@article{jaiswal_yerke_bagley_ekelof_weber_haddad_fodor_muddiman_williams_2020, title={3D Imaging and metabolomic profiling reveal higher neuroactive kavalactone contents in lateral roots and crown root peels of Piper methysticum (kava)}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2047-217X"]}, DOI={10.1093/gigascience/giaa096}, abstractNote={Kava is an important neuroactive medicinal plant. While kava has a large global consumer footprint for its clinical and recreational use, factors related to its use lack standardization and the tissue-specific metabolite profile of its neuroactive constituents is not well understood.Here we characterized the metabolomic profile and spatio-temporal characteristics of tissues from the roots and stems using cross-platform metabolomics and a 3D imaging approach. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the highest content of kavalactones in crown root peels and lateral roots. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) imaging revealed a unique tissue-specific presence of each target kavalactone. X-ray micro-computed tomography analysis demonstrated that lateral roots have morphological characteristics suitable for synthesis of the highest content of kavalactones.These results provide mechanistic insights into the social and clinical practice of the use of only peeled roots by linking specific tissue characteristics to concentrations of neuroactive compounds.}, number={9}, journal={GIGASCIENCE}, author={Jaiswal, Yogini S. and Yerke, Aaron M. and Bagley, M. Caleb and Ekelof, Mans and Weber, Daniel and Haddad, Daniel and Fodor, Anthony and Muddiman, David C. and Williams, Leonard L.}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{garrard_ekelöf_khodjaniyazova_bagley_muddiman_2020, title={A Versatile Platform for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Arbitrary Spatial Patterns}, volume={31}, ISSN={1044-0305 1879-1123}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jasms.0c00128}, DOI={10.1021/jasms.0c00128}, abstractNote={A vision-system driven platform, RastirX, has been constructed for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of arbitrary two-dimensional patterns. The user identifies a region of interest (ROI) by drawing on a live video image of the sample with the computer mouse. Motion commands are automatically generated to move the sample to acquire scan data for the pixels in the ROI. Synchronization of sample stage motion with laser firing and mass spectrometer (MS) scan acquisition is fully automated. RastirX saves a co-registered optical image and the scan location information needed to convert raw MS data into imzML format. Imaging an arbitrarily shaped ROI instead of the minimal enclosing rectangle reduces contamination from off-sample material and significantly reduces acquisition time.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Garrard, Kenneth P. and Ekelöf, Måns and Khodjaniyazova, Sitora and Bagley, M. Caleb and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={2547–2552} }
 @article{bagley_ekelof_muddiman_2020, title={Determination of Optimal Electrospray Parameters for Lipidomics in Infrared-Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1879-1123"]}, DOI={10.1021/jasms.9b00063}, abstractNote={Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (IR-MALDESI) is an ambient mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technique that relies on electrospray ionization (ESI) for ion generation of desorbed neutrals. Although many mechanisms in IR-MALDESI have been studied in depth, there has not yet been a comprehensive study of how the ESI parameters change the profiles of tissue specific lipids. Acetonitrile (ACN)/water and methanol (MeOH)/water solvent systems and compositions were varied across a series of applied ESI voltages during IR-MALDESI analysis of rat liver tissue. Gradients of 12 min were run from 5 to 95% organic solvent in both positive and negative polarities across 11 voltages between 2.25 and 4.5 kV. These experiments informed longer gradients (25-30 min) across shorter solvent gradient ranges with fewer voltages. Optimal ESI parameters for lipidomics were determined by the number and abundance of detected lipids and the relative proportion of background ions. In positive polarity, the best solvent composition was 60-75% ACN/40-25% H2O with 0.2% formic acid at 3.2 kV applied voltage. The best parameters for negative polarity analysis are 45-55% ACN/55-45% H2O with 1 mM of acetic acid for voltages between 2.25 and 3.2 kV. Using these defined parameters, IR-MALDESI positive polarity lipidomics studies can increase lipid abundances 3-fold, with 15% greater coverage, while an abundance increase of 1.5-fold and 10% more coverage can be achieved relative to commonly used parameters in negative polarity.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY}, author={Bagley, M. Caleb and Ekelof, Mans and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={319–325} }
 @article{bagley_stepanova_ekelof_alonso_muddiman_2020, title={Development of a relative quantification method for infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging of Arabidopsis seedlings}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1097-0231"]}, DOI={10.1002/rcm.8616}, abstractNote={Mass spectrometry imaging of young seedlings is an invaluable tool in understanding how mutations affect metabolite accumulation in plant development. However, due to numerous biological considerations, established methods for the relative quantification of analytes using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging are not viable options. In this study, we report a method for the quantification of auxin-related compounds using stable-isotope-labelled (SIL) indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) doped into agarose substrate.Wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, sur2 and wei8 tar2 loss-of-function mutants, and YUC1 gain-of-function line were grown for 3 days in the dark in standard growth medium. SIL-IAA was doped into a 1% low-melting-point agarose gel and seedlings were gently laid on top for IR-MALDESI imaging with Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis. Relative