosts}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1002/aah.10150}, abstractNote={Abstract The International Workshop for Ex‐Situ Marine Teleost Nutrition and Health, hosted by Disney's Animals, Science and Environment in conjunction with the Comparative Nutrition Society, brought together over 50 animal experts and scientists representing 20 institutions to review current science and identify challenges of marine teleost nutrition and health. Invited speakers presented critical information and current research topics for areas of emphasis and expertise. Subject matter experts identified knowledge gaps and primary areas of focus to guide the scientific community's research efforts to improve the care of ex situ marine teleosts. The clinical medicine working group highlighted standardized approaches to ante‐ and postmortem sample collection, diet biosecurity and supplementation, advanced diagnostic methods, and expanded training in fish nutrition. Nutrition identified the creation of a husbandry and feeding management manual, comprehensive feeding program review and design, and specialty feeder/life stage nutrition as areas of focus, while animal husbandry focused on body condition scoring, feed delivery techniques, and behavioral husbandry topics. The physiology and chemistry and water quality working groups discussed components of the aquatic environment and their effects on fish health, including organic matter constituents, microbial diversity, disinfection, and managing microbiota. Finally, we reviewed how epidemiological approaches and considerations can improve our evaluation of aquarium teleost nutrition and health. The goals outlined by each working group and supporting literature discussion are detailed in this communication and represent our goals for the next 3 to 5 years, with the ultimate objective of the workshop being the production of a husbandry manual for marine teleost nutrition and health. Any scientists who feel that their experience, research, or interests align with these goals are invited to participate by contacting the authors.}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Williams, Scott and Stoskopf, Michael and Francis-Floyd, Ruth and Koutsos, Liz and Dierenfeld, Ellen and Harmon, Todd and Cicotello, Eileen and German, Donovan and Semmen, Kent and Keaffaber, Jeffery and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{carlson_wcisel_ackerman_romanet_christiansen_niemuth_williams_breen_stoskopf_dornburg_et al._2022, title={Transcriptome annotation reveals minimal immunogenetic diversity among Wyoming toads, Anaxyrus baxteri}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1572-9737"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-022-01444-8}, DOI={10.1007/s10592-022-01444-8}, abstractNote={Briefly considered extinct in the wild, the future of the Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) continues to rely on captive breeding to supplement the wild population. Given its small natural geographic range and history of rapid population decline at least partly due to fungal disease, investigation of the diversity of key receptor families involved in the host immune response represents an important conservation need. Population decline may have reduced immunogenetic diversity sufficiently to increase the vulnerability of the species to infectious diseases. Here we use comparative transcriptomics to examine the diversity of toll-like receptors and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) sequences across three individual Wyoming toads. We find reduced diversity at MHC genes compared to bufonid species with a similar history of bottleneck events. Our data provide a foundation for future studies that seek to evaluate the genetic diversity of Wyoming toads, identify biomarkers for infectious disease outcomes, and guide breeding strategies to increase genomic variability and wild release successes.}, journal={CONSERVATION GENETICS}, author={Carlson, Kara B. and Wcisel, Dustin J. and Ackerman, Hayley D. and Romanet, Jessica and Christiansen, Emily F. and Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Williams, Christina and Breen, Matthew and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Dornburg, Alex and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{wood_minter_bibus_stoskopf_fellner_ange-van heugten_2021, title={Comparison of African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) fatty acid profiles in whole blood, whole blood dried on blood spot cards, serum, and plasma}, volume={9}, ISSN={2167-8359}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12650}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.12650}, abstractNote={Background African elephants in managed care have presented differences in the balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, a situation primarily thought to be due to dietary differences between the managed animals and their free-ranging counterparts. Because of this, circulating fatty acid status is included in routine monitoring of elephant health. A method of blood collection that requires only a few drops of whole blood, dried on filter paper (DBS) and can be used for analyzing full fatty acid profiles offers advantages in clinical application. Methods This study compared the use of whole blood, and whole blood DBS, serum or plasma for use in evaluating circulating fatty acid composition in African savannah elephants. Samples from six African elephants (two males and four females) were collected during the same week at the NC Zoo, Asheboro, NC. Results Results found only 2 of 36 individual fatty acids and none of the 10 fatty acid groupings were different when comparing the four blood fraction sample types to each other with Mann-Whitney U-Test pairwise comparisons. Myristic acid (14:0) was lower in the DBS samples than in whole blood, serum, and plasma and pentadecaenoic acid (15:1) was slightly more concentrated in DBS and whole blood. Discussion Results indicate that fatty acid profile of serum, plasma, whole blood, and DBS are comparable in African elephants. The DBS method offers advantages in acquisition and handling and may be preferable to other methods in both routine health assessment of captive animals and field research on free ranging animals.}, journal={PeerJ}, publisher={PeerJ}, author={Wood, Jordan and Minter, Larry J. and Bibus, Doug and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Fellner, Vivek and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={e12650} }
 @article{walker_shank_stoskopf_minter_deperno_2021, title={Efficacy and Cost of GonaCon™ for Population Control in a Free‐ranging White‐tailed Deer Population}, volume={45}, ISSN={2328-5540 2328-5540}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1237}, DOI={10.1002/wsb.1237}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT As white‐tailed deer populations increase in developed and urban areas, lethal management is necessary to control population growth. However, concerns about safety and negative attitudes towards lethal control and using firearms near houses have prompted many communities to pursue nonlethal techniques. Therefore, in 2014 we initiated a 5‐year project to attempt to stabilize the local deer population on Bald Head Island (BHI), North Carolina, using the immunocontraceptive GonaCon™. Since 2014 we captured and inoculated 77 female deer with GonaCon™. From 2017 to 2018 we evaluated the efficacy and cost of GonaCon™ at reducing pregnancy in adult female white‐tailed deer on BHI. We obtained blood samples from 49 deer that had received either 1 or 2 doses of GonaCon™, and from 19 female deer that had received no GonaCon™ for pregnancy analysis using the pregnancy specific protein B assay. All untreated deer sampled were pregnant (n = 19), whereas 67% of deer sampled that received only a single dose were pregnant (n = 27), and 14% of deer that received 2 doses (n = 22) were pregnant. Thus, 2 doses of GonaCon™ were necessary to reduce pregnancy rates below 50%. The total direct cost of the 5‐year immunocontraception project was $320,030.52 and averaged $2,078.12/capture with an overall efficacy of 33% for one dose and 86% for 2 doses of GonaCon™. Conversely, the estimated cost for the local government (i.e., Village of Bald Head Island) to cull 30 deer in 2018 was $16,163.63, or $538.79/deer. The estimated deer population was 113 in 2014 and increased to 198 individuals by 2018. Further population projections suggested the white‐tailed deer population is projected to reach 342 individuals by 2022. Although 2 doses of GonaCon™ were effective at reducing pregnancy, administration across the BHI deer population was not successful in reducing the deer population, and culling will likely be necessary to reduce the population. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.}, number={4}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Walker, Micah J. and Shank, G. Christopher and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Minter, Larry J. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={589–596} }
 @article{mones_harms_stoskopf_2021, title={Implications of comparative ventral body wall histology on selection of abdominal surgical approach and closure in 12 species of fish}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1095-8649"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14668}, DOI={10.1111/jfb.14668}, abstractNote={Abstract A ventral midline surgical approach for fish celiotomy is commonly performed in veterinary clinical medicine and research, although the relevant ventral body wall anatomy of many fish species is not well documented. Histological evaluation of tissue samples from the ventral body wall of 12 fish species was performed to provide a reference for surgical approach and closure decisions. The width between muscle bundles running parallel to the long axis and total thickness of tissue layers varied among species. An appreciable space between longitudinal muscles of the ventral body wall and a lack of muscle, vessels and nerves on midline in all species examined supports recommendations of ventral midline incisions to spare important structures. Dense connective tissue consistent with an aponeurosis between musculature along the ventral body wall was not observed in any species evaluated. Connective tissue was concentrated within the dermis of all species evaluated, with an additional layer of collagen along the coelomic membrane in Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii , koi Cyprinus carpio , goldfish Carassius auratus , black drum Pogonias cromis , black seabass Centropristis striata , tomtate Haemulon aurolineatum and scup Stenotomus caprinus . A sufficiently wide space on ventral midline for practical targeting during the surgical approach is present in A. gueldenstaedtii , C. carpio , striped bass Morone saxatilis , H. aurolineatum , P. cromis , rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta . Sand perch Diplectrum formosum , C. auratus , S. caprinus , grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus and black sea bass Centropristis striata have a negligible space between longitudinal muscles on midline. The variation in ventral body wall structure observed in this study helps inform surgical decision making for celiotomy incision and closure in these species.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Harms, Craig A. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={1342–1348} }
 @article{wood_minter_stoskopf_bibus_ange_tollefson_fellner_ange-van heugten_2021, title={Investigation of Dried Blood Spot Cards for Fatty Acid Analysis Using Porcine Blood}, volume={2021}, ISSN={2042-0048 2090-8113}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624751}, DOI={10.1155/2021/6624751}, abstractNote={Fatty acids, especially omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, are important for reproductive and cardiovascular health in animals. While monitoring fatty acids is traditionally conducted using frozen blood fractions such as serum and plasma, advancements in analytical technology have developed a method of collecting microsamples of dried whole blood on Ahlstrom 226 grade filter paper that can provide information on long-term fatty acid status of animals. Blood samples were collected from five male pigs in both the traditional frozen method and on dried blood spot cards (DBS). The DBS samples were collected with untreated syringes and tubes, and approximately 320 μL of blood was placed on each card with approximately 80 μL per spot (4 spots). Statistical analysis was performed to compare the two sample groups to each other using the Mann–Whitney U-test and determine if DBS samples were similar to traditional whole blood samples. Of the 30 fatty acids and fatty acid groups with measurable concentrations, only four individual fatty acids, behenic acid, omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid, nervonic acid, and adrenic acid, had statistical differences. Most of these differences were minor and could be due to analytical errors or contamination. Comparisons between sample types found similar concentrations of key omega fatty acids and PUFAs and support the use of DBS collection as a less invasive method of blood collection and fatty acid analysis.}, journal={Veterinary Medicine International}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Wood, Jordan and Minter, Larry J. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Bibus, Doug and Ange, Dempsy and Tollefson, Troy N. and Fellner, Vivek and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly}, editor={Hikasa, YoshiakiEditor}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{whittier_nutter_johnson_cross_lloyd-smith_slenning_stoskopf_2021, title={Population structure, intergroup interaction, and human contact govern infectious disease impacts in mountain gorilla populations}, ISSN={["1098-2345"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajp.23350}, abstractNote={Infectious zoonotic diseases are a threat to wildlife conservation and global health. They are especially a concern for wild apes, which are vulnerable to many human infectious diseases. As ecotourism, deforestation, and great ape field research increase, the threat of human‐sourced infections to wild populations becomes more substantial and could result in devastating population declines. The endangered mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) of the Virunga Massif in east‐central Africa suffer periodic disease outbreaks and are exposed to infections from human‐sourced pathogens. It is important to understand the possible risks of disease introduction and spread in this population and how human contact may facilitate disease transmission. Here we present and evaluate an individual‐based, stochastic, discrete‐time disease transmission model to predict epidemic outcomes and better understand health risks to the Virunga mountain gorilla population. To model disease transmission we have derived estimates for gorilla contact, interaction, and migration rates. The model shows that the social structure of gorilla populations plays a profound role in governing disease impacts with subdivided populations experiencing less than 25% of the outbreak levels of a single homogeneous population. It predicts that gorilla group dispersal and limited group interactions are strong factors in preventing widespread population‐level outbreaks of infectious disease after such diseases have been introduced into the population. However, even a moderate amount of human contact increases disease spread and can lead to population‐level outbreaks.}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Whittier, Christopher A. and Nutter, Felicia B. and Johnson, Philip L. F. and Cross, Paul and Lloyd-Smith, James O. and Slenning, Barrett D. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{heyward_reynolds_foster_archibald_stoskopf_mowat_2021, title={Retinal cone photoreceptor distribution in the American black bear (Ursus americanus)}, volume={304}, ISSN={["1932-8494"]}, DOI={10.1002/ar.24472}, abstractNote={The distribution of cone photoreceptor subtypes (important for color vision and vision quality) varies widely in different carnivore species, but there have been limited studies on bear (ursid) cone distribution. A previous behavioral study suggests that American black bears (Ursus americanus) are dichromatic, indicating that they possess two cone subtypes, although the retinal distribution of cones is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the subtype and topography of cones in American black bear retinas to further predict the nature of their color vision and image resolution. We studied 10 eyes from seven individual legally hunted black bears in northeastern North Carolina. Cryosections and retinal wholemounts were labeled using antibodies targeting two cone opsin subtypes: long/medium (L/M) wavelength sensitive and short (S) wavelength sensitive. Cones in fluorescent microscopy images were counted and density maps were created for retinal wholemounts. The black bear retina contains both cone subtypes and L/M cones outnumber S cones by at least 3:1, a finding confirmed in retinal frozen sections. There are higher concentrations of S cones present than typically seen in other carnivores with some evidence for co‐expression of L/M and S cones. A cone‐dense area centralis is present dorsotemporal to the optic nerve, similar to other carnivores. These results confirm that American black bears are predicted to have a dichromatic vision with high acuity indicated by the presence of a dorsotemporally located area centralis.}, number={3}, journal={ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}, author={Heyward, Jennifer L. and Reynolds, Benjamin D. and Foster, Melanie L. and Archibald, Kate E. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Mowat, Freya M.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={662–672} }
 @article{houck_olfenbuttel_stoskopf_kennedy-stoskopf_2021, title={Seroprevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei in Free-ranging Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in Eastern North Carolina, USA}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/JWD-D-20-00091}, abstractNote={Abstract: Recent sarcoptic mange epizootics have affected free-ranging black bears (Ursus americanus) in the northeastern US, but not in North Carolina. To determine whether black bears in eastern North Carolina have exposure to Sarcoptes scabiei, serum samples from hunter-harvested black bears (n=45) were collected and evaluated for antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay previously validated in black bears. No dermal lesions consistent with sarcoptic mange were identified in the sampled bears. The seroprevalence among these asymptomatic bears was 18%, with no significant difference between sexes or association with age. This suggests that exposure to Sarcoptes scabiei occurs within the population, and highlights the importance of serosurveys in regions without a history of clinical mange.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Houck, Emma and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Stoskopf, Michael and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={628–631} }
 @article{whitehead_petritz_doerr_stoskopf_harrison_2020, title={Biochemical Effects of Routine Gonadectomy on Blood of Domestic Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1559-6109"]}, DOI={10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000173}, abstractNote={We studied domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to evaluate the physiologic effects of routine surgery. Standard plasma biochemistry panels and 1H-NMR spectroscopy of heparinized whole blood were performed on samples taken 24 h prior to and immediately after surgery from female and male ferrets undergoing routine gonadectomy. Increases in plasma glucose, phosphorus, potassium, and creatine kinase concentrations associated with the duration of surgery were identified on plasma biochemistry panels. Whole-blood NMR spectra allowed us to identify 42 metabolites and one drug residue. Variations between pre- and postoperative metabolite concentrations were most pronounced for female ferrets, which underwent moreprolonged surgery than males. Affected metabolites included organic acids and osmolytes (betaine, methylmalonate, d-lactate), fatty acids and lipids (2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid), and amino acid groups (acetylglycine, alloisoleucine, leucine, and isoleucine). These findings indicate that 1H-NMR spectroscopy of whole blood provides insight into metabolic perturbations in domestic ferrets undergoing surgery that are not detected in routine clinical chemistry panels.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Whitehead, Michelle C. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Doerr, Mary and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={567–574} }
 @article{louis_minter_flowers_stoskopf_kennedy-stoskopf_2020, title={Raccoon roundworm prevalence (Baylisascaris procyonis) at the North Carolina Zoo, USA}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.9426}, abstractNote={Baylisascaris procyonis is an important zoonotic nematode of raccoons (Procyon lotor). Infection with this parasite has important health implications for humans, zoo animals, and free-ranging wildlife. As a large, natural habitat zoo, the North Carolina Zoo (NC Zoo) coexists with native wildlife. Raccoons are abundant at the NC Zoo and the prevalence of B. procyonis is unknown. Raccoon latrines were located through employee reporting and systematic searching throughout the zoo and sampled for B. procyonis in October and November of 2018 and 2019. Parasite prevalence, latrine location, substrate category and latrine persistence were recorded. Thirty-three latrines were located in 2018 and eight new latrines in 2019 while four latrines from the prior year were no longer available to be sampled. Of the 29 latrines sampled over the two years, 16 (55%) persisted for at least one year. The majority of the latrines were found on natural substrate with rock showing the highest preference. Just over half (n = 21 of 41 total) of the active latrines in the study were in or immediately adjacent to animal enclosures. Two latrines were found in public areas including one contaminating children’s play equipment. Additionally, fresh fecal samples were collected from five adult raccoons presented to the zoo’s veterinary clinic in 2018 and 2019. All fecal samples tested by centrifugal flotation for both years were negative for B. procyonis. The results of this study show the value of field sampling to properly assess risk and enable informed decision-making regarding public health and wildlife management.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Louis, Meghan M. and Minter, Larry J. and Flowers, James R. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{niemuth_ransom_finn_godfrey_nelson_stoskopf_2020, title={Using Random Forest Algorithm to Model Cold-Stunning Events in Sea Turtles in North Carolina}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1944-687X"]}, DOI={10.3996/052019-JFWM-043}, abstractNote={Sea turtle strandings due to cold stunning are seen when turtles are exposed to ocean temperatures that acutely and persistently drop below approximately 12 °C. In North Carolina, this syndrome aff...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, publisher={U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Ransom, Casey C. and Finn, Sarah A. and Godfrey, Matthew H. and Nelson, Stacy A. C. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={531–541} }
 @article{westmoreland_stoskopf_sheppard_deperno_gould_olfenbuttel_maggi_2019, title={Detection and Prevalence of Babesia spp. in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) from Eastern and Western North Carolina, USA}, volume={55}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2018-06-164}, DOI={10.7589/2018-06-164}, abstractNote={Blood samples collected from American black bears ( Ursus americanus) in eastern and western North Carolina, US, were analyzed for piroplasms. Piroplasmids were detected in 17% (23/132) of the animals surveyed. We detected a Babesia spp. previously identified in North American raccoons ( Procyon lotor) and a maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus); prevalence was 22% (14/64) and 13% (9/68) in the mountain and coastal black bear populations, respectively. The presence of the same Babesia species in black bears, raccoons, and a maned wolf suggests piroplasms may not be host specific.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Westmoreland, Lori S. H. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Sheppard, Erica and DePerno, Christopher S. and Gould, Nicholas P. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Maggi, Ricardo G.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={678} }
