@article{owens_stokes_haskett_2022, title={'I just want my parenting to be able to be better than what it is': A qualitative exploration of parenting strengths and needs of mothers experiencing homelessness}, ISSN={["1365-2206"]}, DOI={10.1111/cfs.12924}, abstractNote={Perspectives of parents themselves should be central in framing services delivered to families experiencing homelessness. We explored the strengths and positive features of mother–child relationships and insight into mothers' views of the impact of living in shelters. We conducted qualitative coding of the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) of 41 mothers of young children. Results revealed a wide variety of strategies that mothers used to promote their children's resilient functioning. This included focusing on their children's strengths, providing unconditional love and engaging in positive activities together. Mothers also voiced varied approaches to parenting, including many positive practices. Mothers' FMSS included ways that living in the shelter had a negative impact on their child's functioning, and they reported negative changes in their relationship with their child since moving into the shelter. Finally, mothers discussed ways in which living in the shelter had influenced their parenting styles and approaches to discipline. We discuss implications of the findings for supporting families residing in shelters, and we provide recommendations for further research.}, journal={CHILD & FAMILY SOCIAL WORK}, author={Owens, Caitlyn R. and Stokes, Mc Kenzie N. and Haskett, Mary E.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{evans_stokes_hope_widman_cryer-coupet_2022, title={Parental influence on sexual intentions of Black adolescent girls: Examining the role of gendered-racial socialization.}, volume={36}, ISSN={1939-1293 0893-3200}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000874}, DOI={10.1037/fam0000874}, abstractNote={Parents can promote the sexual health of adolescents in a number of well-established ways, such as through sexual communication and parental monitoring. Another unexplored avenue through which parents might influence sexual decision-making among Black girls is gendered-racial socialization-the process through which parents send messages to their Black daughters about what it means to be a Black girl, in part, to improve their self-esteem. In a national, U.S.-based sample of 287 Black girls (Mage = 15.4) and their parents (87.8% female), we examine how two dimensions of gendered-racial socialization (gendered-racial pride socialization; gendered-racial oppression socialization): (a) are related to adolescents' intentions to have early sex and (b) moderate the association of parental communication and monitoring with adolescents' intentions to have early sex. We found Black girls who are exposed to more empowering messages about Black girls and women are less likely to intend to have early sex. Additionally, gendered-racial pride socialization moderated the relationship between parental monitoring and intentions to have sex, such that more monitoring was associated with lower intentions to have early sex among girls low in gendered-racial pride socialization. For girls high in gendered-racial pride socialization, there was no relationship between parental monitoring and sexual intentions. Gendered-racial pride socialization is an important asset in Black families, which can be leveraged to improve the sexual health of Black girls. Future studies are needed to examine the causal, temporal pathways between gendered-racial socialization and sexual health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Family Psychology}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Evans, Reina and Stokes, McKenzie N. and Hope, Elan C. and Widman, Laura and Cryer-Coupet, Qiana R.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={318–323} }
 @article{hope_brinkman_hoggard_stokes_hatton_volpe_elliot_2021, title={Black Adolescents' Anticipatory Stress Responses to Multilevel Racism: The Role of Racial Identity}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1939-0025"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85107964173&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1037/ort0000547}, abstractNote={Black adolescents face the stressful experience of racism in their everyday lives, which has negative implications for their health and well-being. In the current study, we explored experiences of individual, institutional, and cultural racism in relation to anticipatory racism-related stress responses (e.g., prolonged negative thinking, arousal in expectation of future racism) among Black adolescents (N = 442). We also examined whether three dimensions of racial identity, centrality, private regard, and public regard, moderate those relationships. We found that more experiences of racism at each level were related to greater anticipatory racism-related stress responses, measured as more cognitive activation of racial stressors, appraisal of coping strategies, and anticipation of future racism. We also found that some relationships between experiences of racism and anticipatory stress varied by regard. The positive relation between individual racism and perseverative cognition was stronger for those with low public regard. Similarly, the positive association between cultural racism and psychological anticipation was stronger for those with low public regard. The positive association between institutional racism and physiological anticipation of future racism was stronger for those with higher private regard. These findings contribute to the growing literature on the pervasiveness of racism in the lives of Black youth and the utility of racial identity to reduce harm from racism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY}, author={Hope, Elan C. and Brinkman, Marissa and Hoggard, Lori S. and Stokes, McKenzie N. and Hatton, Vanessa and Volpe, Vanessa V. and Elliot, Erin}, year={2021}, pages={487–498} }