quantification was performed post-acquisition by normalization of auxin-related compounds to SIL-IAA in the agarose. Amounts of auxin-related compounds were compared between genotypes to distinguish the effects of the mutations on the accumulation of indolic metabolites of interest.IAA added to agarose was found to remain stable, with repeatability and abundance features of IAA comparable with those of other compounds used in other methods for relative quantification in IR-MALDESI analyses. Indole-3-acetaldoxime was increased in sur2 mutants compared with wild-type and other mutants. Other auxin-related metabolites were either below the limits of quantification or successfully quantified but showing little difference among mutants.Agarose was shown to be an appropriate sampling surface for IR-MALDESI mass spectrometry imaging of Arabidopsis seedlings. SIL-IAA doping of agarose was demonstrated as a viable technique for relative quantification of metabolites in live seedlings or tissues with similar biological considerations.}, number={6}, journal={RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY}, author={Bagley, M. Caleb and Stepanova, Anna N. and Ekelof, Mans and Alonso, Jose M. and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{bagley_pace_ekelof_muddiman_2020, title={Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry imaging analysis of endogenous metabolites in cherry tomatoes}, volume={145}, ISSN={["1364-5528"]}, DOI={10.1039/d0an00818d}, abstractNote={We report the spatially resolved metabolic profiling of cherry tomatoes using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI); an ambient mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technique that requires no sample derivatization.}, number={16}, journal={ANALYST}, author={Bagley, M. Caleb and Pace, Crystal L. and Ekelof, Mans and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={5516–5523} }
 @article{fideler_johanningsmeier_ekelof_muddiman_2019, title={Discovery and quantification of bioactive peptides in fermented cucumber by direct analysis IR-MALDESI mass spectrometry and LC-QQQ-MS}, volume={271}, ISSN={["1873-7072"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.187}, abstractNote={Bioactive peptides have been identified in lactic acid bacteria fermented foods including cultured milk, sourdough, and cured meats; however, their presence has not been investigated in fermented vegetables. In this study, infrared, matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mass spectrometry (MS) was employed to identify bioactive peptides in fermented cucumber. Natural and starter culture fermented cucumbers were prepared in triplicate in sodium chloride brines and compared to acidified cucumbers. Putative matches of known food-derived bioactive peptides were identified by direct analysis using IR-MALDESI-MS. Peptides were confirmed by IR-MALDESI MS/MS and quantified by LC-MS/MS. Three angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides, IPP (0.42–0.49 mg/kg), LPP (0.30–0.33 mg/kg), and VPP (0.32–0.35 mg/kg) were formed in fermented cucumbers. A fourth ACE inhibitory peptide, KP (0.93–1.5 mg/kg), was enhanced 3–5 fold in fermented cucumbers compared with acidified cucumbers. This work demonstrates that lactic acid bacteria fermentation can enhance bioactive peptide content in vegetables.}, journal={FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Fideler, Jennifer and Johanningsmeier, Suzanne D. and Ekelof, Mans and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={715–723} }
 @article{ekelof_manni_nazari_bokhart_muddiman_2018, title={Characterization of a novel miniaturized burst-mode infrared laser system for IR-MALDESI mass spectrometry imaging}, volume={410}, ISSN={["1618-2650"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00216-018-0918-9}, abstractNote={Laser systems are widely used in mass spectrometry as sample probes and ionization sources. Mid-infrared lasers are particularly suitable for analysis of high water content samples such as animal and plant tissues, using water as a resonantly excited sacrificial matrix. Commercially available mid-IR lasers have historically been bulky and expensive due to cooling requirements. This work presents a novel air-cooled miniature mid-IR laser with adjustable burst-mode output and details an evaluation of its performance for mass spectrometry imaging. The miniature laser was found capable of generating sufficient energy for complete ablation of animal tissue in the context of an IR-MALDESI experiment with exogenously added ice matrix, yielding several hundred confident metabolite identifications.}, number={9}, journal={ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY}, author={Ekelof, Mans and Manni, Jeffrey, Sr. and Nazari, Milad and Bokhart, Mark and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={2395–2402} }
 @article{ekelöf_garrard_judd_rosen_xie_kashuba_muddiman_2018, title={Evaluation of Digital Image Recognition Methods for Mass Spectrometry Imaging Data Analysis}, volume={29}, ISSN={1044-0305 1879-1123}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S13361-018-2073-0}, DOI={10.1007/s13361-018-2073-0}, abstractNote={Analyzing mass spectrometry imaging data can be laborious and time consuming, and as the size and complexity of datasets grow, so does the need for robust automated processing methods. We here present a method for comprehensive, semi-targeted discovery of molecular distributions of interest from mass spectrometry imaging data, using widely available image similarity scoring algorithms to rank images by spatial correlation. A fast and powerful batch search method using a MATLAB implementation of structural similarity (SSIM) index scoring with a pre-selected reference distribution is demonstrated for two sample imaging datasets, a plant metabolite study using Artemisia annua leaf, and a drug distribution study using maraviroc-dosed macaque tissue.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Ekelöf, Måns and Garrard, Kenneth P. and Judd, Rika and Rosen, Elias P. and Xie, De-Yu and Kashuba, Angela D. M. and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={2467–2470} }