 @article{doerr_stoskopf_2019, title={EVALUATION OF EUTHANASIA OF MOON JELLYFISH (AURELIA AURITA) USING SIMPLE SALT SOLUTIONS}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2018-01510}, abstractNote={Abstract: Immersion euthanasia methods reported over the most recent decades for aquatic invertebrates use organic alcohols or halogenated hydrocarbons that can interfere with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. A rolling study design evaluated potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) as potential ion-based euthanasia methods for moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) destined for metabolomic analysis by NMR spectroscopy. Death was defined as the cessation of autonomous bell pulsing and response to external stimulus. MgCl2 applied at a dose of 142 g/L provided euthanasia within 32 sec of applications without the untoward effects observed with the other two salts. Euthanasia with KCl at the doses tested was associated with abnormal behavior and tissue degradation during dissection. MgSO4 at the doses tested resulted in abnormal behavior and failed to provide rapid euthanasia.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Doerr, Mary and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={123–126} }
 @article{bembenek-bailey_niemuth_mcclellan-green_godfrey_harms_gracz_stoskopf_2019, title={NMR Metabolomic Analysis of Skeletal Muscle, Heart, and Liver of Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Experimentally Exposed to Crude Oil and/or Corexit}, volume={9}, ISSN={2218-1989}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9020021}, DOI={10.3390/metabo9020021}, abstractNote={We used nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) to evaluate the metabolic impacts of crude oil, Corexit 5900A, a dispersant, and a crude oil Corexit 5900A mixture exposure on skeletal muscle, heart, and liver physiology of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Tissue samples were obtained from 22 seven-day-old hatchlings after a four day cutaneous exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of crude oil, Corexit 5900A, a combination of crude oil and Corexit 9500A, or a seawater control. We identified 38 metabolites in the aqueous extracts of the liver, and 30 metabolites in both the skeletal and heart muscle aqueous extracts, including organic acids/osmolytes, energy compounds, amino acids, ketone bodies, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Skeletal muscle lactate, creatines, and taurine concentrations were significantly lower in hatchlings exposed to crude oil than in control hatchlings. Lactate, taurine, and cholines appeared to be the basis of some variation in hatchling heart samples, and liver inosine, uracil, and uridine appeared to be influenced by Corexit and crude oil exposure. Observed decreases in concentrations of lactate and creatines may reflect energy depletion in skeletal muscle of oil-exposed animals, while decreased taurine concentrations in these animals may reflect higher oxidative stress.}, number={2}, journal={Metabolites}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Bembenek-Bailey, Stasia and Niemuth, Jennifer and McClellan-Green, Patricia and Godfrey, Matthew and Harms, Craig and Gracz, Hanna and Stoskopf, Michael}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={21} }
 @article{westmoreland_archibald_christiansen_broadhurst_stoskopf_2019, title={THE MESOPTERYGIAL VEIN: A RELIABLE VENIPUNCTURE SITE FOR INTRAVASCULAR ACCESS IN BATOIDS}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0137}, abstractNote={Intravascular access in batoid species is commonly achieved using the ventral coccygeal or radial wing vessels. However, these approaches can be difficult because of the presence of cartilage, lack of specific landmarks, species variation, and small vessel size in many species. This study used postmortem contrast radiography and gross dissection to develop landmarks for a new, dependable vascular access in three Myliobatiform species commonly maintained in captivity: Atlantic stingray (Hypanus sabinus), cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus), and smooth butterfly ray (Gymnura micrura). The mesopterygial vein provides quick vascular access and is suitable for administration of large fluid volumes and intravascular drugs. It is located immediately ventrolateral to the metapterygium cartilage, which sits adjacent to the coelomic cavity and supports the caudal half of the pectoral fin. Using the pectoral girdle and cranial third of the metapterygium cartilage as landmarks, vascular access can be achieved by directing a needle medially at approximately a 30° (adult cownose rays) or 45° angle (Atlantic stingrays, juvenile cownose rays, smooth butterfly rays) toward the metapterygium cartilage. Differences in the degree of needle direction are due to species and age-specific shapes of the metapterygium cartilage. The mesopterygial vein is an alternate site of quick and reliable venous access in batoid species.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Westmoreland, Lori S. H. and Archibald, Kate E. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Broadhurst, Heather J. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={369–374} }
 @article{archibald_baltutis_stoskopf_bailey_2019, title={Testicular activity and epididymal sperm collection from American black bears in November}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1938-5439"]}, DOI={10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00015.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: Prolonged reproductive behavior of American black bears (Ursus americanus) has been reported in the southeastern United States compared with other regions, but functional spermatogenesis or potential fertility has not previously been described for these bears. Additionally, methods for gamete collection are only in early stages of development for ursids. Testicles were collected from 29 post-pubertal legally hunter-killed black bears in eastern North Carolina, USA, in November 2016. Active spermatogenesis was identified in 48.3% (14/29) of bears via histology. Epididymal sperm collection was attempted via mincing (n = 29), vas deferens flush (n = 24), and percutaneous aspiration (n = 5). Epididymal mincing identified sperm in 78.6%, and vas flush in 53.8%, of bears with spermatogenesis on histology. Percutaneous aspiration was unsuccessful. These findings provide evidence that male bears may maintain reproductive capabilities into the late autumn in this region, and that under the conditions of this study, sperm can be collected via epididymal mincing or vas deferens flush, but not percutaneous aspiration.}, number={2}, journal={URSUS}, author={Archibald, Kate E. and Baltutis, Kristina and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Bailey, C. Scott}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={101–110} }
 @article{cerreta_mehalick_stoskopf_dombrowski_lewbart_2018, title={ASSESSMENT OF A VISUAL SCORING SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING AND QUANTIFYING ANEMIA IN MALE EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA)}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0045.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) regularly admits wild eastern box turtles (EBT) (Terrapene carolina carolina) for treatment and rehabilitation. Adult males of this species generally have an impressive red coloration of the iris, a feature commonly used to differentiate them from their brown-eyed female conspecifics. Male EBTs that present often display marked pallor of the eyes, which has accompanied clinical anemia. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between eye color and packed cell volume (PCV) in adult male EBTs, and to assess the accuracy of using eye color to predict PCV. Eye-color scoring cards were created using Adobe Creative Cloud Photoshop®. Each card was composed of blocks displaying progressively lighter tints of a red hue, with a number (score) assigned to each block. Five-block, six-block, and nine-block scoring cards were prepared, with lower numbers (scores) corresponding to lighter hues. To determine the variation in subjective color scores assigned by different human observers, 85 individuals were asked to score EBT eye color in three animals using each of the three scoring cards. Eye color of adult male EBTs that presented to the TRT (n = 18) and those housed at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences (n = 6) were scored using each of the three cards, immediately preceding venipuncture of the occipital sinus for determination of PCV. All animals were scored by at least two individuals. Turtles with low scores (pale eyes) using all three scoring cards consistently had lower PCVs. The five- and six-block scorecards had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% while the nine-block score card had a PPV of 71.4%. This specific and noninvasive method for estimating PCV of male EBTs is clinically desirable in both rehabilitation and hospital settings.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Cerreta, Anthony J. and Mehalick, Michelle L. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={977–982} }
 @misc{dorcas p. o'rourke_baccanale_stoskopf_2018, title={Nontraditional Laboratory Animal Species (Cephalopods, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds)}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1930-6180"]}, DOI={10.1093/ilar/ily003}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={ILAR JOURNAL}, author={Dorcas P. O'Rourke and Baccanale, Cecile L. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2018}, pages={168–176} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_macdonald_stoskopf_2018, title={Propylene Glycol in Free-Ranging Green Sea Turtle Plasma}, volume={9}, ISSN={1944-687X 1944-687X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122017-JFWM-099}, DOI={10.3996/122017-JFWM-099}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management}, publisher={U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Harms, Craig A. and Macdonald, Jeffrey M. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={617–623} }
 @article{bembenek bailey_niemuth_mcclellan-green_godfrey_harms_stoskopf_2017, title={1
            H-NMR metabolomic study of whole blood from hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (
            Caretta caretta
            ) exposed to crude oil and/or Corexit}, volume={4}, ISSN={2054-5703 2054-5703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171433}, DOI={10.1098/rsos.171433}, abstractNote={We used proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) to evaluate metabolic impacts of environmentally relevant crude oil and Corexit exposures on the physiology of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Sample extraction and data acquisition methods for very small volume whole blood samples and sources of variation between individual hatchlings were assessed. Sixteen unclotted, whole blood samples were obtained from 7-day-old hatchlings after a 4-day cutaneous exposure to either control seawater, crude oil, Corexit 9500A or a combination of crude oil and Corexit 9500A. After extraction, one- and two-dimensional1H-NMR spectra of the samples were obtained, and 17 metabolites were identified and confirmed in the whole blood spectra. Variation among samples due to the concentrations of metabolites 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, trimethylamine oxide and propylene glycol did not statistically correlate with treatment group. However, the characterization of the hatchling loggerhead whole blood metabolome provides a foundation for future metabolomic research with sea turtles and a basis for the study of tissues from exposed hatchling sea turtles.}, number={11}, journal={Royal Society Open Science}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Bembenek Bailey, Stasia A. and Niemuth, Jennifer N. and McClellan-Green, Patricia D. and Godfrey, Matthew H. and Harms, Craig A. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={171433} }
 @article{westmoreland_stoskopf_maggi_2017, title={Detection and prevalence of four different hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in Eastern North Carolina American black bears (Ursus americanus)}, volume={50}, ISSN={0147-9571}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2016.12.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.cimid.2016.12.002}, abstractNote={Hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. are globally emerging, obligate parasitic, epierythrocytic bacteria that infect many vertebrates, including humans. Hemoplasma infection can cause acute life-threatening symptoms or lead to a chronic sub-clinical carrier state. Hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. transmission, prevalence, and host specificity are uncertain. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular prevalence of Mycoplasma species in blood from 68 free-ranging black bears from the eastern coast of North Carolina. DNA amplification of Mycoplasma 16S rRNA gene identified four distinct species infecting 34/68 (50%) of the black bear blood samples, including Candidatus M. haematoparvum. The high prevalence of hemotropic Mycoplasma infection in this wildlife species highlights the importance of understanding intra and inter species transmission. Black bears may play a role in the transmission of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. between animals, arthropod vectors, and humans. Further studies are needed to elucidate black bears as a potential reservoir for hemotropic Mycoplasma infections.}, journal={Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Westmoreland, Lori S.H. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Maggi, Ricardo G.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={106–109} }
 @article{cannizzo_roe_harms_stoskopf_2017, title={Effect of water temperature on the hydrolysis of two absorbable sutures used in fish surgery}, volume={1}, ISSN={2371-1671}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0006}, DOI={10.1139/facets-2016-0006}, abstractNote={ Persistence of absorbable sutures in fishes in waters below 10 °C affects surgical decisions including approach, closure strategy, and suture selection. We hypothesized that the rate of suture hydrolysis would vary directly with water temperature. Two absorbable monofilament 3-0 suture materials used in fish surgery, poliglecaprone (Monocryl™) and polyglyconate (Maxon™), were evaluated. The maximum tensile load (strength) was measured for suture loops ( n = 6) maintained in filtered city water for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks at 4, 25, or 37 °C. For Maxon™ at 4 or 25 °C, tensile strength did not decrease over time. However, for Monocryl™ at 4 °C, 2-, 4-, and 8-week loops were stronger than baseline loops. At 25 °C, tensile strength of the suture material declined after 2 weeks. Also, at 37 °C, the optimal design temperature for both suture materials, the strength of Maxon™ decreased at 6 and 8 weeks. Two 4-week loops of Monocryl™ disintegrated when handled, and after 6 and 8 weeks, all were untestable. This study confirms that absorbable sutures lose strength more slowly at ambient temperatures lower than the optimal design temperature (e.g., human body temperature) and will likely be retained longer in fishes living in waters below 25 °C. }, number={1}, journal={FACETS}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Cannizzo, Sarah A. and Roe, Simon C. and Harms, Craig A. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, editor={Cooke, StevenEditor}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={44–54} }
 @article{applegate_lewbart_daniels_gill_stoskopf_2016, title={Calcium urolithiasis in a breeding population of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) housed in a low salinity environment}, volume={36}, ISSN={0165-2176 1875-5941}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1123823}, DOI={10.1080/01652176.2015.1123823}, abstractNote={J. R. Applegate Jr, G. A. Lewbart, H. Daniels, A. Gill and M. K. Stoskopf Exotic Animal Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Applegate, J.R., Jr and Lewbart, G.A. and Daniels, H. and Gill, A. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={50–54} }
 @article{phillips_christiansen_stoskopf_broadhurst_george_harms_2016, title={Comparison of hematology, plasma biochemistry, and blood gas variables between 2 venipuncture sites in Southern Stingrays (Dasyatis americana)}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12424}, abstractNote={BackgroundThe Southern Stingray (Dasyatis americana) is a batoid elasmobranch frequently exhibited in zoological institutions. Blood is commonly collected from the caudal hemal arch at the tail base in stingrays for the purpose of health assessment and clinical pathology tests. An alternative site that allows a dorsal or ventral approach without necessitating puncture of a cartilaginous structure has been identified between the cartilaginous pectoral fin rays (ceratotrichia).}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, author={Phillips, B. E. and Christiansen, E. F. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Broadhurst, H. and George, R. and Harms, Craig}, year={2016}, pages={627–633} }
 @article{westmoreland_stoskopf_maggi_2016, title={Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in North Carolina Eastern Black Bears (Ursus americanus)}, volume={52}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2016-02-036}, DOI={10.7589/2016-02-036}, abstractNote={Abstract We detected Anaplasma phagocytophilum by DNA amplification in whole blood from free-ranging, hunter-killed American black bears (Ursus americanus) from the east coast of North Carolina, US. Molecular prevalence for Anaplasma phagocytophilum was 3% from 68 black bears. No DNA of other Anaplasma or Ehrlichia spp. was identified.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Westmoreland, Lori S. H. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Maggi, Ricardo G.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={968–970} }
 @article{magallanes_stoskopf_royal_2015, title={Building Collaborative Learning Opportunities between Future Veterinary and Design Professionals}, volume={3}, DOI={10.11114/jets.v3i5.852}, abstractNote={Positive inter-professional collaborations and interactions facilitate the effectiveness of veterinarians working on professional teams addressing a wide range of societal challenges. The need for these interactions extend far beyond the different medical professions, which is the limit of many discussions of inter-professional relations for veterinary medicine. Methods of problem solving differ across professions, and clinical veterinary problem solving is quite distinct from the approaches of non-medical professions. These distinctions are particularly obvious when looking at the approaches of design professionals. Yet, most veterinarians work in collaboration with architects and landscape architects at some time in their careers, with varying degrees of success. This case study describes a collaboration between a College of Veterinary Medicine and a College of Design in which a course was offered across both colleges that allowed students to build a real life design to suit the needs of a veterinary medical college considering how to best utilize space for animals, animal and human interaction and the holistic development of healthy spaces for humans. Results of the collaboration indicated that despite initial struggles, students from very different disciplinary backgrounds were able to effectively work in teams, problem solve, communicate and exchange ideas, learn to appreciate their peer counterparts, and produce a high-quality design that may ultimately be adopted by the university.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Education and Training Studies}, publisher={Redfame Publishing}, author={Magallanes, Fernando and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Royal, Kenneth D.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={43–51} }
 @article{parsons_simons_pollock_stoskopf_stocking_o'connell_2015, title={Camera traps and mark-resight models: The value of ancillary data for evaluating assumptions}, volume={79}, ISSN={0022-541X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JWMG.931}, DOI={10.1002/JWMG.931}, abstractNote={Unbiased estimators of abundance and density are fundamental to the study of animal ecology and critical for making sound management decisions. Capture–recapture models are generally considered the most robust approach for estimating these parameters but rely on a number of assumptions that are often violated but rarely validated. Mark-resight models, a form of capture–recapture, are well suited for use with noninvasive sampling methods and allow for a number of assumptions to be relaxed. We used ancillary data from continuous video and radio telemetry to evaluate the assumptions of mark-resight models for abundance estimation on a barrier island raccoon (Procyon lotor) population using camera traps. Our island study site was geographically closed, allowing us to estimate real survival and in situ recruitment in addition to population size. We found several sources of bias due to heterogeneity of capture probabilities in our study, including camera placement, animal movement, island physiography, and animal behavior. Almost all sources of heterogeneity could be accounted for using the sophisticated mark-resight models developed by McClintock et al. (2009b) and this model generated estimates similar to a spatially explicit mark-resight model previously developed for this population during our study. Spatially explicit capture–recapture models have become an important tool in ecology and confer a number of advantages; however, non-spatial models that account for inherent individual heterogeneity may perform nearly as well, especially where immigration and emigration are limited. Non-spatial models are computationally less demanding, do not make implicit assumptions related to the isotropy of home ranges, and can provide insights with respect to the biological traits of the local population. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.}, number={7}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Parsons, Arielle W. and Simons, Theodore R. and Pollock, Kenneth H. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Stocking, Jessica J. and O'connell, Allan F., Jr.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={1163–1172} }
 @article{gjeltema_de voe_phillips_stoskopf_2015, title={Casque infection, resolution, and subsequent repneumatization in a trumpeter hornbill (Bycanistes buccinator)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1875-5941"]}, DOI={10.1080/01652176.2015.1035462}, abstractNote={Casque infection, resolution, and subsequent repneumatization in a trumpeter hornbill (Bycanistes buccinator) Jenessa L. Gjeltema*, Ryan S. De Voe, Brianne E. Phillips and Michael K. Stoskopf Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh 27607, NC, USA; Veterinary Division, North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro 27205, NC, USA; Department of Animal Health, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, 2901 Osceola Parkway, Lake Buena Vista 32830, FL, USA; Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY QUARTERLY}, author={Gjeltema, Jenessa L. and De Voe, Ryan S. and Phillips, Brianne E. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={177–180} }
 @article{hurley-sanders_levine_nelson_law_showers_stoskopf_2015, title={Key metabolites in tissue extracts ofElliptio complanataidentified using1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy}, volume={3}, ISSN={2051-1434}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cov023}, DOI={10.1093/conphys/cov023}, abstractNote={We used 1H-NMR to describe the freshwater mussel metabolome. Muscle, digestive gland, mantle and gill tissues yielded profiles with possible biomarkers of physiologic function. These preliminary studies provide evidence for potential use of digestive gland and mantle tissue for studying physiological impacts of location, sex and reproductive condition on Elliptio complanata.}, number={1}, journal={Conservation Physiology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Hurley-Sanders, Jennifer L. and Levine, Jay F. and Nelson, Stacy A. C. and Law, J. M. and Showers, William J. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2015}, pages={cov023} }
