@article{baltzegar_vella_gunning_vasquez_astete_stell_fisher_scott_lenhart_lloyd_et al._2021, title={Rapid evolution of knockdown resistance haplotypes in response to pyrethroid selection in Aedes aegypti}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1752-4571"]}, DOI={10.1111/eva.13269}, abstractNote={This study describes the evolution of knockdown resistance (kdr) haplotypes in Aedes aegypti in response to pyrethroid insecticide use over the course of 18 years in Iquitos, Peru. Based on the duration and intensiveness of sampling (~10,000 samples), this is the most thorough study of kdr population genetics in Ae. aegypti to date within a city. We provide evidence for the direct connection between programmatic citywide pyrethroid spraying and the increase in frequency of specific kdr haplotypes by identifying two evolutionary events in the population. The relatively high selection coefficients, even under infrequent insecticide pressure, emphasize how quickly Ae. aegypti populations can evolve. In our examination of the literature on mosquitoes and other insect pests, we could find no cases where a pest evolved so quickly to so few exposures to low or nonresidual insecticide applications. The observed rapid increase in frequency of resistance alleles might have been aided by the incomplete dominance of resistance-conferring alleles over corresponding susceptibility alleles. In addition to dramatic temporal shifts, spatial suppression experiments reveal that genetic heterogeneity existed not only at the citywide scale, but also on a very fine scale within the city.}, journal={EVOLUTIONARY APPLICATIONS}, author={Baltzegar, Jennifer and Vella, Michael and Gunning, Christian and Vasquez, Gissella and Astete, Helvio and Stell, Fred and Fisher, Michael and Scott, Thomas W. and Lenhart, Audrey and Lloyd, Alun L. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{fisher_levine_guy_mochizuki_breen_schal_watson_2019, title={Lack of influence by endosymbiont Wolbachia on virus titer in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius}, volume={12}, ISSN={1756-3305}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3694-2}, DOI={10.1186/s13071-019-3694-2}, abstractNote={Abstract Background The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius , is an obligatory blood-feeding ectoparasite that requires a blood meal to molt and produce eggs. Their frequent biting to obtain blood meals and intimate association with humans increase the potential for disease transmission. However, despite more than 100 years of inquiry into bed bugs as potential disease vectors, they still have not been conclusively linked to any pathogen or disease. This ecological niche is extraordinarily rare, given that nearly every other blood-feeding arthropod is associated with some type of human or zoonotic disease. Bed bugs rely on the bacteria Wolbachia as an obligate endosymbiont to biosynthesize B vitamins, since they acquire a nutritionally deficient diet, but it is unknown if Wolbachia confers additional benefits to its bed bug host. In some insects, Wolbachia induces resistance to viruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile, Drosophila C and Zika, and primes the insect immune system in other blood-feeding insects. Wolbachia might have evolved a similar role in its mutualistic association with the bed bug. In this study, we evaluated the influence of Wolbachia on virus replication within C. lectularius . Methods We used feline calicivirus as a model pathogen. We fed 40 bed bugs from an established line of Wolbachia -cured and a line of Wolbachia -positive C. lectularius a virus-laden blood meal, and quantified the amount of virus over five time intervals post-feeding. The antibiotic rifampicin was used to cure bed bugs of Wolbachia . Results There was a significant effect of time post-feeding, as the amount of virus declined by ~90% over 10 days in both groups, but no significant difference in virus titer was observed between the Wolbachia -positive and Wolbachia -cured groups. Conclusions These findings suggest that other mechanisms are involved in virus suppression within bed bugs, independent of the influence of Wolbachia , and our conclusions underscore the need for future research.}, number={1}, journal={Parasites & Vectors}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Fisher, Michael L. and Levine, Jay F. and Guy, James S. and Mochizuki, Hiroyuki and Breen, Matthew and Schal, Coby and Watson, David W.}, year={2019}, month={Sep} }
 @article{fisher_fowler_denning_watson_2017, title={Survival of the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) on Truvia and Other Sweeteners}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjw241}, abstractNote={The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a disease vector of mechanically transmitted pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. Opportunities for pathogen transmission can increase as fly longevity increases. Dietary preferences play an important role in insect longevity; therefore, we investigated house fly preferences, sucrose availability, and caloric constraints on house fly longevity. Experimental goals were: 1) to test the effects of calorie restriction on survival of house flies by manipulating concentrations of erythritol (low caloric content) and sucrose (high caloric content), and comparing commercial sweeteners of differing calorie content, 2) to identify house fly preferences for either erythritol or sucrose, and 3) to evaluate the insecticidal activity or toxicity of erythritol on house flies. Our data show that house flies may prefer high calorie options when given a choice and that house fly longevity likely increases as calorie content increases. Additionally, no significant differences in longevity were observed between the water only control (zero calories) and erythritol treatments. This suggests that decreased survival rates and death could be the result of starvation rather than insecticidal activity. This research furthers our understanding of house fly survival and sugar-feeding behavior.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Fisher, Michael L. and Fowler, Fallon E. and Denning, Steven S. and Watson, David W.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={999–1005} }
 @article{fisher_hoel_farooq_walker_2015, title={Deposition from ultra-low volume application of public health insecticides in a hot desert environment}, volume={31}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association}, author={Fisher, M. L. and Hoel, D. F. and Farooq, M. and Walker, T. W.}, year={2015}, pages={155–163} }
 @article{fisher_higley_foster_2015, title={The influence of photoperiod on development rates of three species of forensically important blow flies}, volume={15}, journal={Journal of Insect Science (Tucson, AZ)}, author={Fisher, M. L. and Higley, L. G. and Foster, J. E.}, year={2015} }