 @article{bagley_ekelof_rock_patisaul_muddiman_2018, title={IR-MALDESI mass spectrometry imaging of underivatized neurotransmitters in brain tissue of rats exposed to tetrabromobisphenol A}, volume={410}, ISSN={["1618-2650"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00216-018-1420-0}, abstractNote={There is a pressing need to develop tools for assessing possible neurotoxicity, particularly for chemicals where the mode of action is poorly understood. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a highly abundant brominated flame retardant, has lately been targeted for neurotoxicity analysis by concerned public health entities in the EU and USA because it is a suspected thyroid disruptor and neurotoxicant. In this study, infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) coupled to a Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer was used for the analysis of neurotransmitters in the brains of rats exposed to TBBPA in gestation and lactation through their mothers. Three neurotransmitters of interest were studied in three selected regions of the brain: caudate putamen, substantia nigra (SN), and dorsal raphe. Stable isotope labeled (SIL) standards were used as internal standards and a means to achieve relative quantification. This study serves as a demonstration of a new application of IR-MALDESI, namely that neurotransmitter distributions can be confidently and rapidly imaged without derivatization.}, number={30}, journal={ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY}, author={Bagley, M. Caleb and Ekelof, Mans and Rock, Kylie and Patisaul, Heather and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={7979–7986} }
 @article{ekeloef_muddiman_2018, title={IR-MALDESI method optimization based on time-resolved measurement of ion yields}, volume={410}, ISSN={["1618-2650"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00216-017-0585-2}, number={3}, journal={ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY}, author={Ekeloef, Mans and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={963–970} }
 @article{nazari_malico_ekelöf_lund_williams_muddiman_2017, title={Direct analysis of terpenes from biological buffer systems using SESI and IR-MALDESI}, volume={410}, ISSN={1618-2642 1618-2650}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0570-9}, DOI={10.1007/s00216-017-0570-9}, number={3}, journal={Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Nazari, Milad and Malico, Alexandra A. and Ekelöf, Måns and Lund, Sean and Williams, Gavin J. and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={953–962} }
 @article{nazari_ekelof_khodjaniyazova_elsen_williams_muddiman_2017, title={Direct screening of enzyme activity using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1097-0231"]}, DOI={10.1002/rcm.7971}, abstractNote={Rationale High‐throughput screening (HTS) is a critical step in the drug discovery process. However, most mass spectrometry (MS)‐based HTS methods require sample cleanup steps prior to analysis. In this work we present the utility of infrared matrix‐assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR‐MALDESI) for monitoring an enzymatic reaction directly from a biological buffer system with no sample cleanup and at high throughput. Methods IR‐MALDESI was used to directly analyze reaction mixtures from a well plate at different time points after reaction initiation. The percent conversion of precursors to products was used to screen the enzyme activity. The reaction was performed with two different concentrations of precursors and enzyme in order to assess the dynamic range of the assay. Eventually, a pseudo‐HTS study was designed to investigate the utility of IR‐MALDESI screening enzyme activity in a high‐throughput manner. Results IR‐MALDESI was able to readily monitor the activity of IDH1 over time at two different concentrations of precursors and enzyme. The calculated Z‐factors of 0.65 and 0.41 confirmed the suitability of the developed method for screening enzyme activity in HTS manner. Finally, in a single‐blind pseudo‐HTS analysis IR‐MALDESI was able to correctly predict the identity of all samples, where 8/10 samples were identified with high confidence and the other two samples with lower confidence. Conclusions The enzymatic activity of IDH1 was screened by directly analyzing the reaction content from the buffer in well plates with no sample cleanup steps. This proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates the robustness of IR‐MALDESI for direct analysis of enzymatic reactions from biological buffers with no sample cleanup and its immense potential for HTS applications.}, number={22}, journal={RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY}, author={Nazari, Milad and Ekelof, Mans and Khodjaniyazova, Sitora and Elsen, Nathaniel L. and Williams, Jon D. and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={1868–1874} }
 @article{bokhart_manni_garrard_ekelöf_nazari_muddiman_2017, title={IR-MALDESI Mass Spectrometry Imaging at 50 Micron Spatial Resolution}, volume={28}, ISSN={1044-0305 1879-1123}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S13361-017-1740-X}, DOI={10.1007/s13361-017-1740-x}, abstractNote={High spatial resolution in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is crucial to understanding the biology dictated by molecular distributions in complex tissue systems. Here, we present MSI using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) at 50 μm resolution. An adjustable iris, beam expander, and an aspherical focusing lens were used to reduce tissue ablation diameters for MSI at high resolution. The laser beam caustic was modeled using laser ablation paper to calculate relevant laser beam characteristics. The minimum laser spot diameter on the tissue was determined using tissue staining and microscopy. Finally, the newly constructed optical system was used to image hen ovarian tissue with and without oversampling, detailing tissue features at 50 μm resolution. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Bokhart, Mark T. and Manni, Jeffrey and Garrard, Kenneth P. and Ekelöf, Måns and Nazari, Milad and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={2099–2107} }