 @article{gese_knowlton_adams_beck_fuller_murray_steury_stoskopf_waddell_waits_2015, title={Managing hybridization of a recovering endangered species: The red wolf Canis rufus as a case study}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1674-5507"]}, DOI={10.1093/czoolo/61.1.191}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={CURRENT ZOOLOGY}, author={Gese, Eric M. and Knowlton, Fred F. and Adams, Jennifer R. and Beck, Karen and Fuller, Todd K. and Murray, Dennis L. and Steury, Todd D. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Waddell, Will T. and Waits, Lisette P.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={191–205} }
 @article{hurley-sanders_stoskopf_nelson_showers_law_gracz_levine_2015, title={Tissue extraction methods for metabolic profiling of a freshwater bivalve, Elliptio complanata}, volume={33}, ISSN={0740-2783 2162-2698}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4003/006.033.0209}, DOI={10.4003/006.033.0209}, abstractNote={Abstract: 
 Much is still unknown about why freshwater mussels (Unionidae) are particularly sensitive to environmental change. A better understanding of freshwater mussel metabolism is needed, and the field of environmental metabolomics holds the promise to inform these questions. A number of protocols exist for the extraction of metabolites for identification from animal tissues. As a first step in the application of environmental metabolomics to the study of freshwater mussels, we compared extraction protocols using an inorganic oxidizing acid (perchloric acid), an organic nitrile (acetonitrile), and a salt/water solution (Ringer's solution) to establish an uncomplicated, robust, repeatable and inexpensive tissue extraction protocol for freshwater mussel tissue. Perchloric acid resulted in notable extraction of energy-related nucleotides (AMP/ADP/ATP), yet had the lowest peak count of the three extraction methods and showed poor repeatability. Acetonitrile and Ringer's solution yielded metabolite extraction results similar to each other with Ringer's solution having the greatest number of peaks particularly in the 3.0–4.5 ppm sugar/amino acid range. Ringer's solution is simple to use, safe and consistent and bears consideration when selecting an extraction protocol for 1H nuclear magnetic resonance experiments.}, number={2}, journal={American Malacological Bulletin}, publisher={American Malacological Society}, author={Hurley-Sanders, J.L. and Stoskopf, M. and Nelson, S.A.C. and Showers, W. and Law, J.M. and Gracz, H.S. and Levine, J.F.}, year={2015}, pages={185–194} }
 @article{tikunov_stoskopf_macdonald_2014, title={Fluxomics of the Eastern Oyster for Environmental Stress Studies}, volume={4}, ISSN={2218-1989}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo4010053}, DOI={10.3390/metabo4010053}, abstractNote={The metabolism of 2-13C/15N-glycine and U-13C-glucose was determined in four tissue blocks (adductor muscle, stomach and digestive gland, mantle, and gills) of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) using proton (1H) and carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The oysters were treated in aerated seawater with three treatments (5.5 mM U-13C-glucose, 2.7 mM 2-13C/15N-glycine, and 5.5 mM U-13C-glucose plus 2.7 mM 2-13C/15N-glycine) and the relative mass balance and 13C fractional enrichments were determined in the four tissue blocks. In all tissues, glycine was metabolized by the glycine cycle forming serine exclusively in the mitochondria by the glycine cleavage system forming 2,3-13C-serine. In muscle, a minor amount of serine-derived pyruvate entered the Krebs cycle as substantiated by detection of a trace of 2,3-13C-aspartate. In all tissues, U-13C-glucose formed glycogen by glycogen synthesis, alanine by glycolysis, and glutamate and aspartate through the Krebs cycle. Alanine was formed exclusively from glucose via alanine transaminase and not glycine via alanine-glyoxylate transaminase. Based on isotopomer analysis, pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase appeared to be equal points for pyruvate entry into the Krebs cycle. In the 5.5 mM U-13C-glucose plus 2.7 mM 2-13C/15N-glycine emergence treatment used to simulate 12 h of “low tide”, oysters accumulated more 13C-labeled metabolites, including both anaerobic glycolytic and aerobic Krebs cycle intermediates. The aerobic metabolites could be the biochemical result of the gaping behavior of mollusks during emergence. The change in tissue distribution and mass balance of 13C-labeled nutrients (U-13C-glucose and 2-13C/15N-glycine) provides the basis for a new quantitative fluxomic method for elucidating sub-lethal environmental effects in marine organisms called whole body mass balance phenotyping (WoMBaP).}, number={1}, journal={Metabolites}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Tikunov, Andrey and Stoskopf, Michael and Macdonald, Jeffrey}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={53–70} }
 @article{niemuth_stoskopf_2014, title={Hepatic metabolomic investigation of the North American black bear (Ursus americanus) using 1H-NMR spectroscopy}, volume={10}, ISSN={1646-2742 1646-1509}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2461/wbp.2014.10.3}, DOI={10.2461/wbp.2014.10.3}, abstractNote={The growing field of metabolomics examines the end products of metabolism, metabolites, to determine physiological processes at a cellular level. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy affords advantages such as noninvasive sample collection, minimal or no sample preparation, and conservation of samples. The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of NMR-based metabolomics as a screening tool for evaluating changes in North American black bear (Ursus americanus) metabolism, establish a baseline metabolic profile for the black bear, and determine if there was any significant variation between individual metabolic profiles of hunter-killed bears. Hepatic samples were collected from 14 legally, hunter-killed black bears. The samples were frozen, homogenized, and extracted. 1H NMR spectra were collected and analyzed. Over 30 metabolites were identified, including those involved with protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Principal components analysis demonstrated a separation among the bears by general age groups, based on differences in several energy and amino acid biomarkers, as well as lactate. This difference may be due to variation in growth and body composition with age. NMR-based metabolomics proved to be a practical technique for identifying components of black bear metabolism.}, number={1}, journal={Wildlife Biology in Practice}, publisher={Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem (SPVS)}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer and Stoskopf, Michael}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @article{niemuth_sanders_mooney_olfenbuttel_deperno_stoskopf_2014, title={Nephrolithiasis in free-ranging North American river otter (lontra canadensis) in North Carolina, USA}, volume={45}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0135r2.1}, DOI={10.1638/2013-0135r2.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) serves as an indicator species for environmental monitoring, is prized as a valuable furbearer, and is a popular display animal in zoologic collections. Nephrolithiasis has been reported as a frequent problem in other free-ranging and captive otter species but is rarely reported in North American river otters. In this study, we compared the prevalence of nephrolithiasis diagnosed using routine gross pathologic examination techniques with the use of computed tomography (CT) of excised kidneys. We also evaluated whether otter nephroliths could be accurately classified by their CT densities, and we examined the renal tissue uric acid concentrations in free-ranging otters in North Carolina, USA. Kidneys were collected from carcasses of legally trapped, free-ranging animals. Nephroliths were observed in 16.2% of the individuals (n = 229). Associations were found between age and nephrolith status and between capture location and nephrolith status (P = 0.026 and < 0.001, respectively). Computed tomography Hounsfield unit density measurements were not useful in determining nephrolith chemical composition in this study. Renal tissue uric acid concentrations were similar across genders, age groups, and stone status. The chemical composition of the nephroliths was determined by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to be calcium phosphate in the carbonate form.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Sanders, Charles W. and Mooney, Charles B. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and DePerno, Christopher S. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={110–117} }
 @article{christiansen_mitchell_harms_stoskopf_2014, title={Sedation of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) and black sea bass (Centropristis striata) using ketamine, dexmedetomidine and midazolam delivered via intramuscular injection}, volume={2}, DOI={10.19227/jzar.v2i3.41}, abstractNote={Handling and restraint of large teleost fish in public aquaria presents significant logistical and safety challenges and research into effective injectable anesthetic protocols has been limited. A combination protocol of ketamine (K), dexmedetomidine (D) and midazolam (M) injected intramuscularly was evaluated at several dose combinations in red porgy ( Pagrus pagrus ) and black sea bass ( Centropristis striata ). The response of red porgy was extremely variable, and even at the lowest dose tested (1 mg/kg K/0.025 mg/kg D/0.2 mg/kg M), multiple fish exhibited a severe, often fatal lactic acidosis. The protocol was effective in black sea bass, and the fish were consistently sedated and easily handled when anesthetized with 2 mg/kg K/0.05 mg/kg D/0.2 mg/kg M or with 4 mg/kg K/0.1 mg/kg D/0.2 mg/kg M. All black sea bass recovered well following reversal of the dexmedetomidine with atipamezole and no long-term negative effects were seen. This protocol appears to be a safe and effective approach to sedating demersal teleosts to facilitate handling and movement.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research}, author={Christiansen, E.F. and Mitchell, J.M. and Harms, C.A. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2014}, pages={62–68} }
 @article{gjeltema_posner_stoskopf_2014, title={The use of injectable alphaxalone as a single agent and in combination with ketamine, xylazine, and morphine in the Chilean rose tarantula, Grammostola rosea}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1638/2013-0223.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  This study evaluated the use of the injectable anesthetic, alphaxalone, as a single agent and in combination with ketamine, xylazine, and morphine in the Chilean rose tarantula, Grammostola rosea. Between two and four animals were evaluated for each anesthetic protocol, and two unanesthetized animals were evaluated for comparative purposes. Anesthetic duration, depth, and quality were assessed by scoring responses to tactile and trichobothria stimulation, muscle tone, purposeful movement, righting response, and heart rate throughout each anesthetic event. Alphaxalone administered into the dorsal opisthosoma in the location of the heart at 200 mg/kg produced moderate anesthetic effect with a median duration of 28 min (n = 3; range 25–50). A combination of 200 mg/kg of alphaxalone and 20 mg/kg of ketamine induced a deep anesthetic state with a median anesthetic duration of 27 min (n = 4; range 16–42). The combination of 200 mg/kg of alphaxalone and 20 mg/kg of xylazine produced deep anesthesia with a median duration of 70 min (n = 4; range 37–207). Morphine administered at 5 mg/kg 30 min prior to injection with 200 mg/kg alphaxalone had anesthetic durations of 9 and 30 min (n = 2). Heartbeats could not be detected for periods of 7–27 min following anesthetic induction for the majority of animals receiving the alphaxalone/ketamine and alphaxalone/xylazine anesthetic combinations. No mortality was associated with any of the anesthetic protocols used; however, ambient temperature and ecdysis were identified as important factors that may alter response to anesthetics in these animals.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Gjeltema, J. and Posner, L. P. and Stoskopf, M.}, year={2014}, pages={792–801} }
 @article{parsons_simons_o'connell_stoskopf_2013, title={Demographics, diet, movements, and survival of an isolated, unmanaged raccoon Procyon lotor (Procyonidae, Carnivora) population on the Outer Banks of North Carolina}, volume={77}, DOI={10.1515/mammalia-2011-0138}, abstractNote={Abstract Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are highly adaptable meso-carnivores that inhabit many environments, including the Atlantic barrier islands, where their role as predators of declining, beach-nesting bird and turtle species is of particular interest. Population models that improve our understanding of predator-prey dynamics are receiving increasing attention in the literature; however, their effective application requires site-specific information on population parameters. We studied an unharvested raccoon population on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and evaluated spatial and seasonal differences in a number of population/demographic factors of raccoons inhabiting areas of high and low human activity. Raccoons denned and foraged primarily in salt marsh habitats but shifted their movements in response to changes in seasonal resource conditions. The population was skewed toward older animals and exhibited delayed breeding, typical of populations at high density with few sources of mortality. Diet and movement analysis indicated shorebird and turtle predation was attributed to a small number of individual raccoons. Although seasonal resources appeared adequate to sustain a high population density of raccoons, poor body condition and low recruitment suggested a population near carrying capacity.}, number={1}, journal={Mammalia}, author={Parsons, A. W. and Simons, T. R. and O'Connell, A. F. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2013}, pages={21–30} }
 @article{mcvey_cobb_powell_stoskopf_bobling_waits_moorman_2013, title={Diets of sympatric red wolves and coyotes in northeastern North Carolina}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1545-1542"]}, DOI={10.1644/13-mamm-a-109.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The recent co-occurrence of red wolves (Canis rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) in eastern North Carolina provides a unique opportunity to study prey partitioning by sympatric canids. We collected scats from this region and examined them for prey contents. We used fecal DNA analysis to identify which taxa deposited each scat and multinomial modeling designed for mark–recapture data to investigate diets of sympatric red wolves and coyotes. Diets of red wolves and coyotes did not differ, but the proportion of small rodents in the composite scats of both canids was greater in the spring than in the summer. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.), and small rodents were the most common diet items in canid scats. The similarity of diet between red wolves and coyotes suggests that these 2 species may be affecting prey populations similarly.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY}, author={McVey, Justin M. and Cobb, David T. and Powell, Roger A. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Bobling, Justin H. and Waits, Lisette P. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={1141–1148} }
 @article{turner_deperno_conner_eyler_lancia_klaver_stoskopf_2013, title={Habitat, wildlife, and one health: Arcanobacterium pyogenes in Maryland and Upper Eastern Shore white-tailed deer populations}, volume={3}, ISSN={2000-8686}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v3i0.19175}, DOI={10.3402/iee.v3i0.19175}, abstractNote={Background Understanding the distribution of disease in wildlife is key to predicting the impact of emerging zoonotic one health concerns, especially for wildlife species with extensive human and livestock interfaces. The widespread distribution and complex interactions of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with humans suggest deer population health and management may have implications beyond stewardship of the animals. The intracranial abscessation suppurative meningitis (IASM) disease complex in deer has been linked to Arcanobacterium pyogenes, an under-diagnosed and often misdiagnosed organism considered commensal in domestic livestock but associated with serious disease in numerous species, including humans. Methods Our study used standard bacterial culture techniques to assess A. pyogenes prevalence among male deer sampled across six physiogeographic regions in Maryland and male and female deer in the Upper Eastern Shore under Traditional Deer Management (TDM) and Quality Deer Management (QDM), a management protocol that alters population demographics in favor of older male deer. Samples were collected from antler pedicles for males, the top of the head where pedicles would be if present for females, or the whole dorsal frontal area of the head for neonates. We collected nasal samples from all animals by swabbing the nasopharyngeal membranes. A gram stain and catalase test were conducted, and aerobic bacteria were identified to genus and species when possible. We evaluated the effect of region on whether deer carried A. pyogenes using Pearson's chi-square test with Yates’ continuity correction. For the white-tailed deer management study, we tested whether site, age class and sex predisposed animals to carrying A. pyogenes using binary logistic regression. Results A. pyogenes was detected on deer in three of the six regions studied, and was common in only one region, the Upper Eastern Shore. In the Upper Eastern Shore, 45% and 66% of antler and nasal swabs from deer were positive for A. pyogenes, respectively. On the Upper Eastern Shore, prevalence of A. pyogenes cultured from deer did not differ between management areas, and was abundant among both sexes and across all age classes. No A. pyogenes was cultured from a small sample of neonates. Conclusion Our study indicates A. pyogenes may be carried widely among white-tailed deer regardless of sex or age class, but we found no evidence the pathogen is acquired in utero. The distribution of A. pyogenes across regions and concentration in a region with low livestock levels suggests the potential for localized endemicity of the organism and the possibility that deer may serve as a maintenance reservoir for an emerging one health concern.}, number={1}, journal={Infection Ecology & Epidemiology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Turner, Melissa M. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Conner, Mark C. and Eyler, T. Brian and Lancia, Richard A. and Klaver, Robert W. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={19175} }
 @article{christiansen_stoskopf_harms_2013, title={Pre- and Post-Surgical Evaluation of Bearded Dragons Undergoing Sterilization}, volume={23}, ISSN={1529-9651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651-23.3.83}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651-23.3.83}, abstractNote={Abstract Gonadectomy of pet lizards may be necessary to treat various medical conditions, and prophylactic surgery may prevent life-threatening reproductive-associated conditions. This study provides information relevant to the pre-surgical evaluation of bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Blood samples collected from seven male and seven female inland bearded dragons prior to elective gonadectomy surgery, and again 12 days following surgery, were analyzed using a point-of-care blood gas analyzer (iStat) and a semiportable chemistry analyzer (Abaxis VetScan) to obtain plasma biochemistry and electrolyte concentrations. Statistically significant differences were seen for packed cell volume and protein, calcium, and potassium concentrations when pre-surgical values were compared with post-surgical values. Four female lizards in the cohort died in the immediate post-operative period, and three of these animals had large, well-developed ovarian follicles. The ovaries of all surviving female lizards were characterized by small follicles consistent with inactivity. Minimal differences were seen in the biochemistry ranges for lizards that survived versus those that did not. None of the biochemical differences were of sufficient magnitude to be clinically important, but reproductive status of female bearded dragons should be considered prior to this invasive surgical procedure.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV)}, author={Christiansen, Emily F. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={83} }
 @article{christiansen_stoskopf_2013, title={pH Dynamics of Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS-222) in Fresh and Artificial Seawater}, volume={75}, ISSN={1522-2055 1548-8454}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2013.783519}, DOI={10.1080/15222055.2013.783519}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={North American Journal of Aquaculture}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Christiansen, Emily Fenimore and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={356–360} }
 @article{pattanarangsan_stoskopf_sommanustaweechai_cowen_2012, title={A survey of preparedness and risk communication in US and Thai zoos: using highly pathogenic Avian influenza as a model}, volume={16}, ISSN={1201-9712}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.927}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.927}, abstractNote={Background: The ecology of zoonotic infections are particularly complex in zoological garden settings. It involves endangered and non-endangered resident zoo animals, free living wildlife, millions of human visitors, zookeepers that can come into very intimate contact with animals. Thus, Zoos are potentially one critical point for wildlife zoonosis to emerge. The best known recent examples of this phenomenon are the episodes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1(HPAI) and West Nile virus. Meanwhile, zoos are also the place where the public seeks information during zoonotic disease outbreaks that involve any kind of wildlife and a major setting for conservation education. Methods: This study aimed to assess the existing stance of zoos in Thailand and United States concerning the communication of potential risks using HPAI as a model. We used a convenience sampling strategy for collection of data targeting personnel from 8 zoos in Thailand and in the United States. The survey was a self-administered, web based instrument which included 22 questions focusing on respondent demographics, mental models for HPAI, adherence to risk communication principles as expounded by Peter Sandman and assessment of zoo preparedness. Results: Based on 38 responses, 95% agreed that the outbreak of HPAI can cause negative emotion or outrage. When we probed the underlying mental model for the negative emotions or outrage, the top three categories included the catastrophic nature of HPAI, trust accrued by communicating authority or agency and the inherent dread of a high mortality, high impact disease. Timing of zoo response, as the outbreak continued, was characterized by 37% indicating they would be likely to communicate with the public immediately, 5% would wait until a greater number of cases was available and 37% would wait for official declaration of the outbreak. If HPAI were to occur in a zoo, the respondents felt that wild bird “stop over” was the most likely cause. Zoos indicate that preparedness status was much more than enough (3%), more than enough (16%), enough (35%), not enough (32%), nearly nothing (14%). Conclusion: The effect of location, country, and respondent strata was analyzed.}, journal={International Journal of Infectious Diseases}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pattanarangsan, R. and Stoskopf, M. and Sommanustaweechai, A. and Cowen, P.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={e272} }
 @article{clarke_stoskopf_minter_stringer_2012, title={Anaerobic oral flora in the North American Black bear (Ursus americanus) in eastern North Carolina}, volume={18}, ISSN={1075-9964}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ANAEROBE.2012.03.007}, DOI={10.1016/J.ANAEROBE.2012.03.007}, abstractNote={Microbial flora can provide insight into the ecology and natural history of wildlife in addition to improving understanding of health risks. This study examines the anaerobic oral flora of hunter killed black bears (Ursus americanus) in eastern North Carolina. Oral swabs from the buccal and lingual supragingival tooth surfaces of the first and second mandibular and maxillary molars of 22 black bears were inoculated onto Brucella Blood Agar plates supplemented with hemin and vitamin K after transport from the field using reduced oxoid nutrient broth. Sixteen anaerobic bacterial species, representing nine genera were identified using the RapID ANA II Micromethod Kit system and a number of organisms grown that could not be identified with the system. The most frequently identified anaerobes were Peptostreptococcus prevotii, Streptococcus constellatus, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The diversity in the anaerobic oral flora of black bear in eastern North Carolina suggests the importance of including these organisms in basic health risk assessment protocols and suggests a potential tool for assessment of bear/habitat interactions.}, number={3}, journal={Anaerobe}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Clarke, Elsburgh O., III and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Minter, Larry J. and Stringer, Elizabeth M.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={289–293} }
 @article{stoskopf_brown_devoe_2012, title={Imaging in Zoological Medicine Practice}, volume={31}, ISSN={1546-0843}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jradnu.2011.10.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.jradnu.2011.10.006}, abstractNote={An introduction to zoological radiology, this article presents a brief overview of the variety of imaging modalities and situations faced in the practice of the discipline. These are illustrated by brief case summaries showing the diverse applications of imaging to diagnosis and treatment of wild animals.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Radiology Nursing}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Stoskopf, Michael K. and Brown, James and DeVoe, Ryan}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={81–90} }
 @article{stoskopf_2012, title={Of mice and men}, volume={41}, ISSN={0093-7355 1548-4475}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0812-223}, DOI={10.1038/laban0812-223}, number={8}, journal={Lab Animal}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Stoskopf, Michael}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={223–223} }
 @article{minter_stoskopf_serrano_burrus_lewbart_2012, title={Suspected lead toxicosis in an electric eel, Electrophorus electricus (L.)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0140-7775"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01386.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 35, Issue 8 p. 603-606 Short Communication Suspected lead toxicosis in an electric eel, Electrophorus electricus (L.) L J Minter, L J Minter Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM Serrano, M Serrano Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus NC Aquarium/Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorG A Lewbart, G A Lewbart Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author L J Minter, L J Minter Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM Serrano, M Serrano Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus NC Aquarium/Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorG A Lewbart, G A Lewbart Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 May 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01386.xCitations: 1 L J Minter, Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Ayotunde E.O. & Ochang S.N. (2004) Ichthyhaematological studies on the electric catfish, Malapterurus electricus. Global Journal of Agricultural Science 3, 5–14. Google Scholar Barak N.E. & Mason C.F. (1990) Mercury, cadmium and lead in eels and roachs: the effect of size, season and locality on metal concentrations in flesh and liver. The Science of the Total Environment 92, 249–256. 10.1016/0048-9697(90)90334-Q CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Blakley B.R. (1984) A retrospective study of lead poisoning in cattle. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 26, 505–507. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bratton G.R. & Kowalczk D.F. (1989) Lead poisoning. In: Current Veterinary Therapy X (ed. by R.W. Kirk), pp 152–159. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. Google Scholar Ciftci N., Cicik B., Erdem C. & Ay Ö. 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Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 28, 28–35. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar McDonald S.E. (1986) Lead poisoning in psittacine birds. In: Current Veterinary Therapy IX (ed. by R.W. Kirk), pp 713–718. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA. Web of Science®Google Scholar Morgan R.V., Moore F.M., Pearce L.K. & Rossi T. (1991) Clinical and laboratory findings in small companion animals with lead poisoning: 347 cases (1977–1986). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 199, 93–97. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Penumarthy L., Oehme F.W. & Hayes R.H. (1980) Lead, cadmium, and mercury tissue residue in healthy swine, cattle, dogs, and horses from midwestern United States. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 9, 193–206. 10.1007/BF01055374 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Poppenga R.H. (1992) Common toxicoses of waterfowl, loons, and raptors. In: Current Veterinary Therapy XI (ed. by R.W. Kirk), pp 183–188. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. Google Scholar Prasad G. & Charles S. (2010) Haematology and leucocyte enzyme cytochemistry of a threatened yellow catfish Horabagrus brachysoma. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 36, 435–443. 10.1007/s10695-009-9313-y CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Santos M.A. & Aristides H. (1990) Influence of inorganic lead on the biochemical blood composition of the eel, Anguilla anguilla. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 20, 7–9. 10.1016/0147-6513(90)90040-C CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Shah S.L. (2006) Hematological parameters in tench Tinca tinca after short term exposure to lead. Journal of Applied Toxicology 26, 223–228. 10.1002/jat.1129 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Silbergeld E.K. & Goldberg A.M. (1980) Problems in experimental studies of lead poisoning. In: Lead Toxicity (ed. by R.L. Singhal & J.A. Thomas), pp 19–41. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore. Google Scholar Sorensen E.M. (1991) Lead. In: Metal Poisoning in Fish (ed. by E.M. Sorensen), pp 95–110. CRC Press, Boca Raton. Web of Science®Google Scholar Zook B.C., Sauer R.M. & Garner F.M. (1972) Lead poisoning in captive wild animals. Journal of Wildlife Disease 8, 264–272. 10.7589/0090-3558-8.3.264 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Citing Literature Volume35, Issue8August 2012Pages 603-606 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Minter, L. J. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Serrano, M. and Burrus, O. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={603–606} }
 @article{hurley-sanders_bowman_wolfe_nutter_sladky_stoskopf_2012, title={Use of Thermography and Fluorescein Angiography in the Management of a Chilean Flamingo With Avascular Necrosis of the Wing}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/2011-018r.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) was presented to the veterinary clinic at the North Carolina Zoological Park for evaluation of acute weakness of the right wing. Results of a physical examination revealed a lack of a palpable pulse in the radial artery, which suggested occlusion or obstruction of the vessel. Radiography, thermography, and fluorescein angiography confirmed right wing injury and vascular compromise. Based on the poor prognosis for return to function associated with irreversible vascular damage, the wing was amputated. After a period of observation and treatment, the bird was returned to public exhibit.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Hurley-Sanders, Jennifer L. and Bowman, Karl F. and Wolfe, Barbara A. and Nutter, Felicia B. and Sladky, Kurt K. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={255–257} }
 @article{stoskopf_2012, title={Zebrafish anatomy elucidated}, volume={41}, ISSN={0093-7355 1548-4475}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0412-101}, DOI={10.1038/laban0412-101}, number={4}, journal={Lab Animal}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Stoskopf, Michael}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={101–101} }
 @article{henson-ramsey_schneider_stoskopf_2011, title={A Comparison of Multiple Esterases as Biomarkers of Organophosphate Exposure and Effect in Two Earthworm Species}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0007-4861"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00128-011-0236-9}, abstractNote={Two different earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris, were exposed to 5 μg/cm2 of malathion to evaluate their usefulness as sentinels of organophosphate exposure and to assess three different esterases, as biomarkers of malathion exposure and effect. Tissue xenobiotic burdens and esterase activity were determined for each species and each esterase in order to assess variability. E. fetida exhibited 4-fold less variability in tissue burdens than did L. terrestris and had less variable basal esterase activities. An attempt was made to correlate malathion and malaoxon tissue burdens with esterase activity post-exposure. There was no malaoxon present in the earthworm tissues. No significant correlations were determined by comparing acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, nor carboxylesterase activities with malathion burdens.}, number={4}, journal={BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY}, author={Henson-Ramsey, Heather and Schneider, Ashley and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={373–378} }
 @article{tikunov_lee_stoskopf_macdonald_2011, title={Application of Magnetic Resonance for Metabolomic Investigation of Mollusks}, volume={100}, ISSN={0006-3495}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3490}, DOI={10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3490}, abstractNote={Metabolites, as the end products of metabolism, represent the functional responses of a cell. Their characterization can provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of genomic or environmental actions on metabolism. The aquatic environment is varied and dynamic, providing a vast diversity of physical and chemical challenges to metabolism, making the study of the metabolites of mollusks particularly fruitful for scientists interested in comparative physiology, pharmacology and toxicology. Organ specific metabolic fingerprints can establish time dependent assessments for interpreting functional adaptations to environmental and nutritional challenges using either invasive tissue extraction from multiple individuals or non-invasive longitudinal observation of the same individual. NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) permit non-invasive monitoring of the metabolome. The mollusks are a useful, robust model organism for tissue metabolism studies. Its relatively few organs are easily delineated and there is sufficient understanding of their functions based on classical assays to support interpretation of advanced spectroscopic approaches. Here we apply high-resolution proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR)-based metabolomic analysis to Eastern oyster C. virginica and freshwater mussel Eastern Elliptio E. Complanata to investigate the variation in the metabolic profile of different organ groups. MRI was used to non-invasively identify the morphology of the organs. In vivo MR spectra can be obtained from single region of interest (ROI or voxel) or multiple ROI simultaneously using the technique typically called chemical shift imaging (CSI). Here we also report applications of CSI to marine samples and describe the use of the technique to study in vivo glycine metabolism in oysters using 13C MRS. A biochemical schematic is presented that relates metabolites to biochemical pathways correlated with physiological organ functions.}, number={3}, journal={Biophysical Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tikunov, Andrey P. and Lee, Haakil and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Macdonald, Jeffrey M.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={606a} }
 @article{cleland_stoskopf_schweitzer_2011, title={Histological, chemical, and morphological reexamination of the "heart" of a small Late Cretaceous Thescelosaurus}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1432-1904"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00114-010-0760-1}, abstractNote={A three-dimensional, iron-cemented structure found in the anterior thoracic cavity of articulated Thescelosaurus skeletal remains was hypothesized to be the fossilized remains of the animal's four-chambered heart. This was important because the finding could be interpreted to support a hypothesis that non-avian dinosaurs were endothermic. Mammals and birds, the only extant organisms with four-chambered hearts and single aortae, are endotherms. The hypothesis that this Thescelosaurus has a preserved heart was controversial, and therefore, we reexamined it using higher-resolution computed tomography, paleohistological examination, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. This suite of analyses allows for detailed morphological and chemical examination beyond what was provided in the original work. Neither the more detailed examination of the gross morphology and orientation of the thoracic "heart" nor the microstructural studies supported the hypothesis that the structure was a heart. The more advanced computed tomography showed the same three areas of low density as the earlier studies with no evidence of additional low-density areas as might be expected from examinations of an ex situ ostrich heart. Microstructural examination of a fragment taken from the "heart" was consistent with cemented sand grains, and no chemical signal consistent with a biological origin was detected. However, small patches of cell-like microstructures were preserved in the sandstone matrix of the thoracic structure. A possible biological origin for these microstructures is the focus of ongoing investigation.}, number={3}, journal={NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN}, author={Cleland, Timothy P. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Schweitzer, Mary H.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={203–211} }
 @article{lee_tikunov_stoskopf_macdonald_2010, title={Applications of Chemical Shift Imaging to Marine Sciences}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1660-3397"]}, DOI={10.3390/md8082369}, abstractNote={The successful applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medicine are mostly due to the non-invasive and non-destructive nature of MRI techniques. Longitudinal studies of humans and animals are easily accomplished, taking advantage of the fact that MRI does not use harmful radiation that would be needed for plain film radiographic, computerized tomography (CT) or positron emission (PET) scans. Routine anatomic and functional studies using the strong signal from the most abundant magnetic nucleus, the proton, can also provide metabolic information when combined with in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). MRS can be performed using either protons or hetero-nuclei (meaning any magnetic nuclei other than protons or 1H) including carbon (13C) or phosphorus (31P). In vivo MR spectra can be obtained from single region of interest (ROI or voxel) or multiple ROIs simultaneously using the technique typically called chemical shift imaging (CSI). Here we report applications of CSI to marine samples and describe a technique to study in vivo glycine metabolism in oysters using 13C MRS 12 h after immersion in a sea water chamber dosed with [2-13C]-glycine. This is the first report of 13C CSI in a marine organism.}, number={8}, journal={MARINE DRUGS}, author={Lee, Haakil and Tikunov, Andrey and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Macdonald, Jeffrey M.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={2369–2383} }
 @article{anderson_stoskopf_morris_clarke_harms_2010, title={Hematology, Plasma Biochemistry, and Tissue Enzyme Activities of Invasive Red Lionfish Captured off North Carolina, USA}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/h10-029.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Anderson, E. T. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Morris, J. A., Jr. and Clarke, E. O. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={266–273} }
 @article{tikunov_johnson_lee_stoskopf_macdonald_2010, title={Metabolomic Investigations of American Oysters Using H-1-NMR Spectroscopy}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1660-3397"]}, DOI={10.3390/md8102578}, abstractNote={The Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is a useful, robust model marine organism for tissue metabolism studies. Its relatively few organs are easily delineated and there is sufficient understanding of their functions based on classical assays to support interpretation of advanced spectroscopic approaches. Here we apply high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomic analysis to C. virginica to investigate the differences in the metabolic profile of different organ groups, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to non-invasively identify the well separated organs. Metabolites were identified in perchloric acid extracts of three portions of the oyster containing: (1) adductor muscle, (2) stomach and digestive gland, and (3) mantle and gills. Osmolytes dominated the metabolome in all three organ blocks with decreasing concentration as follows: betaine > taurine > proline > glycine > ß-alanine > hypotaurine. Mitochondrial metabolism appeared most pronounced in the adductor muscle with elevated levels of carnitine facilitating ß-oxidation, and ATP, and phosphoarginine synthesis, while glycogen was elevated in the mantle/gills and stomach/digestive gland. A biochemical schematic is presented that relates metabolites to biochemical pathways correlated with physiological organ functions. This study identifies metabolites and corresponding 1H NMR peak assignments for future NMR-based metabolomic studies in oysters.}, number={10}, journal={MARINE DRUGS}, author={Tikunov, Andrey P. and Johnson, Christopher B. and Lee, Haakil and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Macdonald, Jeffrey M.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={2578–2596} }
 @article{chinnadurai_birkenheuer_blanton_maggi_belfiore_marr_breitschwerdt_stoskopf_2010, title={Prevalence of Selected Vector-borne Organisms and Identification of Bartonella Species DNA in North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis)}, volume={46}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.947}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.947}, abstractNote={Trapper-killed North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in North Carolina, USA, were screened for multiple vector-borne bacteria known to be pathogenic to mammals. Blood was collected from 30 carcasses in 2006, from 35 in 2007, and from one live otter in 2008. Samples were screened using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for DNA from Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp., and spotted fever group Rickettsia spp. All samples were negative for Rickettsia spp. Twelve of 30 samples from 2006 produced amplicons using the assay designed to detect Ehrlichia spp., but sequencing revealed that the amplified DNA fragment was from a novel Wolbachia sp., thought to be an endosymbiote of a Dirofilaria sp. Between 2006 and 2007, DNA from a novel Bartonella sp. was detected in 19 of 65 animals (29%). Blood from one live otter captured in 2008 was found positive for this Bartonella sp. by both PCR and culture. The pathogenicity of this Bartonella species in river otters or other mammals is unknown.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Chinnadurai, Sathya K. and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Blanton, Hunter L. and Maggi, Ricardo G. and Belfiore, Natalia and Marr, Henry S. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={947–950} }
 @article{whittier_cranfield_stoskopf_2010, title={REAL-TIME PCR DETECTION OF CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. IN FREE-RANGING MOUNTAIN GORILLAS (GORILLA BERINGEI BERINGEI)}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.791}, abstractNote={Health monitoring of wildlife populations can greatly benefit from rapid, local, noninvasive molecular assays for pathogen detection. Fecal samples collected from free-living Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) between August 2002 and February 2003 were tested for Campylobacter spp. DNA using a portable, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument. A high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was detected in both individually identified (22/26=85%) and nest-collected samples (68/114=59.6%), with no statistically significant differences among different gorilla sexes or age classes or between tourist-visited versus research gorilla groups. The PCR instrument was able to discriminate two distinct groups of Campylobacter spp. in positive gorilla samples based on the PCR product fluorescent-probe melting profiles. The rare type (6/90 positives, 7%, including three mixed cases) matched DNA sequences of Campylobacter jejuni and was significantly associated with abnormally soft stools. The more common type of positive gorilla samples (87/90 positives, 97%) were normally formed and contained a Campylobacter sp. with DNA matching no published sequences. We speculate that the high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. detected in gorilla fecal samples in this survey mostly reflects previously uncharacterized and nonpathogenic intestinal flora. The real-time PCR assay was more sensitive than bacterial culture with Campylobacter-specific media and commercially available, enzyme immunoassay tests for detecting Campylobacter spp. in human samples.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Whittier, Christopher A. and Cranfield, Michael R. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={791–802} }
 @article{rosypal_tripp_lewis_francis_stoskopf_larsen_lindsay_2010, title={Survey of Antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. in Gray and Red Fox Populations From North Carolina and Virginia}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1937-2345"]}, DOI={10.1645/ge-2600.1}, abstractNote={Abstract American trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are caused by related hemoflagellate parasites, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., which share several common host species. Both zoonotic protozoans are endemic in the United States. Canines, including domestic and wild canids, are reservoir hosts for human infections with T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. The present study examined the seroprevalence of T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. in wild canids from North Carolina and Virginia. Wild canine species tested in this work included 49 gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and 5 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Overall, sera samples from 54 foxes (North Carolina  =  43; Virginia  =  11) were tested by immunochromatographic strip assays (ICT). Antibodies to T. cruzi were found in 4 (9%) gray foxes from North Carolina and 2 (18%) gray foxes from Virginia. Antibodies to Leishmania spp. were detected in 1 (2%) gray fox from North Carolina. Our results indicate that wild canids are exposed more frequently to T. cruzi in North Carolina than Leishmania spp. and only T. cruzi in Virginia.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Rosypal, Alexa C. and Tripp, Shanesha and Lewis, Samantha and Francis, Joy and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Larsen, R. Scott and Lindsay, David S.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1230–1231} }
 @article{freeman_lewbart_robarge_harms_law_stoskopf_2009, title={Characterizing eversion syndrome in captive scyphomedusa jellyfish}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.70.9.1087}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Freeman, K.S. and Lewbart, G.A. and Robarge, W.P. and Harms, C.A. and Law, J.M. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={1087–1093} }