 @article{gibson_bouldin_stokes_lozada_hope_2021, title={Cultural Racism and Depression in Black Adolescents: Examining Racial Socialization and Racial Identity as Moderators Dismantling Systems of Racism and Oppression during Adolescence}, ISSN={["1532-7795"]}, DOI={10.1111/jora.12698}, abstractNote={The current study explored parental racial socialization and racial regard as moderators of the effects of cultural racism on depression symptoms among Black adolescents (N = 604, Mage = 15.44). When adolescents reported lower private regard and lower cultural pride messages or higher public regard and lower alertness to discrimination messages, the negative effects of cultural racism on depression symptoms were exacerbated. When adolescents reported higher private regard and more cultural pride messages, the negative effects of cultural racism on depression symptoms were attenuated. Findings suggest that racial messages transmitted to Black adolescents combined with their own racial attitudes can alter the effect of cultural racism on depression symptoms.}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE}, author={Gibson, Stephen M. and Bouldin, Briana M. and Stokes, McKenzie N. and Lozada, Fantasy T. and Hope, Elan C.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{cryer-coupet_stokes_lemmons_dorsey_2021, title={Engaging Nonresident Fathers: Exploring Collaborative Competencies in Support of Family-Centered Practice}, ISSN={["1552-7581"]}, DOI={10.1177/10497315211022830}, abstractNote={Social service providers in a variety of sectors have struggled to consistently engage nonresident fathers in service provision. A growing body of research indicates that practitioner characteristics and attitudes may help increase retention and engagement among this group of men. These findings coincide with recent mandates from federal policy makers to increase engagement of nonresident fathers in family-centered practice approaches. A central tenet of interest within this framework is the family–professional relationship. Using a collaborative competencies model, the current study seeks to advance this line of research by investigating practitioners’ perceptions of their preparedness to engage nonresident fathers. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were completed with 20 social service practitioners who have experience working with nonresident fathers. A directed content analysis revealed key aspects of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and professional collaborative competencies that practitioners believe are important to facilitate meaningful father engagement. Implications for practice and future research regarding effective social work practice with nonresident fathers are discussed.}, journal={RESEARCH ON SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE}, author={Cryer-Coupet, Qiana R. and Stokes, McKenzie N. and Lemmons, Brianna P. and Dorsey, Marquitta}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{stokes_charity-parker_hope_2021, title={What does it mean to be Black and White? A meta-ethnographic review of racial socialization in Multiracial families}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1756-2589"]}, DOI={10.1111/jftr.12413}, abstractNote={Racial socialization—parent–child communication about race—may promote cohesion and relational satisfaction in Multiracial Black–White families, where parents and children have unique racial experiences. However, little is known about how racial socialization is actually practiced in Multiracial families. The current paper addresses this gap by synthesizing the existing qualitative literature on racial socialization in Multiracial Black–White families. Seventeen articles were identified using three electronic databases and appraised based on a critical review form for qualitative investigations. We then used meta-ethnographic methods and two theoretical frameworks to explore patterns of racial socialization, which included messages about (1) Monoracial Black experiences, (2) the irrelevance of race (e.g., color-evasiveness), and (3) Multiracial experiences. The findings illuminate the intricacies of parental racial socialization in Multiracial Black–White families. The implications for family theory and practice are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FAMILY THEORY & REVIEW}, author={Stokes, McKenzie N. and Charity-Parker, Bianka M. and Hope, Elan C.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={181–201} }
 @article{stokes_cryer-coupet_tall_2020, title={"You Get More Training to Drive a Car": Examining the Parenting Experiences and Service Needs of Nonresident Fathers Who Are Experiencing Homelessness}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1939-151X"]}, DOI={10.1037/men0000255}, number={4}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN & MASCULINITIES}, author={Stokes, McKenzie N. and Cryer-Coupet, Qiana R. and Tall, Kallyn G.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={558–569} }
 @article{evans_widman_stokes_javidi_hope_brasileiro_2020, title={Association of Sexual Health Interventions With Sexual Health Outcomes in Black Adolescents A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}, volume={174}, ISSN={["2168-6211"]}, DOI={10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0382}, abstractNote={<h3>Importance</h3> Black adolescents are at increased risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and experiencing unplanned pregnancy. Although sexual health interventions aimed at decreasing these risks exist, evidence of the association between sexual health interventions and the sexual behavior of black adolescents has not been synthesized to our knowledge. <h3>Objective</h3> To examine the associations between sexual health interventions and behavioral, biological, and psychological outcomes. <h3>Data Sources</h3> For this systematic review and meta-analysis, a systematic search was conducted of studies published through January 31, 2019, using the PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases and relevant review articles. The following key words were used:<i>youth, adolesc* or teen*</i>;<i>sexual health or safe* sex or sexually transmitted disease or sexually transmitted infection or STD or STI or HIV or AIDS or pregnancy or reproductive health or condom* or contracept* or unprotected sex or abstinence</i>;<i>intervention or program or education or prevention or promotion or trial</i>;<i>latino* or latina* or latinx* or minorit* or ethnic* or hispanic or african american* or black* or race or racial or biracial</i>. <h3>Study Selection</h3> Studies were included if they included a US-based sample of black adolescents, evaluated a sexual health intervention using experimental or quasi-experimental designs, included a behavioral outcome, and were published in English. <h3>Data Extraction and Synthesis</h3> Standardized mean differences and 95% CIs were extracted and meta-analyzed using random-effects models. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Behavioral outcomes were abstinence, condom use, and number of sex partners. Biological outcomes were pregnancy and STI contraction. Psychological outcomes were sexual health intentions, knowledge, and self-efficacy. <h3>Results</h3> Across 29 studies including 11 918 black adolescents (weighted mean age, 12.43 years), there was a significant weighted mean association of sexual health interventions with improvements in abstinence (Cohen<i>d</i> = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.05-0.24) and condom use (Cohen<i>d</i> = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.11-0.39). No significant mean association of these interventions with number of sex partners, pregnancy, or STI contraction was found. Sexual health interventions were significantly associated with improvements in psychological outcomes: sexual health intentions (Cohen<i>d</i> = 0.17; 95% CI, 0.05-0.30), knowledge (Cohen<i>d</i> = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.30-0.63), and self-efficacy (Cohen<i>d</i> = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.09-0.28). Intervention effect sizes were consistent across factors, such as participant sex and age and intervention dose. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> The findings suggest that sexual health interventions are associated with improvements in sexual well-being among black adolescents. There appears to be a need for wide-scale dissemination of these programs to address racial disparities in sexual health across the US.}, number={7}, journal={JAMA PEDIATRICS}, author={Evans, Reina and Widman, Laura and Stokes, McKenzie N. and Javidi, Hannah and Hope, Elan C. and Brasileiro, Julia}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={676–689} }
 @article{stokes_hope_cryer-coupet_elliot_2020, title={Black Girl Blues: The Roles of Racial Socialization, Gendered Racial Socialization, and Racial Identity on Depressive Symptoms among Black Girls}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1573-6601"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10964-020-01317-8}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF YOUTH AND ADOLESCENCE}, author={Stokes, McKenzie N. and Hope, Elan C. and Cryer-Coupet, Qiana R. and Elliot, Erin}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={2175–2189} }
 @article{hope_cryer-coupet_stokes_2020, title={Race-Related Stress, Racial Identity, and Activism Among Young Black Men: A Person-Centered Approach}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1939-0599"]}, DOI={10.1037/dev0000836}, abstractNote={The current study examines how race-related stress, physiological and psychological anticipation of racism, relates to low-risk and high-risk activism orientations for Black adolescent boys and emerging adult men (N = 286). We investigate whether patterns of racial identity and age moderate those relationships. We found that physiological and psychological anticipation of racism were related to low-risk Black community activism orientation, and those relationships varied by age and racial identity. The relationship between physiological anticipation of racism and high-risk activism orientation was moderated by racial identity profiles. For Black adolescent boys and emerging adult men with racial identity profiles that support individual and communal value of Blackness, more physiological anticipation was related to a greater likelihood of engaging in risky activism in the future. Findings highlight the importance of understanding how stress responses to racism influence youth commitments to future activism. These findings also underscore heterogeneity of racial identity among Black adolescent boys and emerging adult men, and how patterns of racial identity and age differentially influence orientations toward activism against racial oppression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).}, number={8}, journal={DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Hope, Elan C. and Cryer-Coupet, Qiana R. and Stokes, McKenzie N.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={1484–1495} }
 @misc{evans_widman_stokes_javidi_hope_brasileiro_2020, title={Sexual Health Programs for Latinx Adolescents: A Meta-analysis}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1098-4275"]}, DOI={10.1542/peds.2019-3572}, abstractNote={CONTEXT: Latinx adolescents are at risk for negative sexual health outcomes, and many interventions have been developed to reduce this risk. OBJECTIVE: In this meta-analysis, we synthesized the literature on sexual health interventions for Latinx adolescents and examined intervention effects on 3 behavioral outcomes (abstinence, condom use, number of sex partners) and 3 psychological outcomes (safer sex knowledge, intentions, self-efficacy). Moderators of intervention success were explored. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of studies published through January 2019 was conducted by using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases. STUDY SELECTION: All studies included a US-based sample of Latinx adolescents, evaluated sexual health intervention by using an experimental or quasiexperimental design, included a behavioral outcome, and were in English. DATA EXTRACTION: Standardized mean difference (d) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were meta-analyzed by using random-effects models. RESULTS: Effect sizes from 12 studies, sampling 4673 adolescents, were synthesized. Sexual health interventions improved abstinence (d = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.28), condom use (d = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.70), number of sex partners (d = −0.19, 95% CI: −0.37 to −0.001), and sexual health knowledge (d = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.70), compared with control conditions. Effects were consistent across a number of demographic and clinical characteristics, although culturally tailored interventions produced greater change in condom use than nontailored interventions. LIMITATIONS: There was variation across studies in measures of sexual behavior, and some elements of individual study quality were unclear. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual health interventions have a small but significant impact on improving safer sexual behavior among Latinx adolescents. Health educators should consider the importance of cultural tailoring to program success.}, number={1}, journal={PEDIATRICS}, author={Evans, Reina and Widman, Laura and Stokes, McKenzie and Javidi, Hannah and Hope, Elan and Brasileiro, Julia}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }