@article{shrauner_blikslager_davis_campbell_law_lustgarten_prange_2017, title={Feasibility and safety of lumbosacral epiduroscopy in the standing horse}, volume={49}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84978052421&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12591}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={3}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Shrauner, B. and Blikslager, A. and Davis, J. and Campbell, N. and Law, M. and Lustgarten, M. and Prange, T.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={322–328} }
 @article{seiler_campbell_nixon_tsuruta_dayton_jennings_redding_lustgarten_2016, title={FEASIBILITY AND SAFETY OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND IN THE DISTAL LIMB OF SIX HORSES}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12333}, abstractNote={Vascular alterations play important roles in many orthopedic diseases such as osteoarthritis, tendonitis, and synovitis in both human and equine athletes. Understanding these alterations could enhance diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) could be a valuable method for evaluation of blood flow and perfusion of these processes in the equine distal limb, however no reports were found describing feasibility or safety of the technique. The goal of this prospective, experimental study was to describe the feasibility and safety of distal limb CEUS in a sample of six horses. For each horse, CEUS of the distal limb was performed after intravenous injections of 5 and 10 ml, as well as intra‐arterial injections of 0.5 and 1 ml contrast medium. Vital parameters were monitored and CEUS images were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively for degree of contrast enhancement. None of the horses had clinically significant changes in their vital parameters after contrast medium injection. One horse had a transient increase in respiratory rate, and several horses had mild increases of systolic blood pressure of short duration after intravenous, but not after intra‐arterial injections. Intra‐arterial injection was possible in all horses and resulted in significantly improved contrast enhancement both quantitatively (P = 0.027) and qualitatively (P = 0.019). Findings from this study indicated that CEUS is a feasible and safe diagnostic test for evaluation of the equine distal limb. Future studies are needed to assess the clinical utility of this test for horses with musculoskeletal diseases.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Campbell, Nigel and Nixon, Britton and Tsuruta, James K. and Dayton, Paul A. and Jennings, Samuel and Redding, W. Rich and Lustgarten, Meghann}, year={2016}, pages={282–289} }
 @article{lustgarten_redding_schnabel_prange_seiler_2016, title={Navigational ultrasound imaging: A novel imaging tool for aiding interventional therapies of equine musculoskeletal injuries}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12410}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={2}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Lustgarten, M. and Redding, W. R. and Schnabel, L. V. and Prange, T. and Seiler, G. S.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={195–200} }
 @article{specchi_pey_ledda_lustgarten_thrall_bertolini_2015, title={COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CAVERNOUS TRANSFORMATION OF THE OBSTRUCTED PORTAL VEIN IN SMALL ANIMALS}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12265}, abstractNote={In humans, the process of development of collateral vessels with hepatopetal flow around the portal vein in order to bypass an obstruction is called “cavernous transformation of the portal vein.” The purpose of this retrospective, cross‐sectional, multicentric study was to describe presumed cavernous transformation of the portal vein in small animals with portal vein obstruction using ultrasound and multidetector‐row computed tomography (MDCT). Databases from three different institutions were searched for patients with an imaging diagnosis of cavernous transformation of the portal vein secondary to portal vein obstruction of any cause. Images were retrieved and reanalyzed. With MDCT‐angiography, two main portoportal collateral pathways were identified: short tortuous portoportal veins around/inside the thrombus and long portoportal collaterals bypassing the site of portal obstruction. Three subtypes of the long collaterals, often coexisting, were identified. Branches of the hepatic artery where involved in collateral circulation in nine cases. Concomitant acquired portosystemic shunts were identified in six patients. With ultrasound, cavernous transformation of the portal vein was suspected in three dogs and one cat based on visualization of multiple and tortuous vascular structures corresponding to periportal collaterals. In conclusion, the current study provided descriptive MDCT and ultrasonographic characteristics of presumed cavernous transformation of the portal vein in a sample of small animals. Cavernous transformation of the portal vein could occur as a single condition or could be concurrent with acquired portosystemic shunts.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Specchi, Swan and Pey, Pascaline and Ledda, Gianluca and Lustgarten, Meghann and Thrall, Donald and Bertolini, Giovanna}, year={2015}, pages={511–519} }
 @article{lustgarten_redding_labens_davis_daniel_griffith_seiler_2015, title={ELASTOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF NATURALLY OCCURING TENDON AND LIGAMENT INJURIES OF THE EQUINE DISTAL LIMB}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12284}, abstractNote={Compression elastography is an ultrasonographic technique that estimates tissue strain and may have utility in diagnosing and monitoring soft tissue injuries in the equine athlete. Recently, elastography has been proven to be a feasible and repeatable imaging modality for evaluating normal tendons and ligaments of the equine distal forelimb. The purposes of this prospective study were to investigate the ability of elastography to detect spontaneously occurring lesions of equine tendons and ligaments diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gray‐scale ultrasound (US) and to characterize the differences in the elastographic appearance of acute vs. chronic injuries. Fifty seven horses with a total of 65 lesions were evaluated. Images were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. Acute lesions were found to be significantly softer (P < 0.0001) than chronic lesions (P < 0.0001) and the stiffness of lesions increased with progression of healing (P = 0.0138). A negative correlation between lesion hypoechogenicity and softness was appreciated with more hypoechoic lesions appearing softer (P = 0.0087) and more hyperechoic regions harder (P = 0.0002). A similar finding occurred with increased signal intensity on short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and proton density (PD) MRI sequences correlating with increased softness on elastography (P = 0.0164). Using US and MRI as references, commonly encountered soft tissue injuries of the equine distal limb could be detected with elastography. However, elastography was limited for detecting small, proximal injuries of the hindlimb proximal suspensory ligament. Elastographic evaluation of equine tendons and ligaments may allow better characterization of lesion chronicity and severity, and sequential examinations may optimize lesion management, rehabilitation, and return to training.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Lustgarten, Meghann and Redding, W. Rich and Labens, Raphael and Davis, Weston and Daniel, Thomas M. and Griffith, Emily and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2015}, pages={670–679} }
 @article{lustgarten_redding_labens_morgan_davis_seiler_2014, title={ELASTOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METACARPAL TENDONS IN HORSES WITHOUT CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF TENDON INJURY}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12104}, abstractNote={Tendon and ligament injuries are common causes of impaired performance in equine athletes. Gray‐scale ultrasonography is the current standard method for diagnosing and monitoring these injuries, however this modality only provides morphologic information. Elastography is an ultrasound technique that allows detection and measurement of tissue strain, and may provide valuable mechanical information about equine tendon and ligament injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility, reproducibility, and repeatability of elastography; and to describe elastographic characteristics of metacarpal tendons in sound horses. Nineteen legs for 17 clinically sound horses without evidence of musculoskeletal pathology were included. Elastographic images of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and the branches of the suspensory ligament (tendon of the interosseous muscle) were described quantitatively and qualitatively. There was no statistically significant difference between operators (P = 0.86) nor within operators (P = 0.93). For qualitative assessments, reproducibility (0.46) was moderate and repeatability (0.78) was good. Similar to human Achilles tendons, equine tendons were classified as predominantly hard using elastography. There was no statistically significant difference in stiffness of the flexor tendons (P = 0.96). No significant difference in stiffness was found with altered leg position during standing (P = 0.84) and while nonweight bearing (P = 0.61). The flexor tendons were softer when imaged in longitudinal versus transverse planes (P < 0.01) however, the suspensory branches were not (P = 0.67). Findings supported future clinical application of elastography as a noninvasive “stall‐side” imaging modality for evaluation of the tendons and ligaments of the distal forelimb in horses.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Lustgarten, Meghann and Redding, W. Rich and Labens, Raphael and Morgan, Michel and Davis, Weston and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={92–101} }
 @article{newman_lustgarten_berman_vivrette_redding_2014, title={Surgical treatment of synovial osteochondromatosis in the middle carpal joint of a pony}, volume={26}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/eve.12093}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={8}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Newman, J. C. and Lustgarten, M. and Berman, K. G. and Vivrette, S. and Redding, W. R.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={395–399} }