 @article{alpi_stringer_devoe_stoskopf_2009, title={Clinical and research searching on the wild side: exploring the veterinary literature}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1536-5050"]}, DOI={10.3163/1536-5050.97.3.005}, abstractNote={Zoological medicine furthers the health and well-being of captive and free-ranging wild animals. Effective information retrieval of the zoological medicine literature demands searching multiple databases, conference proceedings, and organization websites using a wide variety of keywords and controlled vocabulary. Veterinarians, residents, students, and the librarians who serve them must have patience for multiple search iterations to capture the majority of the available knowledge. The complexities of thorough literature searches are more difficult for nondomestic animal clinical cases and research reviews as demonstrated by three search requests involving poisonous snakes, a gorilla, and spiders. Expanding and better disseminating the knowledgebase of zoological medicine will make veterinary searching easier.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION}, author={Alpi, Kristine M. and Stringer, Elizabeth and DeVoe, Ryan S. and Stoskopf, Michael}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={169–177} }
 @article{henson-ramsey_levine_kennedy-stoskopf_taylor_shea_stoskopf_2009, title={Development of a Dynamic Pharmacokinetic Model to Estimate Bioconcentration of Xenobiotics in Earthworms}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1573-2967"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67349243406&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10666-007-9132-4}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING & ASSESSMENT}, author={Henson-Ramsey, Heather and Levine, Jay and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Taylor, Sharon K. and Shea, Damian and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={411–418} }
 @article{karns_lancia_deperno_conner_stoskopf_2009, title={Intracranial Abscessation as a Natural Mortality Factor for Adult Male White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) in Kent County, Maryland, USA}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-45.1.196}, abstractNote={Intracranial abscessation is a cause of natural mortality among free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) across portions of the United States and Canada. Intracranial abscesses caused by Arcanobacterium pyogenes disproportionately affect adult male white-tailed deer. From 2003–08, we evaluated the occurrence of intracranial abscessation among adult (≥2.5 yr) radiocollared male white-tailed deer (n=33) at a large private property in Kent County, Maryland, USA. We documented mortality and necropsied 26 (79%) of the 33 deer. In 2007, we collected swabs from the antler bases and nasopharyngeal membranes of living male white-tailed deer in Maryland, USA (n=9), and Texas, USA (n=10), and from freshly rubbed (n=7) and unrubbed (n=7) trees in Maryland, USA. Swabs were cultured for the presence or absence of A. pyogenes. In Maryland, USA, nine (35%) of the 26 necropsied radiocollared male deer had intracranial abscesses. Five (56%) of nine Maryland, USA, males, and none (0%) of 10 Texas, USA, males cultured positive for A. pyogenes. No rubbed or unrubbed trees at the Maryland site cultured positive for A. pyogenes. The rate of intracranial abscess among adult male white-tailed deer at the Maryland, USA, site (35%) exceeds reported rates for other regions of the United States (9%).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Karns, Gabriel R. and Lancia, Richard A. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Conner, Mark C. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={196–200} }
 @article{beck_lucash_stoskopf_2009, title={Lack of Impact of Den Interference on Neonatal Red Wolves}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.008.0405}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Biologists handled Canis lupus rufus (Red Wolf) pups from 12 wild litters over 3 years to determine if den interference and handling negatively impacted neonatal survival. Litters were handled for blood collection and transponder placement on one of 2 den visits approximately 13 days apart when pups were approximately 5 days and 19 days old, respectively. No biologically important difference in the proportion of pups surviving was observed between subsequent visits, nor in comparison to historical data from dens where pups were not handled but rather documented based on autumn trapping surveys.}, number={4}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Beck, Karen B. and Lucash, Christopher F. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2009}, pages={631–638} }
 @article{kennerly_ballmann_martin_wolfinger_gregory_stoskopf_gibson_2008, title={A gene expression signature of confinement in peripheral blood of red wolves (Canis rufus)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1365-294X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03775.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={MOLECULAR ECOLOGY}, author={Kennerly, Erin and Ballmann, Anne and Martin, Stanton and Wolfinger, Russ and Gregory, Simon and Stoskopf, Michael and Gibson, Greg}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={2782–2791} }
 @article{henson-ramsey_kennedy-stoskopf_levine_taylor_shea_stoskopf_2008, title={Acute toxicity and tissue distributions of malathion in Ambystoma tigrinum}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1432-0703"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51849109593&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00244-007-9091-4}, abstractNote={The kinetics of the bioaccumulation of malathion (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate) and the biological impact of exposure for tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum, were assessed through exposure to soil surface contaminated with 50 microg/cm(2) or 100 microg/cm(2 )malathion and ingestion of an earthworm exposed to soil contaminated with 200 microg/cm(2) malathion. Malathion and malaoxon burdens in salamanders sampled at different times after exposure(s) were measured by gas chromatography in four tissue/organ subgroups: liver, epaxial muscle, pooled viscera (except the liver and brain), and pooled avisceral carcass (muscle, skin, and bone). The total tiger salamander xenobiotic burdens were calculated from these data. The malathion/malaoxon burden 1 day after exposure was greatest in the avisceral carcass and 2 days after exposure was greatest in the viscera. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors remained less than unity throughout the experiment and did not support the hypothesis of bioaccumulation of malathion in the tiger salamander. Biological impact was assessed with a colorimetric brain cholinesterase microassay. Brain cholinesterase activities in salamanders exposed to malathion-contaminated soil (50 microg/cm(2) or 100 microg/cm(2 )malathion) were suppressed approximately 50-65% and 90%, respectively, compared to unexposed controls. The exposed animals did not exhibit overt clinical signs of malathion toxicosis.}, number={3}, journal={ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY}, author={Henson-Ramsey, H. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. and Levine, J. F. and Taylor, S. K. and Shea, D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={481–487} }
 @article{henson-ramsey_shea_levine_kennedy-stoskopf_taylor_stoskopf_2008, title={Assessment of the Effect of Varying Soil Organic Matter Content on the Bioavailability of Malathion to the Common Nightcrawler, Lumbricus terrestris L.}, volume={80}, ISSN={0007-4861 1432-0800}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9349-6}, DOI={10.1007/s00128-007-9349-6}, abstractNote={This study investigated the effect of soil organic matter content on the bioavailability of malathion to the common nightcrawler, Lumbricus terrestris. Earthworms were exposed for 72 h to malathion on two soil types, 8% organic matter and 55% organic matter. Two different measures of bioavailability, malathion body burdens and tissue cholinesterase activities, were then measured in the malathion exposed animals. There were no significant differences in body burden or cholinesterase levels in L. terrestris exposed to malathion on soils with differing organic matter content. This suggests that absorption into organic matter is not a limiting factor of malathion bioavailability to earthworm species.}, number={3}, journal={Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Henson-Ramsey, Heather and Shea, Damian and Levine, Jay F. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Taylor, Sharon K. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={220–224} }
 @article{wolf_deperno_jenks_stoskopf_kennedy-stoskopf_swanson_brinkman_osborn_tardiff_2008, title={Selenium Status and Antibodies to Selected Pathogens in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Southern Minnesota}, volume={44}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.181}, abstractNote={To determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected during January 2000–03 from multiple locations in southeast (SE) and southwest (SW) Minnesota. Antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Leptospira interrogans (six serovars), Anaplasma marginale, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella abortus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2. Samples collected in 2001 were screened for antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and whole blood was submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi. In addition, serum selenium concentrations were evaluated for samples collected during 2001– 03. Antibody prevalence and selenium concentration were compared by age-class and geographic region. Antibodies to all of the infectious agents except A. marginale and B. abortus were detected; when detected, antibody prevalence was highest in adults. Deer collected from SE Minnesota had a higher antibody prevalence to B. burgdorferi than SW deer. Blood culture and PCR results for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi were negative. Antibodies against BVDV (combined types 1 and 2) were more prevalent (χ2=3.617, P≤0.029) in deer collected in SW (41%) than in SE (25%) Minnesota. No statistically significant differences in serum selenium concentrations were detected when data were analyzed by age-class or by geographic location.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Wolf, Karen N. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Jenks, Jonathan A. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Swanson, Christopher C. and Brinkman, Todd J. and Osborn, Robert G. and Tardiff, Jeannine A.}, year={2008}, month={Jan}, pages={181–187} }
 @article{ange-van heugten_verstegen_ferket_stoskopf_van heugten_2008, title={Serum chemistry concentrations of captive woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha)}, volume={27}, ISSN={0733-3188 1098-2361}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20176}, DOI={10.1002/zoo.20176}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Zoo Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly and Verstegen, Martin and Ferket, Peter R. and Stoskopf, Michael and van Heugten, Eric}, year={2008}, pages={188–199} }
 @article{tuttle_burrus_burkart_scott_stoskopf_harms_2008, title={Three cases of gastric prolapse through the gill slit in sand tiger sharks, Carcharhinus taurus (Rafinesque)}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0140-7775"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00881.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 31, Issue 4 p. 311-315 Three cases of gastric prolapse through the gill slit in sand tiger sharks, Carcharhinus taurus (Rafinesque) A D Tuttle, A D Tuttle Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus North Carolina Aquarium, Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM A Burkart, M A Burkart Roanoke Island Animal Clinic, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorP W Scott, P W Scott Zoo & Aquatic Veterinary Group, Biotope Ltd, Keanter, Winchester, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorC A Harms, C A Harms Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author A D Tuttle, A D Tuttle Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus North Carolina Aquarium, Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM A Burkart, M A Burkart Roanoke Island Animal Clinic, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorP W Scott, P W Scott Zoo & Aquatic Veterinary Group, Biotope Ltd, Keanter, Winchester, UKSearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorC A Harms, C A Harms Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and Center for Marine Sciences and Technology at North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 March 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00881.xCitations: 3 Dr C. Harms, Environmental Medicine Consortium, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA(e-mail: [email protected]) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume31, Issue4April 2008Pages 311-315 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Tuttle, A. D. and Burrus, O. and Burkart, M. A. and Scott, P. W. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={311–315} }
 @article{henson-ramsey_kennedy-stoskopf_levine_shea_taylor_stoskopf_2007, title={A comparison of two exposure systems to apply malathion to Lumbricus terrestris L}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0007-4861"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34548014761&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s00128-007-9194-7}, number={6}, journal={BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY}, author={Henson-Ramsey, H. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. and Levine, J. and Shea, D. and Taylor, S. K. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={427–431} }
 @article{gustafson_showers_kwak_levine_stoskopf_2007, title={Temporal and spatial variability in stable isotope compositions of a freshwater mussel: implications for biomonitoring and ecological studies}, volume={152}, ISSN={["1432-1939"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-006-0633-7}, abstractNote={Stable isotopes can be used to elucidate ecological relationships in community and trophic studies. Findings are calibrated against baselines, e.g. from a producer or primary consumer, assumed to act as a reference to the isotopic context created by spatio-temporal attributes such as geography, climate, nutrient, and energy sources. The ability of an organism to accurately represent a community base depends on how, and over what time-scale, it assimilates ambient materials. Freshwater mussels have served as references for trophic studies of freshwater communities and as indicators of change in nutrient pollution load or source. Their suitability as reference animals has not yet been fully explored, however. We conducted a series of studies examining the suitability of freshwater mussels as isotopic baselines, using their ability to reflect variation in ambient nutrient loads as a case scenario. (1) We analyzed bivalve foot tissue delta(15)N and delta(13)C from 22 stream reaches in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, USA to show that compositions varied substantially among locations. Site mean bivalve delta(13)C values correlated with site ambient particulate organic matter (POM) delta(13)C values, and site mean bivalve delta(15)N values correlated with site ambient water dissolved delta(15)N-NO(3) values. (2) Similarity of results among sample types demonstrated that the minimally invasive hemolymph sample is a suitable substitute for foot tissue in delta(15)N analyses, and that small sample sizes generate means representative of a larger population. Both findings can help minimize the impact of sampling on imperiled freshwater mussel populations. (3) In a bivalve transplantation study we showed that hemolymph delta(15)N compositions responded to a shift in ambient dissolved delta(15)N-NO(3), although slowly. The tissue turnover time for bivalve hemolymph was 113 days. We conclude that bivalves serve best as biomonitors of chronic, rather than acute, fluctuations in stream nutrient loads, and provide initial evidence of their suitability as time-integrated isotopic baselines for community studies.}, number={1}, journal={OECOLOGIA}, author={Gustafson, Lori and Showers, William and Kwak, Thomas and Levine, Jay and Stoskopf, Michael}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={140–150} }
 @article{smith_stoskopf_2007, title={The art of amphibian science - Introduction}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1930-6180"]}, DOI={10.1093/ilar.48.3.179}, number={3}, journal={ILAR JOURNAL}, author={Smith, Stephen A. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2007}, pages={179–182} }
 @article{birkenheuer_harms_neel_marr_tucker_acton_tuttle_stoskopf_2007, title={The identification of a genetically unique piroplasma in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis)}, volume={134}, ISSN={["1469-8161"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249725062&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1017/S0031182006002095}, abstractNote={SUMMARY}, number={5}, journal={PARASITOLOGY}, author={Birkenheuer, A. J. and Harms, C. A. and Neel, J. and Marr, H. S. and Tucker, M. D. and Acton, A. E. and Tuttle, A. D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={631–635} }
 @article{stoskopf_2006, title={Current perspectives on curriculum needs in zoological medicine}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0748-321X"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.33.3.331}, abstractNote={ Advances have been made in expanding veterinary curricula to deliver basic key knowledge and skills necessary for provision of health care to captive and companion non-domestic or non-traditional species in the veterinary colleges of the United States and Canada. These advances were in large part facilitated by the deliberations and recommendations of the White Oak Accords. Though a five-year review of curricular opportunities at US and Canadian veterinary colleges shows that progress has been made in implementing the recommendations of the White Oak Accords, there remains room for improvement. The broadly comparative and health-maintenance basis of zoological medicine contributes critically to the potential for veterinary medicine to make important contributions to the concept of the integrated health of the planet. Emergence of key zoonotic and production-animal diseases derived from and within wildlife populations since 2000 has increased awareness worldwide of the importance of zoological medicine in protecting both production livestock and public health. These areas are addressed in elective curricula at colleges emerging as centers of excellence in zoological medicine, but it is critical that core curricula in zoological medicine at all schools be strengthened to include these important areas to prepare our DVM/VMD graduates to protect companion-animal, production-animal, and public health. }, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2006}, pages={331–337} }
 @article{willens_dupree_stoskopf_lewbart_2006, title={Measurements of common iliac arterial blood flow in Anurans using Doppler ultrasound}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/05-010.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to determine time-average mean velocity and cross-sectional area of the common iliac artery in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and marine toads (Bufo marinus). Volumetric blood flow and weight-adjusted blood flow measurements were calculated from this data. Volumetric flow rates of frogs (31.8 ml/min) and toads (23.6 ml/min) did not differ statistically. However, when flow rates were adjusted for body mass, toads displayed a significantly greater flow rate of 238.1 ml/min/kg compared to 114.4 ml/min/kg for frogs.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Willens, Scott and Dupree, Sloan H. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={97–101} }
 @article{willens_stoskopf_baynes_lewbart_taylor_kennedy-stoskopf_2006, title={Percutaneous malathion absorption by anuran skin in flow-through diffusion cells}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1872-7077"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.etap.2006.04.010}, abstractNote={There is increased concern about the sublethal effects of organophosphorous (OP) compounds on human and animal health, including the potential role of OP compounds in the global decline of amphibian populations. Malathion is one of the most widely used OP pesticides with numerous agricultural and therapeutic applications, and exposure to environmentally applied malathion can lead to adverse systemic effects in anurans. Cutaneous absorption is considered a potentially important route of environmental exposure to OP compounds for amphibians, especially in aquatic environments. One in vitro system commonly used to determine the absorption kinetics of xenobiotics across the skin is the two-compartment Teflon flow-through diffusion cell system. To establish cutaneous absorption kinetics of malathion, six full thickness skin samples taken from both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of each of three bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and three marine toads (Bufo marinus) were placed into two-compartment Teflon flow-through diffusion cells perfused with modified amphibian Ringer's solution. A 26 μg/cm2 dose of malathion-2,3-14C diluted in 100% ethanol was applied to each sample (0.44–0.45 μCi). Perfusate was collected at intervals over a 6 h period and analyzed for 14C in a scintillation counter. At the end of 6 h, surface swabs, tape strips, biopsy punches of the dosed area of skin, and peripheral samples were oxidized and analyzed for residue effects. Malathion absorption was greater across the ventral skin compared to dorsal skin in both bullfrogs and marine toads.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Willens, Scott and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Taylor, Sharon K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={255–262} }
 @article{willens_stoskopf_baynes_lewbart_taylor_kennedy-stoskopf_2006, title={Percutaneous malathion absorption in the harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1872-7077"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.etap.2006.04.009}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to establish an accurate in vitro model for cutaneous absorption in anurans. The harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb (HPAPL) model maintains the anatomic and physiologic integrity of the skin from the pelvic limb, including the intact capillary network. Radiolabeled malathion was applied to the skin of the dorsal thigh, and perfusate was collected over a 6h period. Residues from the skin surface, stratum externum, and dosed area beneath the stratum externum were analyzed. Kinetic parameters were calculated from these data. Absorption was significantly less for the HPAPL than previously reported for Teflon flow-through diffusion cells. However, partitioning effects were comparable. The HPAPL is an appropriate in vitro model for examining cutaneous absorption kinetics in the bullfrog.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Willens, Scott and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Taylor, Sharon K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={263–267} }
 @article{acton_beale_gilger_stoskopf_2006, title={Sustained Release Cyclosporine Therapy for Bilateral Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in a Red Wolf (Canis rufus)}, volume={37}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/06-021.1}, DOI={10.1638/06-021.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A 12-yr-old intact male red wolf (Canis rufus) diagnosed with bilateral idiopathic dry eye was treated with subconjunctival drug delivery implants designed to release therapeutic levels of cyclosporine from 12–24 mo. Normal tear production and corneal health has been maintained, alleviating the need for daily handling of the animal for topical medication.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Acton, Anne E. and Beale, A. Brady and Gilger, Brian C. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={562–564} }
 @article{gustafson_stoskopf_bogan_showers_kwak_hanlon_levine_2005, title={Evaluation of a nonlethal technique for hemolymph collection in Elliptio complanata, a freshwater bivalve (Mollusca: Unionidae)}, volume={65}, ISSN={0177-5103 1616-1580}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao065159}, DOI={10.3354/dao065159}, abstractNote={Hemolymph, the circulatory fluid of bivalves, transports nutrients, respiratory gases, enzymes, metabolic wastes, and toxicants throughout the body. Hemolymph can provide information pertinent to health assessment of animals or populations, but is not commonly used in freshwater bivalves partly because of the lack of tested, practical techniques for its nonlethal collection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of hemolymph collection on the growth and survival of Elliptio complanata, a freshwater bivalve (Unionidae). We describe a simple technique for the collection of hemolymph from the anterior adductor muscle sinus of E. complanata. To evaluate the effect of hemolymph sampling on mussel survival and growth, 30 mussels sampled using the technique and 30 unsampled controls were followed for 3 mo post collection. Nine animals were sampled 3 times over 7 mo to monitor effects of repeated sampling. No negative impacts on survival or growth were observed in either the singly or repeatedly sampled animals. We also compared the composition of hemolymph collected from the adductor muscle sinus with that collected from the ventricle of the heart. Calcium levels and cell count of hemolymph obtained from the adductor sinus and ventricle were significantly different. There was no significant difference between collection sites for magnesium, phosphorus, ammonia, protein, sodium, potassium, or chloride. We conclude that collection of hemolymph from the adductor sinus is safe for sampled E. complanata and should be explored as a relatively non-invasive, and potentially useful, approach to the evaluation of freshwater mussel health.}, number={2}, journal={Diseases of Aquatic Organisms}, publisher={Inter-Research Science Center}, author={Gustafson, LL and Stoskopf, MK and Bogan, AE and Showers, W and Kwak, TJ and Hanlon, S and Levine, JF}, year={2005}, pages={159–165} }
 @article{stoskopf_beck_fazio_fuller_gese_kelly_knowlton_murray_waddell_waits_2005, title={From the field: Implementing recovery of the red wolf - integrating research scientists and managers}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0091-7648"]}, DOI={10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[1145:FTFIRO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) developed guidelines for the composition and role of endangered species recovery implementation teams, but few teams have been established and their success has not been evaluated. Using the recovery program of the red wolf (Canis rufus) as a model, we describe the genesis, function, and success of the Red Wolf Recovery Implementation Team (RWRIT) in helping guide the establishment of a viable red wolf population in eastern North Carolina. In operation since 1999, the RWRIT meets bi-annually to review USFWS progress and provide recommendations aimed at maximizing success of species recovery. The team is comprised of 8 research scientists from disciplines including population genetics, canid ecology, population ecology, veterinary medicine, and captive management. Representation from each of these disciplines is deemed necessary for proper evaluation of recovery progress and assessment of future needs. Meeting attendance by the USFWS field management team ensures both proper reporting of past progress and future implementation of management recommendations. Over time, RWRIT members have assumed specific assignments or data analyses, further contributing to the recovery effort. Through the combined efforts of the USFWS field team and the RWRIT, the threat of introgression of coyote (Canis latrans) genes into the red wolf population has been substantially curtailed within the recovery area, and red wolf numbers and range have increased. The RWRIT serves as an example of a recovery implementation team that is successfully incorporating the principles of adaptive management and whose template could be adapted to other endangered species.}, number={3}, journal={WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN}, author={Stoskopf, MK and Beck, K and Fazio, BB and Fuller, TK and Gese, EM and Kelly, BT and Knowlton, FF and Murray, DL and Waddell, W and Waits, L}, year={2005}, pages={1145–1152} }
 @article{stoskopf_2005, title={Observation and cogitation: How serendipity provides the building blocks of scientific discovery}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1084-2020"]}, DOI={10.1093/ilar.46.4.332}, abstractNote={The identification of serendipitous findings in field-based animal research is challenging in part because investigators are reluctant to declare a discovery accidental. Investigators recognize that many factors must be considered. For example, the impact of using carefully ordered observational search patterns in ecologic, pathologic, and epidemiologic investigations could result in findings being categorized as "sought" versus "unsought." Team collaborations are common in these types of investigations and have advantages related to the application of multiple paradigms, paradigm mixing, and paradigm shifting. This approach reduces the perception of serendipity. Issues of search image refinement and the co-discovery of sought and unsought discoveries additionally cloud the identification of a truly serendipitous finding. Nevertheless, basic curiosity and observation are necessary precursors to scientific discovery. It should be recognized that serendipitous discoveries are of significant value in the advancement of science and often present the foundation for important intellectual leaps of understanding.}, number={4}, journal={ILAR JOURNAL}, author={Stoskopf, MK}, year={2005}, pages={332–337} }
 @article{gustafson_stoskopf_showers_cope_eads_linnehan_kwak_andersen_levine_2005, title={Reference ranges for hemolymph chemistries from Elliptio complanata of North Carolina}, volume={65}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao065167}, abstractNote={Hemolymph chemistries may be useful nonlethal measures of bivalve health. The prognostic value of hemolymph, however, depends on a comparison of chemistry results to reference ranges from healthy individuals. Currently, knowledge of expected hemolymph values in healthy and unhealthy freshwater mussels is extremely limited. The purpose of this study was to develop a set of reference ranges for clinical evaluation of hemolymph from a freshwater mussel species common to southeastern USA. We collected hemolymph from 380 Elliptio complanata from 19 apparently healthy populations from northwest of Raleigh, North Carolina, during May through July 2001. We present reference ranges for hemolymph parameters ammonia, glucose, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bicarbonate, protein and cell count, and for tissue glycogen. We compare the subpopulations of mussels from regions with an agricultural riparian buffer to those surrounded predominantly by forested lands. We further present correlations noted between hemolymph chemistries and physical or physiologic parameters. The only statistically significant differences between populations contiguous to agricultural and forested lands were in hemolymph calcium and glucose concentrations. Other statistically significant correlations identified were between gravidity and hemolymph protein concentration and tissue glycogen content, as well as between gravidity and parasite burden, and between shell length and hemolymph glucose, AST, calcium and bicarbonate concentrations. The results of this study will aid the interpretation of health measures from populations of E. complanata of similar geographic and seasonal origin.}, number={2}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Gustafson, LL and Stoskopf, MK and Showers, W and Cope, G and Eads, C and Linnehan, R and Kwak, TJ and Andersen, B and Levine, JF}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={167–176} }
 @article{stamper_harms_epperly_braun-mcneill_avens_stoskopf_2005, title={Relationship between barnacle epibiotic load and hematologic parameters in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), a comparison between migratory and residential animals in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/04-074.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Health status of a total of 57 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta; 42 migratory and 15 residential turtles) was analyzed using body condition and hematologic parameters. A subset of 18 juvenile migratory loggerhead sea turtles in the fall of 1997 and 15 residential turtles in the summer of 2000 were analyzed for barnacle epibiota. The migratory group had significantly higher red blood cell counts and percent heterophils and significantly lower percent lymphocyte and absolute eosinophil counts, as well as significantly lower plasma concentrations of calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and anion gap. Many of these variations may be because of physiology of migration. A positive association between turtle weight and hematocrit was detected and may be because of larger turtles diving for longer periods of time. There were no significant differences of epibiota load, health of the turtles, or condition index between turtles captured during the two events.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Stamper, MA and Harms, C and Epperly, SP and Braun-McNeill, J and Avens, L and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={635–641} }
 @article{willens_stoskopf_martin_lewbart_2005, title={Viability of glycerol-preserved and cryopreserved anuran skin}, volume={41}, number={09-Aug}, journal={In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal}, author={Willens, S. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Martin, L. D. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2005}, pages={258–263} }
 @article{stoskopf_nutter_2004, title={Analyzing approaches to feral cat management - one size does not fit all}, volume={225}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.1361}, abstractNote={ow to best solve the diverse issues related to feral cats is a complex question with many facets. Each facet reflects large gaps in our knowledge and understanding. Felid biology; global, regional, and local ecology; human psychology; sociology; economics; and theology are all examples of branches of learning that can contribute knowledge toward finding acceptable solutions to feral cat problems. Unfortunately, our understanding of any one of these disciplines is incomplete, particularly with regard to specific knowledge relevant to feral cats. Making informed decisions is therefore difficult at best. Discussions about feral cats often become emotionally charged, even when the discussion is among individuals with similar backgrounds. Perceptions based on personal experiences rapidly substitute for missing objective data, and interpretations of options become increasingly monochromatic. Over the years, I have been expounding to students a general rule based on my observations of scientific debate. The “Rule of Inverse Vehemence” states that the vehemence with which proponents of opposing views argue their points is inversely proportional to the quality of data available to support their positions. In other words, highly charged polemic disagreements are often fueled by}, number={9}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Stoskopf, MK and Nutter, FB}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={1361–1364} }
 @article{kukanich_papich_huff_stoskopf_2004, title={Comparison of amikacin pharmacokinetics in a killer whale (Orcinus orca) and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/03-078}, abstractNote={Abstract Amikacin, an aminoglycoside antimicrobial, was administered to a killer whale (Orcinus orca) and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) for the treatment of clinical signs consistent with gram-negative aerobic bacterial infections. Dosage regimens were designed to target a maximal plasma concentration 8–10 times the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the pathogen and to reduce the risk of aminoglycoside toxicity. Allometric analysis of published pharmacokinetic parameters in mature animals yielded a relationship for amikacin's volume of distribution, in milliliters, given by the equation Vd = 151.058(BW)1.043. An initial dose for amikacin was estimated by calculating the volume of distribution and targeted maximal concentration. With this information, dosage regimens for i.m. administration were designed for a killer whale and a beluga whale. Therapeutic drug monitoring was performed on each whale to assess the individual pharmacokinetic parameters. The elimination half-life (5.99 hr), volume of distribution per bioavailability (319 ml/kg), and clearance per bioavailability (0.61 ml/min/kg) were calculated for the killer whale. The elimination half-life (5.03 hr), volume of distribution per bioavailability (229 ml/kg), and clearance per bioavailability (0.53 ml/ min/kg) were calculated for the beluga whale. The volume of distribution predicted from the allometric equation for both whales was similar to the calculated pharmacokinetic parameter. Both whales exhibited a prolonged elimination half-life and decreased clearance when compared with other animal species despite normal renal parameters on biochemistry panels. Allometric principles and therapeutic drug monitoring were used to accurately determine the doses in these cases and to avoid toxicity.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={KuKanich, B and Papich, M and Huff, D and Stoskopf, M}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={179–184} }
 @article{whittier_horne_slenning_loomis_stoskopf_2004, title={Comparison of storage methods for reverse-transcriptase PCR amplification of rotavirus RNA from gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) fecal samples}, volume={116}, ISSN={0166-0934}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.003}, abstractNote={Detection of enteric viral nucleic acids in preserved gorilla fecal specimens was investigated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). A commercially available viral RNA extraction kit was used to isolate nucleic acids from captive gorilla fecal samples seeded with rotavirus and stored in ethanol, formalin, a commercial RNA preservation solution, guanidine thiocyanate buffer (GT), and samples dried in tubes containing silica gel. Nucleic acids were extracted at 1, 7, 70 and 180 days and used for rt-PCR amplification of specific rotavirus RNA sequences. Successful rt-PCR amplification of the target product varied according to storage conditions, and storage time. Only samples stored in GT gave 100% positive results at 180 days. It is recommended that fecal samples be collected in GT for viral RNA analysis.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Virological Methods}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Whittier, Christopher A and Horne, William and Slenning, Barrett and Loomis, Michael and Stoskopf, Michael K}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={11–17} }
 @inproceedings{swanson_stoskopf_blasiola_gratzek_lehmann_harms_lewbart_2004, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course,  July 29-31, 2004}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University,  College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Swanson, C. and Stoskopf, M. and Blasiola, G. and Gratzek, J. and Lehmann, D. W. and Harms, C. and Lewbart, G.}, year={2004} }
 @article{bakal_bai_stoskopf_2004, title={Pharmacokinetics of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in a 5 : 1 ratio following intraperitoneal and oral administration, in the hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxitalis)}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.0140-7783.2003.00540.x}, abstractNote={Selected pharmacokinetic parameters for sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim, administered in a 5:1 ratio, via the oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes were determined in the hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxitalis). Plasma concentrations of both drugs were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. A first‐order one‐compartment model adequately described plasma drug disposition. The elimination half‐lives for sulfadimethoxine following i.p. and oral administration were 26 and 10.5 h, respectively. The half‐lives for ormetoprim administered via i.p. and oral routes were 7.5 and 3.9 h, respectively. Cmax for sulfadimethoxine via the i.p. and oral routes were calculated to be 27.7 (±9.0) μg/mL at 3.6 h and 3.2 (±1.2) μg/mL at 1.2 h, respectively. Cmax for ormetoprim via the i.p. route was calculated to be 1.2 (±0.5) μg/mL at 9.1 h and 1.58 (±0.7) μg/mL at 5.7 h for the oral route. The oral availability of sulfadimethoxine relative to the i.p. route was 4.6%, while the oral availability of ormetoprim relative to the i.p. route was 78.5%. Due to the nonconstant ratio of these drugs in the plasma of the animal, the actual drug ratio to use for determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is unclear. Using the ratio of the total amount of each drug that is absorbed as a surrogate for the mean actual ratio may be the best alternative to current methods. Using this ratio as determined in these studies, (2.14:1 sulfadimethoxine:ormetoprim) to determine the MICs the single 50 mg/kg oral dose of the 5:1 combination of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim appears to provide plasma concentrations high enough to inhibit the growth of Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella tarda, and Escherichia coli.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Bakal, RS and Bai, SA and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{nutter_levine_stoskopf_2004, title={Reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate}, volume={225}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.1399}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Nutter, Felicia B. and Levine, Jay F. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={1399–1402} }
 @article{nutter_dubey_levine_breitschwerdt_ford_stoskopf_2004, title={Seroprevalences of antibodies against Bartonella henselae and Toxoplasma gondii and fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia spp, and Toxocara catiin feral and pet domestic cats}, volume={225}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1394}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.1394}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Nutter, Felicia B. and Dubey, J. P. and Levine, Jay F. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Ford, Richard B. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={1394–1398} }
 @article{nutter_stoskopf_levine_2004, title={Time and financial costs of programs for live trapping feral cats}, volume={225}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1403}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.1403}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Nutter, Felicia B. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Levine, Jay F.}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={1403–1405} }
 @article{stoskopf_2003, title={All of the world is a laboratory}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1084-2020"]}, DOI={10.1093/ilar.44.4.249}, abstractNote={Most scientists understand that distilling a meaningful message to fit a very short time at the podium is a greater challenge than preparing or delivering hours of discourse on a topic. A similar challenge is trying to write an introduction for a volume dealing with topics as important to science as the discussions that appear in this issue of ILAR Journal. In the very brief descriptions below, I have tried to select words that are meaningful and will inspire everyone who picks up this issue to read it carefully, to use the information it contains, and to keep it in their thoughts as they go about their daily efforts to advance science. The articles herein take readers back to an arena of science that perhaps has been neglected in recent years. The topic was inspired in many ways by the development of the preceding issue conceived by philosopher Lilly-Marlene Russow and titled Behavioral Research Outside the Laboratory. Both issues have similar goals—to encourage scientists to think “outside the box” (i.e., beyond the confines of the commonly accepted definition of the traditional laboratory). My eagerness to assemble an issue devoted to addressing questions faced by field scientists and the members of institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs 1 ) who attempt to evaluate these types of studies is undoubtedly based on a number of philosophical ponderings and observations. Tantamount, of course, is the scalar concept of “the world as a laboratory.” To ponder this concept, it is logical first to define “science.” I recently began to notice that an increasing number of my colleagues have become intrigued with the definition of science and its often narrow focus, compared with the pedagogical “Five Steps.” It appears that the first three steps I learned as a middle school science student (Observe, Identify a Problem, and Gather Data) have nearly disappeared from the accepted scientific process. Only the last two steps (Form a Hypothesis, and Test the Hypothesis) seem to be recognized as scientific activities that are worthy of funding. One colleague whom I personally admire even goes so far as to accept as science only the testing of a null hypothesis. I tend to fall in with the camp that believes this narrowing}, number={4}, journal={ILAR JOURNAL}, author={Stoskopf, MK}, year={2003}, pages={249–251} }
 @article{larsen_nutter_augspurger_rocke_thomas_stoskopf_2003, title={Failure to transmit avian vacuolar myelinopathy to mallard ducks}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.707}, abstractNote={Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a neurologic disease that has been diagnosed in free-ranging birds in the southeastern United States. Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leuocephalus), American coots (Fulica americana), and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) have been affected. Previous investigations have not determined the etiology of this disease. In November and December 2002, we attempted to induce AVM in game-farmed mallards through four, 7-day exposure trials. Mallards were housed in six groups of eight, with two of these groups serving as controls. One group was housed with AVM-affected coots; one group was tube fed daily with water from the lake where affected coots were captured; one group was tube fed daily with aquatic vegetation (Hydrilla verticillata) from the same lake; and another group was tube fed daily with sediment from the lake. No ducks exhibited clinical neurologic abnormalities consistent with AVM and no evidence of AVM was present at histopathologic examination of brain tissue. Although limitations in sample size, quantity of individual doses, frequency of dose administration, duration of exposure, and timing of these trials restrict the interpretation of the findings, AVM was not readily transmitted by direct contact, water, hydrilla, or sediment in this investigation.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Larsen, RS and Nutter, FB and Augspurger, T and Rocke, TE and Thomas, NJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={707–711} }
 @article{stamper_papich_lewbart_may_plummer_stoskopf_2003, title={Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2003)34[0003:pofils]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The pharmocodynamics of single injections of florfenicol in yearling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were determined. Eight juvenile loggerhead sea turtles weighing 1.25 (±0.18) kg were divided into two groups. Four animals received 30 mg/kg of florfenicol i.v., and four received the same dose i.m. Plasma florfenicol concentrations were analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. After the i.v. dose, there was a biphasic decline in plasma florfenicol concentration. The initial steep phase from 3 min to 1 hr had a half-life of 3 min, and there was a longer slow phase of elimination, with a half-life that ranged from 2 to 7.8 hr among turtles. The volume of distribution varied greatly and ranged from 10.46 to –60 L/kg. Clearance after the i.v. dose was 3.6–6.3 L/kg/hr. After the i.m. injection, there was a peak within 30 min of 1.4–5.6 μg/ml, and florfenicol was thereafter eliminated with a half-life of 3.2–4.3 hr. With either route, florfenicol plasma concentrations were below the minimum inhibitory concentrations for sensitive bacteria within 1 hr. Florfenicol does not appear to be a practical antibiotic in sea turtles when administered at these doses.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Stamper, M. A. and Papich, Mark and Lewbart, Gregory and May, S. B. and Plummer, D. D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2003}, pages={3–8} }
 @article{lewbart_stoskopf_2002, title={Amphibian medicine: Selected topics}, volume={4}, ISBN={1521-1363}, number={3}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Lewbart, G. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2002}, pages={36} }
 @article{larsen_loomis_kelly_sladky_stoskopf_horne_2002, title={Cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine-butorphanol, medetomidine-butorphanol-diazepam, and medetomidine- butorphanol-ketamine in captive red wolves (Canis rufus)}, volume={33}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Larsen, R. S. and Loomis, M. R. and Kelly, B. T. and Sladky, K. K. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Horne, W. A.}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={101–107} }
 @article{larsen_nutter_augspurger_rocke_tomlinson_thomas_stoskopf_2002, title={Clinical features of avian vacuolar myelinopathy in American coots}, volume={221}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.80}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Larsen, RS and Nutter, FB and Augspurger, T and Rocke, TE and Tomlinson, L and Thomas, NJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={80–85} }
 @article{stoskopf_2002, title={Fish are here to stay}, volume={31}, number={3}, journal={Lab Animal}, author={Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={9} }
 @article{stoskopf_paul-murphy_kennedy-stoskopf_kaufman_2001, title={American College of Zoological Medicine recommendations on veterinary curricula}, volume={219}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.1532}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Stoskopf, MK and Paul-Murphy, J and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S and Kaufman, G}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={1532–1535} }
 @article{kishimori_lewbart_marcellin-little_roe_trogdon_henson_stoskopf_2001, title={Chelonian shell-fracture repair techniques}, volume={3}, number={5}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Kishimori, J. and Lewbart, G. A. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Roe, S. and Trogdon, M. and Henson, H. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2001}, pages={35–41} }
 @article{sladky_swanson_stoskopf_loomis_lewbart_2001, title={Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.337}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Sladky, KK and Swanson, CR and Stoskopf, MK and Loomis, MR and Lewbart, GA}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={337–342} }
 @article{chittick_stoskopf_law_overstreet_levine_2001, title={Evaluation of potential health risks to Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida: Unionidae) and implications for sympatric endangered freshwater mussel species}, volume={9}, ISBN={1386-1980}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery}, author={Chittick, B. and Stoskopf, M. and Law, M. and Overstreet, R. and Levine, J.}, year={2001}, pages={35} }
 @article{chittick_stoskopf_heil_levine_law_2001, title={Evaluation of sandbar shiner as a surrogate for assessing health risks to the endangered Cape Fear shiner}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0086:EOSSAA>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The health status of the endangered Cape Fear shiner Notropis mekistocholas and the suitability of using the sympatric sandbar shiner N. scepticus as an investigative surrogate were evaluated. Forty Cape Fear shiners from three sites and 50 sandbar shiners from five sites were examined. Findings on gill biopsies, fin biopsies, and skin scrapings were limited to low levels of parasitism and gill aneurysms. Eighty-three bacterial isolates representing 13 aerobic species were cultured from the gastrointestinal tracts. A picornavirus was isolated from one pooled sample of sandbar shiners at one site. Forty-three percent of shiners (12 Cape Fear shiners, 27 sandbar shiners) had granulomas in various tissues of the body, 26% (6 Cape Fear, 17 sandbar) had encysted trematodes, 16% (2 Cape Fear, 12 sandbar) had protozoal aggregates in muscle or connective tissue, and 26% (22 Cape Fear shiners, 1 sandbar shiner) had mild, moderate, or moderately severe hepatic vacuolization. Other microscopic lesions inclu...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Chittick, B and Stoskopf, M and Heil, N and Levine, J and Law, M}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={86–95} }
 @article{bakal_stoskopf_2001, title={In vitro studies of the fate of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in the aquatic environment}, volume={195}, ISSN={["0044-8486"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00539-1}, abstractNote={These studies showed sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim to be stable at salinities of 0 and 30 ppt and at pHs of 2, 7, and 12 for a period of 1 year. Sulfadimethoxine was stable at 25°C and 37°C, but showed a marked decrease in concentration at 4°C. Warming of the 4°C sample resulted in a return to original drug levels indicating that the drug had redistributed out of the aquatic phase at the lower temperature. Ormetoprim concentrations were stable at all temperatures evaluated. The concentrations of both sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim were unaffected by the presence of silica sand, high density poly-ethylene, or poly-vinyl chloride. The presence of bentonite clay caused a reduction in ormetoprim concentrations while sulfadimethoxine was unchanged by this substrate. Acidification of the sample containing the bentonite clay resulted in a return of ormetoprim concentration to original levels. From these studies, it is apparent that the potential environmental half-lives for these drugs must exceed 1 year and are likely to be several years in duration.}, number={1-2}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Bakal, RS and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={95–102} }
 @article{stoskopf_barrick_showers_2001, title={Oxygen isotope variability in bones of wild caught and constant temperature reared sub-adult American alligators}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0306-4565"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0306-4565(00)00041-3}, abstractNote={(1) The mean delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) for any given bone sampled from captive alligators maintained at high constant temperature was lower (indicative of higher temperatures of bone deposition) than that of the same bone from wild alligators caught in Northern Florida, but these differences were only greater than two standard deviations from the mean for the thoracic vertebrae and metatarsal bones. (2) Inter-bone variability of delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) was similar for captive alligators maintained at constant temperatures and the wild alligators, but intra-bone variability was much greater in wild alligators. (3) The order of mean delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) of bones (from highest to lowest) differed between treatment groups. However, intra-bone variability obscured the significance of those differences. Nevertheless, the thoracic vertebra had the highest mean delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW), indicative of lower temperatures, and the lowest variability of bones in both groups of alligators. Conversely, the tibia was one of the warmest and more variable bones in both groups of alligators. (4) The pattern of delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) values across sites within long bones were identical between alligator treatment groups for the femur and humerus but differed between groups for the tibia and metatarsus, and differed between different long bones. The predicted intra-bone pattern for long bones of increasing delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) indicative of lower temperatures in more distal sampling sites was only obtained from the femurs. (5) Paired cortical and cancellous bone samples from the same site from all individuals in both treatment groups were available for proximal humeri and distal femurs. delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) values from cortical bone were more variable than those from cancellous bone for both bones. (6) Cortical bone had lower delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) values indicative of warmer temperatures than cancellous bone at sites sampled on the proximal humeri and distal femurs of all three animals from both treatment groups.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY}, author={Stoskopf, MK and Barrick, RE and Showers, WJ}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={183–191} }
 @article{gulland_stoskopf_johnson_riviere_papich_2000, title={Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) following single dose intravenous administration: implications for interspecific dose sealing}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2885.2000.00263.x}, abstractNote={The pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin after a single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg were determined in ten harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and ten northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). The seals ranged in age from 1 to 6 months and the mean weights were 11.7 kg (range, 9.5–18.5 kg) for harbor seals and 47.1 kg (range, 39.5–61.4 kg) for elephant seals. The median half‐life of amoxicillin (quartiles) in harbor seals, 1.5 (1.0–3.1) h, was not statistically different from that of elephant seals, 2.0 (1.4–3.8) h, nor were the differences between the terminal elimination rate constants between the two species. The only statistically significant differences between species were for area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC), and total systemic clearance. The lack of statistical significance for differences in the volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vss) may have been due to minor differences in the time frame of data collection and dose administered between the two groups. A true physiologic difference in drug handling, possibly related to renal perfusion or tubal secretory efficiency could affect amoxicillin kinetics in these species, and longer administration intervals may be appropriate for elephant seals as compared to harbor seals when administering multiple dose amoxicillin therapy at 20 mg/kg.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Gulland, FM and Stoskopf, MK and Johnson, SP and Riviere, J and Papich, MG}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={223–228} }
 @misc{russell_stoskopf_fisher_barrick_2000, title={At the crocodilian heart of the matter - Response}, volume={289}, number={5485}, journal={Science}, author={Russell, D. A. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Fisher, P. E. and Barrick, R. E.}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={1688} }
 @article{sladky_kelly_loomis_stoskopf_horne_2000, title={Cardiorespiratory effects of four alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations in captive red wolves}, volume={217}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2000.217.1366}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Sladky, KK and Kelly, BT and Loomis, MR and Stoskopf, MK and Horne, WA}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1366–1371} }
 @article{fisher_russell_stoskopf_barrick_hammer_kuzmitz_2000, title={Cardiovascular evidence for an intermediate or higher metabolic rate in an ornithischian dinosaur}, volume={288}, ISSN={["0036-8075"]}, DOI={10.1126/science.288.5465.503}, abstractNote={Computerized tomography scans of a ferruginous concretion within the chest region of an ornithischian dinosaur reveal structures that are suggestive of a four-chambered heart and a single systemic aorta. The apparently derived condition of the cardiovascular system in turn suggests the existence of intermediate-to-high metabolic rates among dinosaurs.}, number={5465}, journal={SCIENCE}, author={Fisher, PE and Russell, DA and Stoskopf, MK and Barrick, RE and Hammer, M and Kuzmitz, AA}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={503–505} }
 @article{sladky_horne_goodrowe_stoskopf_loomis_harms_2000, title={Evaluation of epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)}, volume={39}, number={6}, journal={Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Sladky, K. K. and Horne, W. A. and Goodrowe, K. L. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Loomis, M. R. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={33–38} }
 @article{tocidlowski_spelman_sumner_stoskopf_2000, title={Hematology and serum biochemistry parameters of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis)}, volume={31}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Tocidlowski, M. E. and Spelman, L. H. and Sumner, P. W. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={484–490} }
 @article{nutter_lee_stamper_lewbart_stoskopf_2000, title={Hemiovariosalpingectomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)}, volume={146}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.146.3.78}, abstractNote={24, 136-138 HERIKSTAD, H., HAYES, P., MOKHTAR, M., FRACARO, M. L., THRELFALL, E. J. &ANGULO, F. J. (I1997) Emerging quinolone-resistant Salmonella in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, 371-372 HEURTIN-LE CORRE, C., DONNIO, P. Y., PERRIN, M., TRAVERT, M. F. & AVRIL, J. L. (1999) Increasing incidence and comparison of nalidixic acidresistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from humans and animals. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, 266-269 HOWARD, A. J., JOSEPH, T. D., BLOODWORTH, L. L., FROST, J. A., CHART, H. &ROWE, B. (1990) The emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella typhimurium. Journal ofAntimicrobial Chemotherapy 26,296-298 McCARRON, B. & LOVE, W. C. (I1997) Acalculous non-typhoidal salmonella cholecystitis requiring surgical intervention despite ciprofloxacin therapy: report of three cases. Clinical Infectious Disease 24, 707-709 SANCHEZ, R., FERNANDEZ-BACA, V., DIAZ, M. D., MUNOZ, P., RODRIGUEZ-CREIXEMS, M. & BOUZA, E. (1994) Evolution of susceptibilities of Campylobacter species to quinolones and macrolides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 1879-1882 THRELFALL, E. J., WARD, L. R., SKINNER, J. A. & ROWE, B. (1997) Increase in multiple antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in England and Wales: a comparison of data for 1994 and 1996. Microbial Drug Resistance 3, 263-266 VASALLO, F. J., MARTIN-RABADAN, P., ALCALA, L., GARCIA-LECHUZ, J. M., RODRIGUEZ-CREIXEMS, M. & BOUZA, E. (1998) Failure of ciprofloxacin therapy for invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Clinical Infectious Disease 26, 535-536 WAIN, J., HOA, N. T., CHINH, N. T., VINH, H., EVERETT, M. J., DIEP, T. S., DAY, N. P., SOLOMON, T., WHITE, N. J., PIDDOCK, L. J. & PARRY, C. M. (1997) Quinolone-resistant Salmonella typhimurium in Vietnam: molecular basis of resistance and clinical response to treatment. Clinical Infectious Disease 25, 1404-1410}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Nutter, FB and Lee, DD and Stamper, MA and Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={78–80} }
 @article{killian_byrd_jirtle_munday_stoskopf_macdonald_2000, title={M6P/IGF2R imprinting evolution in mammals}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1097-2765"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80249-X}, abstractNote={Imprinted gene identification in animals has been limited to eutherian mammals, suggesting a significant role for intrauterine fetal development in the evolution of imprinting. We report herein that M6P/IGF2R is not imprinted in monotremes and does not encode for a receptor that binds IGF2. In contrast, M6P/IGF2R is imprinted in a didelphid marsupial, the opossum, but it strikingly lacks the differentially methylated CpG island in intron 2 postulated to be involved in imprint control. Thus, invasive placentation and gestational fetal growth are not required for imprinted genes to evolve. Unless there was convergent evolution of M6P/ IGF2R imprinting and receptor IGF2 binding in marsupials and eutherians, our results also demonstrate that these two functions evolved in a mammalian clade exclusive of monotremes.}, number={4}, journal={MOLECULAR CELL}, author={Killian, JK and Byrd, JC and Jirtle, JV and Munday, BL and Stoskopf, MK and MacDonald, RG}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={707–716} }
 @article{bush_stoskopf_raath_papich_2000, title={Serum oxytetracycline concentrations in African elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves after long-acting formulation injection}, volume={31}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Bush, M. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Raath, J. P. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2000}, pages={41–46} }
 @article{doi_stoskopf_2000, title={The kinetics of oxytetracycline degradation in deionized water under varying temperature, pH, light, substrate, and organic matter}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0899-7659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0246:TKOODI>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The kinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) degradation in deionized water was studied under the influence of various environmental factors. The experiment was conducted with a solution of 10 μg aqueous OTC /mL in 600-mL glass beakers under controlled laboratory conditions. The aqueous concentration of OTC was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Low temperatures (4°C) favored high drug stability, and high temperatures (43°C) speeded OTC degradation, resulting in a very short half-life of 0.26 ± 0.11 d. Light exposure caused photodecomposition, reflecting degradation rates threefold higher than those under dark conditions. Acidic conditions (pH 3.0) favored drug stability (half-life = 46.36 ± 4.92 d), and alkaline conditions (pH 10.0) increased the degradation rate (half-life = 9.08 ± 4.22 d). The presence of a substrate (bentonite clay) resulted in an approximate 17% decrease in OTC concentration within 5 min of contact. Addition of organic matter (fish feed) along with the substrate ...}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Doi, AM and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={246–253} }
 @article{stoskopf_meyer_jones_baumbarger_1999, title={Field immobilization and euthanasia of American opossum}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-35.1.145}, abstractNote={Seventeen recently trapped opossum, Didelphis virginiana, (median weight 2.45 kg; range = 1.6–5.0 kg; quartiles = 1.8–3.3 kg) were immobilized with either telazol (15 or 30 mg/kg) or a mixture of medetomidine (100 μg/ kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg), and ketamine HCl (10 mg/kg) based on estimated weights. Anesthetized animals were subjected to cardiac puncture for blood withdrawal and toe pinch. Euthanasia was accomplished by intracardiac administration of 1 ml of concentrated pentobarbital sodium/phenytoin solution. Weights were underestimated for 14 of 17 animals, but were within 0.5 kg of the actual weight. Both drug combinations provided rapid and calm immobilization. Median time to recumbency for the medetomidine–butorphanol–ketamine group (n = 5) was 6 min (range = 4–10 min; quartiles = 6 and 8 min). The median time to recumbency was not statistically different for the low (n = 6) and high dose (n = 6) telazol groups, 3 and 3.5 min respectively (quartiles 3; 3.5 and 4; 5.5 min). The stronger heart beat with telazol immobilization facilitated cardiac puncture. All five animals administered the medetomidine–butorphanol–ketamine mixture and three of six animals given the low telazol dose reacted to cardiac puncture. Only one of six animals given the estimated 30 mg/kg dose of telazol reacted slightly to cardiac puncture. We conclude that 30 mg/kg telazol provides sufficient immobilization and analgesia to allow accurate cardiac puncture of the opossum if the procedure is performed within 5 to 10 min of recumbency. Intracardiac administration of concentrated pentobarbital sodium/phenytoin solution followed by bilateral thoracotomy provides appropriate euthanasia suitable for field situations.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Stoskopf, MK and Meyer, RE and Jones, M and Baumbarger, DO}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={145–149} }
 @article{hahulski_marcellin-little_stoskopf_1999, title={Morphologic evaluation of rotated tibiotarsal bones in immature ostriches (Struthio camelus)}, volume={13}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Hahulski, G. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={252–260} }
 @article{stamper_papich_lewbart_may_plummer_stoskopf_1999, title={Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Stamper, M. A. and Papich, M. G. and Lewbart, G. A. and May, S. B. and Plummer, D. D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1999}, pages={32–35} }
 @article{lewbart_stoskopf_losordo_geyer_owen_smith_law_altier_1999, title={Safety and efficacy of the Environmental Products Group Masterflow Aquarium Management System with Aegis Microbe Shield (TM)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0144-8609"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0144-8609(98)00043-0}, abstractNote={This study investigated the safety and efficacy of the EPG Masterflow Aquarium Management System with Aegis Microbe Shield™ (EPG-MAMS). Four different species of fish were used in the study. Ten fish of each species were placed in 75 l aquariums containing the EPG filter media, a commercially available filter media (Whisper®) and an aquarium with no filter material. At the end of the 45 day trial three fish from each tank were sacrificed and preserved in formalin for histopathology. Water quality parameters were routinely monitored. The EPG filter media was compared with the Whisper® filter media for efficacy against Aeromonas salmonicida using a shaker flask microbiological assay. The EPG filter proved to be clinically and histopathologically safe and reduced to some degree the number of A. salmonicida suspended in water in an in vitro study.}, number={2}, journal={AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING}, author={Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK and Losordo, T and Geyer, J and Owen, J and Smith, DW and Law, M and Altier, C}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={93–98} }
 @article{bakal_harms_khoo_stoskopf_1999, title={Sinus venosus catheterization for repeated vascular access in the hybrid striped bass}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0187:svcfrv>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Placement of vascular cannulae for repeated venous blood sampling has proven to be a useful technique in many fish species. The anatomy and size of the hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis ♀ × M. chrysops ♂) makes this procedure challenging in this species. The sinus venosus was determined to be the best site for catheter placement based on size, accessibility, and ability to stabilize the catheter within it. Catheterization of the sinus venosus with a 20-gauge × 3.8-cm flexible Teflon catheter was unsuccessful because the catheter folded on itself, occluding the lumen. Catheterization with an 18-gauge × 3.8-cm hypodermic needle was also unsuccessful because the sinus wall occluded the needle lumen when negative pressure was applied. However, 18-gauge × 3.8-cm intravascular needles remained patent in free-swimming fish for 2 weeks without major complications. An external fixation device to prevent migration of the catheter out of the sinus venosus and laceration of the sinus wall du...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Bakal, RS and Harms, CA and Khoo, LH and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={187–191} }
 @article{tocidlowski_harms_sumner_stoskopf_1999, title={Technique of mandibular salivary gland biopsy in river otters (Lutra canadensis)}, volume={30}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Tocidlowski, M. E. and Harms, C. A. and Sumner, P. W. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={252–255} }
 @article{marselas_stoskopf_brown_kane_reimschuessel_1998, title={Abdominal ascites in electric eels (Electrophorus electricus) associated with hepatic hemosiderosis and elevated water}, volume={29}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Marselas, G. A. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Brown, M. J. and Kane, A. S. and Reimschuessel, R.}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={413–418} }
 @article{colbert_stoskopf_brownie_scott_levine_1998, title={Anatomic site and interanimal variability in morphologic characteristics of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) skin likely to affect dermal absorption studies}, volume={59}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Colbert, A. A. and Stoskopf, M. and Brownie, C. and Scott, G. I. and Levine, J.}, year={1998}, pages={1398–1403} }
 @article{stamper_lewbart_barrington_harms_geoly_stoskopf_1998, title={Eimeria southwelli infection associated with high mortality of cownose rays}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0264:ESIAWH>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The coccidian Eimeria southwelli is associated with chronic fatal disease in captive cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus. Clinical signs include discoloration of the epidermis, emaciation, coelomic cavity distention, and death. The oocysts can be demonstrated in coelomic fluid obtained by coelomic aspiration. Prevalence of E. southwelli in wild cownose rays was 92% in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA. Recommended management practices include strict quarantine and screening by using coelomic cavity aspirate sampling. A dosage of 10 mg toltrazuril/kg orally once a day for 5 d reduces but may not eliminate parasitic loads.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Stamper, MA and Lewbart, GA and Barrington, PR and Harms, CA and Geoly, F and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={264–270} }
 @article{mashima_fleming_stoskopf_1998, title={Metal concentrations in oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis) during an outbreak of avian cholera, Chesapeake Bay, 1994}, volume={7}, ISSN={["0963-9292"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1008820004249}, number={2}, journal={ECOTOXICOLOGY}, author={Mashima, TY and Fleming, WJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={107–111} }
 @article{doi_stoskopf_lewbart_1998, title={Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) following different routes of administration}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00162.x}, abstractNote={Oxytetracycline (OTC) pharmacokinetics were studied in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. OTC plasma concentrations were determined by high‐performance‐liquid‐chromatography (HPLC). A non‐compartmental model was used to describe plasma drug disposition after OTC administration. Following i.m. administration, the elimination half‐life (t½) was 62.65 ± 1.25 h and the bioavailability was 49.80 ± 0.01%. After i.v. administration the t½ was 50.97 ± 2.99 h, the Vd was 534.11 ± 38.58 mL/kg, and CIb was 0.121 ± 0.003 mL/min.kg. The 5 mg/kg i.v. dose used in this experiment resulted in up to 48 h plasma concentrations of OTC above the reported MIC values for some strains of fish pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. liquefaciens, A. salmonicida, Cytophaga columnaris, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Vibrio anguillarium, V. ordalii, V. salmonicida and Yeersinia ruckeri. These MIC values are below the susceptible range (4 μg/mL) listed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) as determined by the NCCLS susceptibility interpretive criteria.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, author={Doi, A. M. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={1998}, pages={364–368} }
 @article{nutter_levine_stoskopf_gamble_dubey_1998, title={Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spiralis in North Carolina black bears (Ursus americanus)}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0022-3395"]}, DOI={10.2307/3284644}, abstractNote={Serum samples from 143 hunter-killed black bears were collected during the 1996 and 1997 black bear hunting seasons in eastern North Carolina. All samples were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii were present in 120 of 143 (84%) bears. Females had significantly higher titers than males (Wilcoxon rank sums test, P = 0.045), and titers increased with age (Jonckheere test, P = 0.01). Samples collected during 1996 (n = 79) were tested for antibodies to Trichinella spiralis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No samples were positive for antibodies to T. spiralis.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={Nutter, FB and Levine, JF and Stoskopf, MK and Gamble, HR and Dubey, JP}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={1048–1050} }
 @article{barrick_stoskopf_marcot_russell_showers_1998, title={The thermoregulatory functions of the Triceratops frill and horns: Heat flow measured with oxygen isotopes}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0272-4634"]}, DOI={10.1080/02724634.1998.10011103}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Variability of body temperature within fossil vertebrates can be measured by the oxygen isotopie composition of bone phosphate (δp). Intrabone and interbone δp variations indicate heat flow within an individual and can be used to establish thermoregulatory strategies such as homeothermy and regional heterothermy. This method is applied to an individual Triceratops skeleton where the results suggest very high and uniform heat flow through the parietal frill, maintaining mean frill temperatures between 0–4°C below the body core. Heat flow to the postorbital horn-core is much more variable. The frill and horn cores of Triceratops were used as thermoregulatory structures with the horn cores interpreted as being especially important in the stabilization of brain temperatures at extreme ambient temperatures and the frill serving a more consistent role in body temperature regulation.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY}, author={Barrick, RE and Stoskopf, MK and Marcot, JD and Russell, DA and Showers, WJ}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={746–750} }
 @article{harms_fleming_stoskopf_1997, title={A technique for dorsal subcutaneous implantation of heart rate biotelemetry transmitters in Black Ducks: Application in an aircraft noise response study}, volume={99}, ISSN={["0010-5422"]}, DOI={10.2307/1370247}, abstractNote={A technique for heart rate biotelemetry transmitter implantation was developed to monitor heart rate fluctuations of Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) in response to simulated aircraft noise in a large outdoor enclosure. A dorsal subcutaneous approach, with subcutaneous tunneling of lead wires, was employed for placement of the 32 g transmitters. A base-apex lead configuration, with leads anchored at the dorsal cervico-thoracic junction and the caudal keel, yielded the maximal ECG wave-form deflection for triggering the transmitter. Heart rates of six Black Ducks (three in each of two separate trials) were monitored for 3 days pre-noise to establish a baseline, and then for 4 days of simulated aircraft noise. The noise stimulus replicated an FB-111 military jet, and was played 48 times per day at a peak volume of 110 db. Daily mean heart rates, used as indicators of metabolic rates, did not increase in response to noise. Recognizable acute heart rate increases corresponding with a noise event occured with increased frequency during the first day of noise presentation, but on subsequent days the responses did not differ significantly from baseline. Acute heart rate responses to aircraft noise diminished rapidly, indicating the ability of Black Ducks to habituate to the auditory component of low altitude aircraft overflights.}, number={1}, journal={CONDOR}, author={Harms, CA and Fleming, WJ and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={231–237} }
 @article{tocidlowski_stoskopf_1997, title={Comparison of sodium polyanetholesulfonate with EDTA and heparin anticoagulants by assessing packed cell volume and blood smear quality of blood from hybrid white bass X striped ba}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0151:CCOSPW>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Sodium polyanetholesulfonate, a synthetic polyanionic detergent compound commonly used as an anticoagulant in human blood culture transfer vials, was compared with EDTA and heparin, in two dilutions, in a pilot study of its anticoagulant abilities with blood from hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis). Packed cell volumes (PCVs) and blood smears made from the anticoagulant-treated blood samples were compared across time and with a control. Sodium polyanetholesulfonate kept the hybrid striped bass blood anticoagulated during the 24-h test period, but PCVs and smear quality were significantly different from the other treatments. Sodium polyanetholesulfonate does not appear to perform better than EDTA or heparin as an anticoagulatant for hybrid striped bass blood for hematology analysis.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Aquatic Animal Health}, author={Tocidlowski, M. E. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1997}, pages={151–155} }
 @article{ley_stoskopf_miller_welte_berkhoff_degernes_fleming_1997, title={Evaluation of treatment of conjunctivitis associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Ley, D. H. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Miller, E. N. and Welte, S. C. and Berkhoff, J. E. and Degernes, L. A. and Fleming, W. J.}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={20–24} }
 @article{tocidlowski_lewbart_stoskopf_1997, title={Hematologic study of red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.1997.tb00722.x}, abstractNote={A study of a laboratory population (N = 60) of immature red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) was conducted for the purpose of characterizing hematological parameters. Median (2.5th ‐ 97.5th percentile) values obtained by hemocytometer counts, spun packed cell volume, refractometer, and differential counts were as follows: packed cell volume 25.8 (22.0 ‐ 32.0) %, total plasma solids 4.0 (3.4 ‐ 4.7) gm/dl, red blood cell concentration 1.68 (1.15 ‐ 2.94) × 106/μl, white blood cell concentration 33.5 (13.6 ‐ 52.3) × 103/μl, heterophils 3.2 (0.3 ‐ 16.8) × 103/μl, non‐staining granulocytes 0.4 (0.05 ‐ 1.9) × 103/μl, eosinophils 0.2 (0.1 ‐ 0.3) × 103/μl, lymphocytes 21.0 (8.2 ‐ 35.6) × 103/μl, granular lymphocytes 1.4 (0.4 ‐ 5.6) × 103/μl, and monocytes 1.2 (0.4 ‐ 4.4) × 103/μl. Blood cell measurements were taken and descriptions given of the blood cells encountered on the stained smear. A modified leukocyte slide estimate formula [(avg. # leukocytes/10 HPF × 2,000) + 6,300] (/μl) had better agreement with Neubauer hemocytometer white cell counts than the method used for avian species.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Tocidlowski, ME and Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1997}, pages={119–125} }
 @article{tocidlowski_cornish_loomis_stoskopf_1997, title={Mortality in captive wild caught horned puffin chicks (Fratercula corniculata)}, volume={28}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Tocidlowski, M. E. and Cornish, T. E. and Loomis, M. R. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1997}, pages={298–306} }
 @article{spelman_jochem_sumner_redmond_stoskopf_1997, title={Postanesthetic monitoring of core body temperature using telemetry in North American river otters (Lutra canadensis)}, volume={28}, number={4 (Index iss.)}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Spelman, L. H. and Jochem, W. J. and Sumner, P. W. and Redmond, D. P. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1997}, pages={413–417} }
 @article{tocidlowski_lappin_sumner_stoskopf_1997, title={Serologic survey for toxoplasmosis in river otters}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-33.3.649}, abstractNote={The prevalence of antibody titers to Toxoplasma gondii in river otters (Lutra canadensis) from eastern North Carolina (USA) was investigated in a cross sectional study. Sera from 103 live trapped river otters were tested for antibodies to T. gondii using a commercially available latex agglutination kit. Forty-six (45%) of the sera were positive with titers ranging from 1:16 to >1:2,048. Adult otters (n = 78) had a seroprevalence of 47% and juvenile otters (n = 25) had a seroprevalence of 39%. Significant differences were not found between the sexes within either maturity class. The high prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii indicates that many animals in this population were exposed to the organism. This suggests handling of otters may be a zoonotic concern for fur trappers.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Tocidlowski, ME and Lappin, MR and Sumner, PW and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={649–652} }
 @article{stoskopf_spelman_sumner_redmond_jochem_levine_1997, title={The impact of water temperature on core body temperature of North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) during simulated oil spill recovery washing protocols}, volume={28}, number={4 (Index iss.)}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Stoskopf, M. K. and Spelman, L. H. and Sumner, P. W. and Redmond, D. P. and Jochem, W. J. and Levine, J. F.}, year={1997}, pages={407–412} }
 @article{spelman_sumner_karesh_stoskopf_1997, title={Tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) and its partial antagonism with flumazenil}, volume={28}, number={4 (Index iss.)}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Spelman, L. H. and Sumner, P. W. and Karesh, W. B. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1997}, pages={418–423} }
 @article{love_douglass_lewbart_stoskopf_1996, title={Radiographic and Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Egg Retention and Peritonitis in Two Green Iguanas (iguana Iguana)}, volume={37}, ISSN={1058-8183 1740-8261}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1996.tb00816.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1996.tb00816.x}, abstractNote={The radiographic technique and radiographic and sonographic findings in two green iguanas with egg retention and peritonitis are described. Neither radiography nor ultrasound provided for identification of free eggs within the coelomic structure secondary to presumed oviduct rupture. Gravidity and coelomic effusion were confirmed by both radiography and ultrasound. Radiography and ultrasound are valuable tools in the diagnosis of egg retention and peritonitis in the green iguana.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Radiology <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Ultrasound}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Love, Nancy E. and Douglass, James P. and Lewbart, Gregory and Stoskopf, Michael}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={68–73} }
 @article{graczyk_brossy_plos_stoskopf_1995, title={AVIAN MALARIA SEROPREVALENCE IN JACKASS PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS-DEMERSUS) IN SOUTH-AFRICA}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0022-3395"]}, DOI={10.2307/3283958}, abstractNote={Blood samples of 191 adult Jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus) from South Africa were tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with Plasmodium falciparum antigen (R32tet32) for avian malaria antibodies (Ab). The samples originated from free-ranging penguins from offshore islands and southern coast colonies (3 groups, n = 110), from 2 penguin groups (n = 66) rescued after offshore oil-spill contamination and rehabilitated at the Rescue Station of the South African National Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) in Cape Town, and from SANCCOB-resident penguins (n = 15). The total average malaria Ab seroprevalence was 39%, and the mean malaria seropositivity ranged from 20% to 62% among the 6 S. demersus groups, with a mean of 55% for oiled penguins, and 31% for the remaining birds. The total mean absorbance value was 0.57 for ELISA-positive penguins, 0.43 for birds kept at SANCCOB facilities, and 0.70 for the penguins from wild colonies. The 2 groups of oiled penguins exhibited higher malaria Ab seroprevalence (38% and 62%) than the 3 groups of non-oiled birds (29%, 33% and 35%). Malaria Ab seroprevalence of free-ranging penguins was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in the 3 groups of birds at SANCCOB facilities and did not differ significantly among 3 wild penguin colonies.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY}, author={GRACZYK, TK and BROSSY, JJ and PLOS, A and STOSKOPF, MK}, year={1995}, month={Oct}, pages={703–707} }
 @article{spelman_sumner_levine_stoskopf_1994, title={Immobilization of North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) with metetomidine-ketamine and reversal by atipamezole}, volume={25}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Spelman, L. H. and Sumner, P. W. and Levine, J. F. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1994}, pages={214–223} }
 @article{spelman_summer_levine_stoskopf_1993, title={Field anesthesia in the North American river otter (Lutra canadensis)}, volume={24}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Spelman, L. H. and Summer, P. W. and Levine, J. F. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1993}, pages={19–27} }
 @article{fix_waterhouse_greiner_stoskopf_1988, title={PLASMODIUM-RELICTUM AS A CAUSE OF AVIAN MALARIA IN WILD-CAUGHT MAGELLANIC PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS-MAGELLANICUS)}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0090-3558"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-24.4.610}, abstractNote={Avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) caused significant mortality in wild-caught Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in 1986 at the Blank Park Zoo in Des Moines, Iowa (USA). In early winter, wild birds were captured off the southern coast of Chile and flown to Detroit, Michigan for a 38 day quarantine. After quarantine, 18 birds were dispersed to Lansing, Michigan, six to a facility in Maine, and 46 to Des Moines, Iowa. Upon arrival in Des Moines, several penguins became weak and inactive, had to be force-fed, and died after 2 days. Gross lesions at postmortem included splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and pulmonary edema. Histopathological examination revealed numerous intraendothelial schizonts in spleen, lung, liver, heart and kidney. Schizonts were generally 16 to 28 μm by 11 to 16 μm and contained merozoites of two distinct sizes (macromerozoites, nuclei 1.0 μm micromerozoites, nuclei 0.5 μm). Based on the morphology of the abundant exoerythrocytic forms, a tentative diagnosis of avian malaria (Plasmodium sp.) was made. Subsequent transmission electron microscopic examination of schizonts in formalized tissue revealed merozoites with tear-shaped rhoptries. Antimalarial therapy was initiated early but deaths continued for 5 mo. Mortality, which eventually totaled 83%, occurred in three distinct waves, each separated by a hiatus of approximately 1 mo. Despite examinations of repeated blood smears, intraerythrocytic Plasmodium relictum was not detected until late in the outbreak. Diagnosis was based on morphologic characteristics including schizonts with eight to 12 merozoites/segmenter and round gametocytes that displaced and turned the infected erythrocyte nucleus. In addition to malaria, penguins showed evidence of aspergillosis, bacterial enteritis (Escherichia coli; Proteus sp.; and Edwardsiella sp.), and helminthiasis (Contracaecum sp. and Tetrabothrius sp). Based on gross and histological lesions, disease prevalence in this group of penguins was malaria 58%, aspergillosis 61%, enteritis 60%, helminthiasis 26%. Epidemiologic investigation including group transport history, disease prevalence in co-quarantined birds not sent to Des Moines and climatological data implicated Des Moines as the likely site for initial exposure, although information is not conclusive. Stress and concurrent disease certainly contributed to the severe mortality in this group of penguins infected with P. relictum.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={FIX, AS and WATERHOUSE, C and GREINER, EC and STOSKOPF, MK}, year={1988}, month={Oct}, pages={610–619} }
 @book{5th crissey zoological nutrition symposium, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine} }
 @book{6th crissey zoological nutrition symposium, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine} }
 @article{stoskopf_oppenheim, title={Anatomic features of Octopus bimaculoides and Octopus digueti}, volume={27}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Stoskopf, M. K. and Oppenheim, B. S.}, pages={1} }
 @article{stoskopf_beier, title={Avian Malaria in African Black-Footed Penguins}, volume={175}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Stoskopf, Michael K. and Beier, John}, pages={944–947} }
 @inbook{stoskopf_yarbrough_beall, title={Baseline hematology of the African Blackfooted Penguin}, ISBN={0874746434}, booktitle={The comparative pathology of zoo animals}, publisher={Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press}, author={Stoskopf, Michael K. and Yarbrough, Barbara A. and Beall, Frederick Baylus}, editor={Richard J. Montali and Migaki, GeorgeEditors} }
 @book{crissey zoological nutrition symposium (fourth), publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for 1H-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={11}, number={2}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149–160} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for H-1-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={10}, number={1}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149–160} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for H-1-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149-} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for H-1-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149-} }
 @article{harms_sladky_horne_stoskopf, title={Epidural analgesia in ferrets}, volume={4}, ISBN={1521-1363}, number={3}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Harms, C. A. and Sladky, K. K. and Horne, W. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={40–42} }
 @book{first annual crissey zoological nutrition symposium, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine} }
 @book{stoskopf, title={Fish medicine (2nd ed.)}, ISBN={9780982619414}, publisher={Apex, NC: ART Sciences LLC}, author={Stoskopf, M. K.} }
 @inbook{stoskopf, title={Fish pharmacotherapeutics}, booktitle={Zoo & wild animal medicine: Current therapy (4th ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders}, author={Stoskopf, M. K.}, editor={M. E. Fowler and Miller, R. E.Editors}, pages={182–189} }
 @article{minter_dombrowski_stoskopf_purnell_loomis_de voe, title={Hematology and plasma biochemical values for free ranging cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) in central North Carolina, USA}, volume={8}, number={2}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Minter, L. J. and Dombrowski, D. S. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Purnell, C. A. and Loomis, M. R. and De Voe, R. S.}, pages={321–334} }
 @article{graczyk_brossy j.j._dubey j.p._m.k., title={Immunological survey of babesiosis (Babesia peircei) and toxoplasmosis in Jackass penguins in South Africa}, volume={3}, number={4}, journal={Parasite (Paris, France)}, author={Graczyk, T.K. and Brossy J.J., Sanders M.L. and Dubey J.P., Plos A and M.K., Stoskopf}, pages={313–319} }
 @article{mulcahy_esler_stoskopf, title={Loss from Harlequin Ducks of abdominally implanted radio transmitters equipped with percutaneous antennas}, volume={70}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Field Ornithology}, author={Mulcahy, D. M. and Esler, D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={244–250} }
 @inbook{stoskopf, title={Marine mammals}, ISBN={0911910506}, booktitle={Merck veterinary manual}, publisher={Whitehouse Station, N.J. : Merck}, author={Stoskopf, M. K.}, editor={Kahn, C.M. and Line, S.Editors} }
 @article{harms_stoskopf, title={Outcomes of adoption of adult laboratory ferrets after gonadectomy during a veterinary student teaching exercise}, volume={46}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={50–54} }
 @book{second annual crissey zoological nutrition symposium, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine} }
 @inproceedings{seventh crissey zoological nutrition symposium, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine}, pages={1–105} }
 @inproceedings{stoskopf_beall, title={The husbandry and medicine of captive penguins}, booktitle={Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Stoskopf, Michael K. and Beall, Frederick B.}, pages={81–96} }
 @book{third annual crissey zoological nutrition symposium, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine} }